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ENEL4HA_Tutorial_2

This document is a tutorial for Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering students focusing on conduction and breakdown in liquids and solids. It includes theoretical questions and practical problems related to high voltage applications, such as the properties of different oils, the effects of impurities, and the design of insulation materials. Additionally, it provides formulas and constants relevant to the calculations and concepts discussed.

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Aphilile Alex
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14 views4 pages

ENEL4HA_Tutorial_2

This document is a tutorial for Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering students focusing on conduction and breakdown in liquids and solids. It includes theoretical questions and practical problems related to high voltage applications, such as the properties of different oils, the effects of impurities, and the design of insulation materials. Additionally, it provides formulas and constants relevant to the calculations and concepts discussed.

Uploaded by

Aphilile Alex
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Electrical, Electronic and

Computer Engineering
ENEL4HA - High Voltage 1

Tutorial 2 - Conduction and Breakdown in Liquids and Solids

Theoretical Questions
• Describe the differences between mineral, natural ester and synthetic ester oils.
• Mineral oils consist of various hydrocarbons. What other additives (if any) could be added
to the oil to improve its performance?
• Describe the ageing process in transformer or cable oil.
• What is a PCB?
• Comment on the use of an oil circuit breaker versus an SF6 circuit breaker.
• Describe what effect impurities have on the breakdown strength of a material (consider the
energy bands).
• Describe tracking.
• Describe the components that make up an XLPE cable.

Question 1
A 6.35/11 kV single core PILC cable has a core conductor of 300 mm2 and is insulated by oil
impregnated paper of 7.5 mm thick and then covered in lead.

• Calculate the maximum stress on the insulation.


• Where does it occur?

Question 2
A rectangular section of solid insulation has a dimensions as shown. There is a small void 0.3 mm
thick in the section. Assuming that the void is filled with air at 1 bar. Derive and solve an equation
to determine the peak inception voltage. If the partial discharge occurs continuously, what are the
long term effects?

Anode

Cavity

d = 4mm εr = 2.8

D = 6cm

Cathode

Further consider a second material with a relative permittivity was 2.3. Describe the difference the
inception voltage. Why is there a difference and how this would influence the design of insulation?

1
Question 3

A motor slot has the dimensions shown in the figure where the relative permittivity is εr =
4. Assuming the void is filled with air at 1 bar, by deriving the equations from first principles
determine the value of the voltage in RMS that will cause partial discharge to start.

εr

Conductor 4mm Insulation

0.3mm Cavity

Question 4

A cable joint is often made up of different layers between the core conductor and the outer sheath
with different permittivities including XLPE, mastic tape and stress control tubing. Assuming
that the cable joint has a coaxial form with an inner conductor radius of ri = 10 mm and an outer
conductor radius of R0 = 20 mm, determine and sketch the electric field between the conductors
when 6.35 kV is applied to the conductor.
Given that the breakdown strength of the materials are:

Material Breakdown Strength Thickness


XLPE 550 kV/mm 6mm
Mastic Tape 75 kV/cm 2mm
Stress Control Tubing 140 kV/cm 2mm

Comment on the use of the different permittivity layers? Do they actually help in controlling the
electric field? Repeat the question and comment on the effect of increasing the permittivity of the
mastic tape to 15 and decreasing the stress control tubing to 5.

XLPE ε1 = 2.3
Mastic Tape ε2 = 5
Stress Control Tubing ε3 = 15
V

ri

~
E

Ro

2
Question 5

Consider an insulated cable with an inner radius of 10 mm and an outer radius with 25 mm. A
small void with the thickness shown in present in the cable. Determine the minimum inception
voltage by deriving the equations from first principles. [Hint: You may consider placing the void
in the position of highest electric field.]
If the intrinsic strength of the insulation is 55 kV/mm, estimate the breakdown strength.

XLPE ε1 = 2.3

V
Void t=0.1mm

ri

~
E

Ro

Question 6

Given a solid dielectric with a thickness of d0 and Young’s modulus of Y placed between two
electrodes.
Describe electromechanical breakdown.
The electrostatic force is given by:

1 V2
F = ε0 εr 2
2 d

The mechanical strength of the material is given by:


d0
F = Y ln
d

Describe Young’s modulus?


q
Y
Show that the maximum electrical stress is given by Emax = 0 r .

Further show that the breakdown strength is 60% of the anticipated stength.

3
Useful Formulae

Constants

Standard temperature: t0 = 20o C


Standard pressure: P0 = 760 torr
Permittivity of free space: ε0 = 8.85×10−12 F/m

Formulae

Relative air density:


P 273 + t0
δ=
P0 273 + t

Paschen’s law for air:


p
Vb = 6.72 pd + 24.36(pd)

Electric field in a coaxial system:


V
E=
r ln Rrio

Electric field in layer k in a coaxial system with


multiple layers and permittivities:
V
Ek = h i
εk r2 εk
rk ε1 ln r1 + ε2 ln rr32 + . . .

Electric field in layer k in a rectangular dielectric


with multiple layers and permittivities:
V
Ek = εk εk
ε1 d 1 + ε2 d2 + ...

Streamer breakdown criterion:


Z
(α − η)dx = 18

Ionisation and attachment coefficients for SF6


are:

α − η = 0.028E − 249 × 103 p

Electrostatic force:
 2
1 V
F = ε0 εr
2 d

Mechanical compressive strength of a dielectric:


d0
F = Y ln
d

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