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 Y
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Team-Fly®
Advanced Database Technology and Design
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
Advanced Database Technology and Design

Mario Piattini
Oscar Díaz
Editors

Artech House
Boston • London
www.artechhouse.com
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Advanced database technology and design / Mario G. Piattini, Oscar Díaz, editors.
p. cm. — (Artech House computing library)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-89006-395-8 (alk. paper)
1. Database management. 2. Database design. I. Piattini, Mario, 1966–
II. Díaz, Oscar. III. Series.
QA76.9.D3 A3435 2000
005.74—dc21 00-055842
CIP

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

Advanced database technology and design. — (Artech House computing library)
1. Databases 2. Database design
I. Piattini, Mario G. II. Díaz, Oscar
005.7’4

ISBN 1-58053-469-4

Cover design by Igor Valdman

© 2000 ARTECH HOUSE, INC.

685 Canton Street
Norwood, MA 02062

All rights reserved. Printed and bound in the United States of America. No part of this book
may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, in-
cluding photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, with-
out permission in writing from the publisher.
All terms mentioned in this book that are known to be trademarks or service marks have
been appropriately capitalized. Artech House cannot attest to the accuracy of this informa-
tion. Use of a term in this book should not be regarded as affecting the validity of any trade-
mark or service mark.

International Standard Book Number: 0-89006-395-8

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 00-055842

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Contents

Preface xv

Part I: Fundamentals 1

1 Evolution and Trends of Database Technology 3

1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Database Evolution 4
1.2.1 Historical Overview: First and Second DB Generations 4
1.2.2 Evolution of DB Design Methodologies 8
1.3 The New DB Generation 10
1.3.1 Problems of Current DBs 11
1.3.2 Changes in Organizations and in Computers:
The Impact on DBs 11
1.3.3 Nontraditional Applications 13
1.4 Research and Market Trends 15
1.4.1 Performance 16
1.4.2 Distribution and Integration 17
1.4.3 Functionality and Intelligence 18
1.5 Maturity of DB Technology 20
References 22
Selected Bibliography 23

v
vi Advanced Database Technology and Design

2 An Introduction to Conceptual Modeling of

Information Systems 25
2.1 The Functions of an Information System 25
2.1.1 The Memory Function 28
2.1.2 The Informative Function 28
2.1.3 The Active Function 30
2.1.4 Examples of ISs 31
2.2 Conceptual Modeling 33
2.2.1 Conceptual Schema of the State 34
2.2.2 Information Base 38
2.2.3 Conceptual Schema of the Behavior 39
2.2.4 Integrity Constraints 43
2.2.5 Derivation Rules 45
2.3 Abstract Architecture of an IS 46
2.4 Requirements Engineering 51
2.5 Desirable Properties of Conceptual Schemas 53
References 56
Selected Bibliography 57

Part II: Advanced Technologies 59

3 Active Databases 61
3.1 Introduction 61
3.2 Example: University Database 63
3.3 Analysis 64
3.3.1 Recovering Business Policies 64
3.3.2 Causal Business Policies 67
3.4 Design 69
3.4.1 Active Rules 69
3.4.2 Supporting Recovering Business Policies Through
Active Rules 69
3.4.3 Supporting Causal Business Policies Through
Active Rules 73
3.4.4 Active Behavior 76
3.5 Implementation Issues 78
 Contents vii

3.5.1 Active Rules in Oracle 79

3.5.2 Active Rules in Use 81
3.5.3 Standardizing Active Behavior in SQL: 1999 85
3.6 Rule Maintenance 85
3.7 Summary 87
References 88
Selected Bibliography 89

4 Deductive Databases 91
4.1 Introduction 91
4.2 Basic Concepts of Deductive Databases 93
4.2.1 Definition of a Deductive Database 93
4.2.2 Semantics of Deductive Databases 96
4.2.3 Advantages Provided by Views and Integrity
Constraints 98
4.2.4 Deductive Versus Relational Databases 100
4.3 Query Processing 102
4.3.1 Bottom-Up Query Evaluation 103
4.3.2 Top-Down Query Evaluation 105
4.3.3 Magic Sets 107
4.4 Update Processing 108
4.4.1 Change Computation 109
4.4.2 View Updating 114
4.4.3 Integrity Constraint Enforcement 117
4.4.4 A Common Framework for Database Updating
Problems 119
4.5 Deductive Database System Prototypes 128
4.6 Summary 130
References 131
Selected Bibliography 136

5 Temporal Database Systems 137

5.1 Introduction 137
5.2 Temporal Data 140
5.2.1 Some Basic Concepts and Questions 142
viii Advanced Database Technology and Design

5.3 What’s the Problem? 146

5.3.1 “Semitemporalizing” Suppliers and Parts 147
5.3.2 Fully Temporalizing Suppliers and Parts 149
5.4 Intervals 154
5.5 Interval Types 156
5.6 Scalar Operators on Intervals 159
5.7 Aggregate Operators on Intervals 160
5.8 Relational Operators Involving Intervals 162
5.9 Constraints Involving Intervals 170
5.10 Update Operators Involving Intervals 174
5.11 Database Design Considerations 176
5.11.1 “Horizontal” Decomposition 177
5.11.2 “Vertical” Decomposition 179
5.12 Further Points 181
5.13 Summary 182
References 184
Selected Bibliography 184

6 Object-Relational Database Systems 189

6.1 Introduction 189
6.2 A Quick Look at Relational and Object-Oriented
Databases 191
6.3 Contrasting the Major Features of Pure Relational
and Object-Oriented Databases 192
6.4 Drawbacks of Pure Relational and Object-Oriented
Databases 193
6.5 Technology Issues: Enabling Object Functionality
in the Relational World 195
6.5.1 Behavior 196
6.5.2 Collection Types 196
6.5.3 Encapsulation 197
6.5.4 Polymorphism 197
6.5.5 Inheritance 197
6.6 ORDBMS: A Closer Look at Characteristics in
the Physical Implementation 198
 Contents ix

6.7 Design Issues: Capturing the Essence of the

Object-Relational Paradigm 201
6.8 An Object-Relational Example 203
6.9 The ABC Corporation Example 207
6.10 Summary 208
Selected Bibliography 208

7 Object-Oriented Database Systems 211

7.1 Introduction and Motivation 211
7.2 Basic Concepts of the Object-Oriented Data Model 212
7.2.1 Objects and Object Identifiers 214
7.2.2 Aggregation 216
7.2.3 Methods 217
7.2.4 Classes and Instantiation Mechanisms 218
7.2.5 Inheritance 219
7.3 Graphical Notation and Example 220
7.4 ODMG Standard 221
7.4.1 Objects and Literals 222
7.4.2 Types: Classes and Interfaces 222
7.4.3 Subtypes and Inheritance 223
7.4.4 Extents 223
7.4.5 Keys 224
7.4.6 Collection and Structured Types 224
7.5 Technology 225
7.5.1 GemStone 225
7.5.2 ObjectStore 227
7.5.3 POET 229
7.6 Object-Oriented Database Design 230
7.6.1 Conceptual Design 232
7.6.2 Standard Schema Design 233
7.6.3 Implementation Schema Design 242
7.7 Summary 246
References 248
Selected Bibliography 249
Web Sites 250
x Advanced Database Technology and Design

8 Multimedia Database Management Systems 251

8.1 Introduction 251
8.1.1 Diverse Nature of Media Objects 251
8.1.2 Complexity and Multidimensionality 252
8.2 A Sample IMD 254
8.3 Design of an MM-DBMS for IMDs 256
8.3.1 Modeling IMDs 256
8.3.2 IMD Retrieval Issues 266
8.4 Conclusions 274

Y
8.4.1 Main Achievements of MM-DBMS Technology 274
8.4.2
8.4.3
FL
Commercial Products and Research Prototypes
Further Directions and Trends
280
282
References 286
AM
Selected Bibliography 289

9 Distributed Databases 291

TE

9.1 Introduction 291

9.2 Distributed Database Architecture 293
9.2.1 Five-Level Model for Heterogeneous Multi-DBMS 296
9.2.2 Four-Level Model for Homogeneous Multi-DBMS 298
9.2.3 Three-Level Model for Single-DBMS 298
9.2.4 Physical Database Connectivity 298
9.2.5 Distributed Data Independence 299
9.2.6 Other Decentralized Database Architectures 300
9.3 Distributed Database Design 301
9.3.1 Data Fragmentation and Replication in
Relational DDBs 301
9.3.2 Top-Down Design of Relational DDBs 304
9.3.3 Bottom-Up Design of Heterogeneous DDBs 307
9.4 Distributed Query Processing 310
9.4.1 Query Processing in Relational DDBs 310
9.4.2 Query Processing in Heterogeneous DDBs 314
9.5 Distributed Transaction Management 315
9.5.1 Distributed Concurrency Control 316
9.5.2 Distributed Commit 319

Team-Fly®
 Contents xi

9.5.3 Distributed Recovery 322

9.5.4 Transaction Management in Heterogeneous DDBs 322
9.6 Current Trends and Challenges 323
9.6.1 Alternative Transaction Models 323
9.6.2 Mediator Architectures 324
9.6.3 Databases and the World Wide Web 325
References 325
Selected Bibliography 327

10 Mobile Computing: Data Management Issues 329

10.1 Introduction 329
10.2 Motivation 331
10.3 Architecture 332
10.4 Technological Aspects: Wireless Networks 334
10.4.1 Analog Cellular Networks 334
10.4.2 Digital Cellular Networks 334
10.4.3 Wireless Wide-Area Networks 335
10.4.4 Wireless Local-Area Networks 335
10.4.5 Satellite Networks 335
10.4.6 The Future 336
10.5 Special Issues for Consideration 336
10.5.1 Mobility 336
10.5.2 Wireless Medium 336
10.5.3 Portability of Mobile Elements 337
10.6 Impact of Mobile Computing on Data Management 338
10.6.1 Transactions 338
10.6.2 Data Dissemination by Broadcasting 339
10.6.3 Query Processing 340
10.6.4 Caching 341
10.6.5 Database Interfaces 341
10.7 Communication Models and Agents 342
10.7.1 Communication Models 342
10.7.2 Agents 343
10.8 Mobile Computer Design Features for Accessing
Data Services 344
xii Advanced Database Technology and Design

10.9 Summary 347

References 347
Selected Bibliography 351

11 Secure Database Systems 353

11.1 Introduction 353
11.2 Access Control: Concepts and Policies 354
11.2.1 Basic Concepts 354
11.2.2 Access Control Policies 355
11.2.3 Administration Policies 360
11.3 Discretionary Access Control Models and Systems 362
11.3.1 Authorization Models for Relational DBMSs 363
11.3.2 Authorization Models for Object DBMSs 366
11.3.3 Authorization Models for Active DBMSs 369
11.3.4 Comparative Analysis of Authorization Models 370
11.3.5 Discretionary Access Control in Commercial DBMSs 370
11.4 Multilevel Security in Database Systems 375
11.4.1 Multilevel Relational Data Model 375
11.4.2 Architectures 376
11.4.3 Prototypes 380
11.4.4 Commercial Products 384
11.4.5 Multilevel Object Data Models 387
11.5 Design Issues 392
11.6 Some Research Trends 393
11.6.1 Digital Libraries 394
11.6.2 Data Protection for Workflow Management Systems 396
11.6.3 Data Protection for the World Wide Web 397
11.7 Summary 398
References 399
Selected Bibliography 402

12 Component Database Systems 403

12.1 Introduction 403
12.2 Motivation 405
12.3 Principles of Component DBMSs 409
 Contents xiii

12.3.1 DBMS Architecture 409

12.3.2 Components and DBMS Architecture 412
12.3.3 Typology of Component DBMSs 413
12.4 Component Database Models 416
12.4.1 Plug-In Components 417
12.4.2 Middleware DBMS 419
12.4.3 Service-Oriented DBMSs 422
12.4.4 Configurable DBMSs 423
12.4.5 Categories of Component DBMS Models 424
12.5 Development of Component DBMSs and Their
Applications 424
12.5.1 Database Design for CDBMSs 426
12.5.2 Development of CDBMS Components 427
12.6 Related Work: The Roots of CDBMSs 428
12.7 Summary 430
References 431

Part III: Advanced Design Issues 437

13 CASE Tools: Computer Support for Conceptual

Modeling 439
13.1 Introduction to CASE Tools 439
13.1.1 Functional Classification of CASE Tools 440
13.1.2 Communication Between CASE Tools 444
13.2 A CASE Framework for Database Design 445
13.3 Conceptual Design Tools 447
13.3.1 The Choice of the Conceptual Model 448
13.3.2 Conceptual Modeling Tools 449
13.3.3 Verification and Validation Tools 455
13.3.4 Conceptual Design by Schema Integration 463
13.3.5 Conceptual Design Based Upon Reusable
Components 467
13.3.6 Conclusion on the Conceptual Level 468
13.4 Logical Design Tools 469
13.4.1 Fundamentals of Relational Design 469
13.4.2 Functional Dependency Acquisition 470
xiv Advanced Database Technology and Design

13.4.3 Mapping From Conceptual Schema to

Logical Schema 473
13.4.4 Concluding Remarks on the Logical Design 479
13.5 Summary 479
References 480
Selected Bibliography 482

14 Database Quality 485

14.1 Introduction 485
14.2 Data Model Quality 488
14.2.1 Quality Factors 490
14.2.2 Stakeholders 490
14.2.3 Quality Concepts 492
14.2.4 Improvement Strategies 493
14.2.5 Quality Metrics 493
14.2.6 Weighting 500
14.3 Data Quality 501
14.3.1 Management Issues 502
14.3.2 Design Issues 504
14.4 Summary 505
References 506
Selected Bibliography 509

About the Authors 511

Index 517
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LEIPZIG, DRUCK VON W. DRUGULIN.

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