9

CONSUMER CHEMISTRY
Quarter 4 – Module 2:
Medicine: Definition & Classifications

Consumer Chemistry – Grade 9 Special Science Class Elective Subject

Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 4 – Module 2: Definition & Classifications of Medicines
February 2021

Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the
Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be

1
necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a
condition the payment of royalties.

Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in this
module are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission
to use these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim
ownership over them.

Published by the Department of Education

Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones
Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio

Development Team of the Module

Compiler / Developer: ENGR. ZENAIDA C. GRAPA , MT II -Science Talamban Nat'l High School
Content Editors/ : JOCELYN C. BUTANAS MT I, Talamban National High School
Reviewer : DAISY M. COLINA MT 1, Talamban National High School

Language Editor: ALICE C. BORDADORA MT 1, Talamban National High School Management

Team:

RHEA MAR A. ANGTUD, Ed.D., Schools Division Superintendent

DANILO G. GUDELOSAO, Ed.D., Asst. Schools Division Superintendent
GRECIA F. BATALUNA, CID Chief
RAYLENE S. MANAWATAO, EPSvr – Science
LUIS O. DERASIN JR. DPA, EPSvr – Araling Panlipunan
VANESSA HARAYO LLB, EPS, LRMS

Printed in the Philippines by DepEd Cebu City

Department of Education – Region VII

Office Address: New Imus Road, Barangay Day-as, Cebu City

Telephone No.: (032) 253 2559
E-mail Address: [email protected]

What I Need to Know

This module will tackle about medicines whose concerned is to

1) define medicines ;

2) differentiate drug from medicine; and 2) classify medicine.

What I Know

DIRECTIONS. Inside the box are possible answers to the statements / sentences that follow . Write
your answers on a separate sheet.
A. medicine & drug E. aspirin I. double -blind study M. prostaglandins

B. family practice F. buccal J. drug N. antipyretic

physician medicine

2
 C. pharmacology G. pharmacy K. physical therapy O. clinician
medicines

D.geriatric medicine H. analgesic L.infectious disease P. vasoconstrictor

doctor doctor

__________ 1. It carries the connotation of narcotics and addiction.

__________ 2. A drug that constricts blood vessels.

__________ 3. They are chemicals used medically for treating diseases and injuries.

__________ 4. Named for the seminal fluid and prostate tissue in which they were discovered, occur in
virtually every tissue and fluid of the body and participate , in one way or another , in
almost every bodily function

__________ 5. The common name or tradename of acetylsalicylic acid

__________ 6. A substance that lowers or eliminates fever.

__________ 7. The procedure involves distributing medication under examination to a large number of
people who have been divided into 2 groups by random assignment - the control and the
test groups.

_________ 8. Also called family medicine doctor

_________ 9. A substance that lowers or eliminates pain.

_________ 10. Medicines that are held in the cheek so the mouth lining absorbs the active ingredient

_________ 11. A health worker who works directly with patients in hospital or other healthcare setting.

_________ 12. This can help improve strength and flexibility in people who have a condition that affects
their musculoskeletal

_________ 13. This involves the study pf pharmaceutical medications, or drugs, where they come from,
how they work, how the body responds to them, and what they consist of.

_________ 14. A doctor specializes in diseases and conditions that are contagious.

_________ 15. Category of medicines that are only available to purchase behind the counter at a pharmacy.

What's In

State at least 5 ways of treating/medicating people in the olden times.

What's New

1. Are you aware of your friends, neighbors or relatives who are or once sick?
2. Without mentioning names, state their sickness / illnesses ( at least 2)
3. Ask your parent / or guardian the possible medication given to them.

What Is It

DEFINITION OF MEDICINE

Medicine is the art, science, and practice , and practice of caring for a patient and
managing the diagnosis, prognosis, prevention , treatment or palliation of their injury or
disease. Medicine encompasses a variety of health care practices evolved to maintain and
restore health by the prevention and treatment of illness.

3
 Medicines are chemicals or compounds used to cure, halt, or prevent disease; easy symptoms;
or help in the diagnosis of illnesses. Advances in medicines have enabled doctors to cure many
diseases and save lives. These days, medicines come from a variety of sources.kidshealth.org
According to medicalnewstoday.com, medicine is the field of health and healing. It includes nurses,
doctors, and various specialists. It covers diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of disease, medical
research, and many other aspects of health.

Medicine aims to promote and maintain health and wellbeing.

Conventional modern medicine is sometimes called allopathic medicine. It involves the use of
drugs or surgery, often supported by counseling and lifestyle measures.

Alternative and complementary types of medicines include acupuncture, homeopathy, herbal

medicine, art therapy, traditional Chinese medicine and many more.

Fields of Medicine

Modern medicine has many fields and aspects. Here are some of them.

Clinical Practice

A clinician is a health worker who works directly with patients in a hospital or other healthcare
setting. Nurses, doctors, psychotherapists, and other specialists are all clinicians. Not all medical
specialists are clinicians. Researchers and laboratory workers are not clinicians because they do not
work with patients. The physician assesses the individual , with the aim of diagnosing , treating, and
preventing disease using knowledge learned from training, research , and experiences, and clinical
judgment.

Biomedical Research

This area of science seeks ways to prevent and treat diseases that lead to illness or death.

Biomedical scientists use biotechnology techniques to study biological processes and diseases. They aim
to develop successful treatments and cures. Biomedical research requires careful experimentation,
development , and evaluation. It involves biologists, chemists, doctors, pharmacologists, and others.

Medications

This field looks at drugs or medicines and how to use them. Doctors and other health professionals
use medications in the medical diagnosis, treatment , cure, and prevention of disease.

Surgery

Surgical procedures are necessary for diagnosing and treating some types of disease, malformation,
and injury. They use instrumental and manual means rather than medication. A surgeon may carry out
surgical procedure to remove or replace diseased tissue or organs, or they may use surgery to remove
tissue for biopsy. Sometimes, they remove unwanted tissue and then send it for diagnosis.

Medical devices

Health professionals use a wide range of instruments to diagnose and treat a disease or other
condition, to prevent a worsening of symptoms, to replace a damaged part - such as a hip or a knee -
and so on. Medical devices range from test tubes to sophisticated scanning machines

4
Alternative and complimentary Medicine

This includes any practice that aims to heal but is not part of conventional medicine. Techniques
range widely. They include the use of herbs, manipulation of “channels” in the body, relaxation, and so
on. Alternative and complementary do not have the same meaning:

Alternative medicine : People use a different option from the conventional one, such as using
relaxation measures to improve headaches, rather than pain relief medication.

Complementary medicine : People add another treatment option to a main treatment . for example,
they may use relaxation as well as pain relief medication for a headache .

Alternative and complementary therapies are often based on traditional knowledge, rather than
scientific evidence or clinical trials. Examples include homeopathy, acupuncture, Ayurveda,
naturopathic medicine, and traditional Chinese medicine.

Clinical Research

Researchers carry out investigations to find out which diseases are present, why they occur, what
can treat or prevent them, what makes them more likely to happen, and many other aspects of health.

Clinical trials are one aspect of clinical research. They aimed to find out if a therapy - often a drug
- is safe and effective to use when treating a specific condition . The most effective way to demonstrate
the effectiveness of a drug or technique is to carry out a double-blind , random, long-term, large , clinical
human body. In this type of a therapy or drug in with either a placebo, no treatment, or another therapy
or drug.

Psychotherapy

Counselling, cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT ) , and other forms of “ talking cure “ can be helpful
for people with conditions that affect their mental health, ranging from depression to stress to chronic
pain.

Physical and occupational therapy

These treatments do not involve medication, although a person may use medication alongside them.

Physical therapy can help improve strength and flexibility in people who have a condition that affects
their musculoskeletal system.

Occupational therapy can teach people new and better ways to do things physically. A person who
has had a stroke, for example, may benefit from learning again how to walk, using techniques that
perhaps they did not use before.

Other fields of medicine include pharmacology and pharmacy, nursing, speech therapy, medical
practice management and more.

Branches of Medicine

There are many branches in medicine. Here are some of them.

* Anatomy. This is the study of the physical structure of the body.

* Biochemistry . A biochemist studies chemical components and how they affect the body.

* Biomechanics. This focuses on the structure of biological systems in the body and how they work, using
a mechanical approach.

5
* Biostatistics. Researchers apply statistics to biological fields. This is crucial for successful medical
research and many areas of medical practice.

* Cytology . This is a branch of pathology that involves the medical and scientific microscopic study of
cells.

* Embryology. This branch of biology studies the formation, early growth, and development of organisms.
* Endocrinology . Scientists investigate hormones and their impact on the body.

*Epidemiology . Researchers track the causes, distribution, and control of diseases in populations.

* Genetics. This is the study of genes and their impact on health and the body.

* Histology. This involves looking at the form of structures under the microscope . it is also known as
microscopic anatomy.

* Microbiology . This is the study of organisms that are too small to see with the naked eye, known as
microorganisms. Aspects of microbiology include bacteriology, virology, mycology ( the study of fungi )
, and parasitology.

* Neuroscience. Neuroscientists study the nervous system and the brain and investigate diseases of the
nervous system. Aspects of neuroscience include computational modelling and psychophysics. Some
types of neuroscience are cognitive neuroscience, cellular neuroscience , and molecular neuroscience .

* Nutrition. Nutritionists study how food and drink influence health, and how they can help treat, cure,
and prevent different diseases and conditions.

* Pathology . This is the study of disease. A pathologist often works in the laboratory, where they do tests
- usually on a sample of blood, urine, or body tissue - to help diagnose diseases and conditions.

* Pharmacology . This involves the study of pharmaceutical medications, or drugs, where they come from,
how they work, how the body responds to them, and what they consist of.

* Radiology. Radiologists use X-rays and scanning equipment during the diagnostic procedure, and
sometimes as part of treatment , too.

* Toxicology. A toxicologist studies poisons, what they are, what effects they have on the body, and how
to detect them.

Two Main Categories of Doctors:

Primary Care Doctors

> A primary care physician is someone who treats minor illness , answers health questions , conducts
health checkups , performs routine health tests, including those for cholesterol or blood sugar levels ,
provides referrals to specialty physicians when necessary , and keeps a person’s medical records together.

A primary care doctor may be one of the following types:

Family practice physician. Family practice physicians are also called family medicine doctors. They
treat people of all ages.

Internal medicine physician . An internal medicine performs many of the same tasks as a family
practice physician . However, internal medicine physicians treat adults only.

Family medicine vs. internal medicine physicians . Although family medicine and internal physicians can
both treat adults, the American college of Physicians say that there are some key differences .

6
 For example, internal medicine doctors have training in both general medicine and subspecialties.
They also tend to be more focused on medical issues that affect adults.

Family physicians, meanwhile , have broader training in medicine that allows them to care for both
children and adults. They can treat a wide range of medical issues and emphasize disease prevention
and health maintenance.

Pediatricians . Pediatricians focus on treating children from birth to young adulthood. They may be a
child’s primary care physical and have training in:

* well-baby and well-child visits

* school or sports physicals

* childhood vaccines

* disease prevention for children and babies

* treating illnesses and injuries in children and babies

Geriatric medicine doctors. Geriatric medicine doctors, also called geriatricians , focus on care for older
adults.

According to the American Medical Association, geriatricians are internal medicine or family
medicine doctors who have additional training in:

* the aging process

* preventive care for older adults

* the diagnosis and treatment of diseases 3and conditions that affect older adults

Specialty doctors

Specialty doctors have training in a specific area of medicine. This allows them to treat complex
health problems that primary care doctors may not be able to. Specialty doctors include the following
types:

* Allergists. An allergist or immunologist focuses on preventing and treating allergic diseases and
conditions. These usually include various types of allergies and asthma. The American College of Allergy,
Asthma, and Immunology after earning a medical degree. Allergists also require training in internal
medicine or pediatrics.

* Dermatologist. Dermatologists focus on diseases and conditions of the skin, nails, and hair.
They treat conditions such as eczema, skin cancer, acne, and psoriasis. Dermatologists can perform
some in-office procedures, including mole or spot removal. Some also offer aesthetic procedures, such
as chemical peels, Botox injections, and dermal fillers.

* Infectious disease doctors. Infectious disease doctors specialize in diseases and conditions that
are contagious. These may include cellulitis, influenza, bacterial infections, including Clostridium
difficile, a bacterium that causes diarrhea and stomach issues , tuberculosis ,pneumonia, parasite
function, and HIV.

> Infectious disease doctors also require training in internal medicine or pediatrics.

* Ophthalmologists. Ophthalmologists specialize in eye and vision care. They treat disease and
conditions of the eyes and can perform eye surgery . Ophthalmologists treat people with complex eye

7
conditions and may also see people for routine eye care, including prescribing glasses and performing
checkups.

Obstetrician / gynecologists . Obstetrician / gynecologists ( OB?GYNs ) provide preventive care and

disease management for female health conditions. These include female reproductive health , cancer
prevention and diagnosis in the female reproductive organs , breast care , pregnancy , labor and delivery
, infertility , and menopause.

> Many women will see an OB/GYN regularly throughout pregnancy and for labor and delivery . They
may also visit them for yearly checkups and tests, such as breast exams and Paps tests.

* Cardiologists. Cardiologists focus on the cardiovascular system, which includes the heart and
blood vessels. They treat many cardiovascular conditions, such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol,
heart attack and stroke, heart rhythm problems , congestive heart failure

> Cardiologists can perform many tests and procedures. However, they do not perform heart surgery.

* Endocrinologists. Endocrinologists treat disorders and conditions that affect the endocrine
system. This system involves various glands that make and release hormones in the body.
Endocrinologist treat hormone-related conditions such as diabetes, thyroid conditions, hormone
imbalances, growth problems in children and adrenal gland conditions.

> Endocrinologists also require training in internal medicine or pediatrics.

* Gastroenterologists. Gastroenterologists focus on the digestive system. This includes the

esophagus, pancreas, stomach , liver, small intestine, colon, and gallbladder . They also performed
procedures such as endoscopy, sigmoidoscopy, and colonoscopy.

> Gastroenterologists also require training in internal medicine or pediatrics.

* Nephrologists. A nephrologist focuses on kidney care and conditions that affect the kidneys.
Conditions they can treat include: kidney disease, renal ( kidney ) failure, diabetes, kidney stones,
lupus,& hypertension

> Nephrologists also have education in kidney transplant and dialysis. They also require training in
internal medicine or pediatrics.

* Urologists. Urologists treat conditions of the urinary tract in both males and females. They also
focus on male reproductive health. Some urologists focus on specific area within urology, such as female
urology or male infertility.

* Pulmonologists. Pulmonologists focus on the organs involved with breathing . These include the
lungs and heart. Pulmonologists may work in hospitals to provide ventilation or life support. They also
see people in the office to treat breathing disorders, lung conditions, and allergies.

> Pulmonologists also require training in internal medicine or pediatrics.

* Otolaryngologists .Sometimes known as “ear, nose, and throat” (ENT ) doctors . An ENT doctor
may treat problems with the sinuses, throat, tonsils, ears, mouth , head , and neck. Some ENT doctors
undergo additional training additional training to focus on one specific area, such as pediatrics or
rhinology, which refers to the nose and sinuses.

* Neurologists . A neurologist treats conditions of the nerves, spine, and brain. People may see a
neurologist for epilepsy, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease , multiple sclerosis, neuropathy , stroke
and migraine.

8
* Psychiatrists. A psychiatrist is a doctor who treats mental health conditions. They may use
counseling, medication, or hospitalization as part of their treatment . Some psychiatrist have a
subspecialty in a specific area , such as adolescent mental health or addiction medicine.

* Oncologists. Oncologist treat cancer and its symptoms. During treatment for cancer, a person
may have several types of healthcare professional in their care team.

According to the American Cancer Society , some cancer care professionals have specific training in
certain types of cancer, specific cancer treatments, certain areas of the body, cancer-related health
problems, and care coordination.

* Radiologists . A radiologist specializes in diagnosing and treating conditions using medical

imaging tests. They may read and interpret scans such as X-rays, MRIs, mammograms, ultrasound, and
CT scans.

They may be one of the three types:

1) Diagnostic Radiologists: These doctors use imaging procedures to look for health problems.
They can also interpret images on tests and provide information to a person’s doctor about the
results.

2) Interventional radiologists: These doctors using imaging, including X-rays and MRI scans,
paired with treat conditions such as heart disease, stroke and cancer.

3) Radiation oncologist: These doctors prescribe cancer treatment using radiation therapy.

* Rheumatologists . A rheumatologist diagnoses and treats rheumatic diseases. These are

autoimmune conditions that can affect the bones, joints, and muscles. Some common rheumatic
diseases include rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, gout, lupus, scleroderma, and psoriatic arthritis .

* General Surgeons. General surgeons perform surgical procedures on many organs and bodily
systems. They may have training in diseases of the abdomen, breast, endocrine system, gastrointestinal
system, and skin . a general surgeon also cares for a person both before and after their surgery.

Orthopedic Surgeons. An orthopedic surgeon specializes in diseases and conditions of the bones,
muscles, ligaments, tendons, and joints. They may treat arthritis , sports injuries, bone tumors, back
pain, broken bones, osteoporosis and repetitive strain injuries, such as carpal tunnel syndrome or tennis
elbow.

* Cardiac Surgeons. Cardiac surgeons perform heart surgery and may work with a cardiologist to
determine what a person needs . Cardiac surgeons perform procedures including bypass surgery and
placing stents in the heart.

* Anesthesiologists. Anesthesiologists focus on a person’s well-being before, during, and after

surgery. This may include administering pain medicine, relaxation medication, or medicine to put a
person to sleep. Anesthesiologists monitor people during surgery to ensure that their body’s vital signs
are stable. They may also work with the person after surgery to make sure that their plan is under control
.

> Each type of doctor undergoes their own unique training and education to allow them to diagnose and
treat specific diseases and conditions.

> Because there are so many types of doctors , most people see a primary care physician for health
problems first. This doctor may then refer or recommend the person to see a specialist when they need
one.

9
The 4 Categories of Medicines

* General Sales List ( GSL ) GSLs are a type of medicine that have few legal restrictions

* Pharmacy Medicines. Pharmacy Medicines are only available to purchase behind the
counter at a pharmacy

* Prescription Only Medicines

* Controlled Drugs

In more recent times, , a team of philosophers and ethicists identified four (4 ) contemporary
goals of medicine: (1) preventing disease and injury and promoting and maintaining health; (20
relieving pain and suffering caused by maladies; (3) caring for and)curing those with a malady and (4)
caring for those who cannot be cured .

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MEDICINES AND DRUGS

According to Daniel Msellem of Ifakara Health Institute : In pharmacy drug are also called medicine and
are used for bringing or sustaining well-being of a person either by curing, preventions like prophylaxis,
diagnosis like barium meal, elevating pains like analgesics and placebo too. A drug may or may not be
helpful like in the case of illicit drugs. Pharmaceutically all medicines are drugs. But clinically not all
drugs are medicines. Drugs, most of which would be medications that are illegal to produce, own use or
sell. Drug is the main chemical component in a medicine . That is why a placebo can not be a drug.
When a drug is mixed with other pharmaceutical ingredients, medicine is obtained as a final product.

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-ND

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed unde

Figure 1. Medicines

Drug vs. Medicine

The terms “ drug” and medicine “ are often mistakenly used as two similar terms. However, in the strictest
sense, the two have different meanings of definitions, and they can serve different purposes .

It is just the government or the law that dictates that these two have a thin line of separation. It is not
the dictionary that gives their distinct definitions but the terms of its legality and social perception. As
defined by law, medicines have fairly negligible toxicities while drugs are habit-forming substances that
may lead to some serious adverse effects even though it is still initially used to cure diseases.

The term “ drug” nowadays is linked more to specific kinds of medications including : stimulants,
hallucinogens, and narcotics. With this, it is safe to say that drugs are those substances that have some
form of stimulating effect and have the potential for addiction when used in an abusive way. Some of

10
these drugs are very easy to administer like adding them to your regular drink. Using these kinds of
substances is also therapeutic to some extent.

“ Drug “ is taken from the French term “ drogue.” It is a substance that can induce what’s called a form
of stupefaction because it stupefies one’s line of thought and state of mental well-being. This is the reason
why those taking drugs in an uncontrolled manner are called drug addicts. They take in these substances
regularly. A person who sells illegally addictive drugs is known as drug peddler.

On the other hand, medicine is recognized as any preparation that is meant for treating or preventing
illnesses. In the past, this term is limited only to the preparations administered orally. Nowadays, it has
taken on a broader scope.

In another sense , medicine is a field of study that is concerned about the clinical diagnoses, treating
diseases, as well as preventing the occurrence of such. Professionals who’ve graduated in the field of
medicine and who’ve officially passed the medical board exam are called M.D.’s (medical doctor ) or
physician. This person is an expert in prescribing and administering the right kind of medications to the
ailing patient. Contrary to drugs, medicine in general is something that won’t lead to addiction/. Thus,
it doesn’t stupefy the mind. The term is actually of Latin origin “ medicina”.

To summarize : 1) Drugs can stupefy the mind unlike medicines ; 2) Drugs have the potential of addiction
while medicines ( in the general sense ) don’t lead to such; 3) The term “ drugs” ( either for therapeutic
or non-therapeutic purposes ) is nowadays thought to have a more negative connotation; 4) Drugs are
substances that can still cure diseases to some extent but can have severe adverse effects if used more
than what’s necessary; and 5) Medicine can be a field of study whose graduates are called physicians or
M.D.’s.

CLASSIFICATION OF MEDICINES

Drugs are classified in multiple ways. One of the key divisions is by level of control., which distinguishes
prescription drugs ( those that a pharmacist dispenses only on the order of a physician , physician
assistant, or qualified nurse ) from over - the - counter drugs ( those that consumers can order for
themselves ) . Another key distinction is between traditional small-molecule drugs, usually derived from
chemical synthesis, and biopharmaceuticals, which include recombinant proteins, vaccines, blood
products used therapeutically ( such as IVIG), gene therapy, monoclonal antibodies and cell therapy ( for
instance, stem-cell therapies ). Other ways to classify medicines are by mode of action, route of
administration, biological system affected, or therapeutic effects. An elaborate and widely used
classification system is the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System ( ATC system ). The
World Health Organization keeps a list of essential medicines.

Drug discovery and drug development are complex and expensive endeavors undertaken by
pharmaceutical companies, academic scientists, and governments . As a result of this complex path from
discovery to commercialization, partnering has become a standard practice for advancing drug
candidates through development pipelines. Government generally regulate what drugs can be marketed,
how drugs are marketed, and in some jurisdictions , drug pricing. Controversies have arisen over drug
pricing and disposal of used drugs.

A sampling of classes of medicine includes:

1. Antipyretics: reducing fever ( pyrexia /pyresis )

2. Analgesics : reducing pain ( pain killers )

3. Antimalarial drugs: treating malaria

4. Antibiotics : inhibiting germ growth

11
5. Antiseptics : prevention of germ growth near burns, cuts and wounds

6. Mood stabilizers: lithium and valpromide

7. Hormone replacements : Premarin

8. Oral contraceptives : Enovid, “ biphasic” pill, and “ triphasic “ pill

9. Stimulants: methylphenidate, amphetamine

10. Tranquilizers: meprobamate, chloropromazine, reserpine, chlordiazepoxide, diazepam, and

alprazolam

11. Statins: lovastatin, pravastatin, and simvastatin

Pharmaceuticals may aldo be described as “ specialty “, independent of other classifications, which is an

ill- defined class of drugs that might be difficult to administer, require special handling during
administration, require patient monitoring during and immediately after administration, have particular
regulatory requirements restricting their use, and are generally expensive relative to other drugs.

Types of Medicines

Category: Drugs by Target Organ System

For the digestive system

* Upper digestive tract: antacids, reflux suppressants, antiflatulents, antidopaminergics, proton pump
inhibitors (PPIs) , H2 - receptor antagonists, cytoprotectants, prostaglandin analogues

* Lower digestive tract: laxatives, antispasmodics, antidiarrhoeals, bile acid sequestrants, opioid

For the cardiovascular system

* General: beta-receptor blockers (“ beta blockers”), calcium channel blockers, diuretics, cardiac
glycosides, antiarrhythmics, nitrate, antianginals, vasoconstrictors, vasodilators.

* Affecting blood pressure / (antihypertensive drugs ): ACE inhibitors , angiotensin receptor

blockers, beta-blockers, alpha blockers, calcium channel blockers, thiazide diuretics , loop diuretics,
aldosterone inhibitors.

* Coagulation: anticoagulants, heparin, antiplatelet drugs, fibrinolytics, anti-hemophilic factors,

haemostatic drugs.

* HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins ) for lowering LDL cholesterol inhibitors:

hypolipidaemic agents

For the central nervous system

Drugs affecting the central nervous system include: psychedelics, hypnotics, anaesthetics,
antipsychotics, eugeroics, antidepressants ( including tricyclic antidepressants, monoamine oxidase
inhibitors, lithium salts, and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), antiemetics,
anticonvulsants /antiepileptics, anxiolytics, barbiturates, movement disorder ( e.g. Parkinson’s disease
) drugs, stimulants (including amphetamines), benzodiazepines, cyclopyrrolones, dopamine antagonists,
antihistamines, cholinergics, anticholinergics, emetics, cannabinoids, and 5-HT (serotonin) antagonists.

For pain

The main classes are painkillers are NSAIDs, opioids and local anesthetics.

For consciousness ( anesthetic drugs )

12
Some anesthetics include benzodiazepines and barbiturates

For Musculo-skeletal disorders

The main categories of drugs for musculoskeletal disorders are: NSAIDs ( including COX-2 selective
inhibitors), muscle relaxants, neuromuscular drugs, and anticholinesterases.

For the eye

* General : adrenergic nuerone blocker, astringent

* Diagnostic: topical anesthetics, sympathomimetics, parasympatholytics, mydriatics, cycloplegics *

Antibacterial : antibiotics, topical antibiotics, sulfa drugs, aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones.

* Antiviral drugs

* Anti-fungal : imidazoles , polyenes.

* Anti-inflammatory : NSAIDs , corticosteroids.

* Anti-allergy : mast cell inhibitors

* Anti-glaucoma : adrenergic agonists, beta-blockers, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors/hyperosmotics,

cholinergics, miotics, parasympathomimetics , prostahlandin agonists /prostaglandin inhibitors,
nitroglycerin

For the ear, nose and oropharynx

Antibiotics, sympathomimetics, antihistamines, anticholinergics, NSAIds, corticosteroids, antiseptics,

local anesthetics, antifungals, cerumenolytic

For the respiratory system

Bronchodilators, antitussives mucolytics, decongestants, inhaled and systematic corticosteroids,

beta2adrenergic agonists, anticholinergics, mast cell stabilizers, leukotriene antagonists

For endocrine problems

Androgens, antiandrogens, estrogens, gonadotropin, corticosteroids, human growthhormone, insulin,

antidiabetics ( sulfonylureas, biguanides /metformin, thia zolidenediones, insulin), thyroid hormones,
anti thyroid drugs, calcitonin , diphosphonate, vasopressin analogues.

For the reproductive system or urinary system

Antifungal , alkalinizing agents, quinolones, antibiotics, cholinergics, anticholinergics, antispasmodics,

5 - alpha reductase inhibitor, selective alpha -1 blockers , sildenafils, fertility medications.

For contraception

Hormonal contraception ; ormeloxifene; spermicide

For obstetrics and gynecology

NSAIDs, anticholinergics, haeostatic drugs, antifibrinolytics, Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) ,

bone regulators , beta-receptor agonists, follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, LHRH,
gamolenic acid, gonadotropin release inhibitor, progestogen, dopamine agonists, oestrogen,
prostaglandins , gonadorelin, clomiphene, tamoxifen, diethylstibestrol

13
For the skin

Emollients , anti-pruritics, antifungals, antiseptics, scabicides, pediculicides, tar products, vitamin A

derivatives, vitamin D analogues, keratolytics, abrasives , systemic antibiotics topical antibiotics,
hormones, desloughing agents, exudate absorbents, fibrinolytics, proteolytics, sunscreens,
antiperspirants, corticosteroids, immune modulators.

For infections and infestations

Antibiotics, antifungals , antileprotics, antituberculosis drugs, antimalarials, anthelmintics,

amoebicides, antivirals, antiprotozoals, probiotics, prebiotics, antitoxins and antivenoms.

For the immune system

Vaccines, immunoglobulins, immunosuppresants, interferons, monoclonal antibodies.

For allergic disorders

Anti-allergics, antihistamines , NSAIDs, corticosteroids

For nutrition

Tonics, electrolytes and mineral preparations ( including iron preparations and magnesium
preparations ) , parenteral nutrition, vitamins, anti obesity drugs, anabolic drugs, haematopoietic
drugs, food product drugs.

For neoplastic disorders

Cytotoxic drugs, therapeutic antibodies, sex hormones, aromatase inhibitors, somatostatin inhibitors,
recombinant interleukins , G-CSF, erythropoietin.

For diagnostics

Contrast media

For euthanasia

A euthanaticum is used for euthanasia and physician -assisted suicide . Euthanasia is not permitted by
law in many countries, and consequently , medicines will not be licensed for this use in those countries.

TYPES OF MEDICINES

Most medicines come in a variety of types or formats. Be aware, though, that some medicines (
particularly rare or unusual ones ) only come in one type. Also, some may be more effective in one type
than another.

In UK , medicines often come in some of the following preparations:

14
 This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND

Figure 2. Types of Medicines

* Liquid. The active part of the medicine is combines with a liquid to make it esier to take or better
absorbed. A liquid may also be called a ‘mixture”, a solution” or “syrup” . many common liquids are now
available without any added colouring or sugar.

* Tablet. The active ingredient is combined with another substance and pressed into a round or
oval solid shape. There are different types of tablet. Soluble or dispersible tablets can safely be dissolved
in water.

* Capsules . The active part of the medicine is contained inside a plastic shell that dissolves slowly
in the stomach. You can take some capsules apart and mix the contents with your child’s favorite food.
Others need to be swallowed whole, so the medicine isn’t absorbed until the stomach acid breaks down
the capsule.

Other types of medicine:

* Topical medicines . These are creams, lotions or ointments applied directly onto the skin. They
come in tubs, bottles or tubes depending on the type of medicine. The active part of the medicine is mixed
with another substance, making it easy to apply to the skin.

* Suppositories. The active part of the medicine is combined with another substance and pressed
into a ‘bullet shape’ so it can be inserted into the bottom. Suppositories mustn’t be swallowed.

* Drops. These are often used where the active part of the medicine works best if it reaches the
affected area directly. They tend to be used for eye, ear or nose.

* Inhalers. The active part of the of the medicine is released under pressure directly into the lungs.
Young children may need to use a ‘ spacer ‘ device to take the medicine properly. Inhalers can be difficult
to use at first so your pharmacist will show you how to use them.

* Injections. There are different types of injection, in how and where they’re injected.
Subcutaneous or SC injections are given just under the surface of the skin. Intramuscular or IM
injections are given into a muscle. Intrathecal injections are given into the fluid around the spinal cord.

15
Intravenous or IV injections are given into a vein. Some injections can be given at home but most are
given at your doctor’s surgery or in hospital.

* Implant or patches. These medicines are absorbed through the skin, such as nicotine patches
for help in giving up smoking, or contraceptive implants.

* Tablets you don’t swallow ( known as buccal or sublingual tablets or liquids ). These look like
normal tablets or liquids, but you don’t swallow them. Buccal medicines are held in the cheek so the
mouth lining absorbs the active ingredient. Sublingual medicines work in the same way but are put
underneath the tongue. Buccal and sublingual medicines tend only to be given in very specific
circumstances.

What I Have Learned

Complete the blanks below by writing answers on your answer sheets.

1) __________ encompasses a variety of health care practices evolved to maintain and restore health by
the prevention and treatment of illness. Medicine has different fields like (2) __________ which seeks ways
to prevent and treat diseases that lead to illness or death; (3) ___________ is necessary for diagnosing &
treating some types of disease, malformation & injury; (4) ____________ investigations are carried to find
out which diseases are present, why they occur, what can treat or prevent them, what makes them more
likely to happen, and many aspects of health; (5) __________ includes counseling, cognitive behaviour
therapy & other forms of “ talking cure”. ;

Branches of medicine include (6) __________ - the study of the physical structure of the body ; (7)
__________ which studies chemical components and how they affect the body; (8) __________ which is a
branch of pathology that involves the medical and scientific microscopic study of cells; (9) __________
which investigate hormones and their impact on the body; (10) __________ studies diseases.

What I Can Do

You already know the difference between a drug and medicine. If you have a friend engage in drugs ,
what can you do to help him / her to be out of the drug abuse.

Assessment

DIRECTIONS. Inside the box are possible answers to the statements / sentences that follow . Write
your answers on a separate sheet.
A. antipyretic E. double -blind I. infectious disease M. pharmacology
study

B. aspirin F. drug J. medicine & drug N. physical therapy

C. buccal medicine G. family K. analgesic O. prostaglandins

practice
physician

D.clinician H. geriatric L.pharmacy medine P. vasoconstrictor

medicine

__________ 1. A substance that lowers or eliminates fever.

16
__________ 2. The procedure involves distributing medication under examination to a large number of
people who have been divided into 2 groups by random assignment - the control and the
test groups.

_________ 3. Also called family medicine doctor

_________ 4. A substance that lowers or eliminates pain.

_________ 5. Medicines that are held in the cheek so the mouth lining absorbs the active ingredient

_________ 6. A health worker who works directly with patients in hospital or other healthcare setting.

_________ 7. This can help improve strength and flexibility in people who have a condition that affects
their musculoskeletal

_________ 8. This involves the study pf pharmaceutical medications, or drugs, where they come from, how
they work, how the body responds to them, and what they consist of.
_________ 9. A doctor specializes in diseases and conditions that are contagious.

_________ 10. Category of medicines that are only available to purchase behind the counter at a pharmacy.
__________ 11. It carries the connotation of narcotics and addiction.

__________ 12. A drug that constricts blood vessels.

__________ 13. They are chemicals used medically for treating diseases and injuries.

__________ 14. Named for the seminal fluid and prostate tissue in which they were discovered, occur in
virtually every tissue and fluid of the body and participate , in one way or another , in
almost every bodily function

__________ 15. The common name or tradename of acetylsalicylic acid

References:

Bureau of Secondary Education, Department of Education . Project EASE -Chemistry Modules . Pasig
City Metro Manila.Cebu
The Commission on Higher Education in collaboration with the Philippine Normal University. Teaching
guide for Senior High School . General Chemistry 1

Department of Education . Science and Technology III Chemistry. Quezon City, Philippines: Vibal
Publishing House, Inc. 2009

Hagad, Hilda Ropelos. Chemistry.Quezon City, Philippines: Phoenix Publishing House, Inc. 2003

Magno , Marcelita Coronel. Basic Chemistry for Senior High School. Mandaluyong City, Philippines: Anvil
Publishing , Inc.
Mapa, Amelia and Trinidad Fidelino. Science and Technology III -Chemistry. Metro
Manila.Cebu: SD Publications, Inc.1999

Redmore, Fred H. Fundamentals of Chemistry. Quezon City, Philippines: Reliable Publishing House

www.ihasco.co.uk www.medicalnewstoday.com www. differencebetween.net www.gosh.nhs.uk

en.m.wikipedia.org photos used in this module are by unknown authors which are licensed

under CCBY-SA

17