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Trigonometry
Chapter 1 Algebra Review

I. Order of Operations (PEMDAS)

• Parenthesis and other grouping symbols.
• Exponential expressions.
• Multiplication & Division (Whichever comes first)
• Addition & Subtraction.
Tutorial:
http://www.math.com/school/subject2/lessons/S2U1L2GL.html

Simplify each numerical expression.

1) 6 + 2 x 8 – 12 + 9 ¸ 3 2) 25 – (23 + 5 x 2 – 3)

-2 · (-30) + 0.5 · 20 15 - [8 - (2 + 5)]

3) 4)
42 - 6 18 - 52

II. Evaluating Algebraic Expressions

To evaluate an algebraic expression:
• Substitute the given value(s) of the variable(s).
• Use order of operations to find the value of the resulting numerical expression.
Tutorials:
http://www.math.com/school/subject2/lessons/S2U2L3GL.html
http://www.purplemath.com/modules/evaluate.htm
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 Evaluate.

æy ö 1
1) x ç + 3z 2 ÷ - 2x if x = , y = 4, z = -2 2) 12a – 4a2 + 7a3 if a = -3
ç2 ÷ 2
è ø

-b + b 2 - 4ac
3) if a = 1, b = -4, c = -21 4) 1.2(3)x if x = 3
2a

x
3(x + y ) - 2(x - y ) æ1ö
5) if x = 3 and y = 4 6) 2 ç ÷ if x = 2
5x + y ç3÷
è ø

nt
æ rö
7) A = P ç 1 + ÷ if P = 650, r = 6%, n = 2, t = 15 8) If k ☺ n = k3 – 3n,
ç n ÷ø
è
then evaluate 7 ☺ 5

III. Simplifying Radicals

An expression under a radical sign is in simplest radical form when:
1) there is no integer under the radical sign with a perfect square factor,
2) there are no fractions under the radical sign,
3) there are no radicals in the denominator
Tutorials:
http://www.purplemath.com/modules/radicals.htm
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Express the following in simplest radical form.

1) 50 2) 24 3) 192 4) 169 5) 147

13 6 3
6) 7) 8)
49 27 6

Properties of Exponents
PROPERTY EXAMPLE
m n m+n 4 2
Product of Powers a · a =a x ·x =
Power of a Power (am)n = am · n (x4)2 =
Power of a Product (ab)m = ambm (2x)3 =
Negative Power 1 x-3 =
a-n = n (a ¹ 0)
a
Zero Power a0 = 1 (a ¹ 0) 40 =
Quotient of Powers a m
x3
= am – n (a ¹ 0) =
an x2
m 3
Power of Quotient æaö = a
m
(b ¹ 0) æxö
ç ÷ ç ÷ =
èbø bm çy÷
è ø
Tutorials:
http://www.purplemath.com/modules/exponent.htm
http://www.algebralab.org/lessons/lesson.aspx?file=Algebra_ExponentsRules.xml

Simplify each expression. Answers should be written using positive exponents.

1) g5 · g11 __________ 2) (b6)3 __________

y 12
3) w-7 __________ 4) __________
y8
5) (3x7)(-5x3) __________ 6) (-4a5b0c)2 __________
3
- 15x 7 æ 4x 9 ö
7) __________ 8) çç ÷÷ __________
25x 9 è 12x
4
ø
IV. Solving Linear Equations
To solve linear equations, first simplify both sides of the equation. If the equation contains
fractions, multiply the equation by the LCD to clear the equation of fractions. Use the
addition and subtraction properties of equality to get variables on one side and constants on
the other side of the equal sign. Use the multiplication and division properties of equality to
solve for the variable. Express all answers as fractions in lowest terms.
Tutorials:
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Solving Linear Equations: http://www.purplemath.com/modules/solvelin.htm

Examples:
2 3
b) 2(5x - 4) - lOx = 6x + 3(2x - 5) c) x + 5 = 6x -
a) 3(x + 5) + 4(x + 2) = 21 3 4
3x + 15 + 4x + 8 = 21 lOx - 8 - lOx = 6x + 6x - 15 æ2 3ö
-8 = 12x - 15 12 ç x + 5 = 6x - ÷
7x + 23= 21 ç3 4 ÷ø
è
7x = -2 7 = 12x
8x + 60 = 72x - 9
2 7
x=- =x 69 = 64x
7 12 69
=x
64

Solve for the indicated variable:

1) 3n + 1 = 7n – 5 2) 2[x + 3(x – 1)] = 18

3) 6(y + 2) - 4 = -10 4) 2x2 = 50

5) 5 + 2(k + 4) = 5(k - 3) + 10 6) 6 + 2x(x – 3) = 2x2

2 x x - 2 2x + 1
7) x - 18 = 8) =
3 6 3 4

V. Operations With Polynomials

To add or subtract polynomials, just combine like terms.
To multiply polynomials, multiply the numerical coefficients and apply the rules for exponents.
Tutorials:
Polynomials (adding & subtracting): http://www.purplemath.com/modules/polyadd.htm,

Polynomials (multiplying): http://www.purplemath.com/modules/polymult.htm,

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Examples:

a) (x2 + 3x - 2) - (3x2 - x + 5) b) 3x(2x + 5)2

x2 + 3x - 2 - 3x2 + x -5 3x(4x2 + 20x + 25)
-2x2 + 4x - 7 12x3 + 60x2 + 75x

c) 4(5x2 + 3x - 4) + 3(-2x2 - 2x + 3) d) (4x - 5)(3x + 7)

20x2 + 12x - 16 - 6x2 - 6x + 9 12x2 + 28x - 15x - 35
14x2 + 6x - 7 12x2 + 13x - 35

Perform the indicated operations and simplify:

1) (7x2 + 4x - 3) - (-5x2 - 3x + 2) 2) (7x - 3)(3x + 7)

3) (4x + 5)(5x + 4) 4) (n2 + 5n + 3) + (2n2 + 8n + 8)

5) (5x2 - 4) – 2(3x2 + 8x + 4) 6) -2x(5x + 11)

7) (2m + 6)(2m + 6) 8) (5x – 6)2

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VI. Factoring Polynomials

Examples:
Factoring out the GCF Difference of Squares Perfect Square Trinomial
2 2
a) 6x + 21x b) x - 64 c) x2 - 10x + 25

3x(2x + 7) (x - 8)(x + 8) (x – 5)2

Trinomial Trinomial Trinomial

d) 3x2 + 7x + 2 e) 2x2 - 13x + 15 f) 6x2 + x – 1
(3x + l)(x + 2) (2x - 3)(x - 5) (3x - 1)(2x + 1)
Tutorials:
Factoring Trinomials (skip substitution method):
http://www.wtamu.edu/academic/anns/mps/math/mathlab/int_algebra/int_alg_tut28_facttri.htm
Factoring Polynomials (video): https://www.khanacademy.org/math/algebra-basics/quadratics-
polynomials-topic/factoring-quadratic-expressions-core-algebra/v/factoring-polynomials-1
Factoring a Trinomial: http://www.algebrahelp.com/lessons/factoring/trinomial/

Factor Completely.

2) 18x2 - 12x
1) 16y2 + 8y 3) 6m2 - 60m + 10

4) 6y2 - 13y – 5 5) 20x2 + 31x - 7 6) 12x2 + 23x + 10

7) x2 - 2x - 63 8) 8x2 - 6x - 9 9) x2 – 121

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VII. Linear Equations in Two Variables

Examples:
a) Find the slope of the line passing through the points (-1, 2) and (3, 5).
y2 - y1 5-2 3
slope = m = ® m= =
x2 - x1 3 - (-1) 4

b) Graph y = 2/3 x - 4 with slope-intercept method.

Reminder: y = mx + b is slope-intercept form where m =. slope and b = y-intercept.

Therefore, slope is 2/3 and the y-intercept is – 4.

Graph accordingly.

c) Graph 3x - 2y - 8 = 0 with slope-intercept method.

Put in Slope-Intercept form: y = -3/2 x + 4

m = 3/2 b = -4

d) Write the equation of the line with a slope of 3 and passing through the point (2, -1)
y = mx + b
-1 = 3(2) + b
-7 = b Equation: y = 3x – 7
Tutorials:
Using the slope and y-intercept to graph lines: http://www.purplemath.com/modules/slopgrph.htm
Straight-line equations (slope-intercept form): http://www.purplemath.com/modules/strtlneq.htm

Find the slope of the line passing through each pair of points:
1) (-3, -4) (-4, 6) 2) (-4, -6) (-4, -8) 3) (-5, 3) (-11, 3)

Write an equation, in slope-intercept form using the given information.

-2 6) (-6, -3) (-2, -5)
4) (5, 4) m = 5) (-2, 4) m = -3
3

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VIII. Solving Systems of Equations

Solve for x and y: Solve for x and y:

x = 2y + 5 3x + 7y = 2 3x + 5y = 1 2x + 3y = 0

Using substitution method: Using linear combination (addition/

subtraction) method:
3(2y + 5) + 7y = 2
6y + 15 + 7y = 2 3(3x + 5y = 1)
13y = -13 -5(2x + 3y = 0)
y = -1
9x + 15y = 3
-l0x - 15y = 0
x = 2(-1) + 5
-1x = 3
x=3
x = -3

Solution: (3, -1)

2(-3) + 3y = 0
y=2

Solution: (-3, 2)
Solve each system of equations by either the substitution method or the linear combination
(addition/ subtraction) method. Write your answer as an ordered pair.
Tutorials:
Solve systems of equations (videos):
• https://www.khanacademy.org/math/algebra-basics/core-algebra-systems/core-algebra-
systems-tutorial/v/solving-linear-systems-by-substitution
• https://www.khanacademy.org/math/algebra-basics/core-algebra-systems/core-algebra-
systems-tutorial/v/solving-systems-of-equations-by-elimination
Systems of Linear Equations: http://www.purplemath.com/modules/systlin1.htm

1) y = 2x + 4 2) 2x + 3y = 6
-3x + y = - 9 -3x + 2y = 17

3) x – 2y = 5 4) 3x + 7y = -1
3x – 5y = 8 6x + 7y = 0

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 IX. Solving One-Variable Inequalities
http://www.purplemath.com/modules/ineqsolv.htm
https://www.khanacademy.org/math/algebra/one-variable-linear-inequalities/alg1-one-step-
inequalities/v/inequalities-using-multiplication-and-division#

Examples:

1) Solve 3(x - 5) < 4 - (2 - 2x). 2) Solve 5x - 12 ≥ 7x + 4.

3x - 15 < 4 - 2 + 2x -2x - 12 ≥ 4
3x - 15 < 2 + 2x -2x ≥ 16
x - 15 < 2 x ≤ -8 is the solution.
x < 17 is the solution.

Note: Dividing both sides by -2 changed

the direction of the inequality.

Practice:
Solve and Graph each inequality.

1 1
1. x + < 2. 3x – 9 ≤ 2x + 6
8 2

 

3. -0.17x - 0.23 < 0.75 - 1.17 4. 3(r - 2) < 2r + 4

IX. Graphing Two-Variable Inequalities

http://www.purplemath.com/modules/ineqgrph.htm
https://www.khanacademy.org/math/algebra-home/algebra/two-variable-linear-inequalities

GRAPHING A LINEAR INEQUALITY

To graph a linear inequality in two variables, follow these steps:

Step 1: Graph the boundary line for the inequality. Use a _dashed_ line for < or >
and a _solid_ line for  or .

Step 2: Test a point not on the boundary line to determine whether it is a solution of the inequality. If it is a
solution, shade the side containing the point. If it is not a solution, shade the other side.
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Example 1
Graph a linear inequality with one variable

Graph y < −1 in a coordinate plane.

Solution Graph the boundary line y = −1. Use a _dashed_ line
because the inequality symbol is <.
Test the point (0, 0). Because (0, 0) _is not_ a solution of
the inequality, shade the half-plane that _does not_ contain
(0, 0).

Graph 3x − 2y < −6 in a coordinate plane.

Solution Graph the boundary line 3x − 2y = −6. Use a _dashed_ line
because the inequality symbol is <.
Test the point (0, 0). Because (0, 0) _is not_ a solution of
the inequality, shade the half-plane that _does not_ contain
(0, 0).

Practice:
Graph each inequality.

1. y  −x + 2 2. 9x + 3y > 9 3. 5x - 2y > -12

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 X. Fraction Operations

n 1 1
1. If lies between and , what are all the possible values of n if n is a whole number?
30 5 3

2. The product of any fraction and it’s reciprocal is always ________.

3. Add the following fractions:

2 2 2 3 1 1
a). + = b). 1 +1 = c). 2 +1 =
5 3 3 5 3 4

4. Subtract the following fractions:

3 2 1 2 1
a). - = b). 3 - 1 = c). 3 -1
4 12 5 4 6

5. Multiply the following fractions:

1 8 7 2 1
a). ( 5 )( 3 ) = b). ( ) ( )= c). (3 ) (1 ) =
2 7 24 3 3

6. Divide the following fractions:

1 3 1 10 55
a). 5  = b).  c). 
4 8 4 9 3

7. Use the order of operations to answer each of the following:

7 1 1 5 2 1 2 5 1 3
a). (2 - ) ÷ ( )2 b). ( ) -( ) c). [( )2 - ]
8 2 2 6 3 7 3 4

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