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Behavior of Concrete using Steel Fiber as a Tensile Material

Article in TEST ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT · July 2020

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 May-June 2020
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Behavior of Concrete using Steel Fiber as a

Tensile Material
S. Ramkumar* R. Kavin Kumar**, G. Vijayprabhaharan**
*Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, M.Kumarasamy College of Engineering, Karur,
Tamilnadu, India.
**UG Scholar, Department of Civil Engineering, M.Kumarasamy College of Engineering, Karur,
Tamilnadu, India.

Article Info Abstract:

Volume 83 Concrete is widely used in all over the world. It gives a compression strength and
Page Number: 6665 - 6672 when it is collaborate with the steel the tension strength is increased. Traditional
reinforcement will takes time. So by using the steel fibers in the concrete it will
Publication Issue:
gives the high strength and durability. The fiber will leads to compensate the
May-June 2020 weakness in the concrete. Steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) is successfully
used in the slabs, flooring, and even in beams. The formation has proved the high
Article History tensile strength when it added in the concrete. The Mix proportion followed in these
Article Received: 19 November 2019 is M20 and M30 mixes. By using steel fibers, concrete is cast at a rate of 0 per cent,
Revised: 27 January 2020 0.25 per cent, 0.50 per cent, 0.75 per cent and 1 per cent of the steel fibers applied.
Accepted: 24 February 2020 The important purpose is to provide high tensile strength and flexural strength.
Publication: 18 May 2020
Keywords: Tensile material, Steel Fiber, Durability.

1. Introduction: structure. When subjected to loading, compressive

Concrete is a construction substance composed of and tensile stresses begin to build over time. There
cement, gravel or crushed stone (coarse aggregate) will be slight gaps in areas where tension hits a
and sand (fine aggregate). Concrete is strong in critical point. Steel fiber collaborates inside the
compression and poor in strain. Commonly said, concrete matrix. Absorbing tensile stresses anytime
concrete is breakable in nature. Durability is for the and toward any path therefore. Steel fiber gets little
most part influenced because of cracks created by cracks a lot quicker than traditional reinforcement.
creep and shrinkage. So to compensate the formation At the point when the break happens, the hooked
of the weakness the steel fiber is added inside the ends of the fibers remain solidly anchored on each
concrete which offers the high tensile strength. Steel side of the split, going about as a stress move media.
fiber reinforcement has the capacity to resist the The pull-out takes full effect when the maximum
tensile strength, fatigue resistance, ductility, crack bond strength is reached with the concrete. This
arrest and shock resistance. Its advantages is in permits the subsequent fiber takes over, delaying
addition of higher compressive strength in concrete. cracks from developing. Various burdens requires
The volume fraction is calculated 1% to 2% distinctive steel fibers.
typically by the volume of concrete.
2.1 Hooked end steel fiber:
2. Steel fiber: There are numerous sorts of steel fibers utilized in
Steel fiber concrete was introduced in the year 20th the industry however in that we are utilizing hooked
century. People will heard about rebar and steel end steel fibers. Hooked end steel fibers has the
mesh, but people should also know about steel fiber ability to bear the flexural stress. There are 3 types
is just as strong and reliable. Take random concrete of hooked ends in the field. Each fiber has the

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different hooks, strength, and ductility. They behave mins), and then Normal consistency test (24%) were
slightly different when dealing with stresses. Steel used.
fiber picks up small cracks much faster than
traditional reinforcement. The steel fiber reinforced 3.2 Fine aggregate:
concrete is refers back to the length 20 mm, 25 mm, Manufactured sand is used. Manufactured sand
35 mm, 40 mm, diameter of 0.08 mm above the which passes through a sieve of 4,75 mm according
normal steel fibers. to IS: 383-1970 Zone II is used as a fine aggregate.
They are Initial tests, such as clear and specific Gravity and
2.1.1 3D- Original Anchorage Sieve Analysis, are used to assess how they continue
2.1.2 4D- Optimized Anchorage to be used in the field of construction.
2.1.3 5D- Ultimate Anchorage
3.3 Coarse aggregate:
2.1.1 3D Dramix: Maximum size of 20 mm of crushed granite stone,
The cost efficient fiber for standard concrete which goes right through 4.75 mm of sieve, will be
structures that are submitted to regular load bearing used as a coarse aggregate. As per IS 383-1978 the
and dynamic loading. initial tests like Specific gravity and Sieve analysis
are conducted. According to that test results only it
2.1.2 4D Dramix: will be used in the construction field.
It provides optimal crack control to concrete
structures with the high requirements of 3.4 Water:
serviceability. Sea water is prohibited. So, as per IS: 456-2000,
mixing and curing is done by portable water as per
2.1.3 5D Dramix: requirements.
This fiber is the perfect solution for the structural
applications which remains firmly inside the 3.5 Steel Fiber:
concrete as the wire slowly elongates to compensate Steel fiber reinforced concrete is a modified type
stress. of concrete material mixed in concrete unevenly or
disorderly distributed. There are various types of
3. Experimental Investigation: steel fibers used in the concrete, they are straight,
3.1 Cement crimped, paddled ends, ringed and hooked ends.
3.2 Fine Aggregate Their diameter will be ranges from 0.25 mm to 0.75
3.3 Coarse Aggregate mm. Steel fibers form the reinforcement network in
3.4 Water the entire concrete structure, increasing its overall
3.5 Steel Fiber ductility.

Advantages of fiber reinforced concrete:

3.1 Cement:  Crack arrester
Cement is commonly used in Portland cement  Cost efficient
(OPC 53 grade). Essentially, cement is used as a  Increases toughness and tension
binding medium. At the point when it is utilized in strength
the concrete it invigorates the good strength.  Resistance to impact
The basic tests like Specific gravity, Fineness test
(90%), Initial test (30 mins) and Final test (600

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4. Mix Proportion: additionally unpredictable than those of ordinary

concrete or uniformly spaced SFRC, and the
As per IS 10262: 2019 resulting analysis of techniques and structures and
The mixing is done by using M20 & M30 grade of construction processes is unique.
concrete.
Table 4.1 6. Compression strength:
Volume Cement Fine Coarse w/c In the present investigation, the cubes were cast
of aggregate aggregate with reinforced steel fiber and checked. The
concrete dimensions of the cube are 150X150X150 mm
By 383 572.1 1161.6 0.47 agreeing to IS 456-2000. By casting the 10 nominal
weight concrete cubes and by adding 0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75%
(kg/m3) and 1% of fibers in concrete the tests will be helded
Ratio 1 1.5 3.03 0.47 for M20 and M30 grades. To conduct the
compressive test in the concrete two sets of ten
cubes each in M20 and in M30 the cubes will be
Table 4.2 casted without adding the fibers. Then after the
Volume Cement Fine Coarse w/c nominal mixes the fibers will be added by 0.25%,
of aggregate aggregate 0.5%, 0.75% and 1% in the concrete. At that point
concrete the cubes will be leave for the curing in the curing
By 400 622 1227 0.47 tank for 7 days and 28 days. After the curing period
weight the tests will be directed by utilizing the
(kg/m3) compression testing machine.
Ratio 1 1.55 3.06 0.47 Table 6.1: Compressive strength of M20 grade of
concrete (nominal mix)
Load Compress Load Compress
Specim
Da appli ive appli ive
en
ys ed Strength ed strength
No.
5. Casting and testing: (kN) (N/mm2) (kN) (N/mm2)
Specimen casting and testing was done as per IS 7
recommendations. Cubes, Prism and Cylinders was day 1 366.6 16 475 17.83
casted. The concrete mix adopted is M20 & M30 s
concrete. The mixing proportion is varies from 0%,
2 570 18.4 483.2 19.46
0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75% and 1%. Adding steel fibers in
concrete will increases the strength. According to the 28
limit the steel fibers will be added. day 3 385 15 511.3 19
s
Directionally distributed SFRC is a fascinating
4 400 17 520 20
structure composed of concrete and unidirectionally
fixed steel fibres, and its load bearing capacity and
failure patterns are substantially different from those
of ordinary concrete and are unexpectedly surpassed
by SFRC. Owing to the spatial conveyance of the
steel fibers within the concrete, the stress
characteristics of the concrete are anisotropic and

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Table 6.2: Compressive strength of M30 grade of

concrete (nominal mix)
Da Speci Load Compres Load Compres
ys men appli sive appli sive 7. Flexural strength:
No. ed Strength ed strength Shear strength can be predicted utilizing prism in
(kN) (N/mm ) (kN) (N/mm2)
2
the laboratory of measurements 100X100X500.
7 1 595 26 786 36 Plain cement concrete prism flops in flexure first at
da the same time, on the off chance that it is reasonably
ys reinforced to care of that bending moment and
2 541.1 28.8 694.2 34.67 flexure tension by giving steel (say 1% of cross
2 segment) in the tension zone, than flexural strength
28 3 470 26.7 546 34 is increments and subsequently the prism fails in
da shear. If stirrups or shear steel isn't given then the
ys reinforcing bars are immaterial in taking dowel force
4 575 23 635 30 (i.e. shear force). Hence shear strength of concrete
can be predicted. Included steel fibers in concrete
significantly builds the flexural strength, flexural
Table 6.3: Compressive strength of M20 and M30
strength and steel fiber substance to a limited degree,
grade of concrete (adding steel fibers)
they are emphatically related. Tests indicated that
Grade Days Compressive strength
after the concrete cracking, keep conveying its load
of (N/mm2)
is applied to the crack width increments, and when it
curing
arrives at the ultimate load, the crack width isn't
Volume of steel 0% 0.25% 0.5% 0.75% expanded, gradually unload steel fiber reinforced,
fibers not like ordinary concrete as out of nowhere broken.
M20 7 days 23 20 22 21 By casting the 10 nominal concrete prism and by
28 26 21 25 25 adding 0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75% and 1% of fibers in
days concrete the tests will be helded for M20 and M30
M30 7 days 30 28.8 29.7 29.12 grades. Then after the nominal mixes the fibers will
28 39.3 35 38 37 be added by 0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75% and 1% in the
days concrete. At that point the prism will be leave for the
curing in the curing tank for 7 days and 28 days.
After that the tests will be helded.

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Table 7: Flexural strength of M20 and M30 grade of test in the concrete two sets of ten cylinders each in
concrete (adding steel fibers) M20 and in M30 the cylinders will be casted without
Grade Days Flexural strength (N/mm2) adding the fibers. Then after the nominal mixes the
Of fibers will be added by 0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75% and 1%
curing in the concrete. At that point the cylinders will be
Volume of 0% 0.25% 0.5% 0.75% leave for the curing in the curing tank for 7 days and
steel fibers 28 days. After that the tests will be helded.
M20 7 days 2.44 2.7 3.08 3.32
Table 8.1: Tensile strength of M20 grade of concrete
28 3.63 4.05 4.62 4.99 (nominal mix)
days Days Specimen Load Split Load Split
M30 7 days 4.4 4.98 5.67 6.15 No. applied tensile applied tensile
28 5.64 6.38 7.23 7.95 (kN) Strength (kN) strength
(N/mm2) (N/mm2)
days
7 1 68.23 0.85 160.4 1.85
days
2 110 1.4 170 2.08
28 3 140 1.93 190 2.48
days
4 90 1.28 180 2.36

Table 8.2: Tensile strength of M30 grade of

concrete (nominal mix)
Days Specimen Load Split Load Split
No. applied tensile applied tensile
(kN) Strength (kN) strength
(N/mm2) (N/mm2)
7 1 80.34 0.96 173 2.24
days
2 100.3 1.45 196 2.44
8. Tensile strength: 28 3 125 1.41 200.32 2.97
The tensile strength is the essential properties of days
4 103.1 1.23 176 2.4
the concrete. Tensile strength is an enormous
parameter in the study of the failure mechanism of
the concrete and the important strength theory. In
addition, tensile strength directly influences the
rupture, distortion, and resilience of concrete
structures. As far as tensile strength, steel fibers
added to concrete splitting tensile strength is still
evident reinforcing. Tests displayed that the splitting
tensile strength of steel fiber reinforced concrete is
higher than ordinary concrete and steel fiber content
expansion, splitting tensile strength will be
lengthened. By casting the 10 nominal concrete
cylinders and by adding 0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75% and
1% of fibers in concrete the tests will be helded for
M20 and M30 grades. To conduct the split tensile
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9. Result:
If the compression test, flexural strength, and
tensile strength is satisfied that concrete is said to be
the strong, durable, high strength, workability. Thus
it functions the accurate results of the formation. It
can define the usages of the concrete and its
workability. The change of direct compressive
strength for concrete cubes were seen as
contradictory with the increase in level of strands.
The splitting tensile strength was lengthened by 20-
22% for concrete cylinder tests with 0.5% fiber
content in M20 and M30 Grade concrete mixes.

Table 9
Specimen test 7 days 28 days
Table 8.3: Tensile strength of M20 and M30
grade of concrete (adding steel fibers) Compression test 17 25
Grade Days of Split tensile strength (N/mm )2

curing Flexural test 2.68 3.68

Volume of steel 0% 0.25% 0.5% 0.75%
fibers
Split tensile test 1.82 2.88
M20 7 days 2.18 2.35 2.57 2.7

28 days 2.67 2.93 3.34 3.5

Conclusion:
M30 7 days 2.95 3.2 3.73 3.92
Steel fiber concrete has many excellent
28 days 3.68 4.23 4.68 5.04 properties, such as: crack resistance, toughness and
resistance to bending forces, impact resistance, etc.,
but also drawbacks, steel fibers are too costly, steel
fiber reinforced concrete costs Increase, economy.
By using steel fiber it gives durability, workability,
crack resistance and good flexural strength. The
steel fibers are the most part utilized fiber for fiber
reinforced concrete out of accessible fibers in the
market. The compressive strength of concrete
increases considerably as the amount of steel fibers
increases from 0.5 per cent to 1 per cent. When we
increase the volume of fibers the shear strength gets
improved. Due to the excellent properties of fiber it
can be used for important construction materials.
Since the steel fiber is economic and having the
good tensile strength.

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