Air University

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Experiment no. 04

Lab Title: Synchronous Generator Frequency and Voltage Regulation

Students Name : Muhammad Sammir Jamal, Zubair Asghar, M Hamza Ali , Hasnain Hameed, M Tayyab Sadiq.
Reg No: 220583,220650,220651,220645,210327

Lab Assessment:

Unsatisfactory
Attributes Excellent (5) Good (4) Average (3) Satisfactory (2)
(1)
Objective and
Implementation
Troubleshooting and
Measurement

Conclusion

Total Marks: Obtained

Marks:

Lab Report Assessment:

Unsatisfactory
Attributes Excellent (5) Good (4) Average (3) Satisfactory (2)
(1)

Data Presentation

Experimental Results

Conclusion

Total Marks: Obtained

Marks:

Date: Signature:
EXERCISE OBJECTIVE
When you have completed this exercise, you will be able to demonstrate
frequency and voltage regulation of a synchronous generator using the
Synchronous Motor / Generator module.

DISCUSSION
For a synchronous generator to operate as a power source that delivers a
constant voltage at a fixed frequency, the speed of rotation and the strength
of the field electromagnet must be controlled. As you saw in the previous
exercise, resistive, inductive, and capacitive loads greatly affect the output
voltage of a synchronous generator. Resistive loads also greatly affect the
speed of a synchronous generator. However, inductive and reactive loads
have little effect on the speed of rotation.

To obtain a constant output voltage and a fixed frequency from a

synchronous generator under varying load conditions, the rotation speed and
field current IF must be adjusted simultaneously. In practice, automatic
control systems continuously adjust the torque acting on the synchronous
generator as well as the value of the field current IF. For example, in
hydroelectric systems, the torque is adjusted by changing the water turbine
inlet size so as to maintain a constant speed, and thereby, a fixed
frequency. The field current IF is usually adjusted using power electronic
devices so as to maintain a constant voltage. Manual adjustment of both the
speed and field current at the same time is rather difficult to achieve, as you
will observe in this exercise.

Procedure Summary

In the first part of the exercise, you will set up the equipment in the
Workstation, connect the equipment as shown in Figure 6-9, and make the
appropriate settings on the equipment.

In the second part of the exercise, you will set the speed of rotation and the
field current of the synchronous generator so that the frequency and output
voltage are equal to the nominal values. You will change the nature of the
load connected to the synchronous generator to observe how this affects the
frequency and output voltage.

In the third part of the exercise, you will vary both the speed of rotation and
the field current of the synchronous generator so as to maintain a constant
output voltage and a fixed frequency under different load conditions.
 EQUIPMENT REQUIRED
Refer to the Equipment Utilization Chart in Appendix C to obtain the list of
equipment required for this exercise.

PROCEDURE
CAUTION!

High voltages are present in this laboratory exercise! Do not

make or modify any banana jack connections with the power
on unless otherwise specified!

Setting up the Equipment

1. Install the equipment required in the EMS workstation.

Mechanically couple the prime mover / dynamometer module to the

Synchronous Motor / Generator.

2. On the Power Supply, make sure the main power switch is set to the O
(off) position, and the voltage control knob is turned fully
counterclockwise. Ensure the Power Supply is connected to a
three-phase power source.

Note: If you are using the Four-Quadrant Dynamometer / Power

Supply, Model 8960-2, connect its POWER INPUT to a wall
receptacle.

3. Ensure that the data acquisition module is connected to a USB port of

the computer.

Connect the POWER INPUT of the data acquisition module to the 24

V - AC output of the Power Supply.

Note: If you are using the Prime Mover / Dynamometer, Model

8960-1, connect its LOW POWER INPUT to the 24 V - AC output
of the Power Supply.

On the Power Supply, set the 24 V - AC power switch to the I (on) position.

Note: If you are using the Four-Quadrant Dynamometer / Power

Supply, Model 8960-2, turn it on by setting its POWER INPUT
switch to the I (on) position.

4. Start the Metering application.

In the Metering window, open setup configuration file

ACMOTOR1.DAI then select meter layout 2.
 5. Connect the equipment as shown in Figure 6-9. Open all switches on
the Resistive, Inductive, and Capacitive Load modules.

On the Synchronous Motor / Generator, set the EXCITER switch

to the I (closed) position and the EXCITER knob to the mid
position.

Figure 6-9. Synchronous Generator Under Load Coupled to a Prime Mover.

6. Set the Four-Quadrant Dynamometer / Power Supply or the

Prime Mover / Dynamometer to operate as a prime mover.

Note: If you are performing the exercise using LVSIM®-EMS, you

can zoom in the Prime Mover / Dynamometer module before
setting the controls in order to see additional front panel markings
related to these controls.

Effect of the Load on the Ouput Voltage and the Frequency

7. Turn the Power Supply on. Set the prime mover speed at the nominal
speed of the Synchronous Motor / Generator.
 Note: The rating of any of the Lab-Volt machines is indicated in
the lower left corner of the module front panel. If you are
performing the exercise using LVSIM®-EMS, you can obtain the
rating of any machine by leaving the mouse pointer on the rotor
of the machine of interest. Pop-up help indicating the machine
rating will appear after a few seconds.

G 8. On the Synchronous Motor / Generator, set the EXCITER knob so

that the line-to-line output voltage EO of the synchronous generator
(indicated by meter E line 1 in the Metering window) is equal to the
nominal value.

Record the nominal output voltage EO and frequency f in the following

blank spaces. These parameters are indicated by meters E line 1 and
Frequency, respectively.

EO (nominal) = 421V

f (nominal) = 50 Hz

G 9. On the Resistive Load module, set the resistance of resistors R1, R2,
and R3 to the value indicated in the following table.

LINE RESISTANCE
VOLTAGE OR REACTANCE

V ac Ω

120 240

220 880

240 960

Table 6-6. Load Value.

Record the output voltage EO and frequency f in the following blank spaces.

EO = 370 V (resistive load)

f = 46.52 Hz (resistive

load)

How do the output voltage and frequency vary when a resistive load
is connected to the synchronous generator output?

Both output voltage and frequency decreases .

Results

Open all switches on the Resistive Load module. Wait for the
frequency and output voltage to stabilize. They should be equal to
the nominal values.

10. On the Inductive Load module, set the reactance of inductors L1, L2,
and L3 to the value indicated in Table 6-6.

Record the output voltage EO and frequency f in the following blank spaces.

EO = 519 V (inductivload)

f = 48.8 Hz (inductive load)

How do the output voltage and frequency vary when an inductive

load is connected to the synchronous generator output?

Output voltage increases but frequency decreases

 Open all switches on the Inductive Load module. Wait for the
frequency and output voltage to stabilize. They should be equal to
the nominal values.
Results

G
 11. On the Capacitive Load module, set the reactance of capacitors C1,
C2, and C3 to the value indicated in Table 6-6.

Record the output voltage EO and frequency f in the following blank spaces.

EO = 395 V(capacitiveload)

f = 49.36 Hz(capacitiveload)

How do the output voltage and frequency vary when a capacitive

load is connected to the synchronous generator output?
Output voltage decreases and frequency also decreases .

Open all switches on the Capacitive Load module. Wait for the
frequency and output voltage to stabilize. They should be equal to
the nominal values.

12. Compare the effect of the resistive, inductive, and capacitive loads on
the synchronous generator output voltage.

Voltage decreases on resistive load

Voltage increases in capacitive load
Voltage decreases in inductive load

Compare the effect of the resistive, inductive, and capacitive loads on the
frequency of the voltages produced by the synchronous generator.
Frequency decreases in resistive and capative load , remains same in inductive load
Results

G
Frequency and Voltage Regulation

G 13. On the Inductive Load module, set the reactance of inductors L1, L2,
and L3 to the value indicated in the following table.

LINE REACTANCE OF
VOLTAGE L1, L2, AND L3

V ac Ω

120 600

220 1467

240 1200

Table 6-7. Reactance of Inductors L1, L2, and L3.

Readjust the prime mover speed and the EXCITER knob of the
Synchronous Motor / Generator so that the synchronous generator
output voltage and frequency are equal to the nominal values.

G 14. On the Capacitive Load module, set the reactance of capacitors

C1, C2, and C3 to the value indicated in the following table.

LINE REACTANCE OF
VOLTAGE C1, C2, AND C3

V ac Ω

120 300

220 2200

240 2400

Table 6-8. Reactance of Capacitors C1, C2, and C3.

Readjust the prime mover speed and the EXCITER knob of the
Synchronous Motor / Generator so that the synchronous generator
output voltage and frequency are equal to the nominal values.
 G 15. On the Resistive Load module, set the resistance of resistors R1, R2,
and R3 to the value indicated in the following table.

LINE RESISTANCE OF
VOLTAGE R1, R2, AND R3

V ac Ω

120 200

220 880

240 800

Table 6-9. Resistance of Resistors R1, R2, and R3.

Readjust the prime mover speed and the EXCITER knob of the
Synchronous Motor / Generator so that the synchronous generator
output voltage and frequency are equal to the nominal values.

Results

Is it easy to rapidly readjust the synchronous generator output

voltage and frequency when the load changes? Why?

No its not easy , our generator was overheated because we

apply load greater than its nominal load .

G 16. On the Power Supply, turn the voltage control knob fully
counterclockwise then set the 24 V - AC power switch to the O
 (off) position.

Note: If you are using the Four-Quadrant Dynamometer / Power

Supply, Model 8960-2, turn it off by setting its POWER INPUT
switch to the O (off) position.

Remove all leads and cables.

Results

REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. When the load connected to a synchronous generator changes,

a. there is no effect on the output voltage nor the frequency.

b. both the output voltage and the frequency are affected.
c. only the output voltage is affected.
d. only the frequency is affected.

2. For a synchronous generator to deliver a constant output voltage at a fixed

frequency,

a. both its speed and field current must be controlled.

b. only its speed must be controlled.
c. only its excitation current must be controlled.
d. the load must only be resistive.

3. Manual adjustment of the speed and field current to maintain the output voltage
and frequency of a synchronous generator to the nominal values is

a. a simple task.
b. a rather difficult task.
c. only possible when the synchronous generator is fully loaded.
d. only possible when the synchronous generator is exactly at half load.

4. Inductive and capacitive loads have little effect on

a. both the output voltage and frequency of a synchronous generator.

b. the frequency of a synchronous generator.
c. the output voltage of a synchronous generator.
d. the nominal power rating of a synchronous generator.

5. Resistive loads have a great effect on

a. both the output voltage and frequency of a synchronous generator.

b. only the frequency of a synchronous generator.
c. only the output voltage of a synchronous generator.
d. the nominal power rating of a synchronous generator.
Conclusion

It’s a very difficult task to maintain generator output voltage manually due to its rated load capacity . Our
generator was also overloaded and smell was spread in the lab .
Motor protection option was enabled.