University of Zakho

Department of Civil & Environmental

Engineering

Reinforced Concrete Design

Dr. Sirwan Kamal

[email protected]
Year 3 / Semester 6
2024-2025

0
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Concrete and Reinforced Concrete
Concrete is a mixture of sand, gravel, crushed rock, or other aggregates held together in a rocklike
mass with a paste of cement and water. Sometimes one or more admixtures are added to change
certain characteristics of the concrete such as its workability, durability, and time of hardening. As
with most rocklike substances, concrete has a high compressive strength and a very low tensile
strength. Reinforced concrete is a combination of concrete and steel where the steel reinforcement
provides the tensile strength lacking in the concrete.

1.2 Advantages of Reinforced Concrete as a Structural Material

Reinforced concrete may be the most important material available for construction. It is used in
one form or another for almost all structures, large or small buildings, bridges, pavements, dams,
retaining walls, tunnels, drainage and irrigation facilities, tanks, and so on. The tremendous success
of this universal construction material can be understood quite easily if its numerous advantages
are considered. These include the following:

1. It has substantial compressive strength per unit cost compared with most other materials.
2. Reinforced concrete has great resistance to the actions of fire and water and, in fact, is the
best structural material available for situations where water is present. During fires of
average intensity, members with a satisfactory cover of concrete over the reinforcing bars
suffer only surface damage without failure.
3. Reinforced concrete structures are very rigid.
4. It is a low-maintenance material.
5. As compared with other materials, it has a very long service life. Under proper conditions,
reinforced concrete structures can be used indefinitely without reduction of their load
carrying abilities. This can be explained by the fact that the strength of concrete does not
decrease with time but actually increases over a very long period, measured in years,
because of the lengthy process of the solidification of the cement paste.
6. It is usually the only economical material available for footings, floor slabs, basement
walls, piers, and similar applications.
7. A special feature of concrete is its ability to be cast into an extraordinary variety of shapes
from simple slabs, beams, and columns to great arches and structures.
8. In most areas, concrete takes advantage of inexpensive local materials (sand, gravel, and
water) and requires relatively small amounts of cement and reinforcing steel, which may
have to be shipped from other parts of the country.
9. A lower grade of skilled labor is required for creation as compared with other materials
such as structural steel.

1
1.3 Disadvantages of Reinforced Concrete as a Structural Material

1. Concrete has a very low tensile strength, requiring the use of tensile reinforcing.
2. Forms are required to hold the concrete in place until it hardens sufficiently. In addition,
falsework or shoring may be necessary to keep the forms in place for roofs, walls, floors,
and similar structures until the concrete members gain sufficient strength to support
themselves. Formwork is very expensive, it should be obvious that when efforts are made
to improve the economy of reinforced concrete structures, the major emphasis is on
reducing formwork costs.
3. The low strength per unit of concrete weight leads to heavy members. This becomes an
increasingly important matter for long-span structures, where concrete’s large dead weight
has a great effect on bending moments. Lightweight aggregates can be used to reduce
concrete weight, but the cost of concrete is increased.
4. Similarly, the low strength per unit of volume of concrete means members will be relatively
large, an important consideration for tall buildings and long-span structures.
5. The properties of concrete vary widely because of variations in its proportioning and
mixing. Furthermore, the placing and curing of concrete is not as carefully controlled as
the production of other materials, such as structural steel and laminated wood.

Two other characteristics that can cause problems are concrete’s shrinkage and creep.

1.4 Compatibility of Concrete and Steel

Concrete and reinforcing steel work together beautifully in reinforced concrete structures. The
advantages of each material seem to compensate for the disadvantages of the other. For instance,
the great shortcoming of concrete is its lack of tensile strength, but tensile strength is one of the
great advantages of steel. Reinforcing bars have tensile strengths equal to approximately 100 times
that of the usual concrete used.
The two materials bond together very well so there is little chance of slippage between the two;
thus, they will act together as a unit in resisting forces. The excellent bond obtained is the result
of the chemical adhesion between the two materials, the natural roughness of the bars, and the
closely spaced rib-shaped deformations rolled onto the bars’ surfaces.
Reinforcing bars are subject to corrosion, but the concrete surrounding them provides them with
excellent protection. The strength of exposed steel subjected to the temperatures reached in fires
of ordinary intensity is nil, but enclosing the reinforcing steel in concrete produces very
satisfactory fire ratings. Finally, concrete and steel work well together in relation to temperature
changes because their coefficients of thermal expansion are quite close. For steel, the coefficient
is 0.0000065 per unit length per degree Fahrenheit, while it varies for concrete from about
0.000004 to 0.000007 (average value: 0.0000055).

2
1.5 Properties of Concrete
1.5.1 Compressive Strength of Concrete
Many factors affect the concrete compressive strength such as the water/cement ratio, type of
cement, aggregate properties, age of concrete and time of curing. The most important factor of all
is the water/cement ratio. The lower w/c ratio with good workability leads to higher concrete
compressive strength. Increasing the water cement ratio from 0.45 to 0.65 can decrease the
compressive strength by 30 to 40%.
The compressive strength of concrete is usually determined by loading a150 mm cube to failure in
uniaxial compression after 28 days of casting and is referred to as 𝑓′𝑐 . It should be mentioned that
in some countries such as USA and Canada, the compressive strength is measured by compression
tests on 150 mm x 300mm cylinder tested after 28 days of curing. The concrete strength depends
on the size and shape of the test specimen and the manner of testing. For this reason, the cylinder
(150 mm x 300 mm) strength is 80% of the 150 mm cube strength.

Figure 1 Cube and cylinder specimens

Since concrete is used mostly in compression, its compressive stress-strain curve is of primary
interest. Such a curve is obtained by appropriate strain measurements in cylinder tests or on the
compression side in beams. Figure 2 shows a typical set of curves for normalweight and
lightweight concrete, obtained from uniaxial compressive tests performed at normal, moderate
testing speeds on concretes that are 28 days old.
All the curves have somewhat similar characters. They consist of an initial relatively straight
elastic portion in which stress and strain are closely proportional, then begin to curve to the
horizontal, reaching the maximum stress, that is, the compressive strength, at a strain that ranges
from about 0.002 to 0.003 for normalweight concretes, and from about 0.003 to 0.0035 for
lightweight concretes. It will be assumed for the purpose of future calculations in this text that
concrete fails at 0.003 (ACI 318 code, section 10.2.3).

3
 Figure 2 Typical concrete stress-strain curve for normalweight concrete (left) and lightweight
concrete (right)
1.5.2 Tensile Strength of Concrete
The tensile strength of concrete varies from about 8% to 15% of its compressive strength. A major
reason for this small strength is the fact that concrete is filled with fine cracks. The cracks have
little effect when concrete is subjected to compression loads because the loads cause the cracks to
close and permit compression transfer. Obviously, this is not the case for tensile loads.
Two indirect tests have been developed to measure concrete tensile strength. These are the modulus
of rupture and the split-cylinder tests.

1.5.2.1 The modulus of rupture test (ASTM C78): a plain (unreinforced) concrete beam,
generally 150 mm x 150 mm x 750 mm long, is loaded in flexure at the third point of a 600 mm
span until it fails due to cracking on the tension face. The flexural tensile strength or modulus of
rupture 𝑓𝑟 , from a modulus of rupture test is calculated from the following equation assuming a
linear distribution of stress and strain.
In the following expressions, b is the beam width, h is its depth, and M is PL/6, which is
the maximum computed moment:
𝑀𝑐
𝑓𝑟 =
𝐼
6𝑀 𝑃𝐿
𝑓𝑟 = 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑢𝑝𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 = 2
=
𝑏ℎ 𝑏ℎ2
M = moment, b = width of specimen, h = overall depth of specimen

4
 Figure 3 Flexure test to determine the modulus of rupture

The modulus of rupture of concrete ranges between 10 and 15% of the compressive strength.
According to ACI Code (section 19.2.3), the value of the modulus of rupture is
𝒇𝒓 = 0.62𝜆 √𝒇′𝒄 N/mm2
Where the modification factor 𝜆 for type of concrete is given as
𝜆 = 1.0 for normal-weight concrete
0.75 For all − lightweight concrete (ACI 318-19, Table 19.2.4.1b)

1.5.2.2 The splitting cylinder test (ASTM C496): a concrete cylinder, the same as is used for
compressive test, is inserted in a compression testing machine in the horizontal position, so that
compression is applied uniformly along two opposite generators, as shown in Fig. 4. Pads are
inserted between the compression platens of the machine and the cylinder to equalize and
distribute the pressure.
2𝑃
𝑓𝑐𝑡 =
𝜋𝑑𝐿

𝑃 = 𝐹𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝑑 = 𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 (𝑚𝑚)
𝐿 = 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ (𝑚𝑚)

Figure 4 Splitting tensile strength test

1.6 Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete

The modulus of elasticity, 𝐸𝑐 , can be defined as the change of stress with respect to strain in the
elastic range. The modulus of elasticity is a measure of stiffness, or the resistance of the material

5
to deformation. Clearly, concrete has no precise modulus of elasticity. Its value varies with
different concrete strengths, concrete age, type of loading, and the characteristics and proportions
of the cement and aggregates. Furthermore, there are several different definitions of the modulus:

a. The initial modulus is the slope of the stress–strain diagram at the origin of the curve.
b. The tangent modulus is the slope of a tangent to the curve at some point along the curve,
for instance, at 50% of the ultimate strength of the concrete.
c. The slope of a line drawn from the origin to a point on the curve somewhere between
25% and 50% of its ultimate compressive strength is referred to as a secant modulus.

The ACI code gives the following formulas for estimating the modulus of elasticity of concrete:

𝐸𝑐 = 𝑤𝑐1.5 0.043 √𝑓′𝑐 (MPa) for values of 𝑤𝑐 between 1440 and 2560 kg/m3

𝑬𝒄 = 𝟒𝟕𝟎𝟎 √𝒇′𝒄 (MPa) for normalweight concrete.

Where 𝑤𝑐 is the concrete unit weight in kg/m3 and 𝑓′𝑐 is the concrete compressive strength in
MPa

Figure 5 Typical stress-strain curve and modulus of elasticity of concrete

1.7 Shrinkage
Drying shrinkage is the contraction that results from the loss of water from concrete exposed to
unsaturated air. In other words, shrinkage is the decrease in the volume of concrete during
hardening and drying under constant temperature due to evaporation of water from its surface. The
amount of shrinkage increases with time (time dependent deformation).

6
After the concrete has been cured and starts to dry, the extra mixing water that was used begins to
work its way out of the concrete to the surface, where it evaporates. As a result, the concrete shrinks
and cracks. The resulting cracks may reduce the shear strength of the members and be detrimental
to the appearance of the structure. In addition, the cracks may permit the reinforcing to be exposed
to the atmosphere or chemicals, such as deicers, thus increasing the possibility of corrosion.
Although shrinkage continues for many years, nevertheless under ordinary conditions, probably
about 90% of it occurs during the first year as shown in Fig. 6.
The magnitude of the shrinkage strain depends on the initial water content, the composition of the
concrete mix, type of cement used and the relative humidity of the surroundings. To minimise
shrinkage, keep the amount of mixing water to a minimum, cure the concrete well, use construction
joints to control the position of cracks, use shrinkage reinforcement and use appropriate dense and
nonporous aggregates.

Figure 6 Shrinkage of an unloaded concrete specimen

1.8 Creep
Creep is the slow deformation of a material over considerable lengths of time at constant stress or
load (time and stress dependent deformation). Under sustained compressive loads, concrete will
continue to deform for long periods of time. After the initial deformation occurs, the additional
deformation is called creep.
If a compressive load is applied to a concrete member, an immediate or instantaneous elastic
shortening occurs. If the load is left in place for a long time, the member will continue to shorten
over a period of several years, and the final deformation will usually be two to three times the
initial deformation. This means that long-term deflections may also be as much as two- or three-
times initial deflections.
Perhaps 75% of the total creep will occur during the first year. Should the long-term load be
removed, the member will recover most of its elastic strain and a little of its creep strain. If the
load is replaced, both the elastic and creep strains will again develop. The amount of creep is
largely dependent on the amount of stress. It is almost directly proportional to stress if the sustained
stress is not greater than about half of 𝑓′c . Beyond this level, creep will increase rapidly. Long-

7
term loads not only cause creep but also can adversely affect the strength of the concrete. For loads
maintained on concentrically loaded specimens for a year or longer, there may be a strength
reduction of perhaps 15% to 25%. Thus, a member loaded with a sustained load of, say, 85% of
its ultimate compression strength, 𝑓′c may very well be satisfactory for a while but may fail later.

Figure 7 Typical creep curve

1.9 Properties of Reinforcing Steel

Because concrete is weak in tension, it is reinforced with steel bars or wires that resist the tensile
stresses. The most common types of reinforcement for non-prestressed members are hot-rolled
bars and wire fabric. Reinforcing bars are referred to as plain or deformed. The deformed bars,
which have ribbed projections rolled onto their surfaces (see Fig. 8) to provide better bonding
between the concrete and the steel, are used for almost all applications.
The strength of ordinary reinforcing steels in tension as well as compression, that is, the yield
strength, is about 15 times the compressive strength of common structural concrete and well over
100 times its tensile strength. On the other hand, steel is a high-cost material compared with
concrete. It follows that the two materials are best used in combination if the concrete is made to
resist the compressive stresses and the steel the tensile stresses.

Figure 8 Types of deformed reinforcing bars

8
Reinforcing bars are available in various grades, usually in grades 40, 60, 75 and 80 steels. They
have corresponding yield strength of 40 000, 60 000, 75 000 and 80 000 psi (280, 420, 520 and
550 MPa) respectively as shown in Table 1.
Table 1 Reinforcing steel grades and properties

Table 2 Sectional areas of groups of bars (mm2)

Table 3 Mass of groups of bars (kg per metre run)

Two properties are of interest in the design of reinforced concrete structures. The first is the
modulus of elasticity of steel bars, Es. As shown on the graph of typical steel stress-strain curve
(Fig. 9), the modulus of elasticity is constant for all types of steel. The ACI Code has adopted a
value of Es = (200 000 MPa). The modulus of elasticity is the slope of the stress–strain curve in
the elastic range up to the proportional limit; Es =stress/strain.
9
The second property is the yield strength, 𝒇𝒚 . Typical stress–strain curves for some steel bars are
shown in Figure 9. For low-carbon steels (Grade 40 (280 MPa), the curve shows an elastic portion
followed by a yield plateau, i.e., a horizontal portion where strain continues to increase at constant
stress. With further strains, the stress begins to increase again (strain hardening). The curve then
flattens out when the tensile strength is reached; it then turns down until a fracture occurs.
For high-carbon steels (Grade 60 (420 MPa)) or higher, the curve shows a much shorter yield
plateau.

Figure 9 Typical stress-strain curves for reinforcing steel bars

1.10 Loads
Loads that act on structures can be divided into three broad categories: dead loads, live loads, and
environmental loads.

1.11 Dead loads

Dead loads are loads of constant magnitude that remain in one position. They include the weight
of the structure under consideration as well as any equipment that are permanently attached to it.
For a reinforced concrete building, some dead loads are the frames, walls, floors, ceilings,
stairways, roofs, and plumbing.

1.12 Live loads

Live loads are loads that can change in magnitude and position. They include occupancy loads,
warehouse materials, construction loads, overhead service cranes, operating equipment, and many
others. In general, they are induced by gravity.

10
Some typical floor live loads that act on building structures are presented in Table 4. These loads,
which are taken from Table 4-1 in ASCE 7-10 (Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other
Structures Standard by American Society of Civil Engineers), act downward and are distributed
uniformly over an entire floor.

Table 4 Minimum Uniformly Distributed Live Loads (ASCE 7-10)

11
12
1.13 Environmental Loads
Environmental loads are loads caused by the environment in which the structure is located. For
buildings, they are caused by rain, snow, wind, temperature change, soil pressure and earthquake.
Strictly speaking, these are also live loads, but they are the result of the environment in which the
structure is located. Like live load, environmental loads at any given time are uncertain in both
magnitude and direction.

1.13.1 Wind load

The wind load is a lateral load produced by wind pressure and gusts. It is a type of dynamic load
that is considered static to simplify analysis. The magnitude of this force depends on the shape of
the building, its height, the velocity of the wind and the type of terrain in which the building exists.
Chapters 26 to 31 of the ASCE 7-10 specification provide a rather lengthy procedure for estimating
the wind pressures applied to buildings.

1.13.2 Earthquake load

The earthquake load, which is also called seismic load, is a lateral load caused by ground motions
resulting from earthquakes. The magnitude of such a load depends on the mass of the structure and
the acceleration caused by the earthquake. The provisions of the ACI Code provide enough
ductility to allow concrete structures to stand earthquakes in low seismic risk regions. In moderate
to high-risk regions, special arrangements and detailing are needed to guarantee ductility.

1.14 Structural Reinforced Concrete Elements

Structural concrete can be used for almost all buildings, with a single story or multistory. The
concrete building may contain some or all the following main structural elements:

• Floor Slabs are horizontal plate elements in building floors and roofs. They may carry
gravity loads as well as lateral loads. The depth of the slab is usually very small relative to
its length or width.
• Beams are long, horizontal or inclined members with limited width and depth. Their main
function is to support loads from slabs.
• Columns are critical members that support loads from beams or slabs. They may be
subjected to axial loads or axial loads and moments combined.
• Frames are structural members that consist of a combination of beams and columns or
slabs, beam and columns. They may be statically determinate or statically indeterminate
frames.
• Footings (foundation) are pads or strips that support columns and spread their loads
directly to the soil.

13
• Walls are vertical plate elements resisting gravity as well as lateral loads as in the case of
basement walls.

Figure 10 Sequence of load transfer between elements of a structure

Figure 11 Reinforced concrete building elements

14
1.15 Serviceability, Strength, and Structural Safety
To serve its purpose, a structure must be safe against collapse and serviceable in use. Serviceability
requires that deflections be adequately small; that cracks, if any, be kept to tolerable limits; that
vibrations be minimized. Safety requires that the strength of the structure be adequate for all loads
that may foreseeably act on it. If the strength of a structure, built as designed, could be predicted
accurately, and if the loads and their internal effects (moments, shears, axial forces) were known
accurately, safety could be ensured by providing a carrying capacity more than the known loads.
However, there are several sources of uncertainty in the analysis, design, and construction of
reinforced concrete structures. These sources of uncertainty, which require a definite margin of
safety, may be listed as follows:
1. Actual loads may differ from those assumed.
2. Actual loads may be distributed in a manner different from that assumed.
3. The assumptions and simplifications essential in any analysis may result in calculated load
effects, moments, shears, etc. different from those that, in fact, act on the structure.
4. The actual structural behavior may differ from that assumed, owing to imperfect
knowledge.
5. Actual member dimensions may differ from those specified.
6. Reinforcement may not be in its proper position.
7. Actual material strength may be different from that specified.

A gradual failure with sufficient warning permitting remedial measures is preferable to a sudden,
unexpected collapse. It is evident that the selection of an appropriate safety margin is not a simple
matter. However, progress has been made toward rational safety provisions in design codes.

1.16 Stability
The structural design must ensure stability against overturning, sliding or buckling under the
applied loads. In addition, there are two other considerations in the design process that should be
kept in mind: economy and aesthetics.
The design process involves determining the cross-section dimensions and required reinforcement.
On the other hand, analysis involves determination of the capacity of a section with known
dimensions, material properties, steel reinforcement and external load.

1.17 Design Code and Specifications

Whenever two different materials, such as steel and concrete, are acting together it is
understandable that the analysis for strength of a reinforced concrete member must be partly
empirical although rational. These semi-rational principles and methods are being continuously
revised and improved because of theoretical and experimental research accumulates. The

15
American Concrete Institute (ACI) serves as clearing house for these changes and issues building
code requirements.

A code is a set of technical specifications that control the design and construction of a certain type
of structure. Theoretical research, experiments, and experience help in the process of setting these
specifications. The purpose of such a code is to set minimum requirements necessary for designing
safe structures. It also helps to provide protection for the public from dangers resulting from the
use of inadequate design and construction techniques.
A structural code is originated and controlled by specialists who are concerned with the proper use
of a specific material or who are involved with the safe design of a particular class of structures.
The ACI code contains provisions covering all aspects of reinforced concrete design and
construction. It includes specifications on the quality of materials, details on mixing and placing
concrete, design assumptions for the analysis and design of structures.
All design procedures used in these lectures are consistent with the specification of the ACI318-
19.

1.18 Design Philosophy

Two philosophies of design have long been dominant:

1. The Working Stress Design method (WSD). (1900 – 1960): this method is no longer
used; it is also called the Allowable Stress Design method or the elastic design method.
The design concept is based on the elastic theory assuming a straight-line stress
distribution along the depth of the concrete section under service loads. The members are
proportioned based on certain allowable stresses in concrete and steel.

• The allowable stress of the crushing strength of concrete

𝒇𝒄 𝒊𝒔 𝒍𝒊𝒎𝒊𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝒕𝒐 ≤ 𝟓𝟎% 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒕𝒆 𝒖𝒍𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 𝒇′𝒄
• Steel tensile stresses are limited to 140 MPa for steel types (𝒇𝒚 =
𝟑𝟎𝟎 𝑴𝑷𝒂)𝒂𝒏𝒅 (𝒇𝒚 = 𝟑𝟓𝟎 𝑴𝑷𝒂), and 170 MPa for steel type (𝒇𝒚 ≥
𝟒𝟎𝟎 𝑴𝑷𝒂)

Although this method is undesirable nowadays and barely used in the ACI Code, the
application of this approach is still used in the following applications:

• used in steel structures, prestressed concrete

• to calculate the serviceability of the concrete structures (cracks & deflection)
• used in concrete tanks that are used to reserve water or other fluids

16
 2. The Ultimate Strength Design method or (USD). (1960 until now, with few exceptions):
The ACI Code emphasizes the Ultimate Strength Design method (USD) which is based on
the strength of structural members assuming a failure condition, whether due to the
crushing of the concrete or to the yield of the reinforcing steel bars. Although there is some
additional strength in the bars after yielding (due to strain hardening), this additional
strength is not considered in the analysis of reinforced concrete members. In this approach,
the actual loads, or working loads, are multiplied by load factors to obtain the factored
design loads. The load factors represent a high percentage of the factor for safety required
in the design.

1.19 Safety Provisions of the ACI Code

Load factors are numbers, often larger than 1.0, which are used to increase the estimated loads
applied to structures. They are used for loads applied to all types of members. The loads are
increased to account for the uncertainties involved in estimating their magnitudes.

The design strength (ϕSn) of a structure or member must be at least equal to the required strength
(U) calculated from the factored loads, that is,

Design strength ≥ required strength ϕ Sn ≥ U

In which ϕ is a strength reduction factor applied to nominal strength Sn.

The required strength U is calculated by applying appropriate load factors to the respective service
load: dead load D, live load L, wind load W, earthquake load E, earth pressure H, fluid pressure
F, snow load S, rain load R, and environmental effects T.
For a member subjected to moment, shear, and axial load
Φ Mn ≥ Mu Reduced nominal moment ≥ factored design moment

ϕ Vn ≥ Vu

ϕ Pn ≥ Pu
Where the subscripts n denotes the nominal strengths in flexure, shear, and axial load, respectively,
and the subscripts u denote the factored load moment, shear, and axial load. The load factors
specified in the ACI Code, to be applied to calculate dead and live loads are summarized in Table
5.

17
Table 5 Factored load combinations for determining required strength U in the ACI Code

The strength reduction factors ϕ in the ACI Code are given in Table 6.

Table 6 Strength reduction factors in the ACI Code

18
Example 1: using the load combinations of ACI code, determine the ultimate maximum bending
moment for the RC member shown in the figure?

Figure 12 Simply supported beam and cross section of the beam

Solution:
To determine the maximum ultimate moment, the combined load should be calculated according
to ACI code as following:
U = 1.2 D.L + 1.6 L.L

D.L = weight of beam = 𝛾𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝑥 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 25 𝑥 0.3 𝑥 0.6 = 4.5 𝐾𝑁/𝑚

L.L = 22 KN/m (given in question)

Thus, U = 1.2 x 4.5 + 1.6 x 22 = 40.6 KN/m
The maximum ultimate moment Mu for simply supported beam under uniformly distributed load
𝑊𝐿2 40.6 𝑥 92
= = = 411.075 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
8 8

while the service moment Ms. Can be determined by using the working load combination as
follows:
W = D.L + L.L = 4.5 + 22 = 26.5 KN/m

26.5 𝑥 92
𝑀𝑠 = = 268.3125 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
8

19
Example 2: Check the adequacy of a simply supported beam presented in the Figure below for
flexural strength according to the requirements of ACI318 code.
Given:
𝑤𝐷 = 20 KN/m (Not including beam weight)
𝑤𝐿 = 20 KN/m
𝛾𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 = 24 KN/m3
Nominal (theoretical) flexure strength Mn=1000 KN.m

Figure 13 Simply supported beam and cross section of the beam

Solution:

1. Calculate the Factored Loads:

Factored load 𝑊𝑢, (the loads that increased to include load uncertainty)
𝑊𝑢= 1.2 D.L + 1.6 L.L
𝑤𝑆𝑒𝑙𝑓 = 24 × 0.75 ×0.5 = 9 KN/m
𝑤𝐷 = 20 + 9 = 29 KN/m
𝑊𝑢= 1.2 D.L + 1.6 L.L = 1.2×29 +1.6×20 =66.8 KN/m

2. Determine the ultimate flexural strength:

𝑊𝑢 𝐿2 66.8 𝑥 9.82
𝑀𝑢 = = = 802 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
8 8

3. Compute the reduced nominal moment:

∅𝑀𝑛 = 0.9×1000 = 900 KN.m > Mu 802 KN.m

Reduced nominal moment ≥ factored design moment ∴ OK

20
Chapter 2 Reinforced Concrete Structures
Adding steel reinforcement that bonds effectively with concrete creates a ductile material capable
of handling tensile forces, making it suitable for various structural elements such as slabs, beams,
and columns. The reinforcement should be positioned in areas where tensile stresses and potential
cracking are expected. For instance, in a simple beam, the primary reinforcement is located at the
bottom fibers where tensile stresses occur, as illustrated in Figure 12(a). In contrast, for a cantilever
beam, the main reinforcement is placed at the top fibers to counteract the maximum negative
moment, as shown in Figure 12(b). Lastly, in a continuous beam, as illustrated in Figure 12(c), part
of the reinforcement is positioned at the bottom fibers to resist positive moments, while the rest is
placed at the top fibers to resist the negative moments.

b. Cantilever beam
c. Simple beam

a. Continuous beam
Figure 14 Reinforcement placement for different types of beams

2.1 Analysis versus Design

Structural engineering involves two main approaches to the investigation of a reinforced concrete
member:
1. Section Analysis: This approach involves determining the internal design moment capacity
of a given section. The dimensions, amount of steel reinforcement, concrete strength, and
steel yield strength are known, and the objective is to calculate the moment capacity to
compare it with the externally applied moment.

21
 2. Section Design: In this approach, the required external moment is already known from
structural analysis, and the goal is to determine the dimensions of an adequate concrete
section and the necessary amount of steel reinforcement. The concrete strength and steel
yield strength are either specified or given.
These two processes, analysis and design, are interdependent and cannot be separated. During
analysis, properties such as the section's moment of inertia and area must be known. On the other
hand, designing a section requires knowledge of the forces acting on the member, which requires
prior analysis.

2.2 Flexural Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Beams

2.2.1 Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Beam under Load

A beam is a structural element designed to resist transverse loads, which primarily cause bending.
For this reason, it is referred to as a flexural (bending) member. Reinforced concrete beams are
nonhomogeneous because they consist of two distinct materials: concrete and steel. As a result,
the methods for analyzing reinforced concrete beams differ from those used for beams made
entirely of materials like steel, wood, or other structural materials.

Concrete is characterized by high compressive strength but relatively low tensile strength,
approximately one-tenth of its compressive strength. To counteract this limitation, reinforcement
is placed in the tension zone to resist tensile stresses and prevent cracking. Reinforced concrete
beams are typically categorized into two types: singly reinforced beams, which include
reinforcement only in the tension zone, and doubly reinforced beams, which include reinforcement
in both the tension and compression zones.

Figure 15 Behavior of a simply supported concrete beam under load

In this section, it is assumed that a small transverse load is placed on a concrete beam with tensile
reinforcing and that the load gradually increases in magnitude until the beam fails. As this takes
place, the beam will go through three distinct stages before collapse occurs.

22
1. Uncracked Concrete Stage: At small loads when the tensile stresses are less than the modulus
of rupture (the bending tensile stress at which the concrete begins to crack), the entire cross section
of the beam resists bending, with compression on one side and tension on the other. Figure 16
shows the variation of stresses and strains for these small loads.

𝑦′
d
h

ℎ − 𝑦′ 𝑑 − 𝑦′
As
𝑓𝑠

Figure 16 Behavior of reinforced concrete beam under increasing load (uncracked concrete
stage)

In stage 1: 𝒇𝒕 ≤ 𝒇𝒓 , 𝑴𝒂𝒑𝒑𝒍𝒊𝒆𝒅 ≤ 𝑴𝒄𝒓 and 𝒇𝒄 ≤ 𝟎. 𝟓 𝒇′𝒄 (Section is uncracked and elastic)

2. Concrete Cracked–Elastic Stresses Stage: As the load is increased after the modulus of
rupture of the concrete is exceeded, cracks begin to develop in the bottom of the beam. The
moment at which these cracks begin to form—that is, when the tensile stress in the bottom of the
beam equals the modulus of rupture is referred to as the cracking moment, 𝑀𝑐𝑟 . As the load is
further increased, these cracks quickly spread up to the vicinity of the neutral axis, and then the
neutral axis begins to move upward. The cracks occur at those places along the beam where the
actual moment is greater than the cracking moment, as shown in Figure 17(a).
Now that the bottom has cracked, another stage is present because the concrete in the cracked zone
obviously cannot resist tensile stresses—the steel must do it. This stage will continue as long as

23
the compression stress in the top fibers is less than about one-half of the concrete’s compression
strength, 𝑓′𝑐 , and as long as the steel stress is less than its yield stress.
The stresses and strains for this range are shown in Figure 17(b). In this stage, the compressive
stresses vary linearly with the distance from the neutral axis or as a straight line. The straight-line
stress–strain variation normally occurs in reinforced concrete beams under normal service-load
conditions because at those loads, the stresses are generally less than 0.5 𝑓′𝑐 .

h d

As

Figure 17 Concrete cracked–elastic stresses stage

In stage 2: 𝒇𝒕 ≥ 𝒇𝒓 and 𝒇𝒄 ≤ 𝟎. 𝟓 𝒇′𝒄 (Section is cracked and elastic)

3. Beam Failure—Ultimate-Strength Stage: As the load is increased further so that the

compressive stresses are greater than 0.5𝑓′𝑐 , the tensile cracks move farther upward, as
does the neutral axis, and the concrete compression stresses begin to change appreciably
from a straight line. For this initial discussion, it is assumed that the reinforcing bars have
yielded. The stress variation is much like that shown in Figure 18.

24
 Figure 18 Ultimate-strength stage

In stage 3: 𝒇𝒔 = 𝒇𝒚 and 𝒇𝒄 ≥ 𝟎. 𝟓 𝒇′𝒄 (Section is cracked and inelastic)

Where:

𝒇𝒄 is the compression stress of concrete

𝒇′𝒄 is the ultimate compressive strength of concrete

𝒇𝒔 is the tensile stress of steel

𝒇𝒚 is the yield tensile strength of steel

25
2.3 Types of Flexural Failure

There are three potential types of flexural failure in a structural member, depending on the
percentage of steel in the section:

1. Tension-Controlled Section: When the amount of steel is relatively low (under-reinforced

section), the steel reaches its yield strength before the concrete attains its maximum
strength. In this scenario, failure occurs due to the yielding of steel, with a strain equal to
or exceeding 0.005.
2. Balanced Section: This occurs when the steel reaches its yield strength simultaneously as
the concrete reaches its ultimate strength. Both materials contribute to their maximum
capacity at failure.
3. Compression-Controlled Section: In sections with a high percentage of steel (over-
reinforced section), the concrete fails before the steel reaches its yield strength. Here, the
concrete reaches its maximum strength and strain of 0.003, while the steel stress remains
below its yield strength (𝑓𝑠 < 𝑓𝑦 ), with steel strain being equal to or less than 0.002.

2.4 Analysis and Design of Reinforced Concrete Beams

As mentioned previously, there are two design methods to analyze, and design reinforced concrete
structures according to ACI 318 Code:

• Working stress design method or elastic design method

• Ultimate strength design method or simply strength design method

2.5 Working stress design method

This method relies on calculating the stresses within structural members under anticipated service
loads. Service load refers to the actual or maximum load that a member is expected to carry during
its use. In elastic design, members are designed to ensure that the stresses induced by service loads
remain within the allowable limits. Additionally, the working stress design method assumes that
materials exhibit elastic behavior.
This method operates on the principle that the stresses induced by unfactored service loads must
not exceed the allowable stresses, which are defined as a fraction of the ultimate strengths of the
materials, 𝒇′𝒄 for concrete and 𝒇𝒚 for steel. In addition, a linear elastic relationship between stress
and strain is assumed for both concrete and steel reinforcement as shown in Figure 19.

Two approaches can be used for the analysis and design process using the working stress methods:
• Transformed section method

26
 • Internal couple method or equilibrium method

Figure 19 Stress-strain curve for concrete and steel

2.5.1 Assumptions
The working stress design method is based on the following assumptions:

• Strain in concrete is the same as in reinforcing bars at the same level (𝜖𝑠 = 𝜖𝑐 ), provided
that the bond between the steel and concrete is adequate.
• The modulus of elasticity of all grades of steel is taken as ES = 200 000 MPa or N/mm2.
• Plane cross sections continue to be plane after bending. This means strain-stress relation
for concrete as well as for steel reinforcement is linear.
• Tensile strength of concrete is neglected.
• At failure the maximum strain at the extreme concrete compression fibers is assumed equal
to 0.003.

The allowable stresses are:

• 𝒇𝒄 = 0.5 𝒇′𝒄
• 𝒇𝒔,𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒘 = 140 MPa (for 𝒇𝒚 = 300 − 350 MPa)
• 𝒇𝒔,𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒘 =170 MPa (for 𝒇𝒚 ≥ 400 MPa)
• 𝐸𝑠 = 200000 𝑀𝑃𝑎
• 𝐸𝑐 = 4700 √𝒇′𝒄
• Tensile strength of concrete < concrete modulus of rupture 𝒇𝒓 , where 𝒇𝒓 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟐√𝒇′𝒄
• Modular Ratio n= Es/Ec

27
2.5.2 Analysis of RC beam
Stage 1: Section is Uncracked and Stresses are Elastic
In order to analyze the section, the steel reinforcement must be transformed to an equivalent
concrete to obtain the transformed section. Then the beam will be homogeneous, and the
mechanics of material rules can be applied.
𝑀𝑦
𝜎= ,
𝐼
where:

𝜎 = bending stress, 𝑀 = applied bending moment, 𝑦 = distance from the neutral axis

𝐼 = moment of inertia

𝒇𝒕 ≤ 𝒇𝒓 , 𝑴𝒂𝒑𝒑𝒍𝒊𝒆𝒅 ≤ 𝑴𝒄𝒓 and 𝒇𝒄 ≤ 𝟎. 𝟓 𝒇′𝒄 (Section is uncracked and elastic)

From the assumptions:

- Strain in concrete is the same as in reinforcing bars at the same level (𝜖𝑠 = 𝜖𝑐 ), provided that the
bond between the steel and concrete is adequate.

𝜀𝑐𝑠 = 𝜀𝑠
𝑓𝑐𝑠 𝑓𝑠 𝐸𝑠 𝐸𝑠
= → 𝑓𝑠 = 𝑥 𝑓𝑐𝑠 , since 𝑛 =
𝐸𝑐 𝐸𝑠 𝐸𝑐 𝐸𝑐

∴ 𝑓𝑠 = 𝑛 . 𝑓𝑐𝑠
Now we must convert the steel reinforcement to its equivalent concrete to apply the mechanics of
material rules because it works on homogeneous sections only. (convert the reinforced concrete
beam to a homogenous concrete section only).

28
𝐹𝑐 = 𝐹𝑠
𝐴𝑡 𝑓𝑐𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑠 (At = Transformed Area)
𝐴𝑡 𝑓𝑐𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑛 𝑓𝑐𝑠
∴ 𝐴𝑡 = 𝑛 𝐴𝑠

𝐴eq = 𝐴𝑐 − 𝐴𝑠 + 𝑛𝐴𝑠 = 𝐴𝑐 + (𝑛 – 1) 𝐴𝑠

𝐴𝑒𝑞: 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎

𝐴𝑐: 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎
𝐴𝑠: 𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎

Figure 20 Transformed section

After obtaining a homogenous concrete section, stresses will be evaluated as following:

a) Find the location of the neutral axis
b) Find moment of inertia of the transformed section (I)
𝑀𝑦
c) Find the stresses from the following formula: 𝜎 =
𝐼

d) if the permissible stresses are given and the resisting moment is required, the minimum moment
of the above equations is taken

29
 𝜮𝑨𝒚′
𝒚′ =
𝜮𝑨
𝒉
𝑨𝒄 ( ) + 𝑨𝒔 (𝒏 − 𝟏)(𝒅)
𝒚′ = 𝟐
𝑨𝒄 + 𝑨𝒔 (𝒏 − 𝟏)
𝒃𝒚′𝟑 𝒃(𝒉 − 𝒚′ )𝟑
𝑰𝑵.𝑨 = + + (𝒏 − 𝟏) 𝑨𝒔 (𝒅 − 𝒚′ )𝟐
𝟑 𝟑

Once location of neutral axis and moment of inertia are known, the stresses in concrete and steel
can be determined as following:

𝑴 . 𝒚′
𝒇𝒄 = Top fiber
𝑰𝑵.𝑨

𝑴 . (𝒉− 𝒚′ )
𝒇𝒄𝒕 = Bottom fiber
𝑰𝑵.𝑨

𝑴 (𝒅− 𝒚′ )
𝒇𝒔 = 𝒏 . 𝒇𝒄𝒔 = 𝒏 at steel fiber
𝑰𝑵.𝑨

2.5.3 Cracking Moment Calculation

When analyzing reinforced concrete beams subjected to relatively small loads, the section has to
be checked for cracking. This can be done through evaluating the moment required to cause
cracking and comparing it with the applied moment. In cracking moment calculation, the concrete
stress has to be equal to the modulus of rupture 𝒇𝒓 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟐√𝒇′𝒄

The cracking moment can be calculated as following:

𝒇𝒓 . 𝑰
𝑴𝒄𝒓 =
𝒚

Where 𝒇𝒓 is the modulus of rupture of concrete

I = the moment of inertia of the given section
y = the distance between the tension fiber of concrete to the neutral axis
When the cracking moment is greater than the applied one, the previous procedure can be followed.

30
Example 1: determine the stresses caused by bending moment of 40 KN.m applied on single
reinforced concrete beam, with the following details:

Compressive strength of concrete (𝑓′𝑐 ) = 27 MPa

Yield strength of steel (𝑓′𝑦 ) = 414 𝑀𝑃𝑎

Solution 1:
Assume uncracked section
𝐸𝑠 = 200 000 𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝐸𝑐 = 4700 √𝑓′𝑐 = 4700 √27 = 24421.92 𝑀𝑃𝑎

200 000
∴𝑛= = 8.19 ≈ 8
24421.92
𝜋
Area of steel = 3 𝑥 (25)2
4
𝜋
⟹ (𝑛 − 1)𝐴𝑠 = (8 − 1) 𝑥 3. 4 (25)2 = 10308.35 𝑚𝑚2
ℎ − 𝑦′

3 ∅ 25

To determine (𝑦 ′ ):
600
𝛴𝐴𝑦′ 250 𝑥 600 𝑥 + 10308.35 𝑥 547.5
𝑦′ = = 2 = 315.92 𝑚𝑚
𝛴𝐴 250 𝑥 600 + 10308.35

31
To determine moment of inertia about neutral axis (𝐼𝑁.𝐴 ):

𝑏𝑦′3 𝑏(ℎ − 𝑦 ′ )3
𝐼𝑁.𝐴 = + + (𝑛 − 1) 𝐴𝑠 (𝑑 − 𝑦 ′ )2
3 3
250 𝑥 315.92 3 250 𝑥 (600 − 315.92)3
𝐼𝑁.𝐴 = + + 10308.35 (547.5 − 315.92)2
3 3
= 5.0908 𝑥 109 𝑚𝑚4
𝑀 . (ℎ− 𝑦 ′ ) 40 𝑥 106 (600− 315.92)
• 𝑓𝑐𝑡 = ⟹ 𝑓𝑐𝑡 = = 2.23 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐼𝑁.𝐴 5.0908 𝑥 109

• 𝑓𝑟 = 0.62 √𝑓′𝑐 = 0.62 √27 = 3.22 𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝑓𝑐𝑡 (2.23) < 𝑓𝑟 (3.22) ⟹ Uncracked Section
∴ Assumption is correct (continue solving based on uncracked section)

𝑀 . 𝑦′ 40 𝑥 106 𝑥 315.92
• 𝑓𝑐 = = = 2.48 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐼𝑁.𝐴 5.0908 𝑥 109
27
𝑓𝑐 (2.48) < 0.5 𝑓′𝑐 ( = 13.5) ⟹ Elastic Section
2

𝑀 (𝑑− 𝑦 ′ ) 40 𝑥 106 𝑥 (547.5 −315.92)

• 𝑓𝑠 = 𝑛 . 𝑓𝑐𝑠 = 𝑛 =8 = 14.56 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐼𝑁.𝐴 5.0908 𝑥 109
𝑓𝑠 (14.56) < 𝑓𝑦 (170 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 yield strength of steel (𝑓′𝑦 ) = 414 𝑀𝑃𝑎)
⟹ Elastic Section

Solution 2:
In the second method, we will avoid assuming whether the section is uncracked or cracked. We
will determine 𝑀𝑐𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑒𝑑 and compare with applied moment.

𝑀𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 < 𝑀𝑐𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑒𝑑 ⟹ Uncracked section

𝑀𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 ≥ 𝑀𝑐𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑒𝑑 ⟹ Cracked section

𝑀𝑐𝑟 . (ℎ− 𝑦 ′ ) 𝑓𝑟 . 𝐼𝑁.𝐴
𝑓𝑟 = ⟹ 𝑀𝑐𝑟 =
𝐼𝑁.𝐴 (ℎ− 𝑦 ′ )

𝐸𝑠 = 200 000 𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝐸𝑐 = 4700 √𝑓′𝑐 = 4700 √27 = 24421.92 𝑀𝑃𝑎

200 000
∴𝑛= = 8.19 ≈ 8
24421.92

32
 𝜋
Area of steel = 3 𝑥 (25)2
4
𝜋
⟹ (𝑛 − 1)𝐴𝑠 = (8 − 1) 𝑥 3. 4 (25)2 = 10308.35 𝑚𝑚2

600
𝛴𝐴𝑦′ 250 𝑥 600 𝑥 + 10308.35 𝑥 547.5
𝑦′ = = 2 = 315.92 𝑚𝑚
𝛴𝐴 250 𝑥 600 + 10308.35
𝑏𝑦′3 𝑏(ℎ − 𝑦 ′ )3
𝐼𝑁.𝐴 = + + (𝑛 − 1) 𝐴𝑠 (𝑑 − 𝑦 ′ )2
3 3
250 𝑥 315.92 3 250 𝑥 (600 − 315.92)3
𝐼𝑁.𝐴 = + + 10308.35 (547.5 − 315.92)2
3 3
= 5.0908 𝑥 109 𝑚𝑚4

𝑓𝑟 = 0.62 √𝑓′𝑐 = 0.62 √27 = 3.22 𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝑓𝑟 . 𝐼𝑁.𝐴 3.22 𝑥 5.0908 𝑥 109 𝑥 10−6
𝑀𝑐𝑟 = = = 57.7 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
(ℎ − 𝑦 ′ ) (600 − 315.92)
𝑀𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 (40 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚) < 𝑀𝑐𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑒𝑑 (57.7 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚) ⟹ Uncracked section

Continue solving based on uncracked section

𝑀 . 𝑦′ 40 𝑥 106 𝑥 315.92
• 𝑓𝑐 = = = 2.48 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐼𝑁.𝐴 5.0908 𝑥 109
27
𝑓𝑐 (2.48) < 0.5 𝑓′𝑐 ( = 13.5)
2
𝑀 (𝑑− 𝑦 ′ ) 40 𝑥 106 𝑥 (547.5 −315.92)
• 𝑓𝑠 = 𝑛 . 𝑓𝑐𝑠 = 𝑛 =8 = 14.56 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐼𝑁.𝐴 5.0908 𝑥 109
𝑓𝑠 (14.56) < 𝑓𝑦 (170 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 yield strength of steel (𝑓′𝑦 ) = 414 𝑀𝑃𝑎)
⟹ Elastic Section
𝑀 . (ℎ− 𝑦 ′ ) 40 𝑥 106 (600− 315.92)
• 𝑓𝑐𝑡 = ⟹ 𝑓𝑐𝑡 = = 2.23 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐼𝑁.𝐴 5.0908 𝑥 109
𝑓𝑐𝑡 (2.23) < 𝑓𝑟 (3.22) ⟹ Uncracked Section

33
Stage 2: Section is Cracked and Stresses are Elastic
𝐟𝐭 ≥ 𝐟𝐫 and 𝐟𝐜 ≤ 𝟎. 𝟓 𝐟′𝐜 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒇𝒔 < 𝒇𝒚 (140 when 𝑓𝑦 = 276 and 345 𝑜𝑟 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑦 < 400 𝑀𝑃𝑎)
(170 MPa when 𝑓𝑦 ≥ 400 𝑀𝑃𝑎)

In cracked section, the influence of concrete in tension zone (below neutral axis) is neglected where
stresses are resisted by steel bars only.
There are two methods to analyze the reinforced concrete beam:

• Transformed Section Method

nAs

𝐴𝑠 𝐸𝑠
𝜌= , 𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑 , 𝑛 =
𝑏𝑑 𝐸𝑐

𝐸𝑠 = 200 000 𝑀𝑃𝑎 , 𝐸𝑐 = 4700 √𝑓′𝑐

(Derivation of k formula based on moment of area about N.A)

𝑘𝑑
𝑏. 𝑘𝑑. = 𝑛𝐴𝑠 (𝑑 − 𝑘𝑑)
2
𝑏(𝑘𝑑)2
= 𝑛𝜌𝑏𝑑(𝑑 − 𝑘𝑑)
2
𝑏𝑘 2 𝑑2
= 𝑛𝜌𝑏𝑑. 𝑑(1 − 𝑘)
2
𝑘2
= 𝑛𝜌(1 − 𝑘)
2
𝑘2
= 𝑛𝜌 − 𝑛𝜌𝑘
2
𝑘 2 = 2𝑛𝜌 − 2𝑛𝜌𝑘 → 𝑘 2 + 2𝑛𝜌𝑘 − 2𝑛𝜌 = 0

34
 𝑘 = √(𝑛𝜌)2 + 2𝑛𝜌 − 𝑛𝜌

Then we determine N.A depth: 𝑘. 𝑑

𝑏𝑘𝑑3
𝐼𝑁.𝐴 = + 𝑛𝐴𝑠 (𝑑 − 𝑘𝑑)2
3
𝑀 𝑥 𝑘𝑑
𝑓𝑐 =
𝐼𝑁.𝐴

𝑀 (𝑑 − 𝑘𝑑)
𝑓𝑠 = 𝑛
𝐼𝑁.𝐴

𝑓𝑐,𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 0.5 𝑓′𝑐

𝑓𝑠,𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 140 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝑖𝑓 𝑓𝑦 < 400 𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝑓𝑠,𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 170 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝑖𝑓 𝑓𝑦 ≥ 400 𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝑴𝒄 𝒙 𝒌𝒅 𝒇𝒄,𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝒙 𝑰𝑵.𝑨
𝒇𝒄,𝒂𝒍𝒍 = → 𝑴𝒄 = (𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡)
𝑰𝑵.𝑨 𝒌𝒅
𝑴𝒔 𝒙 (𝒅 − 𝒌𝒅) 𝒇𝒔,𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝒙 𝑰𝑵.𝑨
𝒇𝒔,𝒂𝒍𝒍 = 𝒏 → 𝑴𝒔 = (𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡)
𝑰𝑵.𝑨 𝒏(𝒅 − 𝒌𝒅)
Maximum moment the section can be subjected to is the minimum value of (𝑴𝒄 , 𝑴𝒔 )

• Internal Couple Method (Equilibrium Method)

- Assuming perfect bonding between concrete and steel

35
From strain diagram:
𝜀𝑠 = 𝜀𝑐𝑠
𝑓
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑓 = 𝜀𝐸 ⟹ 𝜀 =
𝐸
𝑓𝑠 𝑓𝑐𝑠 𝐸𝑠
⟹ = ⟹ 𝑓𝑠 = . 𝑓𝑐𝑠
𝐸𝑠 𝐸𝑐 𝐸𝑐
𝐸𝑠 𝑓𝑠
𝑛= ⟹ 𝑓𝑠 = 𝑛. 𝑓𝑐𝑠 , ⟹ 𝑓𝑐𝑠 =
𝐸𝑐 𝑛

From stress diagram

𝑓𝑐 𝑓𝑐𝑠 𝑓𝑐 𝑓𝑠
= ⟹ =
𝑘𝑑 𝑑−𝑘𝑑 𝑘𝑑 𝑛(𝑑−𝑘𝑑)
(𝑑−𝑘𝑑)
⟹ 𝑓𝑠 = 𝑛𝑓𝑐
𝑘𝑑
(1−𝑘)
⟹ 𝑓𝑠 = 𝑛𝑓𝑐 …………. (1)
𝑘

𝐴𝑠
𝜌= ⟹ 𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑 ………. (2)
𝑏𝑑

From equilibrium equation:

Compression force = Tension force
1
⟹ 𝑓𝑐 𝑘𝑑𝑏 = 𝐴𝑠 . 𝑓𝑠 ………. (3)
2

Substitute (1) and (2) in (3)

1 1−𝑘
𝑓𝑐 𝑘𝑑𝑏 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑. 𝑛𝑓𝑐
2 𝑘
1 1−𝑘
𝑘 = 𝑛𝜌 (𝑥 2𝑘)
2 𝑘

𝑘 2 = 2𝑛𝜌 (1 − 𝑘 )
𝑘 2 = 2𝑛𝜌 − 2𝑛𝜌𝑘
𝑘 2 = 2𝑛𝜌 − 2𝑛𝜌𝑘
𝑘 2 + 2𝑛𝜌𝑘 − 2𝑛𝜌 = 0

𝑘 = √(𝑛𝜌)2 + 2𝑛𝜌 − 𝑛𝜌

Then we determine N.A depth: 𝑘. 𝑑

36
From stress diagram:
𝑘𝑑 𝑘
𝑗𝑑 = 𝑑 − ⟹ 𝑗 =1−
3 3

Moment at T:
𝑀 = 𝐶. 𝑗𝑑
1
𝑀 = 𝑓𝑐 𝑘𝑑𝑏. 𝑗𝑑
2
𝟐𝑴
⟹ 𝒇𝒄 =
𝒌𝒋𝒃𝒅𝟐

Moment at C:

𝑀 = 𝑇. 𝑗𝑑

𝑀 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑠 𝑗𝑑
𝑴
⟹ 𝒇𝒔 =
𝑨𝒔 𝒋𝒅

1
𝑀𝑐 = 𝑓𝑐,𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑘𝑑𝑏𝑗𝑑 , 𝑓𝑐,𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 0.5 𝑓′𝑐
2
𝟏
𝑴𝒄 = 𝒇𝒄,𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝒌𝒋𝒃𝒅𝟐 (𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡)
𝟐

𝑴𝒔 = 𝑨𝒔 𝒇𝒔,𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝒋𝒅 (𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡)

𝑓𝑠,𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 140 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝑖𝑓 𝑓𝑦 < 400 𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝑓𝑠,𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 170 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝑖𝑓 𝑓𝑦 ≥ 400 𝑀𝑃𝑎

Maximum moment the section can be subjected to is the minimum value of (𝑴𝒄 , 𝑴𝒔 )

Example 2: for simply supported reinforced concrete beam shown in the figure below, the
following information are given:
𝑓′𝑐 = 28 MPa, 𝑓𝑦 = 413 MPa, ignore self-weight of the beam.
1. Determine stresses in concrete and steel if 𝑤 = 10 𝐾𝑁/𝑚
2. Determine stresses in concrete and steel if 𝑤 = 20 𝐾𝑁/𝑚
3. The value of cracking load

37
 Figure 21 Simply supported beam

Solution:
1. when 𝒘 = 𝟏𝟎 𝑲𝑵/𝒎
𝑊𝐿2 10 𝑥 52
𝑀= = = 31.25 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
8 8
𝑀𝑐𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 should be determined and compared to applied moment to establish whether it will
cause cracking in the bottom of the beam or not.

Assume uncracked section:

𝐸𝑠 = 200 000 𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝐸𝑐 = 4700 √𝑓′𝑐 = 4700 √27 = 24421.92 𝑀𝑃𝑎

200 000
∴𝑛= = 8.19 ≈ 8
24421.92
𝜋
Area of steel = 3 𝑥 (25)2
4

38
 𝜋
⟹ (𝑛 − 1)𝐴𝑠 = (8 − 1) 𝑥 3. 4 (25)2 = 10308.35 𝑚𝑚2

To determine (𝑦 ′ ):
500
𝛴𝐴𝑦′ 300 𝑥 500 𝑥 + 10308.35 𝑥 447.5
𝑦′ = = 2 = 262.7 𝑚𝑚
𝛴𝐴 300 𝑥 500 + 10308.35

To determine moment of inertia about neutral axis (𝐼𝑁.𝐴 ):

𝑏𝑦′3 𝑏(ℎ − 𝑦 ′ )3
𝐼𝑁.𝐴 = + + (𝑛 − 1) 𝐴𝑠 (𝑑 − 𝑦 ′ )2
3 3
300 𝑥 262.7 3 300 𝑥 (500 − 262.7)3
𝐼𝑁.𝐴 = + + 10308.35 (447.5 − 262.7)2
3 3
= 3.5012 𝑥 109 𝑚𝑚4

𝑓𝑟 = 0.62 √𝑓′𝑐 = 0.62 √27 = 3.22 𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝑓𝑟 . 𝐼𝑁.𝐴
𝑀𝑐𝑟 =
(ℎ − 𝑦 ′ )
3.22 𝑥 3.5012 𝑥 109 𝑥 10−6
𝑀𝑐𝑟 = = 47.51 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
(500 − 262.7)
𝑀𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 (31.25) < 𝑀𝑐𝑟 (47.51)

∴ Uncracked section
𝑀 . 𝑦′ 31.25 𝑥 106 𝑥 262.7
𝑓𝑐 = = = 2.34 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐼𝑁.𝐴 3.5012 𝑥 109

27
𝑓𝑐 (2.34 𝑀𝑃𝑎) < 0.5 𝑓′𝑐 ( = 13.5 𝑀𝑃𝑎) ⟹ Elastic Section
2

𝑀 (𝑑 − 𝑦 ′ ) 31.25 𝑥 106 𝑥 (447.5 − 262.7)

𝑓𝑠 = 𝑛 . 𝑓𝑐𝑠 = 𝑛 =8 = 1.65 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐼𝑁.𝐴 3.5012 𝑥 109
𝑓𝑠 (1.65 𝑀𝑃𝑎) < 𝑓𝑦 (170 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 yield strength of steel (𝑓′𝑦 ) = 414 𝑀𝑃𝑎)
⟹ Elastic Section
𝑀 . (ℎ− 𝑦 ′ ) 31.25 𝑥 106 (500− 262.7)
𝑓𝑐𝑡 = ⟹ 𝑓𝑐𝑡 = = 2.12 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐼𝑁.𝐴 3.5012 𝑥 109

𝑓𝑐𝑡 < 𝑓𝑟 (3.22 𝑀𝑃𝑎) ∴ 𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

39
2. when 𝒘 = 𝟐𝟎 𝑲𝑵/𝒎
𝑊𝐿2 20 𝑥 52
𝑀= = = 62.5 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
8 8
𝑀𝑐𝑟 = 47.51 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚 (𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 1)
𝑀𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 (62.5) > 𝑀𝑐𝑟 (47.51) ∴ 𝑐𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

From solution 1:

𝑛=8
𝑛 𝐴𝑠 = 11780.97 ≈ 11781 𝑚𝑚2
𝑦 ′ = 𝑘. 𝑑

𝑘 = √(𝑛𝜌)2 + 2𝑛𝜌 − 𝑛𝜌
𝜋
𝐴𝑠 3 𝑥 (25)2
𝜌= = 4 = 0.01097
𝑏𝑑 300 𝑥 447.5
𝑛 . 𝜌 = 8 𝑥 0.01097 = 0.087753

𝑘 = √(0.087753)2 + 2(0.087753) − 0.087753 = 0.34346

∴ 𝑘. 𝑑 = 0.034346 𝑥 447.5 = 153.7 𝑚𝑚

𝑏𝑘𝑑 3
𝐼𝑁.𝐴 = + 𝑛𝐴𝑠 (𝑑 − 𝑘𝑑)2
3
300 𝑥 153.73
𝐼𝑁.𝐴 = + 11781 (447.5 − 153.7)2 = 1.38 𝑥 109 𝑚𝑚4
3

40
 𝑀 𝑥 𝑘𝑑
𝑓𝑐 =
𝐼𝑁.𝐴
62.5 𝑥 106 𝑥 153.7
𝑓𝑐 = = 6.96 𝑀𝑃𝑎 < 0.5 𝑓′𝑐 (13.5 𝑀𝑃𝑎), ∴ 𝐸𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
1.38 𝑥 109
𝑀 (𝑑 − 𝑘𝑑)
𝑓𝑠 = 𝑛
𝐼𝑁.𝐴
62.5 𝑥 106 (447.5 − 153.7)
𝑓𝑠 = 8 = 106.5 𝑀𝑃𝑎 < 170 𝑀𝑃𝑎, ∴ 𝐸𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐
1.38 𝑥 109

3. Cracking load

𝑊𝐿2
𝑀=
8
𝑊𝑐𝑟 𝐿2
𝑀𝑐𝑟 =
8

𝑀𝑐𝑟 = 47.51 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚 (𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 1)

𝑊𝑐𝑟 𝑥 52
∴ 47.51 =
8
𝑊𝑐𝑟 = 15.2 𝐾𝑁/𝑚

2.5.4 Design of Reinforced Concrete Rectangular Beams

The purpose of the design is to determine the dimensions of the section, the area of reinforcement,
and the detailing of steel such that the permissible stresses and the applied moments are within
allowable limits. The design assumes that steel and concrete reach their allowable stresses
simultaneously at one point (referred to as the balanced section in this case). This ensures achieving
an economical section by utilizing the full properties of both concrete and steel.

In design, the followings are unknown:

• Dimensions (b, d or h) to be determined.
• Area of steel reinforcement to be determined.

Given data or information:

• Load or moment, or it can be calculated from structural analysis.

41
 Therefore,
• 𝑓𝑐 = 𝑓𝑐,𝑎𝑙𝑙 where 𝑓𝑐,𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 0.5 𝑓′𝑐
• 𝑓𝑠 = 𝑓𝑠,𝑎𝑙𝑙 where 𝑓𝑠,𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 170 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝑖𝑓 𝑓𝑦 > 400 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑓𝑠,𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 140 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝑖𝑓 𝑓𝑦 < 400 𝑀𝑃𝑎

From stress diagram, Moment at T:

𝑀 = 𝐶. 𝑗𝑑
1
𝑀 = 𝑓𝑐 𝑘𝑑𝑏. 𝑗𝑑
2
1
𝑀 = 𝑓𝑐,𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑘𝑑𝑏. 𝑗𝑑
2
1
𝑀 = 𝑓𝑐,𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑘𝑗𝑏𝑑 2
2

𝑴
∴ 𝒃𝒅𝟐 =
𝟏
𝟐 𝒇𝒄,𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝒌𝒋

1
𝑅= 𝑓 . 𝑘. 𝑗
2 𝑐,𝑎𝑙𝑙
𝑴
𝒃𝒅𝟐 =
𝑹
To determine area of steel reinforcement (As), Moment at C:
𝑀 = 𝑇. 𝑗𝑑
𝑀 = 𝐴𝑠 . 𝑓𝑠,𝑎𝑙𝑙 . 𝑗𝑑

𝑴
∴ 𝑨𝒔 =
𝒇𝒔,𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝒋𝒅
42
From strain diagram, using similar triangles:

𝜀𝑠 = 𝜀𝑐𝑠
𝑓
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑓 = 𝜀𝐸 ⟹ 𝜀 =
𝐸
𝑓𝑠 𝑓𝑐𝑠 𝐸𝑠
⟹ = ⟹ 𝑓𝑠 = . 𝑓𝑐𝑠
𝐸𝑠 𝐸𝑐 𝐸𝑐
𝐸𝑠 𝑓𝑠
𝑛= ⟹ 𝑓𝑠 = 𝑛. 𝑓𝑐𝑠 , ⟹ 𝑓𝑐𝑠 =
𝐸𝑐 𝑛

From stress diagram, using similar triangles:

𝑓𝑐,𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑓𝑐𝑠
=
𝑘𝑑 𝑑 − 𝑘𝑑
𝑓𝑠,𝑎𝑙𝑙
𝑓𝑐,𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑛
=
𝑘𝑑 𝑑 − 𝑘𝑑
𝑓𝑠,𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑛(𝑑 − 𝑘𝑑)
=
𝑓𝑐,𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑘𝑑
𝑓𝑠,𝑎𝑙𝑙
Assume 𝑟 = and substitute:
𝑓𝑐,𝑎𝑙𝑙

𝑛 𝑑 (1 − 𝑘)
𝑟=
𝑘𝑑
𝒏 (𝟏 − 𝒌)
∴ 𝒓=
𝒌
𝒏
∴ 𝒌=
𝒏+𝒓
𝑘
𝑗 =1−
3
Design Summary:
𝑛
a. Determine value of 𝑘, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑘 =
𝑛+𝑟
𝑓𝑠,𝑎𝑙𝑙
𝑟=
𝑓𝑐,𝑎𝑙𝑙
𝑘
b. Determine value of j, where 𝑗 = 1 −
3
𝟐 𝑴
c. Determine dimensions of section, 𝒃𝒅 =
𝑹

43
 1
Where 𝑅 = 𝑓𝑐,𝑎𝑙𝑙 . 𝑘. 𝑗
2

d. Assume the value for width of beam (𝑏). According to ACI, the width of beam
shall be the least of 250 mm, 0.3h or 0.5d. Assume a value for depth of the
beam based on ACI table 9.3.1.1.

Table 7 Minimum depth of non-prestressed beams (h)

𝑴
e. Determine area of steel reinforcement, 𝑨𝒔 =
𝒇𝒔,𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝒋𝒅
f. Ensure that spacing between steel bars is the largest of 25 mm, diameter of
bar used in reinforcement 𝑑𝑏 , and 4/3 diameter of aggregate (ACI 25.2.1).
g. Ensure that concrete cover is ≥ 40 𝑚𝑚 for beams and columns, and cover ≥
20 𝑚𝑚 for slabs.

44
Example 3: Design the rectangular beam shown in Figure 22 to resist a bending moment resulting
from a uniformly distributed load of 24 KN/m. Use 𝑓𝑦 = 300 𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝑓′𝑐 = 25 𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝑏 = 250 𝑚𝑚

Figure 22 Simply supported beam

Solution:
𝑓𝑐 = 0.5 𝑥 25 = 12.5 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑓𝑠 = 140 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑦 < 400 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐸𝑠 200 000
𝐸𝑐 = 4700 √25 = 23500 𝑀𝑃𝑎 , 𝑛= = = 8.51 ≈ 9
𝐸𝑐 23500
To determine self-weight of beam, assume (h) of beam = 600 mm
∴ 𝑠𝑒𝑙𝑓 − 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 = 0.6 𝑥 0.25 𝑥 24 = 3.6 𝐾𝑁/𝑚
Use self-weight of beam 𝑊𝑏 = 4 𝐾𝑁/𝑚
∴ 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 24 + 4 = 28 𝐾𝑁/𝑚
𝑊𝐿2 28 𝑥 62
𝑀= = = 126 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
8 8
𝑓𝑠,𝑎𝑙𝑙
𝑟=
𝑓𝑐,𝑎𝑙𝑙

𝑓𝑐,𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 0.5 𝑥 𝑓′𝑐 = 0.5 𝑥 25 = 12.5 𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝑓𝑠,𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 140 𝑀𝑃𝑎 (𝑓𝑦 < 400 𝑀𝑃𝑎)

140
∴𝑟= = 11.2
12.5
𝑛 9 𝑘
𝑘= = = 0.45 , → 𝑗 = 1− = 0.85
𝑛+𝑟 9 + 11.2 3

45
 1 1
𝑅= 𝑓𝑐,𝑎𝑙𝑙 . 𝑘. 𝑗 = 𝑥 12.5 𝑥 0.45 𝑥 0.85 = 2.39
2 2
𝑀 126 𝑥 106
𝑏𝑑 2 = → 250 𝑥 𝑑 2 = → 𝑑 = 459 𝑚𝑚
𝑅 2.39

∴ 𝑗𝑑 = 0.85 𝑥 459 = 390 𝑚𝑚

𝑀 126 𝑥 106
𝐴𝑠 = = = 2308 𝑚𝑚2
𝑓𝑠,𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑗𝑑 140 𝑥 390
Use steel bar ∅ 28 where 𝐴 = 615 𝑚𝑚2
2308
𝑛= = 3.75 , 𝑢𝑠𝑒 4∅28
615
∅
ℎ=𝑑+ + ∅𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑢𝑝𝑠 + 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟
2
28
ℎ = 459 + + 10 + 40 = 523 𝑚𝑚
2
ℎ = 530 𝑚𝑚
check spacing:
𝑏 − 2 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟(𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒) − 2 𝑥 ∅𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑢𝑝𝑠 − 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 𝑥 ∅𝑏
𝑠=
(𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 − 1)
According to ACI, spacing shall be at least the greatest of
• 25 mm
• 𝑑𝑏
• 4/3 𝑑𝑎𝑔𝑔

46
Problem 1: For the beam shown in the Figure below, check the bending stress if:
1. P = 17 KN
2. P = 32 KN
𝑓′𝑐 = 30 𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝑓𝑦 = 400 𝑀𝑃𝑎

Answer: 1. 𝑓𝑡 = 2.49 𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝑓𝑐 = 2.94 𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝑓𝑠 = 15.55 𝑀𝑃𝑎

2. 𝑓𝑡 = 11.61 𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝑓𝑐 = 7.02 𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝑓𝑠 = 77.96 𝑀𝑃𝑎

Problem 2: For the simply supported beam shown below, and reinforced using 4∅25 mm bars
(𝑓𝑦 = 420 𝑀𝑃𝑎), the concrete strength (𝑓’𝑐 = 21 𝑀𝑃𝑎), evaluate the following:
1- If the beam span = 4 m and dead load = 8 KN/m, live load =10 KN/m check the actual flexural
stress in concrete and steel.
2- The length of the beam span that make the concrete in tension face start to crack.
3- The actual stress in concrete and steel if the span of beam = 7 m.

Answer: 1. 𝑓𝑡 = 2.08 𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝑓𝑐 = 2.33 𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝑓𝑠 = 12.67 𝑀𝑃𝑎

2. 𝐿 = 4.67 𝑚
3. 𝑓𝑐 = 10.55 𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝑓𝑠 = 153.57 𝑀𝑃𝑎

47
Problem 3: Use the working stresses method to compute maximum allowable load (P), for the
beam shown in the figure below. 𝑓′𝑐 = 20 𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝑓𝑦 = 350 𝑀𝑃𝑎

Answer: 𝑀𝑐 = 98.12 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚, 𝑀𝑠 = 56.74 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚, 𝑃 = 5.545 𝑀𝑃𝑎

48
Chapter 3 Ultimate Strength Design Method

After 1963, the ultimate-strength design method rapidly gained popularity because

• It is a more rational approach than WSD,

• It uses a more realistic consideration of safety
• It provides more economical designs

3.1 Advantages of Ultimate Strength Design Method

1. The derivation of the strength design expressions considers the nonlinear shape of the stress–
strain diagram.

2. a more realistic factor of safety is used in strength design.

3. a structure designed by the strength design method will have a more uniform safety factor
against collapse throughout. The strength method takes considerable advantage of higher strength
of steels, whereas working-stress design method did so only partly. The result is better economy
for strength design.

4. The strength design method permits more flexible designs than the working-stress method.

3.2 Assumptions
Reinforced concrete sections are heterogeneous (nonhomogeneous) materials, because they are
made of two different materials, concrete and steel. Therefore, proportioning structural members
by strength design approach is based on the following assumptions:

1. Strain in concrete is the same as in reinforcing bars at the same level, provided that the bond
between the steel and concrete is adequate.

2. Strain in concrete is linearly proportional to the distance from the neutral axis.

3. The modulus of elasticity of all grades of steel is taken as Es = (200,000MPa N/mm2).

4. Plane cross sections continue to be plane after bending.

5. Tensile strength of concrete is neglected because

• Concrete’s tensile strength is about 10% of its compressive strength,

• Cracked concrete is assumed to be not effective,

49
 • Before cracking, the entire concrete section is effective in resisting the external moment.

6. At failure the maximum strain at the extreme compression fibers is assumed equal to 0.003 by
the ACI Code provision.

7. For design strength, the shape of the compressive concrete stress distribution may be assumed
to be rectangular, parabolic, or trapezoidal. In this text, a rectangular shape will be assumed (ACI
Code, Section 22.2).

3.3 Analysis of Nominal Moment Strength for Singly Reinforced Beam Sections

Figure 23 Stress-strain distribution of a reinforced concrete beam subjected to bending

50
The actual distribution of compressive stress in a section has the form of rising parabola. It is time
consuming to evaluate the compressive stress of a block. An equivalent rectangular stress block
can be used without loss of accuracy.

Figure 24 Idealized stress-strain distribution

In analysis, the Nominal Moment (𝑀𝑛 ) and Ultimate Moment (𝑀𝑢 ) of the beam can be calculated
as following:

∅ 𝑀𝑛 ≥ 𝑀𝑢 , where ∅ = 𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟

From stress-strain diagram:
𝐶=𝑇
0.85 𝑓′𝑐 . 𝑎 𝑏 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦

𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝐶
According to ACI Code, the values of β1shall be in accordance with Table 22.2.24.3.

51
Table 8 Values of β1 for equivalent rectangular Concrete stress distribution

Based on these assumptions regarding the stress block, statics equations can be applied for the sum
of the horizontal forces and for the resisting moment produced by the internal couple.

𝐶=𝑇
0.85 𝑓′𝑐 . 𝑎 𝑏 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦
𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦
∴𝑎=
0.85 𝑓′𝑐 𝑏
𝑎 𝑎
→ 𝑀𝑛 = 𝐶 . (𝑑 − ) 𝑜𝑟 𝑀𝑛 = 𝑇 . (𝑑 − )
2 2

𝒂
∴ 𝑴𝒏 = 𝑨𝒔 𝒇𝒚 (𝒅 − )
𝟐

With further simplification:

𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦
Since 𝑎 =
0.85 𝑓′𝑐 𝑏

𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦
∴ 𝑀𝑛 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 (𝑑 − 0.59 )
𝑓′𝑐 𝑏
𝐴𝑠
𝜌= → 𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑
𝑏𝑑
𝜌𝑏𝑑 𝑓𝑦
𝑀𝑛 = 𝜌 𝑏 𝑑 𝑓𝑦 (𝑑 − 0.59 )
𝑓′𝑐 𝑏

𝒇𝒚
∴ 𝑴𝒏 = 𝝆 𝒃 𝒅𝟐 𝒇𝒚 (𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟓𝟗 𝝆 )
𝒇′𝒄

∅ 𝑀𝑛 ≥ 𝑀𝑢
Where:

52
∅ = strength reduction factor
𝑀𝑛 = nominal moment resisting capacity of the section
𝑀𝑢 = ultimate moment capacity applied on the section (from external load)

It should be emphasized that that 𝑓𝑦 in the above equation is 𝑓𝑠 , so when 𝑓𝑠 reaches yield
strength, value of 𝑓𝑦 should be used in the equation. However, when it is less than fy, then its
value must be determined.

3.4 Classification of Reinforced Concrete Beams According to the Amount of

Steel Reinforcement
3.4.1 The Balanced Condition, Steel Reinforcement Ratio (𝝆𝒃 )

From the above diagram:

𝐶=𝑇
53
0.85 𝑓′𝑐 . 𝑎 𝑏 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦

Since 𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝐶 ,
𝐴𝑠
𝜌= → 𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑
𝑏𝑑
∴ 0.85 𝑓′𝑐 . 𝛽1 𝐶 𝑏 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑𝑓𝑦

𝜷𝟏 𝒇′𝒄
∴ 𝝆 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓 𝑪
𝒅 𝒇𝒚
In balanced condition:
𝜌 = 𝜌𝑏 , 𝐶 = 𝐶𝑏
𝛽1 𝑓′𝑐
𝜌𝑏 = 0.85 𝐶
𝑑 𝑓𝑦 𝑏

To determine 𝐶𝑏 , use strain diagram:

𝐶 𝜀𝑐𝑢
=
𝑑 𝜀𝑠 + 𝜀𝑐𝑢

In balanced condition:
𝜀𝑠 = 𝜀𝑦 , if 𝑓𝑠 = 𝑓𝑦

𝐶𝑏 𝜀𝑐𝑢
=
𝑑 𝜀𝑦 + 𝜀𝑐𝑢

𝜀𝑐𝑢 = 0.003 and 𝐸𝑠 𝜀𝑠 = 𝑓𝑠

𝑓𝑦
𝐸𝑠 𝜀𝑦 = 𝑓𝑦 → 𝜀𝑦 = 𝐸𝑠

𝐶𝑏 0.003
∴ =
𝑑 𝑓𝑦
200 000 + 0.003
𝐶𝑏 0.003
=
𝑑 𝑓𝑦 + 600
200 000
𝐶𝑏 600
=
𝑑 𝑓𝑦 + 600
600
𝐶𝑏 = (𝑓 ).𝑑 (substitute in the formula of 𝜌𝑏 )
𝑦 +600

𝛽1 𝑓′𝑐 600
𝜌𝑏 = 0.85 . (𝑓 ).𝑑
𝑑 𝑓𝑦 𝑦 +600

54
 𝒇′𝒄 𝟔𝟎𝟎
∴ 𝝆𝒃 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓 𝜷𝟏 . (𝟔𝟎𝟎+ 𝒇 )
𝒇𝒚 𝒚

The above formula will be quite useful to identify section type, whether it is under-reinforced or
over-reinforced.
In analysis, information about section dimensions (b, d or h), area of steel reinforcement,
compressive strength of concrete and yield strength of steel bars will be given. So, nominal
moment and ultimate moment will be computed.

3.4.2 Types of Failure based on Steel Reinforcement Ratio (𝝆 𝒗𝒔 𝝆𝒃 )

Three types of flexural failure of a structural member can be expected depending on the percentage
of steel used in the section.

1.Tension Failure (ductile failure)

Steel may reach its yield strength before the concrete reaches its maximum strength. In this case,
the failure is due to the yielding of steel reaching a high strain equal to or greater than 0.005. The
section contains a relatively small amount of steel, and the section is known (under-reinforced
section) or ductile section. The under-reinforced beam is the most desirable beam because the
failure mode is ductile, thus giving sufficient amount of warning before collapse and it’s adopted
by strength design method.

In under-reinforced section:
• 𝜌 < 𝜌𝑏
• failure mode is tension controlled
• 𝜀𝑠 > 𝜀𝑦 , 𝑓𝑠 > 𝑓𝑦 , 𝜀𝑐 < 0.003

2. Balanced Failure
Steel may reach its yield strength at the same time as concrete reaches its ultimate strength so,
the failure will be sudden. The section is known as a balanced section.

In balanced section:

• 𝜌 = 𝜌𝑏
• failure mode is balanced failure
• 𝜀𝑠 = 𝜀𝑦 , 𝑓𝑠 = 𝑓𝑦 , 𝜀𝑐 = 0.003

55
2. Compression Failure (brittle failure)
Concrete may fail before the yield of steel, due to the high percentage of steel in the section. In
this case, the concrete strain reaches 0.003, while steel stress is less than the yield strength. This
section is called a compression-controlled or over-reinforced section.

In over-reinforced section:

• 𝜌 > 𝜌𝑏
• failure mode is compression controlled
• 𝜀𝑠 < 𝜀𝑦 , 𝑓𝑠 < 𝑓𝑦 , 𝜀𝑐 = 0.003

In this case, 𝑓𝑠 must be determined:

𝑑−𝑐
𝑓𝑠 = 600
𝑐
Where:
𝑐 = 𝑘𝑢 . 𝑑
𝜌𝑚 2 𝜌𝑚
𝑘𝑢 = √( ) + 𝜌𝑚 −
2 2
600
𝑚=
0.85 𝛽1 𝑓′𝑐
𝐴𝑠
𝜌=
𝑏𝑑

Figure 25 Failure types

56
3.5 Design Requirement

3.5.1 Safety Provision

Structural members must always be proportioned to resist loads greater than the service or actual
load to provide proper safety against failure. In the strength design method, the member is designed
to resist factored loads, which are obtained by multiplying the service loads by load factors.
Different factors are used for different loadings. Because dead loads can be estimated quite
accurately, their load factors are smaller than those of live loads, which have a high degree of
uncertainty
In addition to load factors, the ACI Code specifies another factor to allow an additional reserve in
the capacity of the structural member. Nominal strength is generally calculated using an accepted
analytical procedure based on statistics and equilibrium; however, in order to account for the
degree of accuracy within which the nominal strength can be calculated, and for adverse variations
in materials and dimensions, a strength reduction factor, ∅, should be used in the strength design
method.
3.5.1.1 Load Factor
For the design of structural members, the factored design load is obtained by multiplying the dead
load by a load factor and the specified live load by another load factor. Required strength U shall
be at least equal to the effects of factored loads in ACI Table 5.3.1
Table 9 Load combinations

Where:
U= ultimate load
D= dead load or F = fluid load
L= live load
W= wind load, S= Snow load,
E=effect of horizontal and vertical earthquake-induced forces
57
3.5.1.2 Strength Reduction Factor (∅)
The nominal strength of a section (𝑀𝑛 ) for flexural members, calculated in accordance with the
requirements of the ACI Code provisions must be multiplied by the strength reduction factor (𝜙),
which is always less than 1. The purposes of strength reduction factors are:

1. To account for the probability of under-strength members due to variations in material strengths
and dimensions.
2. To account for inaccuracies in the design equations.
3. To reflect the available ductility and required reliability of the member under the load effects
being considered.
Strength reduction factors Ø shall be in accordance with ACI Table 21.2.1
Table 10 Strength reduction factors

58
3.6 Procedure for Analyzing Singly Reinforced Sections
1. 𝜙𝑀𝑛 ≥ 𝑀𝑢
𝑀𝑢: ultimate factored moment (1.2 D.L+1.6 L.L)

𝐴𝑠
2. Determine value of 𝜌 =
𝑏𝑑

𝑓′𝑐 600
3. Determine 𝜌𝑏 = 0.85 𝛽1
𝑓𝑦 600+ 𝑓𝑦

4. Compare 𝜌 with 𝜌𝑏

a. If 𝝆 < 𝝆𝒃 → under-reinforced section, tension-controlled failure

→ 𝑓𝑠 = 𝑓𝑦
𝑓𝑦
→ 𝑀𝑛 = 𝜌 𝑏 𝑑 2 𝑓𝑦 (1 − 0.59 𝜌 )
𝑓′𝑐

b. If 𝝆 = 𝝆𝒃 → balanced section, balanced failure

→ 𝑓𝑠 = 𝑓𝑦
𝑓𝑦
→ 𝑀𝑛 = 𝜌 𝑏 𝑑 2 𝑓𝑦 (1 − 0.59 𝜌 )
𝑓′𝑐

c. If 𝝆 > 𝝆𝒃 → over-reinforced section, compression-controlled failure

→ 𝑓𝑠 < 𝑓𝑦
𝑑−𝑐
→ 𝑓𝑠 = 600
𝑐

𝑐 = 𝑘𝑢 . 𝑑

𝜌𝑚 2 𝜌𝑚
𝑘𝑢 = √( ) + 𝜌𝑚 −
2 2
600
𝑚=
0.85 𝛽1 𝑓′𝑐
𝐴𝑠
𝜌=
𝑏𝑑

59
 𝑓𝑠
→ 𝑀𝑛 = 𝜌 𝑏 𝑑 2 𝑓𝑠 (1 − 0.59 𝜌 )
𝑓′𝑐
𝑎
→ 𝑀𝑛 = 0.85 𝑓′𝑐 𝑎 𝑏 (𝑑 − )
2

Where 𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝐶
𝑐 = 𝑘𝑢 . 𝑑
5. 𝜙𝑀𝑛 ≥ 𝑀𝑢

Factor 𝛽1 and Reduction factor ∅

𝛽1 can be calculated according to table 22.2.2.4.3 in ACI code:

In terms of reduction factor ∅, it can be calculated according to table 21.2.2

It is clear from the table that the value of the reduction factor depends on the value of the strain.

If 𝜀𝑡 < 𝜀𝑡𝑦 ∴ ∅ = 0.65 (Compression-controlled)

(𝜀𝑡 − 𝜀𝑡𝑦 )
If 𝜀𝑡𝑦 < 𝜀𝑡 < 𝜀𝑡𝑦 + 0.003 ∴ ∅ = 0.75 + 0.15 (Transition)
0.003

60
If 𝜀𝑡 > 𝜀𝑡𝑦 + 0.003 ∴ ∅ = 0.9 (Tension-controlled)

From the above diagram, to calculate 𝜀𝑡 (tensile strain):

𝜀𝑡 = 𝜀𝑡𝑦 (ultimate tensile strain)

So, if 𝑓𝑦 = 400 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑦 = 420 𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝑓𝑦
𝜀𝑡𝑦 =
𝐸𝑠
𝑓𝑦
𝜀𝑡𝑦 =
𝐸𝑠
400
𝜀𝑡𝑦 = = 0.002 (when 𝑓𝑦 = 400 𝑀𝑃𝑎 )
200 000
420
𝜀𝑡𝑦 = = 0.0021 (when 𝑓𝑦 = 420 𝑀𝑃𝑎 )
200 000

So, 𝜀𝑡𝑦 = 0.002

Therefore,

• If 𝜀𝑡 ≥ 0.005 ∴ ∅ = 0.9 (Tension-controlled failure)

• If 𝜀𝑡 ≥ 0.002 ∴ ∅ = 0.65 (Compression-controlled failure)
• If 0.002 < 𝜀𝑡 < 0.005 ∴ ∅ = 0.483 + 83.3 𝜀𝑡 (Transition zone)

61
So, the reduction factor (∅) can be computed from the above equations, based on the value of the
tensile strain in extreme tension reinforcement (𝜀𝑡 ).

In addition, value of 𝜀𝑡 can be determined from the strain diagram using similar triangles:

𝒅𝒕 − 𝒄
𝜺𝒕 = 𝜺𝒄𝒖 ( )
𝒄

𝑑𝑡 = distance from top compression fiber to center of last steel reinforcement layer as shown in
the figure above.

𝜀𝑡 = Net tensile strain in extreme tension steel

𝜀𝑡𝑦 = Strain of steel bars and can be calculated from 𝑓𝑦 /𝐸𝑠

3.7 Fundamental Concepts of Steel Ratio (𝝆𝒎𝒂𝒙 , 𝝆𝒎𝒊𝒏 ) and Reduction Factor
3.7.1 Maximum steel ratio
It was shown previously that there are three types of failure based on steel reinforcement ratio. In
addition, a formula was derived to determine 𝝆𝒃
𝒇′𝒄 𝟔𝟎𝟎
𝝆𝒃 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓 𝜷𝟏 . (𝟔𝟎𝟎+ 𝒇 )
𝒇𝒚 𝒚

62
 a. When 𝜌 = 𝜌𝑏
• 𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
• Failure Mode is a balanced failure
• 𝜀𝑠 = 𝜀𝑦 , 𝑓𝑠 = 𝑓𝑦 , 𝜀𝑐 = 0.003

b. When 𝜌 > 𝜌𝑏
• over-reinforced section
• failure mode is compression controlled
• 𝜀𝑠 < 𝜀𝑦 , 𝑓𝑠 < 𝑓𝑦 , 𝜀𝑐 = 0.003
• Sudden failure without warning such as increase in number and width of cracks, and
increase in deflection

c. When 𝜌 < 𝜌𝑏
• under-reinforced section
• failure mode is tension controlled
• 𝜀𝑠 > 𝜀𝑦 , 𝑓𝑠 > 𝑓𝑦 , 𝜀𝑐 < 0.003
• Ductile failure

From the above diagram:

𝐶=𝑇
0.85 𝑓′𝑐 . 𝑎 𝑏 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦

𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝐶
𝐴𝑠
𝜌= → 𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑
𝑏𝑑
∴ 0.85 𝑓′𝑐 . 𝛽1 𝐶 𝑏 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑𝑓𝑦

63
0.85 𝑓′𝑐 . 𝛽1 𝐶 = 𝜌𝑑𝑓𝑦

From strain diagram, using similar triangles:

𝐶 𝜀𝑐𝑢
=
𝑑 𝜀𝑠 + 𝜀𝑐𝑢
𝜀𝑐𝑢
→ 𝑐= 𝑑
𝜀𝑠 + 𝜀𝑐𝑢

𝜀𝑐𝑢
∴ 0.85 𝑓′𝑐 . 𝛽1 𝑑 = 𝜌𝑑𝑓𝑦
𝜀𝑠 + 𝜀𝑐𝑢

𝒇′𝒄 𝜺𝒄𝒖
𝝆 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓 𝜷𝟏
𝒇𝒚 𝜺𝒄𝒖 + 𝜺𝒕

In the ACI code, to ensure tension failure in the section:

𝜺𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟒
So, substituting 𝜺𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟒 back in the equation, a tension failure is guaranteed.

𝒇′𝒄 𝜺𝒄𝒖
𝝆𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓 𝜷𝟏
𝒇𝒚 𝜺𝒄𝒖 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟒

So, in design, 𝝆 must be less than 𝝆𝒎𝒂𝒙 to ensure tension-controlled failure

3.7.2 Minimum steel ratio

According to ACI 318-19, it specifies the value of 𝝆𝒎𝒊𝒏 as following:

√𝒇′𝒄 𝟏. 𝟒
𝝆𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝑴𝒂𝒙 [ , ]
𝟒𝒇𝒚 𝒇𝒚

So, 𝝆𝒎𝒊𝒏 ≤ 𝝆 ≤ 𝝆𝒎𝒂𝒙

Thus,

If 𝝆 < 𝝆𝒎𝒊𝒏 → 𝑼𝒔𝒆 𝝆 = 𝝆𝒎𝒊𝒏

If 𝝆 > 𝝆𝒎𝒂𝒙 → 𝑼𝒔𝒆 𝒅𝒐𝒖𝒃𝒍𝒚 𝒓𝒆𝒊𝒏𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒅 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏

64
3.7.3 Reduction factor (∅)
It was shown previously that the value of reduction factor depends on the value of 𝜺𝒕 (tensile
strain) which can be calculated from the following table:

So, if 𝜺𝒕 ≤ 𝜺𝒕𝒚 , this means compression-controlled failure

∴ ∅ = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟓

If 𝜺𝒕 ≥ 0.005 , this means tension-controlled failure

∴ ∅ = 𝟎. 𝟗

If 0.002 < 𝜀𝑡 < 0.005 , this means transition zone

(𝜀𝑡 − 𝜀𝑡𝑦 )
∴ ∅ = 0.65 + 0.25
(0.005 − 𝜀𝑡𝑦 )

∴ ∅ = 0.483 + 83.3 𝜀𝑡

𝑓′𝑐 𝜀𝑐𝑢
𝜌𝑡 = 0.85 𝛽1 (tension failure is ensured)
𝑓𝑦 𝜀𝑐𝑢 + 0.005

It was shown previously that

𝒇′𝒄 𝜺𝒄𝒖
𝝆 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓 𝜷𝟏
𝒇𝒚 𝜺𝒄𝒖 + 𝜺𝒕
𝒇′𝒄 𝜺𝒄𝒖
𝝆𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓 𝜷𝟏
𝒇𝒚 𝜺𝒄𝒖 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟒

65
If 𝜀𝑡 = 0.005
𝒇′𝒄 𝜺𝒄𝒖
∴ 𝝆𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓 𝜷𝟏
𝒇𝒚 𝜺𝒄𝒖 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟓
𝜌𝑡 = Maximum steel ratio at which the net tensile strain in steel exceeds 0.005

The value of 𝜀𝑡 can be calculated using similar triangles in strain diagram

𝒅𝒕 − 𝒄
𝜺𝒕 = 𝜺𝒄𝒖 ( )
𝒄
Then, value of ∅ 𝑖𝑠 computed as shown below:

• If 𝜀𝑡 ≥ 0.005 → ∅ = 0.9
• If 𝜀𝑡 ≤ 0.002 → ∅ = 0.65
• If 0.002 < 𝜀𝑡 < 0.005 → ∅ = 0.483 + 83.3 𝜀𝑡

3.8 Location of Reinforcement

The reinforcement is placed in the locations where cracks are likely to occur (tension region)
The tension stresses may be due to
• Flexural force
• Axial force
• Shrinkage

Figure 26 Reinforcement placement for different types of beams

66
3.9 Serviceability
The serviceability requirements ensure adequate performance at service load without excessive
deflection and cracking.
Two methods are given by ACI for controlling deflection
1- by calculating deflection and comparing with specification.
2- by using member thickness equal or greater than the value provided in ACI

Figure 27 Minimum thickness of beams

3.10 Detailing of Steel Reinforcement

3.10.1 Concrete cover
Concrete cover protects reinforcement steel from weathering and other external influences. It is
measured from the concrete surface to the outermost surface of the steel to which the cover
requirement applies.
According to ACI 20.6.1.3.1, specifying minimum clear cover for in-situ concrete should not be
less than the value shown in the table below.

67
 Table 11 Specified concrete cover for cast-in-place non-prestressed concrete members

3.10.2 Spacing limits for reinforcement

The minimum limits were originally established to permit concrete to flow easily into spaces
between bars. Based on ACI-25.2.1 for parallel non-prestressed reinforcement in a horizontal
layer, clear spacing shall be at least the greatest of 25 mm, db, and (4/3) dagg.

For parallel non-prestressed reinforcement placed in two or more horizontal layers, reinforcement
in the upper layers shall be placed directly above reinforcement in the bottom layer with a clear
spacing between layers of at least 25 mm.

Figure 28 Arrangements of bars in two layers

68
Example: rectangular RC beam with width b = 250 mm and effective depth d = 460 mm, 𝑓′𝑐 =
20 𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝑓𝑦 = 300 𝑀𝑃𝑎. Find the ultimate moment (Mu) if

1. As = 2000 mm2
2. As = 5200 mm2

Solution:
1. when As = 2000 mm2
𝑀𝑢 = ∅ 𝑀𝑛
𝑓𝑦
𝑀𝑛 = 𝜌 𝑏 𝑑 2 𝑓𝑦 (1 − 0.59 𝜌 )
𝑓′𝑐
𝐴𝑠 2000
𝜌= = = 0.0174
𝑏𝑑 250 𝑥 460
𝑓′𝑐 600
𝜌𝑏 = 0.85 𝛽1
𝑓𝑦 600 + 𝑓𝑦

𝑓′𝑐 < 28 𝑀𝑃𝑎 → 𝛽1 = 0.85

20 600
𝜌𝑏 = 0.85 𝑥 0.85 = 0.0321
300 600 + 300

𝜌 (0.0174) < 𝜌𝑏 (0.0321)

∴ 𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒓 − 𝒓𝒆𝒊𝒏𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒅 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏, 𝒇𝒔 = 𝒇𝒚 , 𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 − 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒅 𝒇𝒂𝒊𝒍𝒖𝒓𝒆

300
𝑀𝑛 = 0.0174 𝑥 250 𝑥 4602 𝑥 300 (1 − 0.59 (0.0174) 𝑥 ) 𝑥 10−6 = 233.62 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
20

𝑑−𝑐
𝜀𝑡 = 𝜀𝑐𝑢
𝑐

69
𝜀𝑐𝑢 = 0.003 , 𝑑 = 460 𝑚𝑚
𝑎 = 𝛽1 . 𝑐
To determine value of 𝑎, from the stress diagram:
𝐶=𝑇
0.85 𝑓′𝑐 𝑎. 𝑏 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦
𝐴𝑎 𝑓𝑦 2000 𝑥 300
∴𝑎= = = 141.18 𝑚𝑚
0.85 𝑓′𝑐 𝑏 0.85 𝑥 20 𝑥 250

𝑎 141.18
𝑎 = 𝛽1 . 𝑐 → 𝑐 = = = 166.1 𝑚𝑚
𝐵1 0.85
460 − 166.1
𝜀𝑡 = 0.003 = 0.0053
166.1
𝜀𝑡 = 0.0053 > 0.005
∴ ∅ = 0.9
𝑀𝑢 = ∅ 𝑀𝑛 = 0.9 𝑥 233.62 = 210.26 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚

2. when As = 5200 mm2

𝐴𝑠 5200
𝜌= = = 0.0452
𝑏𝑑 250 𝑥 460
𝑓′𝑐 600
𝜌𝑏 = 0.85 𝛽1
𝑓𝑦 600 + 𝑓𝑦

𝑓 ′ 𝑐 < 28 𝑀𝑃𝑎 → 𝛽1 = 0.85

20 600
𝜌𝑏 = 0.85 𝑥 0.85 ( ) = 0.0321 = 0.0321
300 600 + 300

𝜌 (0.0452) > 𝜌𝑏 (0.0321)

∴ 𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒓 − 𝒓𝒆𝒊𝒏𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒅 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏, 𝒇𝒔 < 𝒇𝒚 , 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 − 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒅 𝒇𝒂𝒊𝒍𝒖𝒓𝒆

So, value of 𝑓𝑠 must be determined

𝑑−𝑐
∴ 𝑓𝑠 = 600
𝑐
𝑐 = 𝑘𝑢 . 𝑑

70
 𝜌𝑚 2 𝜌𝑚
𝑘𝑢 = √( ) + 𝜌𝑚 −
2 2
600 600
𝑚= = = 41.5225
0.85 𝛽1 𝑓′𝑐 0.85 𝑥 0.85 𝑥 20
𝜌𝑚 = 0.0452 𝑥 41.5225 = 1.878

1.878 2 1.878
𝑘𝑢 = √( ) + 1.878 − = 0.722
2 2

𝑐 = 0.722 𝑥 460 = 332.12 𝑚𝑚

460 − 332.12
𝑓𝑠 = 600 = 231.02 𝑀𝑃𝑎
332.12
𝑓𝑠 (231.02 𝑀𝑃𝑎) < 𝑓𝑦 (300 𝑀𝑃𝑎)
𝑓𝑠
𝑀𝑛 = 𝜌 𝑏 𝑑 2 𝑓𝑠 (1 − 0.59 𝜌 )
𝑓′𝑐
231
𝑀𝑛 = 0.0452 𝑥 250 𝑥 4602 𝑥 231 (1 − 0.59 (0.0452) 𝑥 ) 𝑥 10−6 = 382.21 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
20

𝑑−𝑐
𝜀𝑡 = 𝜀𝑐𝑢
𝑐
460 − 332.12
𝜀𝑡 = 0.003 ( ) = 0.0011
332.12
𝜀𝑡 < 0.002
∴ ∅ = 0.65
𝑀𝑢 = ∅ 𝑀𝑛 = 0.65 𝑥 382.21 = 248.44 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚

Example: determine the maximum PL for the beam shown in the figure below.
𝑓′𝑐 = 25 𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝑓𝑦 = 420 𝑀𝑃𝑎, self-weight of beam is included in WD

71
Solution:
∅ 𝑀𝑛 ≥ 𝑀𝑢
𝑊𝑢 = 1.2 𝐷𝐿 + 1.6 𝐿𝐿

𝑀𝑢 = 𝑀𝑢1 + 𝑀𝑢2
𝑊𝑢 𝐿2
𝑀𝑢 = + 𝑃𝐿 . 𝐿
2
𝑓𝑦
𝑀𝑛 = 𝜌 𝑏 𝑑 2 𝑓𝑦 (1 − 0.59 𝜌 )
𝑓′𝑐
𝜋
𝐴𝑠 4 𝑥 4 𝑥 (25)2
𝜌= = = 0.0117
𝑏𝑑 300 𝑥 560
𝑓′𝑐 600
𝜌𝑏 = 0.85 𝛽1 ( )
𝑓𝑦 600 + 𝑓𝑦

𝑓 ′ 𝑐 < 28 𝑀𝑃𝑎 → 𝛽1 = 0.85

25 600
𝜌𝑏 = 0.85 𝑥 0.85 ( ) = 0.0253
420 600 + 420

𝜌 (0.0117) < 𝜌𝑏 (0.0253)

∴ 𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒓 − 𝒓𝒆𝒊𝒏𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒅 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏, 𝒇𝒔 = 𝒇𝒚 , 𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 − 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒅 𝒇𝒂𝒊𝒍𝒖𝒓𝒆

420
𝑀𝑛 = 0.0117 𝑥 300 𝑥 5602 𝑥 420 (1 − 0.59 (0.0117) ) 𝑥 10−6 = 408.7 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
25

𝑀𝑢 = ∅ 𝑀𝑛
𝑑−𝑐
𝜀𝑡 = 𝜀𝑐𝑢
𝑐
𝑎 = 𝛽1 . 𝑐
𝐶=𝑇

72
0.85 𝑓′𝑐 𝑎. 𝑏 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦
𝜋
𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 4 𝑥 4 𝑥 (25)2 𝑥 420
∴𝑎= = = 129.36 𝑚𝑚
0.85 𝑓′𝑐 𝑏 0.85 𝑥 25 𝑥 300

𝑎 129.36
𝑎 = 𝛽1 . 𝑐 → 𝑐 = = = 152.19 𝑚𝑚
𝐵1 0.85
560 − 152.19
𝜀𝑡 = 0.003 ( ) = 0.0084
152.19
𝜀𝑡 = 0.0084 > 0.005
∴ ∅ = 0.9
𝑀𝑢 = ∅ 𝑀𝑛 = 0.9 𝑥 408.7 = 367.83 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
𝑊𝑢 𝐿2
𝑀𝑢 = + 𝑃𝐿 . 𝐿
2
𝑊𝑢 = 1.2 𝐷𝐿 + 1.6 𝐿𝐿 = 1.2 (10) + 1.6 (20) = 44𝐾𝑁/𝑚
44 𝑥 22
𝑀𝑢 = + 1.6 𝑥 𝑃𝐿 . (2) = 88 + 3.2 𝑃𝐿
2
𝑀𝑢 = ∅ 𝑀𝑛 = 367.83 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
𝑃𝐿 = 87.45 𝐾𝑁

3.11 Flexural Design of Singly Reinforced Concrete Rectangular Beams

The purpose of the design is to establish the appropriate section dimensions (𝑏 and 𝑑) and
determine the required amount of reinforcement (𝐴𝑠 ), given the applied service load and the
material properties (𝑓′𝑐 , 𝑓𝑦 ).

3.11.1 Procedures for designing a singly RC beam when the dimensions are unknown
1. Calculate the design bending moment (𝑀𝑢 ) from structural analysis
𝑓′𝑐 𝜀𝑐𝑢
2. Calculate value of 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.85 𝛽1
𝑓𝑦 𝜀𝑐𝑢 + 0.004

√𝑓′𝑐 1.4
3. Calculate value of 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑀𝑎𝑥 [ , ]
4𝑓𝑦 𝑓𝑦

4. Select a value of steel ratio (𝜌) such that 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 ≤ 𝜌 ≤ 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 , it is recommended to select
𝑓′ 𝑐 𝜀𝑐𝑢
𝜌 ≤ 𝜌𝑡 (𝜌𝑡 = 0.85 𝛽1 ) or select 𝜌 ≤ 0.75 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 to ensure tension-controlled
𝑓𝑦 𝜀𝑐𝑢 + 0.005

section and a strength reduction factor (∅) = 0.9

73
 5. To determine 𝜀𝑡 : set 𝜌 = 𝜌𝑡
𝑓 ′𝑐 𝜀𝑐𝑢
𝜌 = 𝜌𝑡 = 0.85 𝛽1 ( )
𝑓𝑦 𝜀𝑐𝑢 + 𝜺𝒕
✓ 𝜀𝑡 ≥ 0.005 → ∅ = 0.9
✓ 𝜀𝑡 ≤ 0.002 → ∅ = 0.65
✓ 0.002 < 𝜀𝑡 < 0.005 → ∅ = 0.483 + 83.3 𝜀𝑡
𝑓𝑦
6. Determine section dimensions (𝑏𝑑 2 ) using: 𝑀𝑢 = ∅ 𝑀𝑛 = 𝜌 𝑏 𝑑 2 𝑓𝑦 (1 − 0.59 𝜌 𝑓′ )
𝑐

𝑑
7. Assume a value for b, then determine d. [ ≈ (2 − 3)]
𝑏

8. Calculate the required steel ratio (𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌 𝑏 𝑑).

9. Select an appropriate diameter of steel bar ∅𝑏 , and calculate the number of steel bars
required.
10. Find the total beam depth (h):
∅𝑏
ℎ=𝑑+ + ∅𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑢𝑝𝑠 + 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 (𝑜𝑛𝑒 − 𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡)
2

∅𝑏 𝑠
ℎ=𝑑+ + ∅𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑢𝑝𝑠 + 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 + (𝑡𝑤𝑜 − 𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡)
2 2

11. Check spacing between steel bars

Example: design the simply supported concrete beam subjected to a service dead load of 15 KN/m
which includes the self-weight of the beam and service live load of 30 KN/m. The yield stress of
the tension steel is 414 MPa. The beam span is 4 m, and concrete specified compressive strength
is 28 MPa.

Solution:
D.L = 15 KN/m
L.L = 30 KN/m

74
𝑓𝑦 = 414 MPa , 𝑓′𝑐 = 28 MPa

𝑊𝑢 = 1.2 𝐷. 𝐿 + 1.6 𝐿. 𝐿 = 1.2 (15) + 1.6 (30) = 66 𝐾𝑁/𝑚

𝑊𝑢 𝐿2 66 𝑥 42
𝑀𝑢 = = = 132 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
8 8
𝑓′𝑐 𝜀𝑐𝑢
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.85 𝛽1
𝑓𝑦 𝜀𝑐𝑢 + 0.004

𝛽1 = 0.85
28 0.003
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.85 𝑥 0.85 ( ) = 0.02094
414 0.003 + 0.004

√𝑓′𝑐 1.4
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑀𝑎𝑥 [ , ]
4𝑓𝑦 𝑓𝑦

√28 1.4
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑀𝑎𝑥 [ , ]
4 𝑥 414 414

𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = Max [0.00319 , 0.00338]

𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.00338

𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.02094 , 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.00338

𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 ≤ 𝜌 ≤ 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 , [𝜌 = 0.75 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75 (0.02094) = 0.015705]

Let 𝜌 = 0.0157 , [𝜀𝑡 = ? , ∅ = ? ]

Let 𝜌 = 𝜌𝑡
𝑓′𝑐 𝜀𝑐𝑢
𝜌 = 𝜌𝑡 = 0.85 𝛽1 ( )
𝑓𝑦 𝜀𝑐𝑢 + 𝜺𝒕

28 0.003
0.0157 = 0.85 𝑥 0.85 ( ) → 𝜀𝑡 = 0.0063
414 0.003 + 𝜺𝒕

𝜀𝑡 (0.0063) > 0.005 → ∅ = 0.9

𝑓𝑦
𝑀𝑢 = ∅ 𝑀𝑛 = 𝜌 𝑏 𝑑 2 𝑓𝑦 (1 − 0.59 𝜌 )
𝑓′𝑐

414
132 𝑥 106 = 0.9 𝑥 0.0157 𝑥 𝑏 𝑑2 x 414 (1 − 0.59 (0.0157) )
28

75
 26145716 𝑑
𝑏 𝑑 2 = 26145716 → 𝑑=√ , ( = 2 − 3)
𝑏 𝑏

b d d/b
125 457.34 3.65
175 386.5 2.21
200 361.6 1.8
180 381.12 2.11

𝑑 390
So, assume b = 180 mm and d = 390 mm ( 𝑏 = 180 = 2.17)

𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌 𝑏 𝑑 = 0.0157 𝑥 180 𝑥 390 = 1102.14 𝑚𝑚2

Assume ∅ 𝑏 = 28 𝑚𝑚
𝜋
Area of bar = (282 ) = 616 𝑚𝑚2
4
𝐴 1102.14
No. of bars = 𝐴 𝑠 = = 1.78 ≈ 2
𝑏 616

Use 2 ∅ 28
𝜋
𝐴𝑠,𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣. = 2 𝑥 (28)2 = 1232 𝑚𝑚2 > 𝐴𝑠,𝑟𝑒𝑞.
4
𝐴 1232
𝜌 = 𝑏 𝑑𝑠 = 180 𝑥 390 = 0.01755 [𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 ≤ 𝜌 ≤ 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 ] 𝑂𝐾

Assume ∅ stirrups = 8 mm
180 − (2 𝑥 40) − (2 𝑥 8) − (2 𝑥 28)
𝑠= = 28 𝑚𝑚
2−1
According to ACI, clear spacing shall be at least the
greatest of 25 mm, db, and (4/3) dagg.
Therefore, S = 28 mm
∅𝑏
ℎ=𝑑+ + ∅𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑢𝑝𝑠 + 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 (𝑜𝑛𝑒 − 𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡)
2
28
ℎ = 390 + + 8 + 40 = 452
2
Use h = 460 mm

76
If we solve the question selecting ∅ 𝑏 = 25 𝑚𝑚
𝐴𝑠 = 1102.14 𝑚𝑚2

h = 460 mm
Assume ∅ 𝑏 = 25 𝑚𝑚
𝜋
Area of bar = (252 ) = 491 𝑚𝑚2
4
𝐴 1102.14 2∅28
No. of bars = 𝐴 𝑠 = = 2.24 ≈ 3
𝑏 491

180−(2 𝑥 40)−(2 𝑥 8)−(3𝑥 25)

𝑠= = 4.5 𝑚𝑚 (NOT OK)
3−1

𝐴𝑠,𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣. = 3 𝑥 491 = 1473 𝑚𝑚2

𝐴 1473
𝜌 = 𝑏 𝑑𝑠 = 180 𝑥 390 = 0.02098 [𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 ≤ 𝜌 > 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 ] 𝑁𝑂𝑇 𝑂𝐾

3.11.2 Procedures for designing a singly RC beam when the dimensions are known
𝑓′𝑐 𝜀𝑐𝑢
1. Calculate value of 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.85 𝛽1
𝑓𝑦 𝜀𝑐𝑢 + 0.004

√𝑓′𝑐 1.4
2. Calculate value of 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑀𝑎𝑥 [ , ]
4𝑓𝑦 𝑓𝑦

𝑓′ 𝑐 𝜀𝑐𝑢
3. Calculate value of 𝜌𝑡 = 0.85 𝛽1 (𝜀 )
𝑓𝑦 𝑐𝑢 + 𝜺𝒕

1 2𝑚𝑅
4. Determine value of 𝜌 = [1 − √1 − ]
𝑚 𝑓𝑦

- Where:
𝑀𝑢 𝑓𝑦
𝑅= and 𝑚 =
∅ 𝑏 𝑑2 0.85 𝑓′𝑐

- 𝐴𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒, 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 ∅ 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑏𝑒 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑 = 0.9 , This value will be
verified at the end.
- 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐻 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑏𝑒 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛, 𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑑 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔:
• 𝑑 = ℎ − 65 (𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑛𝑒 − 𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟)
• 𝑑 = ℎ − 100 (𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡𝑤𝑜 − 𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟𝑠)

77
5. Value of (𝜌) determined in step (5) must be 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 ≤ 𝜌 ≤ 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥
• If 𝜌 < 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 → 𝑈𝑠𝑒 𝜌 = 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛
• If 𝜌 > 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 → 𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑑𝑜𝑢𝑏𝑙𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
6. If 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 ≤ 𝜌 ≤ 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥
Calculate the required steel area 𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌 𝑏 𝑑
7. Select an appropriate diameter for steel bar (∅𝑏 ) and stirrups (∅𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑟𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑠 ), and calculate
the number of steel bars required.
8. Check spacing between steel bars
9. Verify that value of (∅ = 0.9) assumed in step (4), by comparing value of 𝜌 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝜌𝑡
• If 𝜌 < 𝜌𝑡 → ∅ = 0.9 𝑂𝐾
• If 𝜌 > 𝜌𝑡 → ∅ < 0.9

𝑑𝑡 −𝑐
✓ Calculate (𝜀𝑡 ), where 𝜀𝑡 = 𝜀𝑐𝑢 𝑐
𝑎
✓ 𝑐=𝐵
1

𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦
✓ 𝑎 = 0.85 𝑓′
𝑐 𝑏

✓ ∅ = 0.48 + 83.3 𝜀𝑡
𝑎
✓ 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑀𝑢 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 (𝑑 − )
2

✓ 𝑀𝑢 = ∅ 𝑀𝑛 (∅ 𝑀𝑛 𝑚𝑢𝑠𝑡 𝑏𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 𝑀𝑢 )

✓ 𝑖𝑓 ∅ 𝑀𝑛 < 𝑀𝑢 , repeat the calculation from step (4) by using the value of ∅
computed in equation ∅ = 0.48 + 83.3 𝜀𝑡

78
Example: Determine the reinforcement required for a beam of width b = 300 mm and total depth h = 700 mm
under service dead load moment (including beam self-weight) MD = 100 KN.m and service live load moment
M L = 150 KN.m. Note that the concrete compressive strength 𝑓′𝑐 = 20 MPa and reinforcement tensile
strength 𝑓′𝑐 = 400 MPa.

Solution:

𝑀𝑢 = 1.2 MD + 1.6 ML = 1.2 (100) + 1.6 (150) = 360 KN.m

√𝑓′𝑐 1.4
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑀𝑎𝑥 [ , ]
4𝑓𝑦 𝑓𝑦

√20 1.4
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑀𝑎𝑥 [ , ]
4 𝑥 400 400

𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = Max [0.00279 , 0.0035]

𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.0035
𝑓′𝑐 𝜀𝑐𝑢
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.85 𝛽1
𝑓𝑦 𝜀𝑐𝑢 + 0.004

𝛽1 = 0.85
20 0.003
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.85 𝑥 0.85 ( ) = 0.01548
400 0.003 + 0.004
𝑓′𝑐 𝜀𝑐𝑢 20 0.003
𝜌𝑡 = 0.85 𝛽1 ( ) = 0.85 𝑥 0.85 ( ) = 0.01355
𝑓𝑦 𝜀𝑐𝑢 + 𝜺𝒕 400 0.003 + 0.005

1 2𝑚𝑅 𝑓𝑦 𝑀𝑢
𝜌 = 𝑚 [1 − √1 − ], 𝑚 = , 𝑅=
𝑓𝑦 0.85 𝑓′𝑐 ∅ 𝑏 𝑑2

400 360 𝑥 106

𝑚 = 0.85 = 23.529 , 𝑅 = 0.9 𝑥 300 𝑥 6352 = 3.3067 Let ∅ = 0.9
𝑥 20
𝑑 = ℎ − 65
1 2 𝑥 23.529 𝑥 3.3067
𝜌= [1 − √1 − ] = 0.00927 = 700 − 65
3.3067 400

= 635 𝑚𝑚
Since 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 (0.0035) < 𝜌 (0.00927) < 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 (0.01548) OK
𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌 𝑏 𝑑 = 0.00927 𝑥 300 𝑥 635 = 1767.8 𝑚𝑚2

Check the assumed value of ∅

𝜌𝑡 = 0.01355 vs 𝜌 = 0.00927
79
𝜌 < 𝜌𝑡 → ∅ = 0.9 𝑂𝐾

Find number and arrangement of steel bars and stirrups

Let ∅𝑏 = 25 𝑚𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∅𝑠𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑢𝑝𝑠 = 10 𝑚𝑚
As = 491 mm 2
No. of bars = A s /A b = 1767.8/491 = 3.6 ≈ 4
Use 4∅25
300−(2 𝑥 40)−(2 𝑥 8)−(2 𝑥 25)
𝑠= = 33 𝑚𝑚 > 25 𝑚𝑚 OK
4−1

According to the ACI Code, clear spacing shall be at least the

greatest of 25 mm, db , and (4/3) dagg.
Therefore, S = 25 mm

80
Chapter 4 Doubly Reinforced Concrete Beams
4.1 Flexural Analysis of Doubly Reinforced Concrete Beams
The steel that is occasionally used on the compression sides of beams is called compression
steel, and beams with both tensile and compressive steel are referred to as doubly reinforced
beams. Compression steel is very effective in the following regards:

• Increases moment capacity of the section

• Reduces creep and long-term deflection
• Increases ductility of the section
• Enables beams to withstand deformations and stress reversals such as might occur during
earthquakes

Figure 29 Doubly reinforced beam

For doubly reinforced beams, an initial assumption is made that the compression steel yields as
well as the tensile steel. (The tensile steel is always assumed to yield because of the ductile
requirements of the ACI Code).
When compression steel is used, the nominal resisting moment of the beam is assumed to consist
of two parts: the part due to the resistance of the compression concrete and the balancing tensile
reinforcing, and the part due to the nominal moment capacity of the compression steel and the
balancing amount of the additional tensile steel. This situation is illustrated in Figure 30

Figure 30 Doubly reinforced beam broken into parts

81
The first of the two resisting moments is
𝒂
𝑴𝒏𝟏 = 𝑨𝒔𝟏 𝒇𝒚 (𝒅 − )
𝟐
The second resisting moment is that produced by the additional tensile and compressive steel
(𝐴𝑠2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐴′𝑠 )

𝑴𝒏𝟐 = 𝑨′𝒔 𝒇𝒚 (𝒅 − 𝒅′)

Up to this point it has been assumed that the compression steel has reached its yield stress. If such
is the case, the values of 𝑨𝒔𝟐 and 𝑨′𝒔 will be equal because the addition to T of 𝑨𝒔𝟐 𝒇𝒚 must be
equal to the addition to C of 𝑨′𝒔 𝒇𝒚 for equilibrium.

Combining the two values, we obtain

In each of these problems, the strain, 𝜀′𝑠 , in the compression steel is checked to determine whether
or not it has yielded. With the strain obtained, the compression steel stress, 𝒇′𝒔 , is determined, and
the value of 𝑨𝒔𝟐 is computed with the following expression:

Initially the stress in the compression steel is assumed to be at yield (𝒇′𝒔 = 𝒇𝒚 ). From Figure 31,
summing forces horizontally in the force diagram and substituting 𝛽1 . 𝑐 for a leads to

Figure 31 Internal strains and forces for doubly reinforced rectangular beam

82
From the strain diagram in figure 31:

In addition, it is necessary to compute the strain in the tensile steel, 𝜀𝑡 , to ensure it is not less than
0.005, thus using 0.9 as a reduction factor.

4.1.1 Procedures for analyzing doubly reinforced concrete beams

• Assume compression steel has yielded (𝑓′𝑠 = 𝑓𝑦 )
(𝐴𝑠 − 𝐴′ 𝑠 )𝑓𝑦
• Compute 𝑐 =
0.85 𝑓′𝑐 𝛽1 𝑏

𝑐−𝑑′
• Determine 𝜀′𝑠 = 𝑥 0.003
𝑐
𝑓𝑦
• If 𝜀′𝑠 ≥ 𝜀𝑦 = , assumption is correct (𝑓′𝑠 = 𝑓𝑦 ) [compression steel has yielded]
𝐸
𝑑−𝑐
✓ 𝐴𝑠2 = 𝐴′𝑠 , 𝑎 = 𝐵1 𝑐 , 𝜀𝑡 = 𝑥 0.003 to determine value of ∅
𝑐

✓ 𝐴𝑠1 = 𝐴𝑠 − 𝐴𝑠2
𝒂
• ∴ ∅𝑴𝒏 = ∅ [𝑨𝒔𝟏 𝒇𝒚 (𝒅 − ) + 𝑨′𝒔 𝒇′𝒔 (𝒅 − 𝒅′ )]
𝟐

• But, if 𝜀′𝑠 ≠ 𝜀𝑦 , assumption is incorrect this means that (𝑓′𝑠 ≠ 𝑓𝑦 )

• This means that compression steel has not yielded
𝑐−𝑑′
• Recalculate (c) from 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 = 0.85 𝑓′𝑐 𝛽1 𝑐 𝑏 + 𝐴′𝑠 ( ) 𝑥 0.003 𝐸𝑠
𝑐
𝑐−𝑑′ 𝑑−𝑐
✓ 𝜀′𝑠 = 𝑥 0.003 , 𝑎 = 𝐵1 𝑐 , 𝜀𝑡 = 𝑥 0.003 to determine value of ∅
𝑐 𝑐

83
 𝐴′𝑠 𝑓′𝑠
✓ 𝑓′𝑠 = 𝜀′𝑠 𝐸𝑠 , 𝐴𝑠2 = 𝑓𝑦
, 𝐴𝑠1 = 𝐴𝑠 − 𝐴𝑠2

𝒂
• ∴ ∅𝑴𝒏 = ∅ [𝑨𝒔𝟏 𝒇𝒚 (𝒅 − ) + 𝑨′𝒔 𝒇′𝒔 (𝒅 − 𝒅′ )]
𝟐

Example 1: compute the design moment strengths of the beam shown below if 𝑓𝑦 =
420 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓′𝑐 = 21 𝑀𝑃𝑎.

Solution:

b = 400 mm, d = 700, 𝑑′ = 70 𝑚𝑚

𝐴𝑠 = 4024 𝑚𝑚2 , 𝐴′𝑠 = 774 𝑚𝑚2

1. Assume compression steel has yielded

This means 𝑓′𝑠 = 𝑓𝑦 = 420 MPa

(𝐴𝑠 − 𝐴′𝑠 )𝑓𝑦 (4024 − 774) 𝑥 420

2. 𝑐= = = 224.9 𝑚𝑚
0.85 𝑓′𝑐 𝛽1 𝑏 0.85 𝑥 21 𝑥 0.85 𝑥 400

𝑐−𝑑′ 224.9 −70

3. 𝜀′𝑠 = 𝑥 0.003 = 𝑥 0.003 = 0.0021
𝑐 224.9
𝑓𝑦 420
4. 𝜀𝑦 = = = 0.0021
𝐸 200 000

𝜀′𝑠 = 𝜀𝑦 , assumption is valid (𝑓′𝑠 = 𝑓𝑦 ) [compression steel has yielded]

𝐴𝑠2 = 𝐴′𝑠 = 774 𝑚𝑚2

𝐴𝑠1 = 𝐴𝑠 − 𝐴𝑠2 = 4024 − 774 = 3250 𝑚𝑚2

𝑎 = 𝐵1 𝑐 = 0.85 𝑥 224.9 = 191.2 𝑚𝑚

𝑑−𝑐 700 − 224.9

𝜀𝑡 = 𝑥 0.003 = 𝑥 0.003 = 0.006337 > 0.005
𝑐 224.9
∴ ∅ = 0.9
𝑎
5. ∅𝑀𝑛 = ∅ [𝐴𝑠1 𝑓𝑦 (𝑑 − 2 ) + 𝐴′𝑠 𝑓′𝑠 (𝑑 − 𝑑′ )]
191.2 −6
= 0.9 [3250 x 420 x (700 − ) + 774 x 420 (700 − 70)] 𝑥 10
2

∅𝑀𝑛 = 926.8 KN. m

84
Example 2: compute the design moment strengths of the beam shown below if 𝑓𝑦 =
420 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓′𝑐 = 21 𝑀𝑃𝑎.
Solution:

b = 450 mm, d = 580, 𝑑′ = 70 𝑚𝑚

𝐴𝑠 = 4024 𝑚𝑚2 , 𝐴′𝑠 = 1935 𝑚𝑚2

1. Assume compression steel has yielded

This means 𝑓′𝑠 = 𝑓𝑦 = 420 MPa

(𝐴𝑠 − 𝐴′𝑠 )𝑓𝑦 (4024 − 1935) 𝑥 420

2. 𝑐= = = 128.5 𝑚𝑚
0.85 𝑓′𝑐 𝛽1 𝑏 0.85 𝑥 21 𝑥 0.85 𝑥 450

𝑐−𝑑′ 128.5 −70

3. 𝜀′𝑠 = 𝑥 0.003 = 𝑥 0.003 = 0.001365
𝑐 128.5
𝑓𝑦 420
4. 𝜀𝑦 = = = 0.0021
𝐸 200 000

𝜀′𝑠 < 𝜀𝑦 , assumption is incorrect (∴ 𝑓′𝑠 ≠ 𝑓𝑦 )

This means that compression steel has not yielded
𝑐−𝑑 ′
5. 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 = 0.85 𝑓′𝑐 𝛽1 𝑐 𝑏 + 𝐴′𝑠 (
𝑐
)𝑥 0.003 𝐸𝑠
𝑐 − 70
4024 x 420 = 0.85 x 21 x 0.85 𝑐 𝑥 450 + 1935 x ( ) 𝑥 0.003 x 200 000
𝑐

6827.63𝑥 2 − 529.080𝑥 − 81270000 = 0

𝑥 = 154.5 𝑚𝑚

𝑐−𝑑′ 154.5 −70

𝜀′𝑠 = 𝑥 0.003 = 𝑥 0.003 = 0.001641
𝑐 154.5

𝑓′𝑠 = 𝜀′𝑠 𝐸𝑠 = 0.001641 𝑥 200 000 = 328.2 𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝐴′ 𝑠 𝑓 ′ 𝑠 1935 𝑥 328,2
𝐴𝑠2 = = = 1512.1 𝑚𝑚2
𝑓𝑦 420

𝐴𝑠1 = 𝐴𝑠 − 𝐴𝑠2 = 4024 − 1512.1 = 2511.9 𝑚𝑚2

𝑎 = 𝐵1 𝑐 = 0.85 𝑥 154.5 = 131.3 𝑚𝑚
𝑑−𝑐 650 − 154.5
𝜀𝑡 = 𝑥 0.003 = 𝑥 0.003 = 0.009621 > 0.005
𝑐 154.5
∴ ∅ = 0.9

85
 𝑎
6. ∅𝑀𝑛 = ∅ [𝐴𝑠1 𝑓𝑦 (𝑑 − 2) + 𝐴′𝑠 𝑓′𝑠 (𝑑 − 𝑑 ′ )]
131.3
∅𝑀𝑛 = 0.9 [2511.9 x 420 (650 − ) + 1935 x 328.2 (650 − 70)] 𝑥 10−6
2

∅𝑀𝑛 = 886.3 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚

4.2 Design of Doubly Reinforced Concrete Beams

𝑴𝒏

86
𝑀𝑛 = 𝑀𝑛1 + 𝑀𝑛2
𝑎
𝑀𝑛 = 𝐴𝑠1 𝑓𝑦 (𝑑 − ) + 𝐴′ 𝑠 𝑓𝑦 (𝑑 − 𝑑 ′ )
2
According to ACI Code, 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 ≤ 𝜌 ≤ 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥

∴ 𝐴𝑠1 = 𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥

𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 . 𝑏. 𝑑
𝑓𝑦
∴ 𝑀𝑛1 = 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 . 𝑏. 𝑑2 𝑓𝑦 (1 − 0.59 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 )
𝑓 ′𝑐

𝑀𝑢 = 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛, 𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑠

𝑀𝑢 = 𝑀𝑢1 + 𝑀𝑢2

𝑀𝑢1 = ∅ 𝑀𝑛1

∴ 𝑀𝑢 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑀𝑢1 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛, 𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦 𝑀𝑢2 𝑖𝑠 𝑢𝑛𝑘𝑜𝑤𝑛

𝑀𝑢 𝑓𝑦
𝑅= , 𝑚=
∅𝑏 𝑑2 0.85 𝑓′𝑐

1 2𝑚𝑅
𝜌= [1 − √1 − ]
𝑚 𝑓𝑦

𝐴𝑠2 = 𝜌 . 𝑏. 𝑑

Where 𝐴𝑠2 = 𝐴′𝑠 (steel reinforcement in compression zone)

4.2.1 Procedures for analyzing doubly reinforced concrete beams

𝑓′𝑐 𝜀𝑐𝑢
1. Calculate 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.85 𝛽1 ( )
𝑓𝑦 𝜀𝑐𝑢 +0.004
2. Determine 𝜌 as follows
𝑀𝑢 𝑓𝑦
𝑅= , 𝑚=
∅ 𝑏 𝑑2 0.85 𝑓′𝑐

1 2𝑚𝑅
𝜌= [1 − √1 − ]
𝑚 𝑓𝑦

• If 𝜌 ≤ 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 , 𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚

• If 𝜌 ≥ 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 , 𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑑𝑜𝑢𝑏𝑙𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚

87
3. Calculate 𝐴𝑠1

𝐴𝑠1 = 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 . 𝑏. 𝑑

4. Calculate 𝑀𝑢1
𝑎
𝑀𝑛1 = 𝐴𝑠1 𝑓𝑦 (𝑑 − )
2
𝐴𝑠1 𝑓𝑦 𝑎
𝑎= , 𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝑐 → 𝑐 =
0.85 𝑓′𝑐 𝑏 𝛽1
𝑑𝑡 − 𝑐
𝜀𝑡 = 𝜀𝑐𝑢
𝑐
• 𝜀𝑡 ≥ 0.005 → ∅ = 0.9
• 𝜀𝑡 ≤ 0.002 → ∅ = 0.65
• If 0.002 < 𝜀𝑡 < 0.005 → ∅ = 0.483 + 83.3 𝜀𝑡
∴ 𝑀𝑢1 = ∅ 𝑀𝑛1
5. Calculate 𝑀𝑢2
𝑀𝑢2 = 𝑀𝑢 − 𝑀𝑢1
𝑀𝑢 = 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑀𝑢1 determined in (4)
6. Compute 𝐴′𝑠
𝑀𝑢2 = ∅ 𝐴′ 𝑠 𝑓′𝑠 (𝑑 − 𝑑 ′ )
𝑐−𝑑′
𝑓′𝑠 = 600 ≤ 𝑓𝑦 , 𝐴′ 𝑠 = 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑏𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑
𝑐

𝑓′ 𝑠
𝐴𝑠2 = 𝐴′ 𝑠
𝑓𝑦

7. Calculate total steel reinforcement

𝐴𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠1 + 𝐴𝑠2
8. Select steel bar size and verify spacing according to ACI Code

88
Example 3: Design a reinforced concrete rectangular beam (width = 300 mm, h = 600 mm),
subjected to a service dead moment (MD) of 200 KN.m (including self-weight moment) and
service live moment (ML) of 180 KN.m. 𝑓′𝑐 = 30 𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝑓𝑦 = 400 𝑀𝑃𝑎.

Solution:

𝑑 = ℎ − 100 = 600 − 100 = 500 𝑚𝑚 (assuming 2 layers of steel bars)

𝑀𝑢 = 1.2 𝑀𝐷 + 1.6 𝑀𝐿 = 1.2 (200) + 1.6 (180) = 528 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚

𝑓′𝑐 𝜀𝑐𝑢
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.85 𝛽1 ( )
𝑓𝑦 𝜀𝑐𝑢 + 0.004
0.05
Since 28 < 𝑓′𝑐 < 55 ⟹ 𝛽1 = 0.85 − (𝑓 ′ 𝑐 − 28) = 0.84
7

30 0.003
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.85 𝑥 0.84 𝑥 ( ) = 0.02295
400 0.003 + 0.004
1 2𝑚𝑅 𝑓𝑦 𝑀
𝜌 = 𝑚 [1 − √1 − ] , 𝑚 = 0.85 𝑓′ , 𝑅 = ∅ 𝑏 𝑢𝑑2
𝑓𝑦 𝑐

Let ∅ = 0.9 (𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑏𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑛𝑑)

400 528 𝑥 106
𝑚 = 0.85 𝑥 30 = 15.69 , 𝑅 = ∅ 𝑥 300 𝑥 5002 = 7.82

1 2 𝑥 15.69 𝑥 7.82
𝜌= [1 − √1 − ] = 0.0241
15.69 400

𝜌 (0.0241) > 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 (0.0229) ⟹ 𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑑𝑜𝑢𝑏𝑙𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚

𝐴𝑠1 = 𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥

𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 . 𝑏. 𝑑 = 0.02295 𝑥 300 𝑥 500 = 3442.5 𝑚𝑚2

89
 𝐴𝑠1 𝑓𝑦 3442.5 𝑥 400
𝑎= = = 180 𝑚𝑚
0.85 𝑓′𝑐 𝑏 0.85 𝑥 30 𝑥 300
𝑎 180
𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝑐 → 𝑐 = = = 214.3 𝑚𝑚
𝛽1 084
𝑑𝑡 −𝑐
𝜀𝑡 = 𝜀𝑐𝑢 , 𝑑𝑡 = ℎ − 65 = 600 − 65 = 535 𝑚𝑚
𝑐

535−214.3
𝜀𝑡 = 0.003 𝑥 = 0.00449
214.3

0.002 < 𝜀𝑡 < 0.005 ⟹ ∅ = 0.483 + 83.3 𝜀𝑡 = 0.483 + 83.3 𝑥 (0.00449)

∅ = 0.857
𝑎 180
𝑀𝑛1 = 𝐴𝑠1 𝑓𝑦 (𝑑 − ) = 3442.5 𝑥 400 (500 − ) = 564.57 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
2 2

𝑀𝑢1 = ∅ 𝑀𝑛1 = 0.857 𝑥 564.57 = 483.84 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚

𝑀𝑢2 = 𝑀𝑢 − 𝑀𝑢1 = 528 − 483.84 = 44.16 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚

𝑀𝑢2 = ∅ 𝐴′ 𝑠 𝑓′𝑠 (𝑑 − 𝑑′ )
𝑐−𝑑′ 214.3−50
𝑓′𝑠 = 600 = 600 = 460 𝑀𝑃𝑎 > 𝑓𝑦 , ∴ 𝑓′𝑠 = 400 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑐 214.3

44.16 𝑥 106 = 0.857 𝑥 𝐴′ 𝑠 𝑥 400 (500 − 50)

𝐴′ 𝑠 = 286.27 𝑚𝑚2
𝑓 ′𝑠 400
𝐴𝑠2 = 𝐴′ 𝑠 = 286.27 𝑥 = 286.27 𝑚𝑚2
𝑓𝑦 400

𝐴𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠1 + 𝐴𝑠2 = 3442.5 + 286.27 = 3728.77 𝑚𝑚2

𝜋
Tension steel reinforcement: let ∅ 𝑏 = 30 𝑚𝑚 , 𝐴𝑏 = 4
𝑥 (302 ) = 707 𝑚𝑚2

𝐴𝑠 3728.77
No. of bars = 𝐴𝑏 = = 5.27 ≈ 6
707

Use 3 ∅ 32 𝑎𝑛𝑑 3 ∅ 25

𝐴𝑠,𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣. = 2412.7 𝑚𝑚2 + 1472.6 𝑚𝑚2 = 3885.3 𝑚𝑚2

∴ Use 3 ∅ 32 𝑚𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 3 ∅ 25 𝑚𝑚 , ∅ 𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑢𝑝𝑠 = 10 𝑚𝑚

300−(2 𝑥 40)−(2 𝑥 10)−(3 𝑥 32)

𝑠= = 52 𝑚𝑚 , (> 25 𝑚𝑚 , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 > ∅𝑏(32) OK
(3−1)

90
Compression steel reinforcement: 𝐴′ 𝑠 = 286.27 𝑚𝑚2
𝜋
Let ∅ 𝑏 = 12 𝑚𝑚 , 𝐴𝑏 = 𝑥 (122 ) = 113 𝑚𝑚2
4

𝐴𝑠 286.27
No. of bars = 𝐴𝑏 = = 2.53 ≈ 3
113

Use 3 ∅ 12 𝑚𝑚

300−(2 𝑥 40)−(2 𝑥 10)−(3 𝑥 12)

𝑠= = 82 𝑚𝑚 , 82 𝑚𝑚 > 25 𝑚𝑚 , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 > ∅𝑏 (12) OK
(3−1)

91