UG syllabus for ZOOLOGY (Major)

(SEMESTER I-IV)
(Based on NEP-2020)
Year Semester Course Code Title of the Course Credits Full
Marks
ZOODSC-100-T Diversity of Non-Chordates (Theory) 03 30
SEM-I
ZOODSC-100-P Diversity of Non-Chordates (Practical) 01 20
ZOODSC-200-T Diversity of Chordates & Comparative
I 03 30
anatomy of Vertebrates (Theory)
SEM-II
ZOODSC-200-P Diversity of Chordates & Comparative
01 20
anatomy of Vertebrates (Practical)
ZOODSC-301-T Ecology & Conservation Biology (Theory) 03 30
ZOODSC-301-P Ecology & Conservation Biology
01 20
SEM-III (Practical)
ZOODSC-302-T Cell Biology (Theory) 03 30
ZOODSC-302-P Cell Biology (Practical) 01 20
II ZOODSC-401-T Genetics (Theory) 03 30
ZOODSC-401-P Genetics (Practical) 01 20

ZOODSC-402-T Histology & Endocrinology (Theory) 03 30

SEM-IV
ZOODSC-402-P Histology & Endocrinology (Practical) 01 20

ZOODSC-403-T Animal Physiology (Theory) 03 30

ZOODSC-403-P Animal Physiology (Practical) 01 20

Scheme for Evaluation
For End Semester (Theory) Examination related to Major Courses: The Question pattern
with marks allotment for each End Semester (Theory) Examination of Full Marks: 30 and Time:
2 hours is tabulated below:
Question Mark(s) per No. of Questions to be No. of Marks
No. Question attempted Options to be
provided
1 1 6 8 1x6=6
2 3 3 5 3x3=9
3 5 3 5 5x3=15
Total Marks 30

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 ZOOLOGY MAJOR

SEMESTER-I
Course Code: ZOODSC-100
Title of the Course: Diversity of Non-Chordates
Credit = 4
Theory: 30 marks, Practical: 20 marks, Internal Assessment: 25 marks

a) Objective of the Course:

The objective of this course is to provide students with a foundational understanding of the
classification, characteristics, and biological processes of non-chordate animals. Students will
explore the diversity of life forms from protozoa to hemichordates, studying their structure,
function, ecological roles, and evolutionary significance. Additionally, the course aims to
enhance understanding of parasitism and adaptations in selected invertebrates, as well as the
importance of biodiversity conservation.

b) Learning Outcomes of the Course and Its Future Relevance:

Students will be able to:

• Understand and explain the general characteristics and classification of chordates,
contributing to a deeper knowledge of animal evolution and diversity.
• Classify and describe the unique features of protochordates, agnathas, fishes, amphibians,
reptiles, birds, and mammals, enhancing their ability to identify different vertebrate
species.
• Analyze important physiological processes such as retrogressive metamorphosis in
Ascidia, respiration in amphibians, and echolocation in bats, gaining insights into
adaptations and survival strategies in various environments.
• Understand the evolutionary transitions in chordates, from water-based life to terrestrial
adaptations in amphibians, reptiles, and mammals, providing a foundation for studying
evolutionary biology.
• Gain practical knowledge of structural features like scales, poison apparatus in snakes,
and the exoskeleton of birds, which will help in fields such as wildlife conservation and
zoology research.
• Recognize the ecological roles of chordates, including their migrations, feeding habits,
and parental care behaviors, providing insights into biodiversity conservation efforts.
• This course will also prepare students for advanced studies and careers in zoology,
veterinary science, evolutionary biology, and wildlife conservation, enabling them to
apply their knowledge in various biological and ecological fields.

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 ZOODSC-100-T (30 marks)
Diversity of Non-Chordates
Module 1: Protista to Ctenophora
Protista and Metazoa
Six kingdom concept of classification (Carl Woese). General characteristics and classification
Unit-1
of Protozoa up to phylum; Locomotion in Euglena, Paramoecium and Amoeba; Ultrastructure
of flagella & cilia; Reproduction in Paramoecium; Origin of Metazoan.
Porifera
Unit-2 General characteristics and classification up to classes; Type study of Sycon; Canal system, cell
types and spicules in sponges.
Cnidaria
General characteristics and classification up to classes; General morphology and metagenesis
Unit-3
in Obelia and Aurelia; Polymorphism in Cnidaria; Corals and coral reef diversity, function &
conservation.
Ctenophora
Unit-4
General characteristics and evolutionary significance; Type study of Hormiphora.

Module 2: Platyhelminthes to Aschelminthes

Platyhelminthes
General characteristics and classification up to classes; Reproductive system, life cycle,
Unit-5
pathogenicity, parasitic adaptations and control measures of Fasciola hepatica and Taenia
solium.
Nemathelminthes
General characteristics and classification up to classes; Reproductive system, life cycle,
Unit-6
pathogenicity, parasitic adaptations and control measures of Ascaris lumbricoides and
Wuchereria bancrofti.
Module 3: Annelida to Hemichordata
Annelida
Unit-7 General characteristics and classification up to classes; Evolution of coelom and metamerism;
Type study of Pheretima sp. (morphology, locomotion, circulation and reproduction),

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 Excretion in Annelida.
Arthropoda

General characteristics and classification up to classes; Type study of Palaemon sp. (external
Unit-8
structure, circulatory system, excretory system, respiratory system, sense organ); General
organization and evolutionary significance of Limulus sp.
Onychophora
Unit-9
General characteristics and evolutionary significance.

Mollusca
Unit-10 General characteristics and classification up to classes; Nervous system and torsion in
Gastropoda; Feeding and respiration in Pila sp.
Echinodermata
Unit-11 General characteristics and classification up to classes; Water-vascular system in Asteroidea;
Larval forms in Echinodermata; Affinities with Chordates.
Hemichordata
Unit-12 General characteristics of phylum Hemichordata; Feeding in Balanoglossus, Tornaria larva,
Relationship with non-chordates and chordates.
Module 4: ZOODSC-100-P (Full marks = 20)
Group A: Laboratory experimentation (= 15 marks)

1. Identification:
a. Protozoa- Amoeba, Euglena, Entamoeba, Opalina, Paramecium, Plasmodium

b. Porifera and Cnidaria- Sycon, Neptune’s Cup, Obelia, Physalia, Millepora, Aurelia, Tubipora,
Corallium, Alcyonium, Gorgonia, Metridium, Pennatula, Fungia, Meandrina, Madrepora, Porpita, Vellela.

c. Platyhelminthes and Aschelminthes- Adult Fasciola hepatica, Taenia solium and Ascaris lumbricoides.
d. Annelida - Aphrodite, Nereis, Heteronereis, Sabella, Serpula, Chaetopterus, Pheretima, Hirudinaria

e. Arthropoda - Limulus, Palamnaeus, Palaemon, Daphnia, Balanus, Lepas, Sacculina, Carcinus,

Eupagurus, Buthus, Scolopendra, Julus, Bombyx, Periplaneta, termites and honey bees.

f. Onychophora- Peripatus

g. Mollusca - Chiton, Dentalium, Pila, Doris, Helix, Unio, Mytilus, Ostrea, Pinctada, Sepia, Octopus,
Nautilus, and Loligo.

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 h. Echinodermata - Asterias, Ophiura, Clypeaster, Echinus, Cucumaria, and Antedon.

2. Submission of field report on visit of any area of Zoological importance.

Group: B: Laboratory note book and Viva voce (2+3=5 marks)
Periodically updated laboratory note-book to be submitted and Viva-voce mostly covering the practical
syllabus.
ZOODSC-100: Internal Assessment (Full marks = 25*)
(*To be done by the Concerned College)

Suggested Readings
Diversity of Non-Chordates [ZOODSC-100]
1. Ruppert and Barnes, R.D. Invertebrate Zoology, VII Edition. Thompson Brooks Cole.
2. Barnes, R.S.K., Callow, P., Olive, P. J. W., Golding, D.W. and Spicer, J.I. The Invertebrates: A New
Synthesis, III Edition, Blackwell Science.
3. Brusca & Brusca. Invertebrates. Sinauer Associates Inc., U.S.
4. Pechenik, J. A. Biology of the Invertebrates. VII Edition, McGraw-Hill Education
5. Kotpal, R.L. Modern Textbook of Zoology: Invertebrates. Rastogi Publications.
6. Jordan, E.L. & Verma, P.S. Invertebrate Zoology. S. Chand & Company Ltd. New Delhi.
7. Sinha, K.S., Adhikari, S., & Ganguly, B.B. Biology of Animals. Vol-I. New Central Book Agency.
Kolkata.
8. Barrington, E.J.W. Invertebrate Structure and Functions. II Edition.
9. Chattopadhyay, D. Elementary Non-Chordate Zoology, Book Syndicate (P) Ltd.
10. Islam, A. Essentials of Non-Chordates and Chordates, Books and Allied (P) Ltd.
11. Agarwal, V.K. Zoology for Degree students (Semester-I & II), S Chand and Company Ltd.

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 SEMESTER-II
Course Code: ZOODSC-200
Title of the Course: Diversity of Chordates & Comparative Anatomy of
Vertebrates
Credit = 4
Theory: 30 marks, Practical: 20 marks, Internal Assessment: 25 marks

a) Objective of the Course:

The objective of this course is to provide students with a comprehensive understanding of the
biology, classification, and evolutionary relationships of chordates. The course covers the major
groups within the phylum Chordata, highlighting their unique characteristics, life processes, and
adaptive mechanisms. Students will also explore the functional anatomy, ecological roles, and
evolutionary significance of various chordate groups, from protochordates to mammals.

Moreover, this course also aims to provide students with a comprehensive understanding
of the structural and functional diversity among vertebrates, emphasizing evolutionary
adaptations across different classes. Through the comparative study of key organ systems,
students will explore the similarities and differences that define amphibians, birds, mammals,
and other vertebrates. This knowledge is fundamental in understanding the evolutionary
relationships and adaptations that have allowed various vertebrates to thrive in their respective
environments.

b) Learning Outcomes of the Course:

Students will be able to:
• Identify and explain the general characteristics and classification of the phylum Chordata
and its subgroups.
• Understand the biology of protochordates, including their classification, life processes,
and the significance of retrogressive metamorphosis in Ascidia and feeding mechanisms
in Branchiostoma.
• Classify and describe the characteristics of agnatha (jawless) chordates, including
Cyclostomes.
• Analyze the structural and functional adaptations in fishes, including scales, respiratory
organs, and swim bladders, along with understanding fish migration.
• Explain the classification, parental care, respiration, and metamorphosis in amphibians,
emphasizing their adaptation to dual life forms (aquatic and terrestrial).
• Describe the classification of reptiles, focusing on their poison apparatus and biting
mechanisms in snakes.
• Understand the classification of birds, their exoskeleton structures, and migratory
behaviors, emphasizing their adaptation to flight and diverse habitats.
• Explain the structure, functions, and evolutionary adaptations of the integument in
amphibians, birds, and mammals, including their specialized derivatives (e.g., scales,
feathers, hair).
• Understand the mechanisms of jaw suspension and visceral arches, and explain how these
skeletal features differ across vertebrate groups.

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 • Compare the anatomy of the stomach in various vertebrates, with a focus on evolutionary
specializations in different feeding habits, and describe the diversity of dentition in
mammals.
• Analyze the structure and function of respiratory organs across fishes, amphibians, birds,
and mammals, explaining how these systems have evolved.
• Provide a comparative account of the structure of the heart and aortic arches across
vertebrates, illustrating evolutionary modifications to meet the demands of different
physiological environments.
• Compare the anatomical and functional adaptations of kidneys in different vertebrate
groups.
• Discuss the comparative anatomy of the brain across vertebrates, with particular attention
to the origin, distribution, and nature of cranial nerves in mammals, explaining their
functional significance in different species.
Upon completing this course, students will gain insights into key physiological
adaptations, such as fish respiration, amphibian metamorphosis, snake venom
mechanisms, and bird migration. This knowledge will be invaluable for students pursuing
careers in zoology, wildlife conservation, evolutionary biology, and veterinary sciences.
Understanding chordate diversity, comparative anatomy and evolutionary traits will also
provide a solid base for advanced studies in anatomy, physiology, and ecology, preparing
students for research and academic roles in the biological sciences.

ZOODSC-200-T (Full marks = 30)

Diversity of Chordates & Comparative Anatomy of Vertebrates
Module 1: Protochordata to Agnatha
Protochordata
General characteristics and outline classification of Phylum Chordata; General
Unit-1
characteristics and classification of sub-phylum Urochordata and Cephalochordata up to
Classes; Retrogressive metamorphosis in Ascidia; Feeding in Branchiostoma.
Agnatha
Unit-2 General characteristics and classification of Cyclostomata up to Order; Ammoecoete
larva and its metamorphosis.
Module 2: Gnathostomata
Pisces

General characteristics and classification of Chondrichthyes and Osteichthyes up to

Unit-3
Subclasses; Accessory respiratory organs in fishes; Dipnoi-distribution, characteristic
features; Swim bladder and scales in fishes; fish migration.
Unit-4 Amphibia

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 General characteristics and classification up to living Orders; Metamorphosis in toad;
neoteny and paedogenesis.
Reptilia

General characteristics and classification up to living Orders; Poison apparatus and

Unit-5
biting mechanism in snake, snake venom and method of treatment of snake biting;
Sphenodon- anatomical peculiarities and evolutionary significance.
Aves
Unit-6 General characteristics and classification up to Sub-Classes; Exoskeleton and migration
in birds; Principles and aerodynamics of flight; Archaeopteryx-a connecting link.
Mammals

General characters and classification up to living Infra classes; Affinities of Prototheria;

Unit-7
Adaptive radiation in mammals with reference to locomotory appendages; Echolocation
in Chiropterans and Cetaceans.
Module 3: Comparative Anatomy of Vertebrates
Integumentary System
Unit-1
Structure, function and derivatives of integument in amphibian, birds and mammals.

Skeletal System
Unit-2
Jaw suspension; Visceral arches.

Digestive System
Unit-3
Comparative anatomy of stomach; Dentition in mammals.

Respiratory System
Unit-4
Respiratory organs in fishes, amphibians, birds and mammals.

Circulatory System
Unit-5
Comparative account of heart and aortic arches.

Urinogenital System
Unit-6
Comparative anatomy of kidney.

Nervous System
Unit-7 Comparative account of brain; Cranial nerves in mammals (Origin, distribution, and
nature)

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 Module 4: ZOODSC-200-P (Full marks = 20)
Group A: Laboratory experimentation (= 15 marks)

1. Identification:
a. Protochordata: Balanoglossus, Herdmania, Branchiostoma, Doliolum.
b. Agnatha: Petromyzon, Myxine.
c. Fishes: Scoliodon, Sphyrna, Pristis, Torpedo, Chimaera, Mystus, Heteropneustes, Clarias, Catla, Labeo,
Cirrhinus, Puntius, Exocoetus, Echeneis, Anguilla, Hippocampus, Tetrodon/Diodon, Anabas, Flat fish,
Channa, Notopterus.
d. Amphibia: Necturus, Bufo, Rana, Hyla, Axolotl, Tylototriton, Ambystoma.
e. Reptilia: Chelone, Trionyx, Hemidactylus, Varanus, Uromastix, Chamaeleon, Ophiosaurus, Draco,
Bungarus, Vipera, Naja, Hydrophis, Crocodylus; Key for identification of poisonous and non-poisonous
snakes.
f. Mammalia: Bat (insectivorous and frugivorous), Rat, Funambulus.
2. Dissection of brain and pituitary of carp, Urino-genital system of Tilapia/Labeo and Pecten from fowl head
(demonstration only).
3. Preparation and study of placoid, cycloid and ctenoid scales through permanent slides/photographs.
4. Study of disarticulated skeleton of toad, pigeon and guineapig.
5. Identification of skulls: Rana, Bufo, Chelone, Calotes, Columba, Cavia and Canis.
Group: B: Laboratory note book and Viva voce (2+3=5 marks)

Periodically updated laboratory note-book to be submitted and Viva-voce mostly covering the practical
syllabus.
ZOODSC-200: Internal Assessment (Full marks = 25*)
(*To be done by the Concerned College)

Suggested Readings
Diversity of Chordates [ZOODSC-200]
1. Pough et al., Vertebrate Life. Pearson.
2. Young, J.Z. The Life of Vertebrates. III Edition. Oxford University Press.
3. Linzey, D. Vertebrate Biology. JHU Press.
4. Arora, M.P. Chordata I. Himalaya Pub House.
5. Chatterjee, A & Chakraborty C.S. Text Book of Zoology, Nirmala Library, Kolkata.
6. Jordan, E.L. & Verma, P.S. Chordate Zoology. S. Chand & Company Ltd. New Delhi.
7. Chaki, K.K. Kundu, G. & Sarkar, S. Introduction to General Zoology. Vol. 2. New Central Book Agency
(P) Ltd. Kolkata.

9
8. Kotpal, R.L. Modern Textbook of Zoology: Vertebrates. Rastogi Publications.
9. Agarwal, VK. Zoology for Degree students (Semester-III), S. Chand and Company Ltd.
10. Romer, A.S. & Parsons,T.S. The vertebrate body. Saunders College Pub.
11. Saxena, R.A. & Saxena, S. Comparative Anatomy Vertebrates. Viva Publication.
12. Sinha, K.S., Adhikari, S., & Ganguly, B.B. Biology of Animals. Vol. I, II. New Central Book Agency.
Kolkata.
13. Chattopadhyay, D. Elementary Non-chordate Zoology, Book Syndicate (P) Ltd.
Comparative Anatomy of Vertebrates [ZOODSC-200]
1. Kent, G. C. and Carr, R. K. Comparative anatomy of vertebrates (9Ed), Mc Graw Hill.
2. Kardong, K. V. Vertebrates: Comparative anatomy, function evolution. Tata McGraw Hill.
3. Saxena, R. K. and Saxena, S. Comparative Anatomy of Vertebrates (2nd edition).
4. Withers, P.C. et al. Comparative Animal Physiology (1st edition) Brooks Cole.
5. V K Agarwal. Zoology for Degree students (Semester-II), Comparative Anatomy and Development
Biology of Vertebrates; S. Chand and Company Ltd.
6. Monorama Patri. Comparative anatomy of vertebrates, Kalyani Publishers
7. Sinha, K. S., Adhikari, S., Ganguly, B. B. & Bharati Goswami, B. D. Biology of Animals. Vol. II. New
Central Book Agency (p) Ltd.
8. Weichert, C. K. & Presch, W. Elements of Chordate Anatomy. Tata-McGraw Hill Pub. Comp.

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 SEMESTER-III
Course Code: ZOODSC-301
Title of the Course: Ecology and Conservation Biology
Credit = 4
Theory: 30 marks, Practical: 20 marks, Internal Assessment: 25 marks

a) Objective of the Course:

The primary objective of this course is to equip students with a rigorous and in-depth
understanding of the core principles and theoretical frameworks of ecology. It seeks to trace the
historical development and evolution of ecological science, elucidating key concepts such as
population dynamics, community structure, ecosystem functionality, and the intricate
relationships that govern biodiversity and conservation. By engaging with ecological processes,
species interactions, and regulatory mechanisms, students will gain a scientific foundation for
analyzing ecosystem complexity and will be able to apply this knowledge to the sustainable
management and conservation of natural resources.

b) Learning Outcomes of the Course:

Students will be able to:

• Comprehend the evolution of ecological science, understand the levels of ecological
organization, and recognize the significance of limiting factors such as temperature and
light in ecological systems.
• Understand the population dynamics by evaluating population attributes, interpreting
survivorship curve and population growth models, and analyzing population interactions.
• Analyze the characteristics of ecological communities, including species diversity,
dominance, richness, and vertical stratification. Moreover, understand the significance of
ecotones, edge effects, and ecological succession, particularly Hydrarch succession.
• Differentiate between various types of ecosystems and understand the role of food chains
(detritus, grazing) and food webs in energy flow. Interpret ecological pyramids,
efficiencies, and nutrient cycling, including the nitrogen cycle, within ecosystems.
• Identify different levels and types of biodiversity, and understand the importance of
biodiversity hotspots, keystone, and flagship species.
• Gain familiarity with conservation strategies, including in-situ and ex-situ conservation,
protected areas, and wildlife laws (Indian Wildlife Act 1972).
• Recognize the importance of wildlife conservation, the causes of species depletion, and
strategies to conserve key species like tigers, lions, and rhinos.
• Understand the causes and consequences of human-wildlife conflicts and their
implications for conservation.

11
 ZOODSC-301-T (Full marks = 30)
Ecology and Conservation Biology
Module 1: Basics of Ecology and Community Biology
Introduction to Ecology
Unit-1 History of ecology, autecology and synecology, levels of organization, laws of limiting
factors, limiting factors: temperature and light.
Population
(i) Population density, natality and mortality, (ii) Unique and group attributes of
population: demographic factors, life tables, fecundity tables, survivorship curves,
Unit-2 dispersal and dispersion, (iii) Geometric, exponential and logistic growth, equation and
patterns, r and k strategies, population regulation - density-dependent and independent
factors, (iv) Population interactions, Gause’s principle with laboratory experiment,
Lotka-Volterra equation for competition, intra- and inter-specific interaction.
Community

(i) Community characteristics: Species diversity, abundance, dominance, richness,

Unit-3
diversity indices (ii) Vertical stratification, ecotone and edge effect, ecological
succession (Hydrarch succession).
Module 2: Structural and functional aspects of Ecosystem
Structure of Ecosystem
(i) Types of ecosystem with examples, food chain: detritus and grazing food chains,
Unit-4
linear and Y-shaped energy flow model, food web, ecological pyramids and ecological
efficiencies (ii) Nutrient and biogeochemical cycles with an example of nitrogen cycle.
Module 3: Conservation Biology
Biodiversity & Conservation

(i) Types and level of biodiversity, Mega-biodiversity countries, Biodiversity Hotspots,

Flagship species, Keystone species, Wild life conservation (in-situ and ex-situ
Unit-5 conservation), Concept of protected areas, Red Data Book, IUCN categories, Indian
Wildlife Act-1972 and schedule concept (ii) Importance and values of wild life, causes
of depletion of wild life, and related conservation strategies of Tiger, Lion and Rhino
(iii) Causes and consequences of human-wildlife conflicts.

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 Module 4: ZOODSC-301-P (Full marks = 20)
Group A: Laboratory experimentation (= 15 marks)

1. Study of life tables and plotting of survivorship curves of different types from the hypothetical/real data
provided.
2. Determination of population density in a natural/hypothetical community by quadrat method and
calculation of Shannon-Weiner diversity index for the same community.
3. Study of an aquatic ecosystem: Estimation of population density of zooplanktons, measurement of area,
temperature, turbidity/penetration of light, determination of pH, and dissolved oxygen content (Winkler’s
method), free CO2 and alkalinity.
4. Identification of zooplanktons (Permanent slide/ Photographs).
5. Report on a visit to National park/Biodiversity park/Wild life sanctuary/Biodiversity study of any place of
ecological interest.
Group: B: Laboratory note book and Viva voce (2+3=5 marks)

Periodically updated laboratory note-book to be submitted and Viva-voce mostly covering the practical
syllabus.
ZOODSC-301: Internal Assessment (Full marks = 25*)
(*To be done by the Concerned College)

Suggested Readings
Ecology and Conservation Biology [ZOODSC-301]
1. Sharma, P.D. Ecology and Environment. Rastogi Publication. Meerut.
2. Ricklefs, R. Ecology: The Economy of Nature. W.H.Freeman & Co Ltd.
3. Odum, E. Fundamentals of Ecology. Cengage India Private Limited.
4. Molles, M and Sher, A. Ecology: Concepts and Applications. McGraw Hill.
5. Smith, T and Smith, R. Elements of Ecology. Pearson.
6. Bowman, W and Hacker, S. Ecology. Oxford University Press.
7. Krebs, CJ. Ecology: The experimental analysis of distribution and abundance. Pearson Education India.
8. Caughley, G., and Sinclair, A.R.E. Wildlife Ecology and Management. Blackwell Science.
9. Woodroffe, R., Thirgood, S. and Rabinowitz, A. People and Wildlife, Conflict or Co-existence?
Cambridge University.
10. Bookhout, T.A. Research and Management Techniques for Wildlife and Habitats (5th Ed) The Wildlife
Society, Allen Press.
11. Sutherland, W.J. The Conservation Handbook: Research, Management and Policy. Blackwell Sciences.
12. Hunter M.L., Gibbs, J.B. and Sterling, E.J. Problem solving in Conservation Biology and Wildlife
Management: Exercises for Class, Field, and Laboratory. Blackwell Publishing

13
13. Mathur, R. Wildlife conservation and management, 1st Ed, Rastogi Pub.
14. Saha, G.K. and Mazumdar, S. Wildlife Biology: An Indian Perspective, PHI Learning.
15. Paul R. Krausman & James W. Cain. Wildlife Management and Conservation – Contemporary Principles
and Practices, Johns Hopkins University Press.
16. Fryxell, J.M., Sinclair, A.R.E and Caughley, G. Wildlife Ecology, Conservation, and Management, 3rd
Edition, Wiley-Blackwell

SEMESTER-III
Course Code: ZOODSC-302
Title of the Course: Cell Biology
Credit = 4
Theory: 30 marks, Practical: 20 marks, Internal Assessment: 25 marks

a) Objective of the Course:

The objective of this course is to provide a comprehensive understanding of cell biology,
focusing on the fundamental differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, the structural
and functional components of cells, and cellular processes such as transport, signaling, and
division. The course aims to develop knowledge of the cellular organization, the plasma
membrane’s role in maintaining homeostasis, and the complex dynamics of organelles.
Additionally, it covers mechanisms of cell signaling and the importance of the cytoskeleton and
cell division in maintaining cellular functions.

b) Learning Outcomes of the Course:

Students will be able to:

• Accurately distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells based on structural and
functional characteristics, and describe the molecular biology of acellular entities like
viruses, viroids, and prions.
• Critically evaluate the ultra-structural organization of the plasma membrane, including
lipid bilayer composition and membrane protein functions. Compare and contrast
different models of membrane structure, such as the fluid mosaic model, and explain their
relevance.
• Explain the mechanisms of membrane transport, including facilitated diffusion, active
transport, and ion channels. Understand the molecular architecture and function of cell-
cell junctions, including tight junctions, gap junctions, and desmosomes.
• Examine the structure and function of key organelles, including the endoplasmic
reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and lysosomes, with a focus on their roles in protein
synthesis, sorting, and trafficking.
• Analyze the semi-autonomous nature of mitochondria and critically evaluate the
endosymbiotic hypothesis as a model for the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
• Elucidate the structure and function of the centrosome and ribosome, highlighting their
roles in cell division and protein synthesis, respectively.

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 • Describe the structural organization of the nucleus, including the nuclear envelope,
nuclear pore complexes, and nucleolus, and explain their functions in nuclear transport
and ribosome biogenesis. Basic idea about DNA and RNA molecule. Explain the
molecular mechanisms of chromatin condensation and packaging into nucleosomes.
Interpret the structure of chromosomes and provide an overview of specialized
chromosomal forms, such as polytene and lampbrush chromosomes.
• Investigate the structure, composition, and dynamics of the cytoskeleton, including actin
filaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments, and explain their roles in
maintaining cell shape, motility, and intracellular transport.
• Describe the regulation of the cell cycle, with specific reference to checkpoints and
molecular regulators in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
• Compare the processes of mitosis and meiosis, elucidating their stages and biological
significance in growth, development, and genetic diversity.
• Analyze the molecular components of cell signaling pathways, including types of
signaling molecules (ligands) and receptors (e.g., GPCRs). Explain the role of second
messengers, such as cyclic AMP (cAMP), in transducing extracellular signals and
regulating cellular responses.

These scientifically framed learning outcomes provide students with the knowledge and
analytical skills necessary to explore advanced topics in cell biology and its applications in
biotechnology, genetics, and biomedical research.

ZOODSC-302-T (Full marks = 30)

Cell Biology
Module 1: Introduction to Cell Biology
Overview of Cells
Unit-1
Basic structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, viruses, viroid, Prion.

Module 2: Structural components of cell

Plasma Membrane

Unit-2 (i) Ultra structure and composition of plasma membrane, Models of plasma membrane
(ii) Membrane transport proteins: types and mechanism (iii) Basic idea on cell-cell
junction (Adherens, Tight, Gap)
Cytoplasmic organelles

(i) Structure and functions: Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, Lysosomes, (ii)
Unit-3
Protein sorting and mechanisms of vesicular transport, (iii) Mitochondria: Structure and
function, semi-autonomous nature, endosymbiotic hypothesis, (iv) Centrosome:
Structure and functions (v) Ribosome: structure and functions
Unit-4 Nucleus

15
 (i) Structure and function of: Nuclear envelope, nuclear pore complex, nucleolus, DNA,
RNA (ii) Chromatin: Euchromatin and heterochromatin and packaging (nucleosome),
(iii) Structure of chromosome, (iv) Introduction to polytene and lampbrush chromosome.
Cytoskeleton
Unit-5
Components: structure, functions and dynamics.

Module 3: Functional aspects of cell

Cell division
Unit-6
(i) Cell cycle and its regulation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (ii) Mitosis and meiosis:
Basic process and their significance
Cell Signaling
Unit-7
(i) Cell signaling transduction pathways; Types of signaling molecules and receptors, (ii)
GPCR and role of second messenger (cAMP)
Module 4: ZOODSC-302-P (Full marks = 20)
Group A: Laboratory experimentation (= 15 marks)

1. Preparation of temporary stained squash of onion root tip to study various stages of mitosis.
2. Preparation of temporary stained squash of grasshopper testis to study various stages of meiosis.
3. Preparation of permanent slide to demonstrate: DNA by Feulgen reaction and cell viability study by trypan
blue staining.
4. Permeability of plasma membrane: Effect of isotonic, hypotonic and hypertonic solutions on RBC.
5. Measurement of cell diameter by stage and ocular micrometer and drawing by camera lucida.
6. Cytochemical demonstration (Preparation of permanent slides) (i) Mucopolysaccharides by PAS reaction
(ii) Proteins by Mercurobromophenol blue (iii) DNA and RNA by Methyl Green Pyronin.
7. Study of human karyotype.
8. Preparation of Barr body from squamous epithelium.
Group: B: Laboratory note book and Viva voce (2+3=5 marks)

Periodically updated laboratory note-book to be submitted and Viva-voce mostly covering the practical
syllabus.
ZOODSC-302: Internal Assessment (Full marks = 25*)
(*To be done by the Concerned College)

16
 Suggested Readings
Cell Biology [ZOODSC-302]
1. Bruce Alberts, Rebecca Heald, Alexander Johnson, David Morgan, Martin Raff, Keith Roberts, Peter
Walter, Molecular biology of the cell, 7th edn., W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
2. Harvey Lodish, Arnold Berk, Chris A. Kaiser, Monty Krieger, Anthony Bretscher, Hidde Ploegh, Angelika
Amon, Kelsey C. Martin, Molecular Cell Biology, 8th edn, W. H. Freeman and Company.
3. Janet Iwasa, Wallace Marshall, Karp’s Cell and Molecular Biology Concepts and Experiments, 8th edn.
John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
4. Geoffrey M. Cooper, The Cell: a molecular approach, 8th edn., Sinauer Associates.
5. Jeff Hardin, James P. Lodolce, Becker’s World of the Cell, 10th edn., Pearson Education, Inc.
6. Thomas D. Pollard, William C. Earnshaw, Jennifer Lippincott-Schwartz, Graham T. Johnson, Cell
biology, 3rd edn., Elsevier, Inc.
7. George Plopper, Diana Bebek Ivankovic, Principles of Cell Biology, 3rd edn., Jones & Bartlett Learning,
LLC.
8. P.K. Gupta, Cell and Molecular Biology, 5th edn, Rastogi Publication.
9. A. Pal, Textbook of Cell and Molecular Biology. 3rd edn, Bokks and Allied, Kolkata.

17
 SEMESTER-IV
Course Code: ZOODSC-401
Title of the Course: Genetics
Credit = 4
Theory: 30 marks, Practical: 20 marks, Internal Assessment: 25 marks

a) Objective of the Course:

The objective of this course is to provide students with a comprehensive understanding of the
principles of classical Mendelian genetics and its extensions, including non-Mendelian
inheritance patterns. The course also aims to cover the role of DNA and RNA as the genetic
materials, mechanisms of sex determination, extra-chromosomal inheritance, and the molecular
basis of genetic linkage and recombination. In addition, it delves into the study of mutations,
chromosomal aberrations, and various genetic disorders, equipping students with the knowledge
necessary to understand the inheritance and molecular mechanisms behind genetic diseases.

b) Learning Outcomes of the Course:

Students will be able to:
• Explain the principles of Mendelian inheritance, including concepts of incomplete
dominance, co-dominance, and gene interactions. Analyze genetic phenomena such as
multiple alleles, lethal alleles, pleiotropy, and their role in inheritance.
• Differentiate between sex-linked, sex-influenced, and sex-limited inheritance and explain
polygenic inheritance patterns.
• Understand the mechanisms of sex determination in Drosophila and humans.
• Identify criteria for extra-chromosomal inheritance and provide examples such as Kappa
particles in Paramecium. Explain the genetic basis of maternal effects with examples like
shell spiraling in snails.
• Understand the molecular basis of inheritance, the role of DNA and RNA as the genetic
materials and examine key experimental evidence that led to the identification of DNA as
the hereditary material.
• Understand the concept of genetic linkage and its implications for inheritance.
• Describe the cytological and molecular basis of crossing over, including the Holliday
model, and explain somatic crossing over.
• Construct chromosomal maps based on recombination frequency data.
• Classify different types of gene mutations and chromosomal aberrations, providing
relevant examples. Explain the phenomenon of non-disjunction and its role in variations
in chromosome number.
• Understand the genetic basis of inborn errors of metabolism, single-gene disorders and
chromosomal aberration disorders.
These outcomes will equip students with an in-depth understanding of classical and
modern genetics, enabling them to explore genetic principles in research, medicine, and
biotechnology.

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 ZOODSC-401-T (Full marks = 30)
Genetics
Module 1: Transmission Genetics
Mendelian Genetics and its Extension

Unit-1 (i) Principles of inheritance, incomplete dominance and co-dominance, multiple alleles
(with special reference to blood group), lethal alleles, pleiotropy, gene interactions, (ii)
Sex-linked, sex-influenced and sex-limited inheritance, polygenic inheritance.
Sex Determination
Unit-2
(i) Mechanisms of sex determination in Drosophila, (ii) Sex determination in human,
(iii) Dosage compensation in Drosophila & human
Extra-chromosomal Inheritance and Maternal effect
Unit-3
(i) Criteria for extra chromosomal inheritance, (ii) Kappa particle in Paramoecium, (iii)
Shell spiralling in snail.
Module 2: Molecular Genetics
Genetic Material
Unit-4
DNA and RNA as genetic material with experimental evidence (Griffith's experiment;
Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty's experiment; Hershey and Chase's experiment).
Linkage, Crossing Over and Chromosomal Mapping
Unit-5
Linkage, somatic crossing over, cytological basis of crossing over, molecular mechanism
of crossing over (Holliday Model).
Mutations

Unit-6 (i) Types of gene mutations (classification), types of chromosomal aberrations

(classification with one suitable example of each), (ii) Non-disjunction and variation in
chromosome number.
Module 3: Applied Genetics
Genetic Disorders

(i) Inborn errors of metabolism- Alkaptonuria, Phenylketonuria, Tay-Sachs Disease; (ii)

Unit-7
Single gene disorders- Sickle-Cell Anaemia, Cystic Fibrosis, Thalassemia, Lesch-Nyhan
Syndrome; (iii) Chromosomal aberration disorders- Down syndrome, Patau syndrome,
Edwards syndrome, Turner syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome.
Module 4: ZOODSC-401-P (Full marks = 20)
Group A: Laboratory experimentation (= 15 marks)

19
1. Chi-square analyses (based on dihybrid cross).
2. Identification of chromosomal aberration in Drosophila and human (by photographs).
3. Identification of various mutants of Drosophila (by photographs).
4. Linkage maps based on data from crosses of Drosophila (based on the three -point test crosses).
5. Pedigree analysis of some human inherited trait from the supplied data.
6. Test for colour blindness in human from provided diagrams/ charts.
Group: B: Laboratory note book and Viva voce (2+3=5 marks)

Periodically updated laboratory note-book to be submitted and Viva-voce mostly covering the practical
syllabus.
ZOODSC-401: Internal Assessment (Full marks = 25*)
(*To be done by the Concerned College)

Suggested Readings
Genetics [ZOODSC-401]
1. Peter J. Russell, iGenetics: a molecular approach; 3rd edn., Pearson Benjamin Cummings.
2. D. Peter Snustad, Michael J. Simmons, Principles of genetics; 7th edn, John Wiley & Sons.
3. William S. Klug, Michael R. Cummings, Charlotte A. Spencer, Michael A. Palladino, Darrell J. Killian,
Concepts of genetics, 12th edn., Pearson Education, Inc.
4. Daniel L. Hartl & Bruce Cochrane, Genetics: analysis of genes and genomes, 9th edn., Jones & Bartlett
Learning.
5. Robert j. Brooker, Genetics: analysis & Principles, 8th edn., McGraw Hill LLC.
6. Anthony J. F. Griffiths, John Doebley, Catherine Peichel, David A. Wassarman, Introduction to Genetic
analysis, 12th edn., Macmillan Learning.
7. Michael L. Goldberg, Janice A. Fischer, Leroy Hood, Leland H. Hartwell, Genetics: From Genes to
Genomes, 7th edn, McGraw Hill LLC.
8. Mark F. Sanders, John L. Bowman, Genetic analysis: an integrated approach, 3rd edn. Pearson Education.
9. Benjamin A. Pierce, Genetics A conceptual approach, 7th edn., Macmillan Learning.
10. Robert H. Tamerin, Principles of Genetics, 7th edn., McGraw Hill LLC.
11. P.S. Verma and V.K.Agarwal, Cell Biology, genetics, Molecular Biology, Evolution and Ecology, S.
Chand Publication.
12. Pranab Paul, Principle of Genetics, Mahaveer Publication.

20
 SEMESTER-IV
Course Code: ZOODSC-402
Title of the Course: Histology & Endocrinology
Credit = 4
Theory: 30 marks, Practical: 20 marks, Internal Assessment: 25 marks

a) Objective of the Course:

The objective of this course is to provide students with a comprehensive understanding of
histology and endocrinology. The course aims to equip students with knowledge of tissue
fixation, staining methods, and detailed histological structures of various mammalian tissues and
organs. In endocrinology, students will explore the classification, synthesis, and functions of
hormones, with a focus on the regulation of the endocrine system, hormone-receptor interactions,
and the role of hormones in physiological processes such as reproduction, homeostasis, and
parturition.

b) Learning Outcomes of the Course:

Students will be able to:

• Understand the principles of tissue fixation, the types of fixatives, and the procedures
used in histology.
• Describe the classification, composition, and properties of histological dyes and stains,
particularly Haematoxylin and Eosin, and explain double and triple staining methods.
• Identify and describe the histology of various mammalian tissues, including skin,
cartilage, bone, pituitary, thyroid, liver, pancreas, adrenal glands, testis, and ovary.
• Understand the basics of the endocrine system, including the classification and transport
of hormones, as well as the roles of neurosecretions and neurohormones. Explain the
function of the epiphysis and hypothalamo-hypophysial axis, including the regulation of
biological rhythms, reproduction, and feedback mechanisms in hormone regulation.
• Understand the synthesis and functions of hormones produced by the thyroid, ovary,
testis, parathyroid, adrenal glands, and pancreas, and their role in homeostasis. Moreover,
explain the mechanisms of action of steroidal and non-steroidal hormones, including their
interactions with receptors.
• Describe the estrous cycle in rats and the menstrual cycle in humans, and understand
hormonal regulation during these processes. Discuss the roles of vasopressin and
oxytocin, and their involvement in physiological functions like parturition.
• Understand disorders of the endocrine glands, including dysfunctions related to the
pituitary, thyroid, and adrenal glands, and their impact on homeostasis (calcium and
glucose regulation).

21
 ZOODSC-402-T (Full marks = 30)
Histology and Endocrinology
Module 1: Histology
Introduction to Histology
(i) Fixatives and fixation: principle, types and procedure; (ii) Dyes and stains used in
Unit-1 histology (classification, composition and properties; special reference to Haematoxylin
and Eosin); principle of staining: double and triple staining methods of histological
tissue sections; mordants and metachromatic dyes.
Histology of mammalian tissue
Unit-2
Skin, Pituitary, Pineal gland, Thyroid, Liver, Pancreas, Adrenal, Testis, and Ovary.

Module 2: Endocrinology
Introduction to Endocrinology
Unit-3 General idea of endocrine systems, classification, characteristic and transport of
hormones, neurosecretions and neurohormones.
Epiphysis, Hypothalamo-hypophysial Axis
(i) Secretions of pineal gland and their functions in biological rhythms and reproduction,
Unit-4
(ii) Role of hypothalamus in regulation of neuro-endocrine glands, feedback
mechanisms, (iii) Pituitary gland: hormones and their functions, hormonal disorders.
Peripheral Endocrine Glands

(i) Biosynthesis and functions of thyroid hormones; functions of parathyroid, adrenal,

Unit-5
pancreatic hormones, (ii) Hormones in homeostasis (calcium and glucose), disorders of
endocrine hormones.
Module 3: Reproductive Endocrinology
Regulation of Hormone Action

(i) Mechanism of action of steroidal and non-steroidal hormones with receptors,

Unit-6 Biosynthesis and functions of ovarian and testicular hormones, (ii) Estrous cycle in rat
and menstrual cycle in human, (iii) Multifaceted role of vasopressin & oxytocin, (iv)
hormonal regulation of parturition.
Module 4: ZOODSC-402-P (Full marks = 20)
Group A: Laboratory experimentation (= 15 marks)

22
1. Study of estrous cycle by vaginal smear preparation from rats.
2. Tissue fixation, embedding in paraffin, microtomy and slide preparation of any endocrine gland.
3. Examination of sections of mammalian Skin, Pituitary, Liver, Pancreas, Adrenal, Thyroid, Testis, and
Ovary.
4. Double staining of prepared histological slides.
5. Study of endocrine glands in laboratory bred rat.
Group: B: Laboratory note book and Viva voce (2+3=5 marks)

Periodically updated laboratory note-book to be submitted and Viva-voce mostly covering the practical
syllabus.
ZOODSC-402: Internal Assessment (Full marks = 25*)
(*To be done by the Concerned College)

Suggested Readings
Histology and Endocrinology [ZOODSC-402]
1. S. Kim Suvarna, Christopher Layton and John D. Bancroft. Bancroft's Theory and Practice of
Histological Techniques. Elsevier.
2. Gunasegaran JP. A Text book of Histology and a Practical Guide. Elsevier
3.Cormack DH. PDQ Histology. B.C. Decker Ins., London
4.Junqueria LC, Carneiro J. Basic histology text and atlas
5.Ross M H, Pawlina W. Histology: A Text and Atlas. Sixth Edition. Lippincott Williams
6.Chaki K C; Kundu G & Sarkar S. - Introduction to General Zoology, Vol. 1, NCBA, Kolkata
7.Fox T, Brooks A, Baidya B. Endocrinology. JP Medical, London.
8.Gardner DG, Shoback D. Greenspan’s Basic and Clinical Endocrinology. McGraw Hill Lange
9.Goodman HM. Basic Medical Endocrinology. Academic Press.
10.Hall JE. Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology. Saunders publication.
11.Jameson JL. Harrison’s Endocrinology. McGraw Hill
12.Melmed S, Polonsky K, Larsen PR, Kronenberg H. William’s Text Book of Endocrinology, Elsevier.
13.Molina PE. Endocrine Physiology. McGraw Hill Lange.
14.Neal JM. Basic Endocrinology; an Interactive Approach. Blackwell Science.
15.Norris DO, Carr JA. Vertebrate Endocrinology. Academic Press
16. Rana, S. V. S. Biotechniques: Theory & Practices. Rastogi Publications.
17.Strauss JF, Barbieri RL. Yen & Jaffe’s Reproductive Endocrinology. Elsevier Sounders
18. Eroschenko VP. diFiore’s Atlas of Histology with Functional correlations. XII Edition.
Lippincott & Wilkins.
19. Edited by Shlomo Melmed, Richard J. Auchus, MD, Allison B. Goldfine, MD, Clifford J. Rosen, MD
and Peter A. Kopp. Williams Textbook of Endocrinology. 15th edition. Elsevier.
20. Inderbir Singh’s Textbook of Human Histology (With Color Atlas and Practical Guide) by Neelam
Vasudeva, Sabita Mishra.

23
21. Melmed, S. And Conn, P.M. Endocrinology: Basic and Clinical Principles. 2nd Edn. Humana Press.
22. Hadley, ME. Endocrinology. Pearson Education India

SEMESTER-IV
Course Code: ZOODSC-403
Title of the Course: Animal Physiology
Credit = 4
Theory: 30 marks, Practical: 20 marks, Internal Assessment: 25 marks

a) Objective of the Course:

The objective of this course is to provide a detailed understanding of animal physiology,
focusing on the structure and function of tissues, bones, cartilage, the nervous system, muscular
system, and various physiological systems such as respiratory, circulatory, and renal systems.
Additionally, students will explore the principles of thermoregulation and osmoregulation in
vertebrates. The course aims to develop a comprehensive understanding of physiological
processes, their regulation, and their role in maintaining homeostasis in animals.

b) Learning Outcomes of the Course:

Students will be able to:

• Understand the structure, classification, and functions of major tissue types, including
epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous tissues.
• Describe the types and structure of bones and cartilage, and explain the process of
ossification.
• Explain the structure and function of neurons, including the origin of action potentials
and their propagation in both myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers. Understand
synaptic transmission, the types of synapses, and the functioning of neuromuscular
junctions. Describe reflex actions and their types, understanding how the nervous system
responds to stimuli.
• Explain the ultra-structure of skeletal muscles, muscle fiber characteristics, and the
molecular mechanisms of muscle contraction.
• Understand the physiology of respiration, including the mechanics of breathing, gas
transport, respiratory volumes, and the factors affecting oxygen and carbon dioxide
dissociation curves. Explain the role of respiratory pigments and understand conditions
like carbon monoxide poisoning and how respiration is regulated.
• Describe the composition and function of blood components, and explain haemostasis,
blood clotting, and the fibrinolytic system.
• Understand the physiology of the heart, including coronary circulation, myocardial fibers,
cardiac impulses, ECG interpretation, cardiac cycle, cardiac output, and blood pressure
regulation.
• Explain thermoregulation and osmoregulation, including adaptations in homeotherms,
osmoregulation in aquatic vertebrates, and the role of extra-renal organs in
osmoregulation.

24
 • Describe the renal physiology, including the histology of kidneys, the nephron, and the
mechanisms involved in urine formation, glomerular filtration, tubular secretion, and the
counter-current mechanism.

ZOODSC-403-T (Full marks = 30)

Animal Physiology
Module 1: Support and movement
Tissues
Unit-1 Structure, location, classification and functions of epithelial tissue, connective tissue,
muscular tissue and nervous tissue.
Bone and Cartilage
Unit-2
Structure and types of bones and cartilages, ossification.

Muscular system
Unit-3 Ultra structure of skeletal muscle; Characteristics of muscle fiber; Molecular and
chemical basis of muscle contraction.
Module 2: Integration and control System
Nervous System

Structure of neuron, resting membrane potential, origin of action potential and its
Unit-4
propagation across the myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers; Types of synapse,
synaptic transmission and neuromuscular junction; Reflex action and its types.
Physiology of Circulation
Components of blood and their functions; structure and functions of haemoglobin;
Unit-5
haemostasis; blood clotting system, fibrinolytic system; haemopoiesis: basic steps and its
regulation.
Physiology of Heart
Structure of mammalian heart, coronary circulation, structure and working of conducting
Unit-6
myocardial fibres, origin and conduction of cardiac impulses; ECG, cardiac cycle and
cardiac output; blood pressure and its regulation.
Module 3: Regulation and maintenance
Physiology of Respiration
Unit-7
Mechanism of breathing, respiratory volumes and capacities, transport of oxygen and

25
 carbon dioxide in blood, dissociation curves and the factors influencing it, respiratory
pigments; carbon monoxide poisoning, control of respiration.
Thermoregulation & Osmoregulation
Physiological classification of animals based on thermal biology; thermoregulation of
Unit-8
homeotherms; osmoregulation in aquatic vertebrates; extra renal osmoregulatory organs
in vertebrates.
Renal Physiology
Unit-9 Histology of kidney and nephrons, mechanism of urine formation, glomerular filtration,
tubular secretion, plasma clearance and counter current mechanism.
Module 4: ZOODSC-403-P (Full marks = 20)
Group A: Laboratory experimentation (= 15 marks)

1. Recording of simple muscle twitch with electrical stimulation (or virtual representation).
2. Demonstration of the unconditioned reflex action (deep tendon reflex such as knee jerk reflex).
3. Preparation of temporary mounts: Squamous epithelium.
4. Differential Count (D.C.).
5. Enumeration of red blood cells and white blood cells using haemocytometer (T.C.).
6. Estimation of haemoglobin using Sahli’s haemoglobinometer.
7. Recording of blood pressure using a sphygmomanometer.
8. C.T./B.T.
9. Estimation of E.S.R.
Group: B: Laboratory note book and Viva voce (2+3=5 marks)

Periodically updated laboratory note-book to be submitted and Viva-voce mostly covering the practical
syllabus.
ZOODSC-403: Internal Assessment (Full marks = 25*)
(*To be done by the Concerned College)

Suggested Readings
Animal Physiology [ZOODSC-403]
1.Tortora, G.J. and Grabowski, S. Principles of Anatomy & Physiology. XI edition. John Wiley & Sons.
2.Vander A. Sherman J, and Luciano, D. Vander's Human Physiology: The Mechanism of Body Function.
XIII Edition, Mc Graw Hills.
3.Ganong, W.F. Review of Medical Physiology. 26th Edition, Mc Graw-Hill.

26
4.Guyton, A.C. & Hall, J.E. Textbook of Medical Physiology. XI Edition. Hercourt Asia PTE Ltd/W.B.
Saunders Company
5. Prosser C. L. and F. A. Brown – Comparative Animal Physiology –Saunders.
6. Randall D, Burggren W. Eckert Animal Physiology. 4th edition. W. H. Freeman.
7. Hill RW, Wyse GA, Anderson M. Animal Physiology. 3rd Edn. Sineuer Associaes.
8. Rastogi SC. (2007). Essentials of Animal Physiology4th Edn. New Age Pub., N. Delhi.

27