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Analytical Chemistry - Lec2 - Acid &base

The document provides an overview of acids and bases, including definitions, types, and strength, as well as the dissociation of water and the pH scale. It discusses Bronsted-Lowry theory, types of acids (monoprotic, diprotic, triprotic), and the acidity and basicity of salt solutions. Additionally, it covers buffer solutions and includes calculations for pH and ion concentrations.

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walid alsharif
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6 views17 pages

Analytical Chemistry - Lec2 - Acid &base

The document provides an overview of acids and bases, including definitions, types, and strength, as well as the dissociation of water and the pH scale. It discusses Bronsted-Lowry theory, types of acids (monoprotic, diprotic, triprotic), and the acidity and basicity of salt solutions. Additionally, it covers buffer solutions and includes calculations for pH and ion concentrations.

Uploaded by

walid alsharif
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Hesperedes University

General Chemistry
year one
Analytical chemistry –Lec 2
2024-2025
OBJ
• Introduction to Acids and Bases
• - Bronsted-Lowry Acids
• - Bronsted-Lowry Bases
• - Acid and Base Strength
• - Dissociation of Water
INTRODUCTION TO
ACIDS AND BASES
ACID BASE
Arrhenius’s definitions
When dissolved in water dissociate giving When dissolved in water dissociate giving
hydrogen ions [H+] as positive ions. hydroxyl ions [OH–] as the only negative
ions.

Bronsted-Lowry
Is the species donating a proton in a proton- Is the species accepting the proton-
.(Conjugate base) (Conjugate acid)
The hydrated proton, H3O+, is called the hydronium ion.
HCl hydrochloric acid H2SO4 sulfuric acid HBr hydrobromic acid HNO3 nitric acid

NH3 ammoni NaOH sodium hydroxide Mg(OH)2 magnesium hydroxide


KOH potassium hydroxide Ca(OH)2 calcium hydroxide
Identify the acid and base species in the following equation:
• HCl (g) + NH3 (g) → NH4Cl (s)
• NH3 (aq) + H2O (aq) ↔ NH4+ (aq) + OH- (aq)
• CO32-(aq) + H2O(l) ↔ HCO3-(aq) + OH-
• CH3COOH (aq)+ H2O ↔ H3O + (aq) + CH3COO-(aq)
• CN-+ H2O ↔ HCN+OH-
Which of the following species can be Br0nsted-Lowry acids:
(a) HF- (b) HSO3- (c) Cl2?

Which of the following molecules is the a Brønsted-Lowry Base is ?


CN-, H2O, OH-, NH3, HSO4-

Which of the following species can be Br0nsted-Lowry bases:


(a) LiOH- (b) CN- - (c) CH4?
Types of Acids .
 Mono protic acid: acid yields one  Diprotic acid: acid yields two H+ ion
hydrogen ion upon ionization in two separate step :
HCL (eq) → H+ (eq) + CL-(eq) H2SO4 (eq) → H+ (eq) + HSO4-
HNO3(eq) → H+(eq) + NO3-(eq) (eq)
CH3COOH (eq) ↔ CH3COO-(eq) + HSO4- (eq) ↔ H+ (eq) + SO42- (eq)
H+(eq)
 Triprotic acid: acid yields three H+ ion in three separate step :
H3PO4(eq) ↔ H+ (eq) + H2PO-4(eq)
H2PO-4(eq) ↔ H+ (eq) + HPO2-4(eq)
HPO2-4(eq) ↔ H+ (eq) + PO3-4(eq)
ACID AND BASE STRENGTH
• A strong acid readily donates a proton.
• When a strong acid dissolves in water, essentially 100% of the acid dissociates into ions.
• A weak acid less readily donates a proton.
• When a weak acid dissolves in water, only a small fraction of the acid dissociates into
ions.
• Common strong acids include HI, HBr, HCl, H2SO4, and HNO3

A strong acid readily donates a proton, forming a weak conjugate base.


ACID AND BASE STRENGTH
• A strong base readily accepts a proton.
When a strong base dissolves in water, essentially 100% of the base dissociates into ions.
• A weak base less readily accepts a proton.
When a weak base dissolves in water, only a small fraction of the base forms ions.

A strong base readily accepts a proton, forming a weak conjugate acid.


DISSOCIATION OF WATER

One molecule of H2O donates a proton (H+), forming its conjugate base OH-.
One molecule of H2O accepts a proton, forming its conjugate acid H3O+.
Kw the ion-product constant for water.

Kw= [H+] x [H3O+] = 1014


Type of solution
[H3O+] = [OH–] = 10–7 Neutral solution
[H3O+] >10–7
Acidic
[OH–] <10–7
[H3O+] <10–7
Alkaline or Basic
[OH–] >10–7
[H3O+] =[H+] increases [OH-] decreases
Calculate the value of [ OH-] from the given [H3O+] = 2.8X10-10 M

Calculate the value of [H3O+] from the given [ OH-] = 1.5X10-8 M

Calculate the value of [H3O+] ,[ OH-] in each solution:


(a) 0.001 M NaOH. (b) 0.001 M H2SO4
THE pH SCALE
pH & pOH of solution
pH is defined as equal to the logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration with a
negative sign.

pH = –log [H3O+] pOH = –log [OH–] pKw = –log Kw


pH = 7 Neutral solution
pH< 7 Acidic
pH >7 Basic.
The lower the pH, the higher the concentration of H3O+.
[H3O+] = [H+] increases pH decreases
pKw = pH + pOH
pH = pKw – pOH or pH = 14 – pOH
• The pH of rainwater collected in a certain region of the northeastern United States
on a particular day was 4.82. What is the H+ ion concentration of the rainwater?
• The OH- ion concentration of a blood sample is 2.5 x 10-7 M. What is the pH of the
blood?
• What is the pH of a 2 x 10-3 M HNO3 solution?
• What is the pH of a 1.8 x 10-2 M Ba(OH)2 solution?
THE ACIDITY AND BASICITY OF SALT SOLUTIONS

A salt can form an acidic, basic, or neutral solution depending on whether its
cation and anion are derived from a strong or weak acid and base.
THE ACIDITY AND BASICITY OF SALT SOLUTIONS

A salt derived from a strong base and a strong acid forms a neutral solution (pH = 7)

A salt derived from a strong base and a weak acid forms a basic solution (pH > 7).

A salt derived from a weak base and a strong acid forms an acidic solution (pH < 7).
CALCULATING THE pH OF A BUFFER
A buffer solution
Is a solution of a weak acid or a weak base and its salt.
The pH of a buffer can be calculated from the Ka of the weak acid (HA), and the
concentrations of the weak acid [HA] and conjugate base [A-]

Calculate the pH of a dihydrogen phosphate/hydrogen phosphate buffer


0.10 M NaH2PO4 and 0.10 M Na2HPO4
References

General, Organic and Biological chemistry ,


JaniceGorzynski Smith- University of Hawai’i at Ma- noa
CHAPTER 9 page 258-259-260-261-266-276=283-290

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