AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEERING 1823 – English engineer and inventor Samuel Brown invents an

internal combustion engine. It has separate combustion and

working cylinders and is used to power a vehicle.

➢ Deals mainly: Manufacturing, designing of mechanisms,
Testing and Operation 1832 – Robert Anderson invents the first crude electric carriage in

Scotland. It is powered by non-rechargeable primary power cells.

➢ Vehicles: Motorcycles, cars, buses, trucks, etc.
1860 - Jean Joseph Étienne Lenoir invented and patented a
➢ Systems: Mechanical, electronic/electrical, safety,
double-acting, electric spark-ignition internal combustion engine
software, computer
fueled by coal gas.

1876 - Nikolaus August Otto built an internal-combustion engine

ASPECTS OF AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEERING utilizing four-stroke cycle.

• Safety engineering 1884 – Electric cars started to appear: Thomas Parker in Great
Britain, followed by German engineer Adreas Flocken in 1888.
• Fuel economy and emissions
1885 - Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach built the first
• NVH engineering
motorcycle.

• Vehicle electronics
1886 – Karl Benz built a three-wheeled vehicle powered by an ICE.

• Performance
1888 – Bertha Benz, wife of Karl, became the first female driver

• Shift quality using his 3-wheeled vehicle covering 104kms.

• Durability/Corrosion engineering 1890 – Wilhelm Maybach built the four-cylinder engine using the
four-stroke cycle.
• Drivability
–American chemist William Morrison built an electric car in
• Cost
the US with 6 passengers that can travel at 14mph

• Program timing
1893 - Rudolf Diesel invented an efficient, compression ignition,

• Assembly feasibility internal combustion engine that bears his name.

• Quality management 1908 – The Ford Model T was introduced and built through a
moving assembly line, later became the most widely sold car at
the time due to its affordability

1911 – Introduction of the electric starter motor.

HISTORY OF THE AUTOMOBILE 1914 – Dodge produced the first car with all-steel body.

1478 - Leonardo da Vinci invents the self-propelled car. This 1939-40 – General Motors introduced the automatic transmission
happens many years before anyone else is even thinking about for mass production

automobiles. However, the car remains a sketch on paper and is

…1940 –45 – World War 2…
never actually made. This self-propelled car is not a car like the
1950 – F1 started; Alfa Romeo of Italy won
ones we see today. It is more similar to a cart and does not have

a seat. In 2004, a replica of da Vinci’s car is finally crafted. It can 1972 – Volkswagen Beetle surpassed the 15M-car production of

be seen on display at the Institute and Museum of the History of the Ford Model T

Science in Florence, Italy. 1973 – World Rally Championship officially started

1680 - Dutch physicist, Christian Huygens designed (but never 1980’s – CD players, fuel injection for mass production cars
built) an internal combustion engine that was to be fueled with (eventual phase out of carburetor), MPV’s, four-wheel steering
gunpowder.
1997 - launch of Toyota Prius, the first mass-produced hybrid
1769 – Nicolas Joseph Cugnot builds the first self-propelled road vehicle
vehicle in France. This vehicle is a tractor for the French army.
2008 – Tesla released its roadster, the first production electric car
1789 – American Oliver Evans receives the first US patent for a using lithium-ion battery cells
steam-powered land vehicle.
2010 - The Nissan Leaf became the first modern pure electric car
1801 – In Great Britain, inventor Richard Trevithick builds a steam for mass market from a major manufacturer
powered road carriage. It is considered to be the first tramway
2020s – Self driving/Autonomous cars, continuing developments
locomotive. It is designed for use on road, not railroad. and innovations…

1807 - An internal combustion engine which uses a mixture of

hydrogen and oxygen is invented by Francois Isaac de Rivaz in
OTHER NOTABLE INVENTIONS
Switzerland.

1911 - Electric Ignition Starters

1921 - Cigarette Lighters

1930 - Car Radio full throttle and those 14 pistons are cranking away at their peak
102rpm, the ship can hit top speed of around 47km/h (25.5 knots).
1934 - Coil Spring Suspension

…1940-45 – World War2

1949 - Car Keys

1951 - Power Steering

1953 - Air Conditioning

1958 - Cruise Control

1959 - Seatbelts

1969 – Intermittent wipers

1971 – ABS Technology

1973 – Catalytic Converter INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE

1974 – Digital Dashboard Displays

1984 – CD Players

1988 – Airbags

1992 – Electromagnetic Parking Sensors

1994 – On-Board Diagnostics

2000 – GPS Sat-Nav

2001 – Bluetooth

2002 – Reversing Camera

2003 – Automatic Parking

2020 – Self-Driving Cars

TRIVIA:

A Wärtsilä RT-flex96C, the largest piston engine in the world.

Designed for container ships, the 14-cylinder version of the two-
stroke turbocharged low-speed diesel engine is 44 ft high, 87 ft
long, weighs over 2,300 tons, produces 107,390 hp and up to
5,608,310 lb-ft of torque at 102 rpm.

Camshaft – used to control the opening and closing of the valves

at proper timing

Intake valve – allows the air-fuel mixture to enter the combustion

chamber

Combustion chamber – aka as cylinder; chamber here a

Emma Maersk, which when launched was the largest container combustion occurs

ship in the world. Its gross tonnage is in excess of 170,000 tons,

Cylinder/Engine Block – foundation of the engine; main housing
and it measures almost 400 meters (397m) in length. When under
of the engine
Connecting Rod – connects the piston to the crankshaft VALVE TIMING DIAGRAM OF 4 STROKE ENGINE

Crankshaft – converts linear motion into rotary motion, which is

then transmitted to the vehicle’s wheel

Spark Plug – ignites the air-fuel mixture in the cylinder, initiating

the combustion process

Valve spring – provides sufficient force throughout the engine

cycle

Exhaust valve – releases burnt gases from the combustion

chamber

Cylinder head – sits on top of the engine block, houses the valves,
and spark plugs

Piston – moves up and down, driven by the force generated by the

combustion process

Crankcase – main body of the engine that stores oil for the engine
lubricating system

Piston rings – seals the gap between the piston and the cylinder
wall

Flywheel – stores rotational energy to maintain consistent engine

operation and smooth out power delivery

Oil pan – stores the engine oil, which lubricates the moving parts

Cooling system – circulates the coolant through the engine to

regulate its temperature
TRIVIA: Wilbur and Orville Wright successfully flew the plane they
Ignition system – provides the high-voltage electrical spark ot the
built in December 17, 1903
spark plugs
Turbocharger – uses the engine’s exhaust gas to spin the turbine,
Fuel injector – deliver fuel into the cylinder or intake manifold; (in
which then spins a compressor fan that pushes air into the engine
diesel engines) inject fuels directly into the combustion chamber
at a very high pressure Supercharger – powered directly by the engine, with a belt pulley
driving gears that rotate a compressor fan
Glow plugs – pre-heats the combustion chamber to aid in cold
starting • Both are forced induction systems that increase engine
power by forcing compressed air into the combustion
High pressure fuel pump – provides the high fuel pressure required
chamber.
for injection

Carburetor – mixes fuel and air in the correct proportions

FUEL INJECTION
Intake manifold – distributes the air-fuel mixture or just air into
the cylinder

Exhaust manifold – collects the exhaust gases from the cylinders

and directs them to the exhaust system

Throttle body – (in gasoline engines) controls the amount of air

entering, regulating engine power

Air filter – filters the air entering the engine

Fuel filter – removes impurities from the fuel before it reaches the
injectors or carburetor

Timing belt and chain – connects the crankshaft and the

camshaft, ensuring they rotate in synchronization Plunger – moves up and down within the barrel. Acts as small
piston, creating pressure within the fuel system
Engine Control Unit (ECU) – small computer that manages various
aspects of engine operation, such as fuel injection, ignition timing, Barrel – matching cylindrical component in which the plunger

and emissions control moves

Wrist pin – connects the piston to the connecting rod, allowing for
pivoting motion
 1) In-line Engines – cylinders are arranged in a straight line,
one after the other; one crankshaft

2) V Engines – cylinders are arranged in two banks set at

an angle to each other, forming a “V” shape; one
crankshaft

Direct Injection – injects fuel directly into the combustion

chamber, improving efficiency and power

Indirect Injection – has a small swirl chamber above the cylinder,

where the fuel is injected

Electronic Fuel Injection System

- Timing of fuel injection is controlled through the 3) Flat (Horizontally Opposed) Engines – cylinders are
Electronic Control Unit (ECU) arranged horizontally on opposite sides pf the
- Feedback from sensors to the ECU allows the proper crankshaft, with pistons moving in opposite directions;
timing and amount of fuel delivery one crankshaft and two camshafts
- This development improves fuel economy and better
exhaust gas emissions

4) W Engines – similar to a V engine, but with three or four

banks of cylinders connected to a single crankshaft

TYPES OF CYLINDERS
 5) Rotary Engine – standard Otto cycle engine, with
cylinders arranged radially around a central crankshaft
just like conventional radial engines

GASOLINE DIESEL
Lighter, more volatile Heavier
Spark plugs Compression ignition
Lower compression ratio Higher compression ratio
More horsepower at higher More torque at lower RPMs
RPMs (quicker acceleration) (heavy loads)
Less expensive More expensive
Less maintenance Frequent maintenance
Quieter and smoother Noisier and more vibrations
Smaller and lighter engine Heavier engines
Engines built more robustly COOLING SYSTEM

(high pressure)
Functions of the cooling system:
Short cylinder Longer cylinder
Octane Cetane 1. remove excess heat from the engine
- Higher resistance to - More cetane, more
2. maintain the engine operating temperature where it works most
knocking ignition
efficiently
- Regular = 87; - 40 - 55
Premium = 91 - 93 3. bring the engine up to the right operating temperature as
quickly as possible

Warm up – to heat up the oil

- For metals to achieve normal clearances; act

as a seal → to minimize wear and tear

Two types of engine cooling

1. Air-cooled - heat of the engine is radiated and blown

away by the stream of air. This airstream is obtained from the
- The Biofuels Act of 2006 mandates that all liquid fuels atmosphere which effectively directed to the engine components
for motors and engines sold in the Philippines be blended with by the fins.
biofuels. The current ethanol blend for gasoline has remained at
2. Water-cooled - is made of passages inside the engine
10% since 2012, while the CME blending last increased to 2% in
block and heads and a water pump that circulate the coolant. It
2007.
also make use of a thermostat that controls the temperature of
- Under the new guidelines outlined in Department Circular the coolant and a radiator cap to control the pressure of the
No. 2024-05-0014, downstream oil industry participants are system. The coolant flow to all these spots with the aid of
required to implement a 3% coco methyl ester (CME) blend in all interconnected hoses.
diesel fuel sold nationwide, beginning 01 October 2024. This
- pump delivers coolant flow to the system.
percentage will gradually increase to 4% by 01 October 2025, and
Coolant passes and circulates through the engine block
further to 5% by 01 October 2026.
(water jackets), bypass line, thermostat housing and
radiator. The radiator fan helps in the cooling. The
radiator cap pressurizes the system.
RON – Researched Octane Number

Lead – added to address knocking; gasoline; toxic

Higher octane = better burn = expensive

MAJOR COMPONENTS OF A WATER-COOLED SYSTEM ***The system is pressurized to increase the boiling point

• Radiator

• Cooling Fan

• Radiator (Pressure) Cap

• Reserve Tank (Reservoir)

• Water Pump

• Thermostat

• Heater Core

• Hoses COMMON CAUSES OF ENGINE OVERHEATING

• Bypass System 1. Clogged radiator

• Cylinder Head Gaskets and Intake Manifold Gaskets 2. Loss of coolant – low level from leaks or evaporation

• Freeze Plugs 3. Malfunctioning water pump

4. Defective thermostat (won’t open)

5. Malfunctioning radiator fan

6. Airflow restriction

7. Low oil level

8. Faulty temperature gage or sensor

EFFECTS OF ENGINE OVERHEATING

1. Lowers the volumetric efficiency of the engine resulting

to poor performance

2. Distortion of the engine components -due to the thermal

stresses that could result to seizure (pistons, rings, bearings, etc.),
HOW IMPORTANT IS A THERMOSTAT
warping, bending or cracks (cylinder head)
It regulates the temperature of the system; has an
3. Decreases the viscosity and other properties of the
opening temperature
lubricating oil

If the engine is electronically controlled, it will shutdown when

overheating occurs.

ATS – Automatic Transfer Switch

Clogging – common cause of defective radiators

Bypass Line – helps circulate coolant when the thermostat is still

closed

Expansion Tank – reservoir; creates vacuum

HOW IMPORTANT IS A RADIATOR CAP?

AKA as pressure cap, it is used to maintain the pressure

of the system.