HW_AS_6.

1 Structure of nucleic acids and replication of

DNA_20选择4结构_1.5h

NO. 1
A diagram can be used to show some relationships between different nucleic acid bases.

C
Which row is correct for the words that can be placed at positions 1–5?

1 2 3 4 5
A adenine purine cytosine pairs with guanine
B cytosine purine guanine pairs with uracil
C guanine pairs with cytosine pyrimidine thymine
D thymine pairs with uracil pyrimidine adenine

NO. 2
Which diagram correctly represents temporary hydrogen bonding during transcription?

B
NO. 3
Which nitrogenous bases are pyrimidines?
A. adenine and thymine

C B.
C.
D.
cytosine and guanine
thymine and uracil
uracil and guanine
NO. 4
Different tissues in a plant were supplied with a radioactively labelled substance to identify
which tissues were actively synthesising mRNA.
Which radioactively labelled substances would be most suitable for this experiment?
1. adenine
2. ribose
3. inorganic phosphate
4. uracil
A. 1, 2, 3 and 4
B. 1, 2 and 3 only
C. 2 and 4 only
C D. 4 only

NO. 5
What is the common component of the three molecules RNA, DNA, and ATP?
A. adenosine
B. hydrogen bonds
C. phosphate
D. ribose

NO. 6
How many hydrogen bonds are holding the two strands of this section of a DNA molecule
together?

A.
B.
16
32 223 233 2322323 222
C. 38
D. 48
NO. 7
AG 2
Which components could be found in nucleotides of rRNA?
T u
1. any one of two different nitrogenous bases with a double ring structure
2. any one of two different purine bases ˇ
B 3.
4.
A.
i x
any one of three different nitrogenous bases with a single ring structure
any one of three different pyrimidine bases
1, 2, 3 and 4
B. 1 and 2 only
C. 1 and 4 only
D. 3 and 4 only
NO. 8
Bacteria were grown in a medium containing 15N. After several generations, all of the DNA
contained 15N.
Some of these bacteria were transferred to a medium containing the common isotope of
nitrogen, 14N. The bacteria were allowed to divide once. The DNA of some of these
bacteria was extracted and analysed. This DNA was all hybrid DNA containing equal
amounts of 14N and 15N (14N / 15N).
In another experiment, some bacteria from the medium with 15N were transferred into a
medium of 14N. The bacteria were allowed to divide three times. The DNA of some of these
bacteria was extracted and analysed.
What is the composition of this DNA?
 NO. 9
Four nucleotides, A, B, C and D, each consist of three phosphate groups, a nitrogenous
base and a pentose sugar. Characteristics of the base and sugar components before they
are joined to form each nucleotide are shown in the table.
Which nucleotide could pair with an adenine base during DNA replication?

D ratio of carbon to

T
ring structure of
nitrogenous base
oxygen atoms in
pentose sugar
single
A double 1:1
B double 5:4
C single 1:1
D single 5:4
NO. 10
The diagram shows part of a DNA molecule.

Which label is correct? G

A.
X
adenine

AT
B. guanine
C. cytosine
D. thyminex
 NO. 11

D
Which statement relating to the structure of DNA is correct?

X
A. Two DNA strands are joined to each other by phosphodiester bonds.

X
B. The alignment of bases to form a double helix is only achieved between antiparallel
strands.

x
C. Three hydrogen bonds are formed between all base pairs containing purines.
D. The number of cytosine bases always equals the number of thymine bases.

NO. 12 AT 26 t26
A bacterial circular DNA molecule is 2 600 150 base pairs long. 26% of the bases are
adenine.
How many cytosine bases
CGwould be in the DNA molecule?
A. 624 036
B. 676 039
C. 1 248 072
D. 1 352 078

NO. 13
A short piece of DNA, 18 base pairs long, was analysed to find the number of nucleotide
bases in each of the polynucleotide strands.
Some of the results are shown in the table.

number of nucleotide bases

adenine cytosine guanine thymine
strand 1 4 7
strand 2
4
5
5 4
B
How many nucleotides containing thymine were present in strand 2?
A. 2
B. 4
C. 5
D. 7
 NO. 14
Which statements concerning DNA and RNA are correct?
ˇ
ˇ
and uracil are bases with a single ring structure. ˇ
1. Adenine and guanine are bases that have a double ring structure; cytosine, thymine

2. An adenine nucleotide from DNA is the same as an adenine nucleotide from RNA;
DNA adenine pairs with thymine and RNA adenine pairs with uracil.
C 3. The base pairing that occurs in a double DNA helix and when RNA is synthesised
during transcription is always according to the rule that a purine pairs with a
pyrimidine.
4. The two polynucleotides on a DNA molecule run in opposite directions so that the
double helix formed has two strands that are parallel to each other.
A. 1, 2 and 3
B. 1, 2 and 4
C. 1, 3 and 4
D. 2, 3 and 4

NO. 15
Which row is correct for the replication of a DNA molecule?

enzyme that adds

direction of DNA

A
complementary nucleotides to
synthesis
lagging strand
A 3′ to 5′ DNA polymerase
B 3′ to 5′ DNA ligase
C 5′ to 3′ DNA polymerase
D 5′ to 3′ DNA ligase
NO. 16
DNA replication involves several stages.
1. Each strand of DNA double helix acts as a template for the opposite strand.
2. The enzyme DNA polymerase links bases together.
ˇˇ
3. Hydrogen bonds between bases A and T and between C and G are broken.
Which statements about DNA replication are correct?
A. 1, 2 and 3
B. 1 and 2 only

A
C. 1 and 3 only
D. 3 only

NO. 17
Scientists have made a nucleic acid, HNA, that has a sugar with the same number of
carbon atoms as glucose instead of deoxyribose. Although genetic information can be
stored by HNA, naturally occurring DNA polymerase cannot replicate HNA.
Which statements could explain why naturally occurring DNA polymerase cannot replicate
HNA?
1. DNA polymerase cannot form bonds between the sugars of two HNA nucleotides.
2. DNA polymerase cannot form hydrogen bonds between two HNA nucleotides.
3. HNA nucleotides do not fit into the active site of DNA polymerase.
4. The shape of an HNA nucleotide is slightly larger than that of a DNA nucleotide.
A. 1, 2, 3 and 4
B. 1 and 4 only
C. 2 and 3 only
D. 3 and 4 only
NO. 18
Bacterial cells with DNA containing only the ‘heavy’ isotope of nitrogen (15N) are allowed to
reproduce for three generations in a culture medium containing the normal isotope of
nitrogen (14N).
Which percentage of the DNA molecules produced contain strands with the heavy isotope
of nitrogen?

first generation second generation third generation

% % %
A 50 25 12.5
B 75 50 25
C 100 50 25
D 100 75 50
NO. 19
The bacterium Escherichia coli divides once every 50 minutes at 36 °C.
E. coli were grown on a medium containing only heavy nitrogen, 15N, until all of the
bacterial DNA contained heavy nitrogen.
Some of the bacteria were moved from a heavy nitrogen medium and cultured in a
medium with only light nitrogen, 14N (0 minutes).
These bacteria continued to reproduce and samples were extracted and centrifuged at
regular intervals.
Hybrid DNA contains both heavy and light nitrogen.
The diagram shows the possible positions (upper, middle and lower) of the bands of DNA.
The actual positions of bands in the first two samples are shown.

Which proportion of the DNA of the sample taken at 150 minutes will be at the upper
position?
A. 25%
B. 50%
C. 75%
D. 100%
NO. 20
How many statements about semi-conservative replication of DNA in a eukaryotic cell are
correct?
1. The process takes place in the cytoplasm.
2. An adenine nucleotide will line up against uracil on the template strand.
3. Each daughter molecule will contain half of the original DNA molecule.
4. If the DNA molecule contained 40% guanine nucleotides, each daughter molecule will
contain 20% guanine nucleotides.
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4

NO. 21
a. Fig. 1.1 is a photomicrograph of a region of eukaryotic tissue. Some of the cells are in
stages of mitosis.

i. Identify which stage of mitosis is shown in cell E and in cell F in Fig. 1.1.

metaphase
E ..............................................
F ..............................................
anaphase [2]

ii. Microtubules are present within the cells that are in stages of mitosis, but these
are not visible in Fig. 1.1.
State the function of microtubules in mitosis.
 linked to the centromere
of dnromosomes and
...........................................................................................................................................
them into chromatids
...........................................................................................................................................
separate
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[1]

iii. State, with a reason, whether Fig. 1.1 shows a region of animal or plant tissue.

plant tissue cell walls are shown on

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the graph
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[1]

b. Semi‑conservative replication of DNA occurs during interphase, before mitosis begins.

Write the correct term in the spaces provided to complete each of statements A to D.

A The DNA double helix unwinds and is separated into two template strands when
....................................................................... bonds holding the two strands together
hydrogen
are broken.
B One of the template strands of DNA is copied in fragments. The enzyme
.......................................................................
DNA polymerase is required to join the fragments together
to form a continuous strand of DNA.
C Complementary DNA nucleotides are added to the template strands, catalysed by
DNA ligase
the enzyme ....................................................................... .
D ....................................................................... are regions of repeating nucleotide
telomeres
sequences at the ends of chromosomes that allow the continued replication of DNA,
without the loss of genes.
[4]
[Total: 8]

NO. 22
Carbohydrates, proteins and nucleic acids are types of biological molecule. Within each
type, there are examples of molecules that can be described as polymers.
a. A polymer is a large molecule composed of smaller repeating molecules known as
monomers.

Complete Table 4.1 to produce a summary of some named biological polymers.

Table 4.1
 type of bond between
polymer constituent monomer
monomers
amylose glucose
cellulose gl glucose
collagen peptide
DNA DNA nucleotide
glycogen glycosidic

[4]

b. Explain why an amylose molecule and a cellulose molecule have very different
structures, even though they both have glucose as the constituent monomer.

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[2]

c. Polymerisation of DNA nucleotides occurs during the semi-conservative replication of

a molecule of DNA during interphase.

Describe the semi-conservative replication of DNA.

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[5]
[Total: 11]
NO. 23
Plant and animal cells carry out mitosis to form two genetically identical cells from one
original cell.
a. State other reasons why mitosis is important in both plants and animals.

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[2]

b. Plant cells require microtubules to form structures that are needed for mitosis.
Name one of these structures.

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[1]

c. During the mitotic cell cycle, free nucleotides are used for the synthesis of both types
of nucleic acid: RNA and DNA.
Complete sentences A, B, C and D to provide information about nucleotides and the
synthesis of nucleic acids.
Write the correct term in the spaces provided in each sentence.

A Each nucleotide has three main components: a ...................................................

group, a ................................................... (5 carbon) sugar and a nitrogenous organic
base.
B The nitrogenous organic base of a nucleotide is either a purine or a
................................................... .
C In a DNA nucleotide, the sugar is deoxyribose and in an RNA nucleotide the sugar
is ................................................... .
D The synthesis of RNA from a template strand of DNA is known as
................................................... .
[5]

d. A virus named Pandoravirus salinus was discovered in 2013 by French scientists.

The virus was so large that the scientists initially thought that P. salinus was a
bacterium.
P. salinus was confirmed to be a virus after further research.
i. List three key features of viruses.

1
........................................................................................................................................
2
........................................................................................................................................
3
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 [3]

ii. The dimensions of viruses are usually stated in nanometres (nm).

As P. salinus is so big, it has been described as 1µm long and 0.5µm wide.
Convert the width of P. salinus to nanometres.

width = ....................................................nm [1]

[Total: 12]

NO. 24
a. Outline the role of DNA polymerase in the replication of DNA.

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[3]

b. Floxuridine is a drug used to treat cancer. Floxuridine inhibits DNA replication.

Suggest why the inhibition of DNA replication is an effective treatment for cancer.

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..................................................................................................................................... [1]

c. Fig. 6.1 is a scanning electron micrograph of a lung cancer cell in a stage of the cell
cycle.
i. Name the stage of the cell cycle occurring in Fig. 6.1.

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[1]

ii. Explain why smoking tobacco increases the risk of developing lung cancer.

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[3]
[Total: 8]