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Name: Class: Date:

Chapter 01: The Rise of Globalization

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1. With business becoming increasingly global, its success, fortunately, depends only on the domestic
environment.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False

2. Key aspects of globalization include the elimination of barriers to trade and information technology.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True

3. The world economy is quickly shifting away from countries with emerging economies.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False

4. The “soft” qualities essential to globalization include openness, protectionism, accountability, connectivity,
democracy, and centralization.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False

5. A sustainable decoupling process would eventually lead to a multi-polar world—a world economy in which
the engines of growth could comprise the United States, the European Union, China, India, Brazil, Russia, and
South Africa rather than the United States alone.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True

6. The openness and proliferation of globalization and free trade rules can best be attributed to the interwar
period between World War I and II.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
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Name: Class: Date:

Chapter 01: The Rise of Globalization

7. As part of the World Bank’s Strategic Framework, there are five focus areas that accommodate and facilitate
the globalization process including its analytical and advisory role supporting national policies to strengthen
free market institutions and infrastructure that has provided the potential for creating large gains from trade.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True

8. For the World Trade Organization, increasing trade barriers has been one of the most simple ways to
encourage trade and globalization.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False

9. The foundations of the globalized business world are political—and so are the biggest threats to the system.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True

10. Countries that have successfully adapted to globalization realize that they cannot succeed without high-
quality government management at home.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True

11. In communist and state-controlled economies like those in Central Asia property rights either do not exist or
are not well defined which discourages domestic and foreign investors from making long-term commitments in
these countries.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True

12. Globalized economies like New Zealand and Singapore rank at the top in index for absence of corruption by
Transparency International.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True

13. Text messaging will likely be an unimportant component of emerging economies' mobile phone usage
because most people in these countries cannot read or write.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
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Name: Class: Date:

Chapter 01: The Rise of Globalization

14. Critics argue that open trade and foreign direct investment always take jobs from workers in developing
economies and transfer them to workers in advanced industrial countries which leave the workers in the
developing country, out of work.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False

15. There appears to be a clear connection between economic freedom and political freedom.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True

16. Brazilian Juice, a manufacturer of healthy fruit juices in Brazil, sells juice in six different countries
including United States. Brazilian juice is engaging in
a. economic development in United States.
b. exercising nontariff barriers in Brazil.
c. unfair trade practices.
d. globalization.
e. the World Trade Bank Group.
ANSWER: d

17. Which of the following is NOT a key aspect of globalization?

a. The elimination of barriers to trade
b. Investment
c. Financial independence
d. Culture
e. Information technology
ANSWER: c

18. Countries that have been moving toward more open trade and free market policies are known as _____.
a. African countries
b. open-door economies
c. industralized countries
d. globalized economies
e. emerging economies
ANSWER: e

19. Increasingly, emerging economies are

a. innovative and technologically advanced.
b. sources of inexpensive labor.
c. largely agricultural.
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Name: Class: Date:

Chapter 01: The Rise of Globalization

d. simply copying the technologies used in more advanced economies.
e. being left behind in the global economy.
ANSWER: a

20. A sustainable decoupling process would eventually lead to _____.

a. a multi-polar world
b. globalization
c. outsourcing
d. transparency
e. income inequity
ANSWER: a

21. A world economy in which the engines of growth could comprise the United States, the European Union,
China, India, Brazil, Russia, and South Africa rather than the United States alone can be described as a(n)
__________.
a. interdependent world
b. industrialized world
c. globalized economy
d. multi-polar world
e. diverse world
ANSWER: d

22. According to the authors, which of the following is NOT true regarding globalization lessons for developing
countries?
a. Import oriented nations must switch to concentrate on domestication.
b. Export oriented nations must diversify their market to include major emerging economies.
c. Countries emphasizing exports should base their strategy on their true competitive advantage.
d. For countries with large populations, the size of the domestic market remains most important.
e. Overindulgence can lead to disaster.
ANSWER: a

23. Which of the following is NOT a main purpose of the IMF?

a. Provide a forum for cooperation on international monetary problems
b. Facilitate the sustainable growth of international trade
c. Promote exchange rate stability
d. Lend countries foreign exchange when needed
e. Provide long-term low-interest social sector and infrastructure loans
ANSWER: e

24. What was the initial primary role of the World Bank?
a. To aide in the reconstruction of Europe after World War II
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Name: Class: Date:

Chapter 01: The Rise of Globalization

b. To provide low-interest mortgage loans to minorities
c. To try to avoid a repetition of the disastrous economic policies that had contributed to the Great
Depression.
d. To deal primarily with tariff negotiations
e. To provide loans and take equity position in private companies
ANSWER: a

25. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development performs which of the following functions?
a. Provides long-term low-interest social sector and infrastructure loans to the poorest members
utilizing foreign aid funds provided by rich nation members
b. Provide loans and take equity position in private companies of developing countries and works
toward developing capital markets in those economies
c. Supports reconstruction and restructuring of member countries utilizing funds raised in international
capital markets
d. Provides political risk coverage for private investments made in developing countries
e. Works on issues related to foreign investment disputes
ANSWER: c

26. The Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency performs which of the following functions?
a. Provides long-term low-interest social sector and infrastructure loans to the poorest members
utilizing foreign aid funds provided by rich nation members
b. Provide loans and take equity position in private companies of developing countries and works
toward developing capital markets in those economies
c. Supports reconstruction and restructuring of member countries utilizing funds raised in international
capital markets
d. Provides political risk coverage for private investments made in developing countries
e. Works on issues related to foreign investment disputes
ANSWER: d

27. The International Finance Corporation (IFC) performs which of the following functions?
a. Provides long-term low-interest social sector and infrastructure loans to the poorest members
utilizing foreign aid funds provided by rich nation members
b. Provide loans and take equity position in private companies of developing countries and works
toward developing capital markets in those economies
c. Supports reconstruction and restructuring of member countries utilizing funds raised in international
capital markets
d. Provides political risk coverage for private investments made in developing countries
e. Works on issues related to foreign investment disputes
ANSWER: b

28. Which of the following is NOT an objective of the WTO?

a. Reviewing national trade policies
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Chapter 01: The Rise of Globalization

b. Acting as a forum for trade negotiations
c. Naming commissioners to local trade organizations
d. Settling trade disputes
e. Administering trade agreements
ANSWER: c

29. Trade without discrimination, freer trade, predictability, promotion of fair competition, and _____ are the
five principles of the multilateral trading system.
a. integrated capital markets
b. encouragement of economic reform in developing countries
c. liberalization of the trading system
d. nontariff trade
e. establishment of "most favored nation" status
ANSWER: b

30. In Brazil, if there are government organizations that create strong incentives for private investment and
operate under a system of checks and balances that function best in a democratic system of government, they
could be classified as which of these?
a. Transparent organizations
b. Antitrust corporations
c. Adaptive institutions
d. Emerging markets
e. Capital markets
ANSWER: c

31. To sustain globalization, nations must build institutions that support all of the following EXCEPT
a. democratic systems of government.
b. free markets.
c. command economies.
d. independent judiciaries.
e. a free press.
ANSWER: c

32. The most recent devices that enable the greatest ease in portability and accessibility of information are
______.
a. magazines
b. newspapers
c. advertisements
d. smart phones
e. computers
ANSWER: d
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Name: Class: Date:

Chapter 01: The Rise of Globalization

33. In India, several politicians are working very hard toward a system of full disclosure and openness that aims
to avoid any semblance of corruption and cronyism. These efforts can be described as creating a system focused
on _____.
a. politics
b. integrity
c. accountability
d. transparency
e. democracy
ANSWER: d

34. Which of the following is NOT true regarding competitive markets?

a. Successfully globalized economies strive to attain competitive markets at home.
b. Governments try to minimize the role of state-owned enterprises in market economies.
c. Regulations that promote free domestic markets also tend to promote globalization.
d. Antitrust laws must be eliminated if competitive markets re to be sustained.
e. Antitrust laws interfere with the natural growth of successful businesses.
ANSWER: d

35. Illicit dealings undermine economic performance by doing all of the following EXCEPT:
a. decreasing costs.
b. raising competition.
c. thwarting competition.
d. reducing transparency.
e. raising insecurity.
ANSWER: a

36. ABC Technology touts in their advertisements that their technology can transfer huge amount of data and
other information in a second via the Internet. This describes ABC’s _____ in technology.
a. bandwith
b. digital server
c. digital divide
d. gigabytes
e. Y2K
ANSWER: a

37. The rapid fall in prices of digital IT equipment and services may
a. reduce the importance of IT in the global economy.
b. spell the end of the digital era.
c. make digital divide a myth.
d. reduce the availability of bandwidth in developed economies.
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Name: Class: Date:

Chapter 01: The Rise of Globalization

e. localize the production of goods and services.
ANSWER: c

38. Of the following, which is NOT true regarding the Internet and cell phone era?
a. Fortunately, the next billion users will be the same as the first billion
b. The majority of users will be from developing countries
c. Text messaging will likely predominate emerging economies; mobile phone usage
d. Countries are skipping the use of land-line technology and jumping to wireless systems
e. Developing countries may “leapfrog” an entire generation of technology
ANSWER: a

39. All of the following are arguments against globalization EXCEPT:

a. it may lead to an increase in the appearance of old industries.
b. it may lead to a loss of control over economic policies and developments.
c. it may lead to an erosion of communities.
d. it can be a force of exploitation and injustice.
e. it can cause job losses and stagnant wages.
ANSWER: a

40. The only way workers in industrialized countries can compete with their counterparts in the developing
world will be through:
a. increased use of the cost leadership strategy.
b. increased diversity within the organization.
c. increased empowerment of employees.
d. increased productivity by using technologically-intensive manufacturing technologies.
e. increased flat organization structure.
ANSWER: d

41. An office uses printer paper made primarily of recycled paper. This is an example of a ______ policy.
a. future sourcing
b. global warming
c. next-generation consumer hook
d. digital divide
e. sustainable development
ANSWER: e

42. Which of the following is NOT true regarding results from a survey by the World Bank on corporate social
responsibility (CSR)?
a. CSR practices are now a significant factor in determining where multinational companies conduct
business.
b. 90% of the companies surveyed have board-approved policies on environmental management.
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Name: Class: Date:

Chapter 01: The Rise of Globalization

c. 90% of multinationals will make their decisions based on CSR issues with regard to foreign direct
investment.
d. CSR issues consistently implemented for the long term lead to sustainable business and development.
e. CSR includes issues such as labor rights, corruption, human rights, community health, and land
rights.
ANSWER: c

43. Successive waves of globalization include characteristics such as the expansion of trade, the diffusion of
technology, extensive migration, and _____.
a. improvements in country infrastructure
b. increased employee morale
c. improved healthcare
d. financial independence
e. cross-fertilization of diverse cultures
ANSWER: e

44. Which of the following is NOT true regarding globalization?

a. It guarantees that quality of life for all people will increase.
b. It creates winners and losers.
c. It has the potential to increase the quality of life for people.
d. Some multinational companies will utilize globalization may try to pay substandard wages to the
workers they employ in developing countries.
e. Export barriers may need to be imposed by the WTO to help regulate the actions of multinational
companies.
ANSWER: a

45. All of the following countries can be considered globalization “winners” EXCEPT:
a. China
b. North Korea
c. India
d. Brazil
e. South Africa
ANSWER: b

46. _______ refers to a fundamental global shift in which industrialized country-dependent developing
economies begin to grow based on their own underlying economic strengths rather than the ups and downs of
the world’s richest countries.
ANSWER: Decoupling

47. A world economy in which the engines of growth could comprise several major industrialized and emerging
market economies such as the United States, the European Union, China, India, Brazil, Russia, and South Africa
rather than the United States alone is called ______.
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Name: Class: Date:

Chapter 01: The Rise of Globalization

ANSWER: multi-polar world

48. The World Bank was conceived at the ________ Conference in 1944.
ANSWER: Bretton Woods

49. A stock exchange where long-term financial instruments such as stocks and bonds can be bought and sold
refers to _______.
ANSWER: capital markets

50. The rules, enforcement mechanisms, and organizations that support market transactions are called ______.
ANSWER: institutions

51. A system of responsibility in which an authority, such as the government, is answerable for its actions refers
to ________.
ANSWER: accountability

52. National laws aimed at maintaining competition in all sectors of the economy and preventing monopolistic
behavior of firms are called _______.
ANSWER: antitrust laws

53. The period of transformation that adjusts lifestyles to make the Internet and wireless technologies a part of
everyday life refers to the ______.
ANSWER: digital era

54. The _______ is a system of interlinked documents contained and accessed via the Internet.
ANSWER: web

55. Economic development that meets the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of
future generations to meet their own needs, whether environmentally, socially or economically is called ______.
ANSWER: sustainable development

56. Differentiate between the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank as institutions facilitating
globalization.
ANSWER: Student answers will vary.

57. Analyze the impact of transparency on globalization.

ANSWER: Student answers will vary.

58. Identify and describe any two key policy measures that make globalization sustainable.
ANSWER: Student answers will vary.

59. Given the rapid advancements in technology in developed countries and fast pace of globalization, it is not
possible to bridge the global digital divide. Do you agree with this statement? Why or why not? Explain.
ANSWER: Student answers will vary.

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Name: Class: Date:

Chapter 01: The Rise of Globalization

60. What are the best ways industrialized countries can support globalization's "losers"? Support your position
using examples.
ANSWER: Student answers will vary.

Scenario – T & M Computers

Thomas Benson and Matthew Roderick started a small computer business ten years ago in Rapid City, South
Dakota. Armed only with determination and innovative designs, Thomas and Matthew were driven to achieve
success for their company, T & M Computers. Their hard work has indeed, paid off. Since the inception of the
company, the two owners have watched their business grow and demand for their products increase.

Four years ago due to this high product demand, they went international with their business operations. Thomas
and Matthew now have international business operations in Singapore, France, Turkey, and Great
Britain. Further operational expansion is anticipated within the next year and the company plans to begin
operations in Spain, Greece, and Italy.

The owner’s hard work and dynamic ideas have proven quite profitable for the company. Thomas and Matthew
are pleased with how their operation has grown into becoming a major international business worthy of
competing with Intel and Microsoft. T & M Computers may well be the next giant recognized in the field of
computer software.
61. T & M Computers are conducting international business operations in world areas, which have recently
undergone financial turmoil. Of the following, which organization is most likely to provide assistance in
providing global financial stability?
a. International Monetary Fund
b. The United Nations
c. The World Bank
d. The Global Center for Financial Restructuring
e. The World Trade Organization
ANSWER: a

62. Which one of the following would T & M Computers least expect to be a negative influence from the
sovereign governments within the nations where their business operations are located?
a. Military hostilities
b. Protectionist policies
c. Promotion of economic growth and job creation
d. Stiff environmental standards
e. Stringent immigration policies
ANSWER: c

63. T & M Computers plans to begin operations in areas that recently needed financial assistance and undergone
certain levels of reconstruction and reorganizing to their economies. Which organization listed below is most
likely to have played an integral part in this?
a. The World Trade Organization
b. The World Bank Group
c. The International Development Association
d. The International Finance Corporation
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Chapter 01: The Rise of Globalization

e. The sovereign government of Greece
ANSWER: b

Scenario – The Everline Corporation

The Everline Corporation is a multinational business that provides state-of-the-art digital communication
capabilities to its global customers. Originally operating as a U.S. domestic business based in Duluth,
Minnesota, Everline quickly seized on the opportunity provided by international expansion. Within two years,
the corporation had expanded into fourteen foreign nations found throughout the Middle East, Europe, Asia, and
South America.

Everline understands the vital importance of offering effective and affordable communication products to its
customers. It realizes the value consumers place on being able to communicate with businesses without delays
or hassles. The corporation recognizes its customers need to quickly and efficiently communicate with others in
the global marketplace of today.

Fueled by its staff of innovative and highly skilled communication engineers, the future for Everline looks more
and more promising. Communication needs around the globe continue to grow and this business stands ready
to fill the demand. With net profits expected to reach one billion dollars in the next year, this company is
decidedly reaping the rewards of its hard work.
64. The Everline Corporation is currently conducting its international communication business during a period
of time that is experiencing rapid changes and challenges. Individuals and organizations are adjusting their
lifestyles and methods of operations to fully utilize the modern communication technologies available in the
marketplace. The time period Everline is currently operating under is best classed as which one of the
following terms?
a. Digital proliferation
b. Modern communication era
c. Digital divide
d. Communication decade
e. Digital era
ANSWER: e

65. There is a perceived economic gap among the various foreign customers of the Everline Corporation. This
is thought to be mainly the result of the level of access or lack thereof to modern digital information
technologies experienced within these individual countries. Considering this perceived economic gap,
Everline’s operations may be experiencing influence identified as which of the following?
a. Digital stagnation
b. Digital era
c. Digital divide
d. Bandwidth technology era
e. Web revolution
ANSWER: c

66. The Everline Corporation’s future business plans include expanding into foreign markets where the use of
mobile Web browsing is growing rapidly. Which one of the following countries would this organization be
least likely to look toward to include in their future expansion plans?
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Name: Class: Date:

Chapter 01: The Rise of Globalization

a. Vietnam
b. Kenya
c. India
d. Germany
e. Nigeria
ANSWER: d

67. The mangers of the Everline Corporation attribute their company’s continued profitability to the idea that
globalization and information technology are closely related to one another. They acknowledge that the
information technology revolution has occurred almost instantaneously. Which one of the following would not
be considered a benefit derived from this so-called revolution?
Societal hierarchies have grown in number to better accommodate information
a.
technology changes.
b. A more free flow of capital across national boundaries has occurred.
c. Operating costs have decreased for many businesses.
d. The production of goods and services has become globalized.
e. The costs of communication are reduced.
ANSWER: a

Scenario – The Renna Company

Established in 1956, the Renna Company has always maintained its operations within the boundaries of the
United States. Originally based in Lexington, Kentucky, this company has now expanded operations into
thirteen other U.S. states. While it’s inexpensive and efficient cooling and heating products are in high demand
even in foreign markets, this company contends it has no desire for international expansion.

Conducting operations strictly within the U.S. borders does not appear to have limited this company overly
much. It realized net profits of two billion dollars last year and provided gainful employment for over four
thousand workers. The leaders of the Renna Company realize greater profits could be attained through
international expansion. However, they stand in agreement when they state, “It is not always the money that
best defines the worth of an organization.”

The company desire to stay true to its mission statement, which claims, “It will serve the marketplace of the
United States with its superior products and provide job opportunities with a fair wage for its employees.” The
Renna Company is very proud of its products and enjoys the fact they are produced and sold in the United
States of America. This company truly reflects the success possible when holding to the fact that “Made in
America” is still a winner.
68. Which one of the following statements is least likely to be a rationale explaining why the Renna Company
staunchly desires to avoid global expansion?
a. Globalization can create a wearing away of old industries.
b. Globalization brings into play the concept of sustainable development.
c. Globalization can contribute to an increase in environmental degradation.
Global expansion often leads to greater integration and interdependence among
d.
economies and societies, which can bring about injustices.
Economic change comes with a high price tag including job losses and wages
e.
that become stagnant.
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Chapter 01: The Rise of Globalization

ANSWER: b

69. All of the following are examples of counterarguments the Renna Company should consider before
continuing with their stand of keeping their operations strictly within the borders of the United States except
which one?
Global expansion affords a strong potential for costs of both product production
a.
and product purchase to decrease.
Life expectancy may increase for members of the population within the nations
b.
involved in globalization due to the increased quality of life.
c. Globalization contributes to faster economic growth for the nations involved.
The quality of life is most likely to improve for the citizens of the nations that are
d.
involved with globalization and trade.
The wage levels of each nation may become stagnant and some workers may
e.
become displaced, having been replaced by less expensive foreign labor.
ANSWER: e

70. The Renna Company has a clear understanding of the benefits of economic development. Economic
development which meets the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their own needs, whether environmentally, socially or economically is best identified as
which one of the following?
a. Sustainable development
b. Reform process
c. Trade liberalization
d. Corporate social responsibility
e. Environmental degradation
ANSWER: a

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 Another Random Document on
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 It was the custom of Capt. White to leave his quarters about dark,
on those long winter nights, and striking the Potomac at some one
of the fords or ferries along that stream, lie quiet and watch for the
Federals to come over, and also to look out for the people, who, loyal
to the Lincoln dynasty but traitors to their State, would cross over,
some to carry news to the Yankees and return with their blood
money to gather more, and some to escape being called into the
military service in Virginia.
Not the least however of his care, was to stop the exodus of the
negro population who, on the border, were constantly being decoyed
by Yankee emissaries away from their masters and their homes.
On one of these occasions he was accompanied by the Rev. Mr.
——, an Old School Baptist preacher, who, with his shot gun on his
shoulder, agreed to act as pilot for the command in a little scout to
the river opposite the Point of Rocks.
It was Sunday night and very cold, but a faithful negro had given
information to the Captain that a party of his colored brethren had
made an arrangement to run away that night, and that some
Yankees were to meet them with a boat at the mouth of the
Catocton creek.
On getting near the ground the men dismounted and tying their
horses, walked to the position, when the Captain placed one man in
the bridge over the creek at that place, and posted the others at the
boat landing. The one man was to watch for the negroes and give
quiet notice of their approach, while the others were to capture the
party that brought over the boats.
Unfortunately the reverend gentleman remained with the picket in
the bridge, and just when the boats were heard approaching, the
poles grating on the river bottom and plainly heard; for the night
was too dark to see anything on the water; the contrabands
approached the bridge, and, instead of quietly retiring with the
information, the picket ordered them to halt, whereupon they
commenced to run, and in great excitement the preacher sprang
forward, and, firing his piece, called upon them in language far more
emphatic than elegant to halt.
 At this the boats hastily put back and a volley of bullets from the
Yankee side came whizzing over the river, the great signal lights on
the Point at the same time beginning to swing to and fro, giving a
weird and ghostly gleaming to the wild scene. The Captain and his
party at once rushed to the bridge, hoping at least to catch some of
the negroes, but they were gone, not even a wounded one left as
the result of the preacher’s shot.
The company then returned to camp, and that was, I believe, the
last, as well as the first, expedition ever made by the parson as a
scout.
One night the Captain ordered the company to saddle up, and
taking with him his negro boy “Baz,” went down near Harper’s Ferry,
in search of news from “over the water.” Here he passed himself and
people for Yankees, and had a very pleasant time among the loyal
(colored) folks of that region; but his information, although very
abundant, was not of much value; so after making free with the
cherry-bounce, and frightening the little niggers at “old Taps” until
their eyes were a great deal too large for their faces, he started
“Baz” to a house near the crossing of the Shenandoah, just opposite
the town, to try if he couldn’t get them to take him over, he
representing himself as a runaway, and it being pretty generally
understood that the family there was engaged in that business.
It so happened, however, that none of the men were at home,
and “Baz” was persuaded by the ladies to wait till morning; but after
some time he concluded to put off his trip, and returned to the
company, about fifteen of whom were waiting for "Baz"—as part of
his programme was to make arrangements for crossing, then return
for a couple of friends who were going with him—and he had been
so long about it that White, fearing he had got into trouble, or
perhaps had turned the thing into earnest and gone over literally,
had started to the house and met “Baz” a very short distance from
it. His men at once surrounded the cabin, and Ferro, going on the
porch, commenced to inquire of the women—who were still standing
there—the news, but no sooner did he speak, than, apparently for
the first time comprehending the situation, they threw themselves
on the floor and began to scream—“Rebels, rebels; oh, my friends,
come over here!—come quick!” &c., and the sentinels on the other
side fired their muskets. At once the drums commenced to roll and
very soon the troops were in line, when White ordered his party to
retire, which they did at once; but the women kept on screaming,
and the Yankees opened a fire which rendered the retreat of the
scouts a very interesting operation until they reached the point
where the grade turns the mountain. And thinking they had heard
enough for one night they mounted their horses, and going up the
Valley to the residence of a good citizen, above Neersville, turned in
until morning.
Although returning empty-handed from his scouts, operations of
this kind had a good effect on the border, for the reason that they
diminished greatly, and at some points stopped the communications
entirely, with the other side of the river.
In this manner January and February passed away, but during the
latter part of February the business became a great deal more
particular, and one Sunday evening the Captain returned to camp
from Leesburg with an order to cross Goose Creek and make a scout
into Fairfax. Leaving the camp at dark, as usual, the command
marched through Leesburg, and on reaching the burnt bridge found
the creek very high; in fact, some of the horses had to swim; but all
crossed safely, and passing down the pike reached Dranesville, when
the Captain turned to the right, and bivouacked his men in the
house of a citizen. Here they slept until morning, and continuing the
scout, met Lt.-Col. Munford, with a party of the 2d Virginia Cavalry,
also on the hunt of the enemy; but nothing came of it, and White
returned to his camp, with his men pretty badly used up.
Soon after this, Col. Geary of the 28th Pennsylvania, began to pay
attention to the Loudoun side of the river, and needed a great deal
of looking after on the part of our scouting company. One day the
Captain, with a party, went up to the Loudoun Heights, and from the
old blockhouses there, discovered that a pontoon bridge was nearly
completed over the Shenandoah, which evidently showed an
intention to cross the river. After staying there for an hour or two, in
easy gunshot of the workmen, the Captain concluded to go across to
the Short Hill and from the Eagle Rock take a look at Sandy Hook
and the Rail Road generally. Just as he reached his observatory
some of the men looked over at the blockhouses, which they had
left a short while ago, and discovered that a detachment of the
enemy was in possession of them, having gone up the mountain by
one path while White’s command was coming down by another. This
was decidedly interesting, and the next day the Captain took his
boys up to the Short Hill again, to have another look at them.
Pretty soon after reaching the top of the mountain one of the boys
saw a man in a blue coat lying behind some rocks, and showing him
to the Captain he called upon him to come out and surrender, which
he did, and just at that moment one of the boys, farther out on the
mountain, slipped from a rock and accidentally discharged his gun.
This created quite a panic, the scouts imagining that they were
beleaguered by Yankees, and be it known not many of them had
ever seen a Yankee except with the Potomac between them.
The trouble was soon over though, and the prisoner, who proved
to be a Lieutenant in Co. D, 28th Pennsylvania, explained that he
was one of a party that had crossed the hill there on the way to
Lovettsville, and by stopping at a house for something to eat he had
got behind, and as a consequence fallen into the hands of those
whom he termed “guerrillas.”
No boy was ever prouder of his first pantaloons than White’s boys
were of their first prisoner, and rapidly retiring from the mountain
they made their best time down the country towards Leesburg, to
show him, but great was their astonishment to see the citizens fly
from their approach as if they had been a tribe of wild cats.
They couldn’t understand it all until, on reaching Wheatland, they
met Major Peyton, of Gen. Beauregard’s staff, who informed the
Captain that the people had heard he and his men were all captured,
and they thought the party were Yankees coming to devour them.
Capt. White, with his prisoner, and some of his men, went with
Major P. to Mr. Braden’s, and the others stopped at Mr. Orrison’s,
where they got supper, and related their marvelous exploit, as they
then considered it, and so scrupulously chivalrous were they towards
the captured officer that the men took turns at walking in order that
he might ride the whole way, and although he was provided with
canteen, gum-cloth and haversack, everything in fact that a
completely equipped soldier needs, they took nothing from him but
his pistol.
The Lieutenant informed them that he and all his men were
fighting for the Union, and not to set the negroes free; that if he
thought for one moment the latter was the object of the war he
would quit the army at once and either go home and stay there, or
come South and join the Confederates.
After supper the company united and marched for Leesburg, but
on reaching Clark’s Gap found that the men who had been left in
camp, alarmed at the rumors they had heard, had loaded the
wagons and moved everything from Waterford to the turnpike, and
had the teams still hitched up ready to move further. Leaving the
company here, Capt. W. took the prisoner to Gen. Hill, and in the
morning came up and moved his wagons back to Waterford. This
was Sunday morning, and a company of Michigan Cavalry came
down to about one and a-half miles of the town, when White got his
men in the saddle to meet them, but they were only on a scout, and
after getting a look at the Southern pickets returned to their camp.
The next day the Captain took his men again to the mountain, this
time to capture the blockhouses on Loudoun Heights.
After reaching the top of the mountain, about two and a-half miles
from the object of his expedition, he dismounted five men, to wit: T.
S. Grubb, John Tribbey, R. Ferro, C. Cooper, and F. M. Myers, and
putting the last named in command, sent them forward along the
backbone of the Blue Ridge, as a forlorn hope, with instructions to
get as close as possible without being perceived by the enemy, and
then to fire and dash upon the houses, telling them that he would
support them with the balance of the company, which now
numbered about thirty-five men—and boys. The advance guard
moved off, thinking that whatever their Captain said was all right,
and that his orders must be obeyed at every hazard. They were
deployed as skirmishers, the commander keeping as near the line of
the mountain summit as possible, while on the right and left were
two men, the first ten steps from the leader and the second the
same distance beyond the first. In this manner they moved quietly
along, with the understanding that as a signal their leading man, in
case of need, should whistle once to cause them to lie down, and
two notes from the natural bugle meant forward again. While on the
way, Cooper asked to be allowed to shoot at the first Yankee he saw
and as soon as he saw him, to which Myers objected, but finally
agreed that if he was near enough to see the white of his eye he
might shoot.
Almost before they knew it they were at the edge of the clearing
around the blockhouses, and the Yankees were close by them, upon
which the leader whistled and all lay down to look at the situation;
but soon a tramp was heard, and looking to the right they saw a
sentry walking his beat, which would bring him within ten feet of the
forlorn hope, if he kept on, and on looking at Cooper he was seen
with his gun across a stump, cocked, ready to fire, and aiming at the
Yankee, the white of whose eye was plainly visible certainly, and it
required all the signs in his power to make for Myers to prevent him
from shooting the sentry, who passed on unconscious of treading so
close to the heads of five rebels. There were about eight hundred
infantry and five pieces of artillery at the blockhouses, and three of
the guns were pointing exactly in the direction of the scouts. Here
was a beautiful piece of work; thirty men to assault such a force as
this; but they were going to do it, and the five only waited for the
others to get in supporting distance, to commence the attack. It was
not made, however, for while lying there they heard a shot in the
rear, and crawling back through the bushes until out of sight of the
enemy, they got up and traveled as fast as possible to the rear, and
finally reached the Captain, who only pointed with his hand down
towards the valley, and wheeling his horse dashed away. Looking in
that direction they saw a force of cavalry and infantry moving up the
grade, and already they were beyond Neersville, while in their rear
some forage wagons were going along the grade.
They at once conjectured that their Captain was going to attack
this party and hurried back faster than ever to get their horses, and
as soon as all his people were together White dashed down the
mountain and charged the foragers, but they were too fast for him,
and after following them under the guns of the blockhouses he
turned about and gave up the chase.
The company then returned to their quarters, and for several days
did nothing but picket, the force being divided into two parties, one
under Henry Moore and the other under Frank Myers, who would
relieve each other every six hours.
This was soldiering with the gilding off, and many were the
homesick boys, as during the stormy hours of those winter nights
they sat on their horses peering through the dark for the enemy who
threatened them always, but never came to drive them away,
although their cavalry came near to us many times; on one occasion
going to the old schoolhouse at Rehoboth, which had been occupied
by the Southern cavalry as a shelter for their pickets, and burned it
down, although they knew they were advancing and it could no
longer be used for that purpose.
On another occasion some of them made a valiant descent upon
Taylortown and captured “Stout” Williams’ Mill at that place, carrying
off his books and papers, along with his flour and almost everything
else that was moveable about the premises.
However, the hard duty performed by the little garrison at
Waterford was soon to change now, for matters drew to a crisis very
rapidly after McClellan’s army commenced to advance from the lines
around Washington, and one evening Capt. White came up from
Leesburg and informed his company that the time had come when
the border would no longer be on the Potomac, for Generals
Beauregard and Johnson were going to fall back from Manassas in
order to draw McClellan into a battle away from his base.
The boys all thought the movement was a good one, and by
midnight their wagons were loaded and everything in moving order,
but all felt very sure they wouldn’t be away more than a month at
farthest, for one more battle would, in their opinion, about end the
war.
About 2 o’clock in the morning the pickets were called in, and the
wagons started for Leesburg, while the companies of White and
Graves prepared to guard them.
 This ended the pleasant experience of camping in Waterford, and
closed the Winter campaign for 1861 and ’2, the first in which Capt.
White’s company had been engaged, and from this time forth they
were no longer to play soldier, but act it out in sober earnest.
 CHAPTER III.

On the morning of March 4th, 1862, Captain White marched

from Waterford to Leesburg, and when they reached the top of
Catocton Mountain they saw what desolation the retiring army
was inflicting on the country, and knowing what would follow the
Yankees in their advance, it did really appear that the people of
their beloved and beautiful Loudoun must leave their homes or
be burned with them, for all over the country could be seen the
flames going up from the stack-yards and mills, and the morning
air was dark and heavy with the gloom of the destruction which
brooded over the land.
On arriving at Leesburg Gen. Hill’s troops were seen marching
away, the General and his staff being mounted, ready to leave the
town when the last soldier had gone out. Hill ordered White to
remain and act as he thought best, but to watch the enemy, and
keep him advised of all movements along the border.
The Captain remained in town until evening, when he went up
among the Quakers and encamped for the night, and for several
days hung around this section, watching for an opportunity to annoy
the enemy, but they did not appear desirous of being annoyed by
him, for it was almost two days after White left Waterford before the
Michigan cavalry appeared in that place; but from here their march
to Leesburg was rapid, and after that they remained very quiet for
several days, being only engaged in arresting citizens and operating
under the instigation of the tory citizens of the county who now
flocked into the desolated land, and as far as their power went,
destroyed every vestige of free will among the people, and turned
loose the demon of political persecution upon those unfortunate
people—whose only crime was loyalty to their old mother State.
The situation of the little company of scouts was now rather
precarious, cut off from supplies from both directions—their homes
and the army too—no regular organization of their own, no
quartermaster, and what rendered the matter worse, the men had
made no preparation for a campaign out of reach of their homes,
and their supply of clothing was very scanty. The Captain bestirred
himself to supply, as far as possible, all deficiencies, and made
arrangements to get cloth from the factory at Waterloo; and pretty
soon he learned that Lieut.-Col. Munford, with four companies of his
regiment, had been left to operate along the border.
To this gallant officer and gentleman he at once applied to have
himself and people admitted into his command, which request was
readily granted, and in the welcoming speech of the Colonel he
assured the little band of homeless wanderers that “the men of the
mountains welcomed the boys of the Potomac, and would gladly
share with them their blankets and their bread.”
Here they had a temporary home, and very soon their ranks filled
up to the number required by law for a company, and on the 19th of
March, under Col. Munford’s superintendence, the company was
regularly organized, Capt. White being unanimously chosen to
command it, with Frank M. Myers as 1st Lieutenant, Wm. F. Barrett
2d Lieutenant, and R. C. Marlow 3d Lieutenant.
Lieut. Marlow was placed in general charge of the quartermaster
department, and Lieut. Barrett was sent to Culpeper on duty as a
recruiting officer.
Col. Munford kept Geary’s forces in constant fear and trembling,
so that his cavalry never ventured out of hearing of the infantry; and
it was no easy matter to make anything out of them.
On one occasion the Colonel came from Salem to Rector’s Cross
Roads, where he found some of the enemy’s pickets, and White,
with about half a dozen men, tried to capture them, but with all
speed they flew down the pike towards Middleburg, closely pursued
by the Confederates. On reaching the town, White’s party was in
striking distance, and succeeded in killing one and wounding
another; but here they ran into the 28th Pennsylvania, just in the act
of forming their line of battle, and but for a citizen, the Captain
would have gotten into serious difficulty.
As it was, he turned quietly and rode back to Munford’s people,
who, by this time, were almost in town, and the whole force moved
slowly back towards Rectortown. Capt. White halted about a mile
from town and watched the enemy, who marched out a short
distance and commenced rapid firing from infantry and artillery, but
they were too far away to do any damage at all.
Geary magnified this exploit, in the newspapers, into one the of
most terrible incidents of the war, reporting that he had surprised
the camp of the rebel guerrilla White, which was in a mountain cave,
and had captured a great quantity of war material besides about one
hundred prisoners.
In the course of Geary’s operations in Loudoun, he reported
captures of White’s men to the number of over six hundred, besides
the killed and wounded.
After Geary got his command on the railroad, Capt. White, by
permission of Col. Munford, made a raid in his rear at Salem, and
driving off the guard, took possession of all the baggage of the
entire 28th Pennsylvania, which he carried safely off with him; and
Col. Munford, soon after, came down on his commissary stores at
Piedmont, making a heavy capture of flour and many other articles,
as well as some negroes whom the Pennsylvania hero had stolen
away from their homes.
In the latter part of April, Munford was ordered to report to his
regiment, then lying on the Rappahannock, near the O. and A. R. R.,
and White went with him, but soon after reaching the camp of the
2d regiment, through Col. Munford’s influence, he was ordered to
report to Gen. Ewell, to act on scouting and courier duty for that
officer; accordingly, he started at once for his new field of action,
and reached Gen. Ewell’s headquarters at Liberty Mills on the 1st of
May. Soon after which the division marched to Jackson’s department
in the Valley, crossing the Blue-Ridge at Swift Run Gap and
establishing camp at Auglebright’s, in whose house Gen. Ewell had
his headquarters.
 The General was a stern, fierce old soldier, having been an officer
of the old army and on duty among the Indians and on the frontier
for many years. He was a rigid disciplinarian, and White’s men were
a great deal more afraid of him than of Yankees. One of his
abominations was to receive "don’t know" for an answer, and before
very long every man detailed for duty at the General’s headquarters
went with fear and trembling, for there were a great many things
which they really did not know, and when asked about them they
couldn’t say anything else.
It was an unfortunate time for such greenhorns as White’s people
were to go on such duty as this, for the General had reached the
Valley just at the moment when Jackson was starting on his
McDowell expedition, and without any knowledge of the plans or
intentions of his superior, Ewell was compelled to lie still in camp
with his little army, while the troops of Banks gathered all around
him, and he was rendered extremely cross and impatient thereby;
but one day that peerless cavalier, Gen. Ashby, who had been with
Jackson, rode up to Ewell’s headquarters, and meeting the General,
saluted him and inquired how he did, to which Ewell replied, "I’ve
been in hell for three days! been in hell for three days, Gen. Ashby.
What’s the news from Jackson?"
Ashby replied, “Gen. Jackson says the Lord has blessed our arms
with another glorious victory,” and then proceeded to give him the
details of “Stonewall” and his army getting lost among the
mountains, but being finally found by the Yankee Generals, Milroy,
Schenck and Co., to their great discomfort.
The recital brightened the spirits of our General to such an extent
that the boys began to think there might be a warm place
somewhere away down in his rugged, iceberg of a heart, and they
decided that he wasn’t such a savage old bear after all, but the
change didn’t amount to much, and it was finally given up that “old
Ewell” didn’t love but one thing on earth, and that one thing was
“Friday,” the ugliest, dirtiest and most aggravating and thievish little
wretch of an Indian boy in the country.
However, his staff was composed of very clever gentlemen,
especially Capt. Brown, his special aid-de-camp, who was very
accommodating and pleasant, and all the boys liked him very much.
Major Barbour, A. A. General, too, was a favorite; so was Major
Snodgrass, the Quartermaster. But some of the Brigadiers were far
from being admired; and not one of the men would have acted as
courier for Gen. Dick Taylor, if they could have avoided it.
On one occasion a courier went into Ewell’s headquarters to make
some report, in the course of which he replied to one of the
General’s questions with the remark, "I passed Taylor’s Brigade,"
upon which Taylor, who was present, exclaimed, “How dare you
speak in that manner! I am General Taylor, sir;” but Gen. Ewell, with
a glance of his fierce eye, remarked, “This is my courier, sir,” and
went on with his questions.
Taylor was undoubtedly a splendid officer, but he was proud as
Lucifer, and therefore unpopular.
Gen. Elzey also commanded a brigade in the Division at that time,
and was rather popular with his couriers; but they were very fond of
the good-natured Gen. Trimble, and it was never any trouble to get
men to report to him for courier duty, provided Major Snodgrass was
supplied, as the Quartermaster’s department was first choice always.
Gen. Ewell also had a small cavalry brigade, composed of the 2d
and 6th Virginia regiments, and commanded by Col. Munford, who
had been promoted to the colonelcy of the 2d regiment at the
reorganization of the army in April.
It was sometimes necessary to send couriers with Major Wheat, of
the celebrated “Tiger Battalion,” of Louisiana, who was very often on
detached service in the Luray Valley, and was also a very popular
man with White’s people. While camping at this place, some of the
boys determined to visit their homes, and accordingly four of them
deserted and made their way back to Loudoun and Fairfax.
About the middle of May the first heavy misfortune that befel the
company occurred.
Gen. Ewell was always anxious to get the news from Banks’ army
in the Shenandoah Valley, and Capt. White was always ready to
exchange camp life for the privilege of scouting. So taking with him
his first Lieutenant, and Capt. Brown of the 16th Mississippi Infantry,
with a small detail of his men, he left camp in the afternoon, and
crossing the river at Miller’s Bridge, they climbed the Massanutten
mountains. It was quite dark when the party reached the top, and
the night was cold, making the bivouac very uncomfortable, for
without blankets or overcoats, they had nothing but the rocky brow
of the Massanutten for a bed; and to crown everything, they had
brought nothing to eat—for, until arriving on the mountain top, it
had not been the intention of the party to wait for daylight to do
their scouting—so with fasting and freezing the weary night wore
away, but from their observatory the scouts looked down upon the
camp fires of the Federal army, and the position of each regiment
was clearly discerned.
When daylight came, which it did with a clear and bracing air to
the men on the mountains—while yet the valley country was
shrouded in mist and fog that fled from the day as the sun
advanced, and rolling its huge masses up the gloomy mountain wall
broke away and hid itself to wait again for the night to come down—
the scouts bethought them of breakfast, as supper had occupied
their waking hours during the darkness, and the Captain sent them
all back to camp except Capt. Brown, Lieut. Myers and Serg’t Boyd
Barrett, (recently transferred from Co. K, 6th Va. Cav., to White’s
Company,) who, leaving their horses, descended the mountain on
foot, intending to try their fortune among the Yankee foragers.
Near the foot of the mountain the party halted at a cabin and
asked for something to eat, which, after some difficulty and a good
deal of rather impatient waiting, was finally obtained; and along with
the rations the Captain—by representing to the king of the wigwam
that himself and comrades were Yankees—received some interesting
information about the enemy, which he dispatched by Barrett to
Gen. Ewell.
The scouting party—now reduced to three—walked cautiously out
into the open valley country and soon found themselves inside of the
enemy’s lines.
They saw several squads and companies of the blue-coated
troopers, but did not come in contact with any, although several
times they had to hide themselves while the enemy passed by them,
and finally about noon reached the handsome residence of Mr.
Rhodes, near Lacy’s Spring, where they endeavored to make
themselves known in their true character as Confederates. This,
however, was not so easily done, for their dress about as closely
resembled one uniform as the other, and the “Jessie Scouts,” of
Fremont’s hatching, were plentiful in the Valley; and besides this, the
Yankee camp was less than half a mile distant, from which they were
almost constantly receiving visitors; consequently, under all the
circumstances, argument was thrown away, until, as a last resort,
Lieut. Myers prevailed on one of the ladies to examine the Virginia
buttons on his coat. This, with Capt. White’s elaborate argument,
that “nobody but a Virginia soldier ever did wear a Virginia button,”
convinced the family, and their dangerous predicament outside of
the house was exchanged for a place in the parlor, where, with
closed blinds, they enjoyed a splendid dinner and heard Mr. Rhodes
detail the valorous doings of the defenders of the “star spangled
banner,” in the way of making bloody assaults upon the hen-roosts,
and fearless dashes into spring-houses and stables in the Valley
Department. Among other things he informed them of two
cavalrymen who had spent the night at a house of rather doubtful
repute, a short distance away, and whose horses had left them
during the night, but as soon as morning came they had gone off to
replace them from some citizen’s pasture, leaving their saddles and
bridles at the house, and Mr. R. thought it probable they had
returned with the stolen horses by that time. White and his
comrades decided at once to attempt the capture of the gentlemen,
and they set about it as soon as it was ascertained that they were
still at Cook’s.
Approaching the house, two fine horses, with full cavalry rig, were
seen tied to the fence in front of the door, and White made for them
immediately, leaving Brown and Myers to attend to the Yankees, one
of whom, coming to the door to see what was wrong with the
horses, was suddenly pounced upon by Capt. Brown and captured
without difficulty; but Myers had more trouble with his man, who
staid in the house and made no answer to the order to surrender,
although it was backed by the presentation of a big horse pistol, but
commenced to draw his revolver, and Myers, feeling extremely
doubtful about his horse pistol going the first time—a thing it had
never done yet—stuck it hastily in his belt, and snatching the
Yankee’s half drawn revolver, twisted it out of his hand, with the
remark, "Guess you’ll surrender now, won’t you?" to which the blue
jacket replied, he “guessed he would.”
The two Captains then mounted the horses, and leaving Myers to
follow with the prisoners, with instructions to wait on top of the
mountain until they found their horses and brought them up, started
back to their last night’s camp, but were unable to find it, and after
the party had got together again White proposed going on foot with
the prisoners, to Dr. Hansberger’s, while Brown and Myers should
hunt up the horses and bring them down, saying he would have
supper ready by the time they got there.
The arrangement was agreed to, and all started to put it into
execution, but as White was going down the mountain he passed a
house where several citizens were standing and inquired of them the
road. They answered him and he pushed on, but as soon as he had
passed, the citizens decided that it was a party of Yankees on a
scout, and hastily arming themselves, five of their number followed,
intending to capture them, and White, on seeing that he was
pursued, thought at once that they were Union bushwhackers going
to rescue the prisoners, and turning towards them he demanded
why they were following him, to which they replied by asking, “What
are you doing with those men?” White then drew his pistol, and
Sheetz, the leader of the citizens, raised his double-barrel gun. Both
drew trigger at once and both weapons missed fire, but the Captain
was ready first, and just as the citizen’s gun was raised again, White
fired, his bullet breaking Sheetz’s arm above the elbow. He
immediately caught his gun with the other hand, and was in the act
of firing when White’s pistol exploded again and his remaining arm
fell, shattered at the elbow precisely as the first one was. The other
citizens all run but one who hid himself in the fence corner along the
road, and White did the same, but after waiting some time, became
impatient, and raising his head above the top rail to look for his
assailants, the citizen fired at him with a small sporting rifle, the ball
taking effect near the right eye.
 This ended the fight, and when Brown and Myers rode up about
half an hour later, they found the citizens in a terrible state of
excitement over the result of their unfortunate attack, one of their
number being stretched on the ground desperately wounded, while
Capt. White sat in a fence corner almost dead, in fact all who saw
him, supposed him to be dying. And the Yankee prisoners were
expecting every moment to be immolated, for, said they, "If the
rebels will treat each other in this manner, what won’t they do with
us?" And no sooner did Lieut. Myers dismount from his horse than
they ran to him for protection, and absolutely refused to leave him
for a single moment, until he wanted one of them to bring some
water from a spring near by, and the Lieutenant was compelled to
actually drive him from him then. Capt. Brown rode immediately on
to camp, to inform the company of the tragic winding up of the
scout, and very shortly a considerable number of the boys,
accompanied by their surgeon, Dr. William N. Lupton, with his
ambulance, were on the march for the scene of conflict, and on their
arrival, before learning the full particulars of the affair, it was all that
Lieut. Myers could do to prevent them from killing all the citizens
engaged in it.
Meantime the Captain had been making “his will,” and supposing
he was soon to be in the land of spirits, gave to the Lieutenant quite
a number of messages to be delivered to his wife and child in
Maryland, but his mind dwelt upon his company too, and every few
minutes he would exclaim, “Tell the boys to do as I did—never
surrender!”
Dr. Lupton examined the wound and pronounced it a dangerous
one, but not necessarily fatal by any means, and soon after he was
placed in the ambulance, and in great misery, moved to the house of
a kind citizen a few miles nearer to camp, where he remained for
two or three days, when his men carried him on a litter to the
hospitable home of Dr. Miller, on the river bank, where he remained
until he had sufficiently recovered to ride over to his friends at
Charlottesville.
 CHAPTER IV.

The command of the company now devolved upon Lieut.

Myers, and in a very few days Gen. Ewell marched his whole
division to Columbian Bridge, about twenty-five miles lower
down the river, where he halted for a time, and Myers and
Barrett endeavored to put the business of the company into
shape, as there had not been a payroll made off, and only one
muster roll since the company had been in the service, but on
the 21st of May, General Ewell sent for Lieut. Myers, and giving
him a bundle of dispatches, told him to mount the best horse he
could find and carry them to General Jackson.
Now be it known, nobody had heard from that officer for a long
while, and the Lieutenant naturally desired to ask the question
—“Where is Gen. Jackson?” but from former experience was afraid
to venture it, and walked disconsolately from headquarters and the
presence of the General, without any definite plan whatever in his
mind, and sighing with the Psalmist for the “wings of a dove,” but
Major Barbour had noticed his elongated visage, and divining his
trouble, met him in the yard, where he proceeded to explain to him
the road to Jackson, but while thus engaged, Gen. Ewell stepped out
and exclaimed in his quick, spiteful tone, “Lieutenant Myers, go to
New Market and take the turnpike road to Harrisonburg; be quick
now, I want to see you again to-day.” The Lieutenant crossed the
Massanutten and found some of Ashby’s cavalry at New Market, who
told him Jackson was coming down the pike, and a nine mile ride up
the Valley brought him to the marching army of “Stonewall,” and
very soon he met a party of officers riding among the infantry, when
selecting one whom, for the plainness of his dress, he took for a
courier, he asked him to show him Gen. Jackson, supposing, of
course, to have one of the finely dressed officers pointed out to him,
but the courier simply replied, “I am Gen. Jackson; where are you
from, sir?” After reading the dispatches, he wrote a few lines to Gen.
Ewell, and cross-questioned the Lieutenant a short time, when he
sent him back, saying, "I’ll see you at Luray to-morrow." On the way
back to camp, the Lieutenant met Gen. Ewell on the mountain, and
on reaching the river found everything moving towards New Market,
but this was soon changed, and the troops took the road to Luray,
where, on the following morning they met Gen. Jackson and some of
his people, and the two Generals held a conference, after which
Ewell pushed forward to Front Royal, reaching that place about 3
o’clock in the evening of the 23d of May. Here they found a force of
the enemy, and a fierce battle ensued, at the beginning of which
Gen. Ewell ordered Lieutenant Myers to remain near him with a
party of his men, but after capturing Kenly’s 1st Maryland, and
driving the rest of the Yankees from town, a force appeared on the
river hills and opened a heavy artillery fire upon the Confederates,
during which the shells howled savagely around the General and his
escort, when, looking around, the old fellow broke out on Myers with
“What do you mean, sir, by making a target of me with these men!”
Upon which the Lieutenant replied, "Why, General, you told me to
stay near you, and I’m trying to do it." “Clear out, sir, clear out,”
roared the General, "I didn’t tell you to get all your men killed and
me too," and that was the last time they troubled him that day, for
the men deemed themselves discharged from further attendance
upon him, and pitched in for plunder, every man doing his best to
equip himself for service, they being as yet mostly armed with
double-barreled guns only, and riding citizen saddles brought with
them from home. Many of them succeeded in securing sabres and
pistols, and nearly all possessed themselves of gum cloths, canteens
and other articles of great value to soldiers.
That night the whole force moved across the river on the
Winchester road, passing, as they did so, the ground where the
Southern cavalry fought so well, and where so many gallant men
found bloody deaths in charging the Yankee infantry, among them
Capt. George Baxter, of the Loudoun Cavalry, 6th Virginia regiment,
Capt. George F. Sheetz, who was said by many to be a better officer
than Ashby himself, and Capt. Fletcher, the gallant commander of
Ashby’s old company. General Ewell, who had been an old cavalry
officer, and knew how to appreciate the splendid display of valor, skill
and devotion made by Ashby’s troops at this point, worthy as it was
of the “sons of the sires,” whom Light Horse Harry had led in days as
dark and stormy, long ago, and here on the field of Front Royal
added another leaf to the Laurel Crown, which Fame, in “Auld Lang
Syne,” had woven for the honor of the cavaliers of the “Old
Dominion,” spoke of this charge as one of the most gallant affairs he
had ever witnessed, and no higher praise could be given than to say
they fought under the eye of General Richard S. Ewell, and won his
warmest admiration, for, like Jackson, he never bestowed it
unmerited, and he meant everything he said.
In the bivouac that night the General had his escort near his
headquarters, and as his staff did not join him for a long time after,
he called upon Lieut. Barrett to act as A. A. General for him, and
kept the Lieutenant busily engaged until a late hour in writing
dispatches and reports for him, and the next morning he started the
company on a scouting expedition, in which it was engaged all day,
rejoining the General about dark, who was then marching towards
Winchester with all his force. The weather was raw and chilly, but
the night was spent in making reconnoisances and marching for
short distances, but no fires were kindled or noises made which
might apprise General Banks of the proximity of the rebels until
about 3 o’clock, when the enemy’s pickets were found by Sergt. C.
B. Barrett, who, with a squad, had been on detail at headquarters,
and upon receipt of this information Gen. Ewell took a company of
infantry and stirred up the Yankee picket lines by firing on their posts
and driving them in. About an hour before daylight one of the
couriers brought to Gen. Ewell a dispatch from “Stonewall,” which
the writer saw as Gen, E. opened it, and it was simply a sheet of
paper upon which was delineated the roads, streams, woods, &c.,
around Winchester, and showing the disposition of the enemy’s
forces in Ewell’s front, as well as Jackson’s position on the Valley
pike, and beneath the plan the words “attack at daylight” were
written. No other instructions were needed, and with the dawning of
that bright and beautiful Sabbath morning in May the regiments
moved forward to the battle. For sometime everything went
smoothly, and the enemy broke at every point, but by-and-by a large
body of them were rallied and placed behind a stone fence, where
they lay quietly and entirely unperceived by the 21st North Carolina
infantry, which was moving over that part of the field, and when
within twenty or thirty yards the Yankees raised up and poured a
tremendous volley into their ranks, killing and wounding nearly one-
third of the regiment, but the men were promptly rallied by their
gallant Colonel, who instantly ordered a bayonet charge, which was
executed in splendid style, and the enemy retreated in great
confusion before the brave North Carolinians, but their victory was
dearly bought, for Col. Strickland fell dead at the fence, and his men
lay thick around him.
From this time there was no rallying point for Banks’ army except
the Potomac, for just then Gen. Jackson bursted his column at
Middletown, and with Ashby in their rear they rather flew than ran
along the Valley pike to the thirty miles distant river; but in one wild
scene of disorder and cowardice they raced that distance at such a
speed that not even Mameluke cavalry, though mounted on Arabia’s
choicest steeds, could have caught them, and just beyond
Winchester “old Stonewall” halted his infantry and encamped his
army.
Here White’s company, which had been scattered in squads,
scouting and fighting, and acting as escort and body-guards for the
different Generals, re-united about sunset, and nearly every man
was completely armed and equipped with sabres, revolvers, and
everything necessary to fit them for service, including Yankee bridles
and halters, and many saddles bearing the letters U. S., which letters
also embellished the shoulders of many of their horses and all their
blankets.
Next morning Gen. Ewell gave them a box containing twenty new
carbines of the “Merrill” pattern, which he directed should always be
carried by the scouting details, and then ordered Lieut. Myers to
take twenty men and proceed to Charlestown to take charge of the
Government stores at that place, instructing him to take an
inventory of everything and send to him in order that he might send
wagons to move them.
Myers pushed on to Charlestown and found a large quantity of
stores, arms, and everything needed by an army, which the enemy
had abandoned; and sending a messenger to the General with the
necessary information, he encamped, and his men were taken by
the citizens to their houses and regaled with the best of everything
the land could afford. These people had been under Yankee rule for
more than two months, and the change almost made them wild with
joy, so much go that they were ready to worship Gen. Jackson and
his men for relieving them of the hateful presence of their tyrannical
conquerors who, during all these weeks, had lorded it over them in
the approved Yankee style of domination over a helpless people and
their desolated homes; whence had vanished the glory which their
household gods were wont to shed around them, but in spite of it all
they were not conquered, and the “quenchless spirits, hushed by
force, in dauntless eye burned brightly.”
While White’s cavalrymen were enjoying the good things provided
by the tried and true in Charlestown, Major John Shack. Green, of
the 6th Virginia Cavalry, rode up with a detachment from his
regiment, and proposed to encamp near the town, which was done,
and the next morning a scout came in saying the Yankees were at
Halltown and still advancing, upon which Major Green moved his
command down the road, took a position on the right, while Myers’
men formed to the left, and sending a little party to the front to look
out for the enemy, they waited for events to determine their actions.
In half an hour the advance party was heard skirmishing with the
enemy, and soon after a regiment of infantry appeared in the road,
about half a mile away, and soon after two other regiments of
infantry and one of cavalry appeared, escorting a battery of artillery.
The Confederates moved down and skirmished some, but very
soon the battery opened fire, and Major Green retired slowly to a
position beyond the town.
 Myers kept his men in front for sometime, until finding that the
Yankees wouldn’t advance a step with a Confederate force of any
size in gunshot range, and seeing also the shells from the battery
were passing over his position and falling in the town, he fell back to
the other end of the town, and in a short time a force of cavalry
moved up the road, supported by the infantry and artillery, and set
fire to the stores, which were still in the market-house, in the very
centre of Charlestown, after which they retired rapidly towards
Harper’s Ferry, and Myers returned to Gen. Ewell to inform him that
the necessity for sending wagons for the stores of which he had
received an inventory, no longer existed, but he met Gens. Jackson
and Ewell both marching, with a strong force, on Charlestown, and
the next morning, after again enjoying the hospitality of the good
citizens of Charlestown, Gen. Ewell ordered Lieut. Myers to dismount
his company and find the force and position of the enemy in the
direction of Halltown.
After moving about a mile, Ed. Oxley reported that he had found
in a wheat field, the frying pans, blankets and other articles of the
skirmish line. So halting the command, the Lieutenant made a
reconnoissance, in which he discovered about, as he thought, two
thousand infantry and a regiment of cavalry, on the road, which he
reported to the General, and was very much astonished that an
advance was not made at once, but after waiting some time, and
seeing the enemy retire slowly, he resolved to see where they went,
and taking Ed. Wright with him, the pair got into the mill-race which
passes into Halltown, and hid from view by the high banks and
bushes, waded safely to the miller’s house, which is right in town,
and going to the upper windows had a full view of all the force
there, which did not consist of over six hundred cavalry and a
regiment of infantry; and, deeming this information of importance,
they returned to Gen. Ewell and reported; finding both the Generals,
Ewell and Jackson, on a hill about half a mile from the town, and on
the same position the enemy had occupied in the morning.
The officers both expressed themselves highly pleased with the
information and the manner in which it was obtained, but Gen. Ewell
thought it would have been better if the scouts had returned to him
immediately on getting it, instead of stopping at the miller’s house to
eat a good dinner, which was on the table when they came down
stairs; but it was too late then, for they had the dinner, and mentally
resolved to do the same thing, when the opportunity presented
itself, whether the General liked it or not, but they also resolved, in
the same manner, not to tell him next time.
It appeared that General Jackson had no intention of making a
fight here, but only to demonstrate upon the Yankees along the river
until he could get his immense quantities of captured stores and
baggage away from Winchester and the railroad, and he now had
only a small force of infantry with a battery at Halltown.
While lying here watching the enemy, five of them came on the
road, in good gunshot of the battery, and annoyed the men there
very much, but were themselves perfectly safe, and, at the
solicitation of Ed. Wright and Norman Smith, Lieut. Myers went to
Gen. Ewell for permission to go and drive them away, which, for
some time, he refused, but finally, on the third application, he rather
testily exclaimed, "Yes; go on, go on; but you’ll come back faster
than you go;" and away went the three with their new carbines to
try their luck.
They managed to get a good position unperceived by the
sharpshooters, and as only one of them could be seen, and he very
imperfectly, it was decided that Myers, who was supposed to be the
best shot, should fire first, and Smith and Wright take theirs when
the Yankees raised up. They were all successful, and left three of the
boys lying on the ground, but no sooner had they done so than they
found themselves in a perfect hornet’s nest, for two companies of
infantry, who had been lying all the while concealed among some
trees on the hillside, just beyond the pike, opened a hot fire upon
the three scouts, and they being now in an open clover field, had to
run for their lives. Smith and Wright ran to a hollow and escaped
easily, but Myers started directly up the hill to the battery, and being
dressed in a new red shirt, had a lively time of it, and would scarcely
have escaped at all but for the General opening on them with his
artillery; as it was his red shirt got three balls through it, and his
fright was well nigh mortal.