Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 86 (8): 1070–5, August 2016/Article
https://doi.org/10.56093/ijas.v86i8.60559
Biodiversity of edible mushrooms in Vindhya forest of northern India
M K YADAV1 RAM CHANDRA2 and P K DHAKAD3
Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221 005
Received: 6 June 2014; Accepted: 18 March 2016
ABSTRACT
Various fleshy fungi are traditional food use which were collected from Vindhya forest region and other location
for their morphological characterization. Present study deals with the diversity of fleshy fungi in Vindhya forest of
northern India. Vindhya forest region is very common for diversity of fleshy fungal population. Extensive surveys
were conducted from July 2012 to September 2012 and July 2013 to September 2013. The fleshy fungi were collected
date wise as per as possible correct scientific name with citation of authors name and taxonomic position. Some other
information also recorded such as collecting date and place, habit, single/ branching and growing substrates. The
fleshy fungi were collected during this study included eight species of Pleurotus, two species of Volvariella, Lentinus,
Lycoperdon and Agaricus and one species of Cococybe, Calocybe, Flammulina, Tricholoma, Auricularia, Hypomyces,
Armillaria, Russula and Ganoderma.
Key-words: Agaricus, Diversity, Fleshy fungi, Taxonomy, Vindhya forest
Edible mushroom are the special product of the forest. MATERIALS AND METHODS
The diversity of mushroom and their natural beauty inhabit The field survey was conducted for collection of various
major threat in the biological world and India has been a fleshy fungi from different localities of the Vindhya forest
frame for these fungi. Describing the number of fungi on which is situated in northern India. Vindhya forest is situated
earth was a position of conversation and several studies between 23°52'N and 31°28'N latitudes and 77°3' and
have focused on enumerating the world’s fungal diversity 84°39'E longitudes. It has an average elevation between
(Crous et al. 2006). Only a part of total fungal wealth has 313 and 483 m (Sagar and Singh 2004). The mushroom
been subjected to scientific study and mycologists continue surveys depend on timing and location of observations. The
to disentangle the unknown and hidden wealth one third of collected mushrooms were studies for their macroscopic
fungal diversity of the globe exists in India and of this and microscopic details habitat, habit, morphology and other
only 50% are characterized until now (Manoharachary et phenotypic parameter noted in fresh form (Nage et al. 1991,
al. 2005). Mushrooms have been extensively studied in Maerz and Paul 1930). The survey methods were adopted
the western countries, while tropical countries like India according to techniques adopted by Natrajan et al. (1981),
especially in Vindhya forest of northern India these were Susan Metzler and Van Metzaler (1992). Standard methods
less explored the range and diversity of basidiomycetes of collection, preservation, macroscopic and microscopic
fungi were found more in Vindhya region. However, no observations were recorded. Colour terms and notations
determined efforts were made for a detailed study of them. from Maerz and Paul (1930) parts of each collection was
Till today no research have been done on natural mushroom preserved as wet form in FAA solution in glass jars and
flora. Further attempt on isolation, characterization and dried specimens in the department. Crystal of 14-
maintenance of cell mycelial culture both in vitro and ex dichlorobenzene was used to protect dried specimens against
vitro yet to carry out. Mean while in Vindhya region several insect infestation. Some collected edible fleshy fungi were
mushrooms were reported and described on morphological also cultured and maintained for further studied. The map of
basis by the various workers (Rahi 2001). The main collection locality was sketched with GPS coordinate. The
objectives was to typical diversity of fleshy fungi, collection information like, Collection place and season,
characterize, collect preserve and evaluate edibility of these habit, single/ group (bunch) and growing substrate were
different species in dry deciduous forest of Vindhya region noticed during collection of edible mushrooms.
of northern India. The survey of Vindhya forest habitats of systematic and
periodical were undertaken during July 2012 to September
2012 and July 2013 to September 2013. Required materials
1e mail: [email protected], Department of Mycology and equipments such as isolation kit, slants, petri-dishes
and Plant Pathology. containing different medium, isolation chamber, typed data
106
Table 1 Collection of edible mushrooms from Vindhya forest region and other locations
Collection Collection place Habit Single/Bunch Growing Order Family Common name Genus and species
month substrate
August 2016]
and year
July 2012 Chakia, Chandauli Collybeoid Single Lawns, fields, Agaricales Bolbitiaceae Tecnus Cococybe cyanopus (Atk.)
grassy areas Kuhner
July 2012 Chunar, Mirzapur Boletoid Single Peat moss and Agaricales Agaricaceae Common puffball/ Lycoperdon giganteum (Pers.)
leaf fall of forest Rugra
Aug 2012 Adalpura, Mirzapur Inocybeoid Single Bargad tree Agaricales Lyophyllaceae Dudhiya Khukhuri Calocybe indica (Puk.)
Aug 2012 Windom fall park, Volverielloid Single Peat moss Agaricales Pluteaceae Paddy straw Volvariella volvacea (Singer.)
Mirzapur
Aug 2012 Windom fall park, Pleurotoid Bunch Mango tree Agaricales Pleurotaceae Tree mushroom Pleurotus flabellatus (P.Kumm.)
Mirzapur
Sept 2012 Jakhini, Mirzapur Pleurotoid Bunch Sal tree Agaricales Pleurotaceae Pearl oyster mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus( Fr.)
Sept 2012 Belahara, Mirzapur Pleurotoid Cluster Ficus tree Agaricales Pleurotaceae Tree ear mushroom Pleurotus florida ( Fr.)
Sept 2012 Barkachchha Khurd, Pleurotoid Bunch Mango tree Agaricales Pleurotaceae King oyster mushroom Pleurotus eryngii (DC.) Quel.
Mirzapur
Sept 2012 Barkachchha Kala, Agaricoid Bunch Standing dead Agaricales Physalacriaceae Enokitake Flammulina velutipes (R. Singer)
107
Mirzapur wood
Sept 2012 RGSC, BHU, Agaricoid Single Dry woods, Agaricales Marasmiaceae Shiitake/Sawtooth Lentinus edodes (Berk.)
Burkachchha, Mirzapur litter materials oak mushroom/Dingli
Sept 2012 RGSC, BHU, Pleurotoid Single Tamrindus tree Agaricales Pleurotaceae Kher mushroom Pleurotus sajor-caju (Fr.) Singer
Burkachchha, Mirzapur
Sept 2012 RGSC, BHU, Volverielloid Single Sagon tree Agaricales Pluteaceae Paddy straw Volvariella esculenta (Mass) Singer
BIODIVERSITY OF EDIBLE MUSHROOMS
Burkachchha, Mirzapur
Oct 2012 Gortutwa, Mirzapur Boletoid Cluster Dead wood tree Agaricales Agaricaceae Wolf -fart puffball/ Lycoperdon pyriforme (Pers.)
Rugra
Oct 2012 Vindhyachal, Mirzapur Agaricoid Bunch Compost materials, Agaricales Agaricaceae Khumbhi Agaricus bisporus (Lange) Imbach.
leaf fall, and peat
moss litter
Oct 2012 Vindhyachal, Mirzapur Agaricoid Bunch Peat moss on Agaricales Agaricaceae Bhumophor Agaricus placomyces (Lange)
ground Imbach.
July 2013 Rasulpur, Mirzapur Pleurotoid Bunch Tamrindustree Agaricales Pleurotaceae Indian oyster Pleurotus pulmonarius (Fr.) Singer
mushroom
(Continued)
1071
Table 1 (Concluded) 1072
Collection Collection place Habit Single/Bunch Growing Order Family Common name Genus and species
month substrate
and year
Aug 2013 Ranibari, Mirzapur Pleurotoid Solitary to Dead conifer Agaricales Pleurotaceae Angel’s Pleurotus porrigens (Pers.)
Clustered logs and stumps wings mushroom P. Kumm.
Aug 2013 Windom fall park, Pleurotoid Bunch living/ dead Agaricales Pleurotaceae Oyster mushroom Pleurotus onesti (Jacq.)
Mirzapur deciduous trees
Sept 2013 Bhiskuri, Mirzapur Tricholomatoid Single Peepal tree Agaricales Tricholomataceae Yellow knight Tricholoma equestre (L.) P.Kumm.
Sept 2013 Chunar, Mirzapur Pleuteoid Cluster Rotting branches Auriculariales Auriculariaceae black ears Auricularia polytricha(Mont.) Sacc.
and twigs and mushroom/
decaying stumps jelly fungus
and logs
Sept 2013 Chandraprabha wild Pleuteoid Single Plant debris and Hypocreales Hypocreaceae Lobster mushroom Hypomyces lactifluorum (Singer)
fire sanctuary, Chandauli peat moss
Sept 2013 Chandraprabha wild fire Armillariod Single Composted Agaricales Physalacriaceae Roger mushroom Armillaria ponderosa (Singer)
sanctuary, Chandauli material on
deep soil
108
Sept 2013 Robertsganj, Sonbhdra Agaricoid Single Dry woods, Agaricales Marasmiaceae Black forest Lentinus russaticeps(Berk.)
YADAV ET AL.
litter materials, mushroom /Dingli
peat moss
Sept 2013 Robertsganj, Sonbhadra Agaricoid Single Sal, teak, bamboo Russulales Russulaceae Patra Russula violacea (Quél.)
Oct 2013 Vindhyachal, Mirzapur Stropharioid Cluster Root on Dalbergia Polyporales Polyporaceae Conks/ Bracket Ganoderma lucidum
sissoo living fungi/ Reishi/ (Curtis) P.Karst.
and dead King of Herbs
[Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 86 (8)
August 2016] BIODIVERSITY OF EDIBLE MUSHROOMS 1073
sheet, digital camera for photography, digging equipment, by the local tribes were documented. Various uses of edible
were approved and collection of samples were usually made fungi by the local peoples were also recorded. A detail
during day time and field characteristics of mushrooms questioner was developed for recording the data.
were recorded in the data sheet which prepared by method
of Devi (1995). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
All the collected edible mushrooms were observed on
the basis of morphological and other phenotypic parameters Collection of edible mushroom from different locations
recorded in fresh samples. The size of fruit body of collected Result showed that, collection of various edible
mushrooms was measured in centimeters. The different part mushrooms from different localities of Vindhya forest for
of fruit bodies like, cap, stalk, gills, volva, annulus, shape, their nutritional value and yield potential. The fleshy fungi
weight and colour recorded as present and absent. The were collected date wise as per as possible correct scientific
morphological observations such as cap, gills, stalk, veil, name with citation of authors name and taxonomic position.
spores, growth and germination were studied by method of Some other information also recorded such as collecting
Singer (1986), Kaur and Atri (2004) and Upadhyay and date and place, habit, single/branching, and growing
Kaur (2004). substrates. The fleshy fungi were collected during this study
The collected edible mushrooms were listed as date included eight species of Pleurotus, two species of
wise as for as possible correct scientific name with citation Volvariella, Lentinus, Lycoperdon and Agaricus and one
of author’s name and taxonomy position (Nage et al. 1991). species of Cococybe, Calocybe, Flammulina, Tricholoma,
Identification of edible fleshy fungi was done with the help Auricularia, Hypomyces, Armillaria, Russula and
of literature and expertise available in the department. Ganoderma given in Table and Fig 1. The map with Global
Whenever need the consultation about confirming the Positioning System (GPS) coordinate was also prepared for
identification of mushrooms was done with Directorate of collection of the edible mushroom among different forest or
Mushroom Research, Solan, Himachal Pradesh and RAU, localities.
Pusa, Samastipur (Bihar). Identification procedures adopted This finding was confirmative with the result of Dwivedi
Table 2 Morphological studies of collected edible mushrooms
Name of specimen Cap Stalk Gills Volva Annulus Shape Colour
Cococybe cyanopus (Atk.) Kuhner + + + - - Convex Cinnamon brown
Lycoperdon giganteum (Pers.) - - - - - Pear shaped Dirty white
Calocybe indica (Puk.) + + + - + Umbrella Milky creamy
Volvariella volvacea (Singer) + + + + + Umbonate Brown
Pleurotus flabellatus (P.Kumm.) + + + - - Sea Seep shaped Whitish to cream
Pleurotus ostreatus ( Fr.) + +/- + - - Oyster shell-shaped to Grayish to brown
fan-shaped/semicircular
Pleurotus florida (Fr.) + + + - - Sea seep shaped Grayish to brown
Pleurotus eryngii (DC.) Quel. + + + - - Sea seep shaped Whitish to cream
Flammulina velutipes (R. Singer) + + + - - Velutipes Orange-brown
Lentinus edodes (Berk.) + + + - + Convex Golden oak
Pleurotus sajor-caju (Fr.) Singer + + + - - Sea seep shaped Brownish to cream
Volvariella esculenta (Mass) Singer + + - Umbrella Brown
Lycoperdon pyriforme (Pers.) - - - - - Pear shaped Dirty white
Agaricus bisporus (Lange) Imbach. + + + - + Button White
Agaricus placomyces (Lange) Imbach. + + + - + Button Creamy to brownish
Pleurotus pulmonarius (Fr.) Singer + + + - - Sea seep Whitish to cream
Pleurotus porrigens (Pers.) P. Kumm. + - + - - Angel’s wings White
Pleurotus onesti (Jacq.) + + + - - Sea seep Grayish to brown
Tricholoma equestre (L.) P.Kumm + + + - + Saddle/ Convex Yellow to yellow-green
Auricularia polytricha (Mont.) Sacc. + - - - - Flattened ear-shaped mushroom Cloudy
Hypomyces lactifluorum (Singer) + - - - - Concave Reddish orange color
Armillaria ponderosa (Singer) + + + - + Convex to shield shaped White to cream
Lentinus russaticeps (Berk.) + + + - + Convex Black oak mushroom
Russula violacea (Quél.) + + + - - Convex White ton brownish
Ganoderma lucidum (Curtis) P.Karst. + - - - - Bracket/ circular shaped Brown, reddish, green and
creamy white
Whereas, + for present and – for absent.
109
1074 YADAV ET AL. [Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 86 (8)
Fig 1 Photographs of collected edible mushrooms from Vindhya forest region
et al. (2012) that deals with the diversity of macro fungi in annulus was present in Calocybe, Volvariella, Lentinus,
semi evergreen and moist deciduous forest of Amarkantak Agaricus, Tricholoma and Armillaria species. Auricularia
where more than 50 samples were collected which is situated and Hypomyces species were having only cap. Ganoderma
in Madhya Pradesh in India. The collection, characterization, species was having only cap and stalk. Various shapes like
preservation and photo of macro fungi carried the genera convex, pear shaped, umbrella, umbonate, sea seep shaped,
like are Agaricus, Amanita, Nyctalis, Russula, Boletus, oyster shell-shaped to fan-shaped/semicircular, velutipes,
Macrolapiota, Ganoderma, Termitomyces were identified. button were recorded as per species of edible mushrooms.
Out of 50 samples only 16 samples were identified up to The collected fruit bodies were finds different colour
species level. This preliminary study shows that the forest is like cinnamon brown in Cococybe cyanopus; dirty white in
very rich in mushroom diversity. Lycoperdon giganteum; milky creamy in Calocybe indica;
brown in Volvariella volvacea and V. esculenta; whitish to
Morphological parameters of collected edible mushrooms cream in Armillaria ponderosa, Pleurotus pulmonarius,
All the 25 collected edible mushrooms were observed Pleurotus flabellatus and Pleurotus eryngii; grayish to brown
morphologically and other phenotypic parameter noted in in Pleurotus ostreatus, Pleurotus onesti and Pleurotus
fresh form (Table 2). The fruiting structures like cap, stalk, florida; orange-brown in Flammulina velutipes; golden oak
gills, volva and annulus were observed as present / absent in Lentinus edodes; brownish to cream in Pleurotus sajor-
during collection. The shape and colour of fruit bodies was caju; creamy to brownish in Agaricus placomyces; white in
also recorded. The volva was only present in Volvariella Agaricus bisporus and Pleurotus porrigens; yellow to
species. The fruiting structure like cap, stalk, gills, volva yellow-green in Tricholoma equestre; cloudy in Auricularia
and annulus were not present in Lycoperdon species. The polytricha; reddish orange color in Hypomyces lactifluorum;
110
August 2016] BIODIVERSITY OF EDIBLE MUSHROOMS 1075
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