M.Tech (Environmental Engineering) Second Semester (C.B.C.S.

)
Industrial Waste Water Treatment and Disposal

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 M.Tech (Environmental Engineering) Second Semester (C.B.C.S.)
Industrial Waste Water Treatment and Disposal

Performance of charity is the key of attaining the estate of a philanthropist

Master of Technology (M.Tech)

In
( Environmental Engineering )
2nd SEM C.B.C.S

HELPFUL NOTES

Subject- Industrial Waste Water Treatment and Disposal

BY
Md Shahjada Alam (Shah)
(B.E In Civil Engineering , M.Tech In Environmnetal Engineering)

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 M.Tech (Environmental Engineering) Second Semester (C.B.C.S.)
Industrial Waste Water Treatment and Disposal

Disclaimer
This Helpful Notes does not claim any originality and cannot be used as a
substitute for prescribed textbooks. This Notes Complete done through with
the help of many sources (like Internet Sources, Textbook, My Engineering
Notes, Faculty Guidelines etc.).
Specially, this Notes prepared for Job Seeker Students & also a big treat for
weak students. Further; this Notes Claims not used for Commercial purposes.

यह सहायक नोट्स ककसी भी मौलिकता का दावा नह ीं करता है और इसे ननर्ााररत पाठ्यपस्

ु तक के ववकल्प के रूप
में उपयोग नह ीं ककया जा सकता है । यह नोट्स कई स्रोतों (जैसे इींटरनेट स्रोत, पाठ्यपस्
ु तक, मेर इींजीननयररींग
पस्
ु तक, सींकाय ददशाननदे श आदद) की सहायता से परू ा ककया गया है ।

ववशेष रूप से यह नोट्स जॉब सीकर छात्रों के लिए तैयार ककया गया है और कमजोर छात्रों के लिए एक बडा
उपचार है । आगे की; इस नोट्स का दावा वाणिज्ययक उद्दे श्यों के लिए नह ीं ककया गया है ।

Not use for Commercial Purpose

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 M.Tech (Environmental Engineering) Second Semester (C.B.C.S.)
Industrial Waste Water Treatment and Disposal

About Writer
Md Shahjada Alam (Shah) former lecturer at Nuva College of Engineering &
Technology, Nagpur.
He completed his Graduation degree in Civil Engineering at the age of 20 years
from Nagpur University. (Batch 2014-18)
His Teaching style & hand written Notes are amazing & very helpful for
students. This achievement comes from his valuable students. Only at the age
of 14 years, he has been rewarded to Qualify Delhi-CET.

Online Available
www.lecturenotes.in
Link:
https://lecturenotes.in/u/md_shahjada_e93ab882

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 M.Tech (Environmental Engineering) Second Semester (C.B.C.S.)
Industrial Waste Water Treatment and Disposal

Dedicated
To
My Respected Grandfather
Late Haji Mohammad Abbas

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 M.Tech (Environmental Engineering) Second Semester (C.B.C.S.)
Industrial Waste Water Treatment and Disposal

Industrial Waste Water Treatment and Disposal

(70/20 Marks)
Theories:- 70 Marks
Numericals:- 0 Marks

Syllabus:-
Unit 1
General environmental impact assessment due to industrial water pollution, assessment of pollution strength
of Waste-BOD, COD, TOC, etc., COD/BOD/ratio, sampling and analysis of wastes, determination of BOD rate
constant, standards for waste disposal for various methods.

Unit 2
Disposal of wastes in streams and estuaries, self-purification in streams – physical, chemical and biological
forces of self-purification, stream constants, oxygen balance in streams

Unit 3
Water pollution control: stream pollution control: stream surveys and investigation. Methods of water
pollution control.

Unit 4
Introduction of cleaner technologies, reuse, recycling and resource recovery.
Industrial wastes: waste volume and strength reduction. Equalization and proportioning of wastes.
Neutralization of waste. General methods of treatment of industrial wastes.

Unit 5
Treatment of specific industrial wastes: Textile. Canning, dairy, fertilizer, tanning, sugar, brewery and distillery,
iron and steel and metal finishing. Common Effluent Treatment Plant.

Text / Reference Books:-

1. Metcalf and Eddy, Wastewater Engineering, Treatment, Disposal and Reuse, Inc. Third Edition McGraw Hill
1991.
2. W.W. Eckenfelder, Industrial pollution control, McGraw Hill int-Edition 1990.
3. Central pollution control board, India, comprehensive industry document series.

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 M.Tech (Environmental Engineering) Second Semester (C.B.C.S.)
Industrial Waste Water Treatment and Disposal

Instructions:-
1. For Topper Read All Questions.

2. For On paper Read All Compulsory & Semi-Compulsory Questions.

3. For Passing Read Only Compulsory Questions.

If you passionate in Civil Engineering

Join
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Contact
Shah Sir (Mob- 7888280720)

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 M.Tech (Environmental Engineering) Second Semester (C.B.C.S.)
Industrial Waste Water Treatment and Disposal

Unit-01 (14 Marks)

General environmental impact assessment due to industrial water

pollution, assessment of pollution strength of Waste-BOD, COD, TOC,
etc., COD/BOD/ratio, sampling and analysis of wastes, determination of
BOD rate constant, standards for waste disposal for various methods

Theory:- 14 Marks
Ques No.01:- Discuss about the environmental impact assessment due to industrial water
pollution.
(Compulsory For 14 Marks)
Ans:-

Industrial waste is the waste produced by industrial activity which includes any material that is rendered
useless during a manufacturing process such as that of factories, industries, mills, and mining operations.
Types of industrial waste include dirt and gravel, masonry and concrete, scrap metal, oil, solvents, chemicals,
scrap lumber, even vegetable matter from restaurants. Industrial waste may be solid, liquid or gaseous. It may
be hazardous or non-hazardous waste. Hazardous waste may be toxic, ignitable, corrosive, reactive, or
radioactive. Industrial waste may pollute the air, the soil, or nearby water sources, eventually ending up in the
sea.

Industrial waste is often mixed into municipal waste, making accurate assessments difficult. An estimate for
the US goes as high as 7.6 billion tons of industrial waste produced every year. Most countries have enacted
legislation to deal with the problem of industrial waste, but strictness and compliance regimes vary.
Enforcement is always an issue.

Classification and treatment:-

Toxic waste, chemical waste, industrial solid waste and municipal solid waste are designations of industrial
wastes. Sewage treatment plants can treat some industrial wastes, i.e. those consisting of conventional
pollutants such as biochemical oxygen demand (BOD). Industrial wastes containing toxic pollutants or high
concentrations of other pollutants (such as ammonia) require specialized treatment systems.

Industrial wastes can be classified on the basis of their characteristics:

1. Waste in solid form, but some pollutants within are in liquid or fluid form, e.g. crockery industry or washing
of minerals or coal
2. Waste in dissolved and the pollutant is in the liquid form, e.g. dairy industry

Environmental Impact:-
Factories and power plants are typically located near bodies of water due to the need for large amounts of
water as an input to the manufacturing process, or for equipment cooling. Many areas that are becoming
industrialized do not yet have the resources or technology to dispose of waste with lesser effects on the
environment. Both untreated and partially treated wastewater are commonly fed back into a near lying body
of water. Metals, chemicals and sewage released into bodies of water directly affect marine ecosystems and
the health of those who depend on the waters as food or drinking water sources. Toxins from the wastewater
can kill off marine life or cause varying degrees of illness to those who consume these marine animals,
depending on the contaminant. Metals and chemicals released into bodies of water affect the marine
ecosystems.Effective manners in properly removing waste

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 M.Tech (Environmental Engineering) Second Semester (C.B.C.S.)
Industrial Waste Water Treatment and Disposal

Wastewater containing nitrates and phosphates often causes eutrophication which can kill off existing life in
the water. A Thailand study focusing on water pollution origins found that the highest concentrations of water
contamination in the U-tapao river had a direct correlation to industrial wastewater.

Air Pollution:-
Another obvious effect of industrial waste is air pollution resulting from fossil fuel burning. This affects the
lives of many people because this spreads illnesses. Over time, this issue that has been widespread. Several
environmental issues have a devastating effect on third world countries because they don't have sufficient
resources to solve this particular issue. This also effects the quality of soil because farmers have to try and deal
with this massive issue. In addition, nitrogen dioxide is a common air pollutant found in the air. Air pollutants
have a devastating effect on the human population because it causes sicknesses. Ammonia also causes a lot of
respiratory problems that can be contracted from the air. "Illnesses that can occur from air pollution range
from irritation to eyes, skin, nose, or throat. There is also a chance to get Pneumonia or Bronchitis both being
very dangerous. Commonly, people have reported to have gotten headaches, nauseam and dizziness from air
pollution." The WHO or The World Health Organization has stated that air pollution is the worst risk in terms of
human health. Air pollution has been around for a long time. Indoor air pollution is also a risk for humans. This
type of air pollution is caused of the burning of solid fuels mostly from cooking or heating.

Water Pollution:-
One of the most devastating effects of industrial waste is water pollution. For most industrial processes, heavy
amount of water is used which comes in contact with harmful chemicals. These chemicals are usually metals or
radioactive material. This heavily effects the environment because most of waste ends up in oceans, lakes, or
rivers. As a result, water becomes polluted posing as health hazard to everyone. Farmers rely on this water but
if the water is polluted, then crops that are produced can become polluted. These effect the health of society
because if industrial companies can't clean up their waste, this begins to affect the life of humans but also
animals. Sea creature’s health are affected because their lives become endangered by this polluted water.
Water pollution can have devastating effects on the human body with the main ones being infections from
bacteria, parasites, and chemicals. "Diseases that humans can be exposed from drinking unsafe water range
from cholera, typhoid, or Giardia."

Ques No.02:-What is mean by wastewater sampling ? What are the objectives of it ?

Explain various types of sampling techniques.
Or
What is Grab sampling and Composite sampling.
(Compulsory For 14 Marks)
Ans:- Wastewater sampling:-
Or

SEWAGE SAMPLING:-
Samples of sewage are taken to find out how well a treatment plant is working and what operating changes
may need to be made, Some samples show how much the plant is reducing pollutants like BOD, solids, and so
forth. Raw sewage entering the plant must be tested as well as the effluent from the plant and the receiving
stream above and below the discharge point to determine how well the plant is removing pollutants. Since
wastewater flows often change a great deal, daily sampling is suggested.

REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLING:-
A sample should be taken in a way that will represent the wastewater being treated. No matter how good the
lab analysis is, if the sample was not correctly collected, the lab data will not be correct. With the large
changes in composition and flow rate, getting a representative sample can be very hard. Careful thought,
planning, and training must be used to develop and carry out a good sampling program.
Samples may be taken by hand or automatically. Taking samples by hand may be as simple as tying an open
bottle to a pole that can be lowered into the wastewater. Table 10-7 explains some of the things that should
be done when taking samples by hand. The automatic samplers may be made by the operator or bought.

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 M.Tech (Environmental Engineering) Second Semester (C.B.C.S.)
Industrial Waste Water Treatment and Disposal

Two types of sample can be taken, grab samples or composite samples:-

(1) Grab sample:

A sample collected at a particular time and place can represent only the composition of the source at that time
and place. This involves manual sampling and minimal equipment but may be unduly costly and time-
consuming for routine or large-scale sampling programs. As the name implies ‘Grab samples’ are simple scoops
of the wastewater being sampled and are appropriate where conditions are constant or well mixed and slow
to change. This type of sample can be used for instance for Balance Tank sampling or measuring sludge solids
in the aeration basin (MLSS). Care should always be taken that a grab sample is representative of the whole,
and should be taken from well-mixed areas on all occasions.

(2) Composite Samples:

Composite samples are either amalgamated or made up of smaller sub samples, and can be prepared in two
ways. Automatic samplers can eliminate human errors in manual sampling, reduce labour costs, provide the
means for more frequent sampling, and are used increasingly. The simplest form is time-related composites,
which are made up of sub samples of equal volume taken at specific time intervals e.g. sub samples every hour
composited to make a single daily sample. A composite sample representing a 24hr period is considered
standard for most determinations. Under other circumstances, however, a composite representing a longer
time period, or a shorter time period may be preferable. The other form is flow proportional sampling, which
requires a purpose-designed sampler. These units take samples of wastewater proportional to the flow and
are usually linked to an automatic flow meter. This latter form of sampling is extremely accurate and can be
used to establish the total wastewater load. Because of its accuracy, flow proportional composite sampling is
preferable.

Ques No.03:- Explain the significance of BOD/COD Ratio.

(Semi-Compulsory For 7 Marks)
Ans:- BOD/COD ratio:-

1. BOD is oxygen demand for oxidation of organic matter by micro organism.

2. COD is oxygen demand for oxidation of organic and non biodegradable organic matter.
3. COD is always greater than BOD hence the ratio will be always greater than 1.
4. If BOD/COD is 0.92 to 1, waste water is fully biodegradable.
5. If BOD/COD > 0.63, difficult to biodegardable.
6. BOD can be reduced to the permissible level but COD cannot be reduced easily to the permissible level.
7. COD can be determined within 3 hours while it requires 5 days for BOD.
8. In domestic waste the ratio between BOD/COD is 1:2.
9. The COD/BOD ratio is useful for assessing the amount of sewage available for biological treatment.
10. COD test determine the strength of waste material, which BOD test cannot determine.

Importance of BOD/COD ratio/ Significance of BOD/COD Ratio:-

1. Biochemical Oxygen Demand is an important water quality parameter because it provides an index to assess
the effect discharged wastewater will have on the receiving environment.
2. The higher the BOD value, the greater the amount of organic matter or “food” available for oxygen
consuming bacteria. If the rate of DO consumption by bacteria exceeds the supply of DO from aquatic plants,
algae photosynthesis or diffusing from air, unfavourable conditions occur.
3. Depletion of DO causes stress on aquatic organisms, making the environment unsuitable for life. Further,
dramatic depletion can lead to hypoxia or anoxic environments.
4. BOD is also used extensively for wastewater treatment, as decomposition of organic waste by
microorganisms is commonly used for treatment.
5. Regulations for BOD will vary by country and region. In general, maximum allowable concentration for direct
environmental wastewater discharge fall around 10 mg/L BOD and maximum allowable concentrations for
discharge to sewer systems around 300 mg/L BOD.

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 M.Tech (Environmental Engineering) Second Semester (C.B.C.S.)
Industrial Waste Water Treatment and Disposal

Ques No.04:- What are the factors affecting the selection of wastewater treatment
methods? Explain briefly.
(Future For 7 Marks)
Ans:- Industrial wastewater treatment :-

Industrial wastewater treatment describes the processes used for treating wastewater that is produced by
industries as an undesirable by-product. After treatment, the treated industrial wastewater (or effluent) may
be reused or released to a sanitary sewer or to a surface water in the environment.

OBJECTIVES OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT:-

a) Removal of suspended and floatable material.

b) Treatment of biodegradable organics.
c) Elimination of pathogenic organisms.

Factors Affecting Site Selection for Waste Water Treatment Systems:-

1. General considerations:
The planning design engineer, when selecting sites for recreational treatment facilities, must ensure that the
planned facility will not cause interference or detractions from the natural, scenic, aesthetic, scientific, or
historical value of the area. In addition, topographic, geological, hydrogeologic, and atmospheric factors and
conditions must be considered when designing the treatment facility for a recreational area. For specific
considerations regarding site selection, space, and access requirements.

2. Aesthetics:
The designer must ensure that distinguishing features that make the area of recreational value are not
degraded. Vertical building construction should complement or enhance adjacent architectural and
environmental features. Aesthetic aspects are important enough to the value of any recreational area that
additional construction, operation, and maintenance costs to preserve the beauty of the site may be justified.

3. Topography:
Topography must be considered if maximum utilization of gravity flow through the entire system is to be
achieved. Many recreational areas are well drained and gently sloping. Flat terrain usually requires a decision
concerning pumping of wastewater to some point within the plant before adequate gravity flow can be
obtained. Additional pumping costs may be necessary for a treatment facility on a site remote from visitor
concentrations.

4. Geology and Hydrology:

The capacity or incapacity of geological formations underlying the recreational facilities to support loads must
be considered when selecting a site. Rock formations directly affect the excavation costs. The absorptive
capacity of underlying soils is an important site selection parameter for various treatment systems. For
example, land disposal systems require soils with high permeability for effective treatment.
However, lagoons or other wastewater treatment processes that use earthen dikes should not be constructed
over highly permeable soils, and they must be lined to avoid excessive rates of seepage from the basins. To
avoid groundwater contamination, seepage rate should generally not exceed 0.3 mm/d (/in/d).
Adequate soil exploration is essential in site selection to guard against excessive seepage and against structural
failure. Selected references are available to determine soil characteristics and expected properties

5. Atmospheric conditions:
The atmospheric conditions of a candidate site must be evaluated during the planning phase; these include
temperature, pressure, air movements, humidity, cloudiness, and precipitation. Average, as well as extreme,
atmospheric conditions and variability of elements are also important considerations during site selection.
Generally, it is best to locate recreational treatment facilities downwind from visitation centers to minimize
odor and aerosol problems. If the construction of a recreational treatment facility at a remote site is not
feasible, the design engineer must consider other alternatives, such as installing a landscape and/or decorative

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 M.Tech (Environmental Engineering) Second Semester (C.B.C.S.)
Industrial Waste Water Treatment and Disposal

screen around the treatment plant and limiting the odor from the plant under normal operating conditions.
Location is especially important where treated wastewater effluents are disposed by land application.

Ques No.05:- Write short notes on Characterization of Industrial wastewater.

(Future For 7 Marks)
Ans:- Waste waters are characterized on the basis of various:-

1) Physical characteristics- color, odour, dissolved oxygen, etc.

2) Chemical characteristics-COD, pH, acidity, alkalinity,total C,etc

3) Biochemical characteristics-BOD, presence of pathogenic bacteria, toxicity to aquatic organisms, plants &
other life forms, etc.

1) BOD(Biochemical oxygen demand)-

It is defined as the biochemical oxygen demand of water is a measure of amount of free oxygen required by
the bacteria & other micro-organism for biological oxidation of organic matter under aerobic conditions
at 200C for period of 5 days.
Micro-organisms
Organic matter+O2−−−−−−−−−−−−−→CO2+H2O
[CH2O]Bacteria at 200C & 5 days

Significance-
1. It is useful in designing of treatment plants & calculation of waster load
2. The higher the BOD of a sample the higher will be pollution
3. It helps in pollution control

2)COD(chemical oxygen demand)-

It is defined as the amount of oxygen required by organic matter in sample water for its oxidation by strong
oxidizing agents (K2Cr2O7) in the hot conditions. It is a measure of both the biologically oxidisable & biologically
inert organic matter.

Significance-
1. It measure the effect of pollutants on dissolve oxygen.
2. It helps in designing & calculation of efficiency of the water treatment plants.
3. It helps in deciding the disposal of domestic & industrial effluents in various types of water streams.

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 M.Tech (Environmental Engineering) Second Semester (C.B.C.S.)
Industrial Waste Water Treatment and Disposal

Unit-02 (14 Marks)

Disposal of wastes in streams and estuaries, self-purification in streams –
physical, chemical and biological forces of self-purification, stream constants,
oxygen balance in streams

Theory:- 14 Marks
Ques No.01:- Discuss in detail about the self purification in streams.
(Compulsory For 7 Marks)
Ans:- Self purification in streams:-( Self Purification Of Natural Streams)

The self purification of natural water systems is a complex process that often involves physical, chemical, and
biological processes working simultaneously. The amount of Dissolved Oxygen (DO) in water is one of the most
commonly used indicators of a river health. As DO drops below 4 or 5 mg/L the forms of life that can survive
begin to be reduced. A minimum of about 2.0 mg/L of dissolved oxygen is required to maintain higher life
forms. A number of factors affect the amount of DO available in a river. Oxygen demanding wastes remove
DO; plants add DO during day but remove it at night; respiration of organisms removes oxygen. In summer,
rising temperature reduces solubility of oxygen, while lower flows reduce the rate at which oxygen enters the
water from atmosphere.

Factors Affecting Self Purification:-

1. Dilution:
When sufficient dilution water is available in the receiving water body, where the wastewater is discharged,
the DO level in the receiving stream may not reach to zero or critical DO due to availability of sufficient DO
initially in the river water before receiving discharge of wastewater.

2. Current:
When strong water current is available, the discharged wastewater will be thoroughly mixed with stream
water preventing deposition of solids. In small current, the solid matter from the wastewater will get
deposited at the bed following decomposition and reduction in DO.

3. Temperature:
The quantity of DO available in stream water is more in cold temperature than in hot temperature. Also, as the
activity of microorganisms is more at the higher temperature, hence, the self-purification will take less time at
hot temperature than in winter.

4. Sunlight:
Algae produces oxygen in presence of sunlight due to photosynthesis. Therefore, sunlight helps in purification
of stream by adding oxygen through photosynthesis.

5. Rate of Oxidation:
Due to oxidation of organic matter discharged in the river DO depletion occurs. This rate is faster at higher
temperature and low at lower temperature. The rate of oxidation of organic matter depends on the chemical
composition of organic matter.

नोट्स का दरु
ु पयोग करने के लिए कडाई से ननषिद्ध

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 M.Tech (Environmental Engineering) Second Semester (C.B.C.S.)
Industrial Waste Water Treatment and Disposal

Ques No.02:- Derive Streeter - Phelp's equation.

Or
Explain Oxygen Sag Curve
(Compulsory For 14 Marks)
Ans:- Mathematical analysis of Oxygen Sag Curve: Streeter – Phelps equation;

The analysis of oxygen sag curve can be easily done by superimposing the rates of deoxygenation and
reoxygenation as suggested by the Streeter – Phelps analysis. The rate of change in the DO deficit is the sum of
the two reactions as explained below:

Hence,

Where,
K = BOD reaction rate constant, to the base 10
R = Reoxygenation constant to the base 10
Do = Initial oxygen deficit at the point of waste discharge at time t = o
t = time of travel in the stream from the point of discharge = x/u
x = distance along the stream u = stream velocity

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 M.Tech (Environmental Engineering) Second Semester (C.B.C.S.)
Industrial Waste Water Treatment and Disposal

This is Streeter-Phelps oxygen sag equation. The graphical representation of this equation is shown in Figure
12.2.

Note:
Deoxygenation and reoxygenation occurs simultaneously. After critical point, the rate of re-aeration is greater
than the deoxygenation and after some distance the DO will reach to original level and stream will not have
any effect due to addition of wastewater. At time t=0 at x = 0.

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 M.Tech (Environmental Engineering) Second Semester (C.B.C.S.)
Industrial Waste Water Treatment and Disposal

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 M.Tech (Environmental Engineering) Second Semester (C.B.C.S.)
Industrial Waste Water Treatment and Disposal

Unit-03 (14 Marks)

Water pollution control: stream pollution control: stream surveys and
investigation. Methods of water pollution control

Theory:- 14 Marks
Ques No.03:- What are the methods of water pollution control ? Explain.
Or
Explain in detail methods of water pollution control.
(Compulsory For 14 Marks)
Ans:- Water pollution:-

Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies (like oceans, seas, lakes, rivers, aquifers and
groundwater) usually caused due to human activities. Water pollution is any change in the physical, chemical
or biological properties of water that will have a detrimental consequence o any living organism.

Water pollution occurs when pollutants are directly or indirectly discharged into water bodies without
adequate treatment to remove harmful compounds. Water pollution affects plants and animals living in these
bodies of water. In almost all cases, the effect is damaging not only to individual species and populations but
also to the natural biological communities.

The major causes of water pollution in India are:-

1. Industrial waste:
Industries produce a huge amount of waste which contains toxic chemicals and pollutants which can cause air
pollution and damage to us and our environment. They contain pollutants such as lead, mercury, sulfur,
asbestos, nitrates, and many other harmful chemicals.
Many industries do not have a proper waste management system and drain the waste in the fresh
water which goes into rivers, canals and later into the sea. The toxic chemicals have the capability to change
the color of water, increase the number of minerals, also known as eutrophication, change the temperature of
water and pose a serious hazard to water organisms.

2. Sewage and wastewater:

The sewage and wastewater that is produced by each household is chemically treated and released into the
sea with fresh water. The sewage water carries harmful bacteria and chemicals that can cause serious health
problems. Pathogens are known as a common water pollutant; The sewers of cities house several pathogens
and thereby diseases.
Microorganisms in water are known to be causes of some very deadly diseases and become the breeding
grounds for other creatures that act as carriers. These carriers inflict these diseases via various forms of
contact onto an individual. A very common example of this process would be Malaria.

3. Mining activities:
Mining is the process of crushing the rock and extracting coal and other minerals from underground. These
elements when extracted in the raw form contains harmful chemicals and can increase the number of toxic
elements when mixed up with water which may result in health problems. Mining activities emit a large
amount of metal waste and sulphides from the rocks which is harmful to the water.

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 M.Tech (Environmental Engineering) Second Semester (C.B.C.S.)
Industrial Waste Water Treatment and Disposal

4. Marine dumping:
The garbage produced by each household in the form of paper, aluminum, rubber, glass, plastic, food is
collected and deposited into the sea in some countries. These items take from 2 weeks to 200 years to
decompose. When such items enter the sea, they not only cause water pollution but also harm animals in the
sea.

5. Accidental oil leakage:

Oil spill poses a huge concern as a large amount of oil enters into the sea and does not dissolve with water;
thereby opens problem for local marine wildlife such as fish, birds and sea otters. For e.g.: a ship carrying a
large quantity of oil may spill oil if met with an accident and can cause varying damage to species in the ocean
depending on the quantity of oil spill, size of the ocean, the toxicity of pollutant.

6. The burning of fossil fuels:

Fossil fuels like coal and oil when burnt produce a substantial amount of ash in the atmosphere. The particles
which contain toxic chemicals when mixed with water vapor result in acid rain. Also, carbon dioxide is released
from the burning of fossil fuels which result in global warming.

7. Chemical fertilizers and pesticides:

Chemical fertilizers and pesticides are used by farmers to protect crops from insects and bacterias. They are
useful for the plant’s growth. However, when these chemicals are mixed up with water produce harmful for
plants and animals. Also, when it rains, the chemicals mix up with rainwater and flow down into rivers and
canals which pose serious damages for aquatic animals.

8. Leakage from sewer lines:

A small leakage from the sewer lines can contaminate the underground water and make it unfit for the people
to drink. Also, when not repaired on time, the leaking water can come on to the surface and become a
breeding ground for insects and mosquitoes.

9. Global warming:
An increase in earth’s temperature due to the greenhouse effect results in global warming. It increases the
water temperature and results in the death of aquatic animals and marine species which later results in water
pollution.

10. Radioactive waste:

Nuclear energy is produced using nuclear fission or fusion. The element that is used in the production of
nuclear energy is Uranium which is a highly toxic chemical. The nuclear waste that is produced by radioactive
material needs to be disposed of to prevent any nuclear accident. Nuclear waste can have
serious environmental hazards if not disposed of properly. Few major accidents have already taken place in
Russia and Japan.

11. Urban development:

As the population has grown, so has the demand for housing, food, and cloth. As more cities and towns are
developed, they have resulted in increasing use of fertilizers to produce more food, soil erosion due
to deforestation, increase in construction activities, inadequate sewer collection, and treatment, landfills as
more garbage is produced, increase in chemicals from industries to produce more materials.

12. Leakage from the landfills:

Landfills are nothing but a huge pile of garbage that produces the awful smell and can be seen across the city.
When it rains, the landfills may leak and the leaking landfills can pollute the underground water with a large
variety of contaminants.

13. Animal waste:

The waste produced by animals is washed away into the rivers when it rains. It gets mixed up with other
harmful chemicals and causes various water-borne diseases like cholera, diarrhea, jaundice, dysentery and
typhoid.

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Shah
 M.Tech (Environmental Engineering) Second Semester (C.B.C.S.)
Industrial Waste Water Treatment and Disposal

Effects of Pollution of Water:-

1. Diseases:
In humans, drinking or consuming polluted water in any way has many disastrous effects on our health. It
causes typhoid, cholera, hepatitis and various other diseases.
2. Destruction of Ecosystems:
Ecosystems are extremely dynamic and respond to even small changes in the environment. Water pollution
can cause an entire ecosystem to collapse if left unchecked.
3. Eutrophication:
Chemicals in a water body, encourage the growth of algae. These algae form a layer on top of the pond or lake.
Bacteria feed on this algae and this decreases the amount of oxygen in the water body, severely affecting the
aquatic life there.
4. Effects the food chain:
Disruption in food chains happens when toxins and pollutants in the water are consumed by aquatic animals
(fish, shellfish etc) which are then consumed by humans.

Following are the control measures of water pollution:-

1. Stabilisation of ecosystem:
It involves following practices:
(a) Reduction of waste at source
(b) Harvesting and removal of biomass
(c) Trapping of the nutrients.
(d) Fish management.

2. Using water hyacinth to remove water pollutants:

Water hyacinth is extremely efficient in absorbing and concentrating dissolved nutrients from water in which it
lives.

3. Using chemical methods:

Several chemical methods have been devised for the treatment of industrial effluents before discharging them
in water bodies, like
(a) Ion Exchange:
It is a reversible reaction where in an iron from solution is exchanged for a similar charged ion attached to an
immobile solid particle which is either naturally occurring inorganic zeolite or synthetically produced organic
resins.
(b) Reverse Osmosis:
It involves the purification of water with the semipermeable membrane. When used as pre-treatment steps
for deionization systems, reverse osmosis will remove feed water bacteria, organics and silica and reduce the
dissolved salt content by greater than 95% only.
(c) Precipitation:
This process transform dissolved contaminants into an insoluble solid, facilitating the contaminant’s
subsequent removal from the liquid phase by sedimentation or filtration.
(d) Coagulation:
Chemical coagulation enhances the removal of colloidal particles by destabilising and chemically precipitating
them and accumulating the precipitated material into larger floe particles which can either removed by gravity
setting or filtration.

4. Cooling methods:
For preventing thermal pollution such methods are used like cooling waste water effluent, evaporation tower,
cooling ponds, dry cooling towers, wet cooling towers etc.

5. Recycling, Renovation, Recharge and Reuse (4R concept) of waste water:

The waste water consisting of domestic sewage industrial effluents, thermal and radioactive pollutants receive
some sort of treatment before mixing into water bodies. Urban sewage and sludge etc may be recycled and
reused to generate cheaper fuel, gas and electricity.
******
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Shah
 M.Tech (Environmental Engineering) Second Semester (C.B.C.S.)
Industrial Waste Water Treatment and Disposal

Unit-04 (14 Marks)

Introduction of cleaner technologies, reuse, recycling and resource recovery;
Industrial wastes: waste volume and strength reduction; Equalization and
proportioning of wastes.
Neutralization of waste;General methods of treatment of industrial wastes

Theory:- 14 Marks
Ques No.01:- What is waste volume and strength reduction?
Or
Write a note on waste volume and strength reduction.
Or
Explain in brief the various steps which can be taken for the strength reduction of waste
water with suitable examples.
Or
Explain briefly the various steps which should taken for Industrial wastewater volume
reduction.
Or
Explain Equalization and proportioning of wastes.

(Compulsory For 7 Marks)

Ans:- Waste Reduction Alternatives:-

1. Volume Reduction:-

Introduction :-

In general, the first step in minimizing the effects of Industrial Wastes on receiving Streams and Treatment
Plants is to reduce the Volume of such Wastes.
This may be accomplished by:
1.Classification of wastes
2.Conservation of waste water
3.Changing production to decrease wastes
4.Re-using both industrial and municipal effluents as raw water supplies
5.Elimination of batch or slug discharges of process wastes.

1. Classification of Wastes:
If wastes are classified, so that manufacturing-process waters are separated from cooling waters, the volume
of water requiring intensive treatment may be reduced considerably.
Sometimes it is possible to classify and separate the process waters themselves, so that only the most polluted
ones are treated and the relatively uncontaminated are discharged without Treatment.
The Three main classes of waste are:
1.Wastes from manufacturing processes
2.Waters used as cooling agents in industrial processes
3.Wastes from sanitary uses.

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Shah
 M.Tech (Environmental Engineering) Second Semester (C.B.C.S.)
Industrial Waste Water Treatment and Disposal

2. Conservation Of wastewater:
Water conserved is waste saved. Conservation begins when an industry changes from open to a closed system.
Introduction of conservation practices requires a complete engineering survey of existing water use and an
inventory of all plant operations using water and producing wastes, so as to develop an accurate balance for
peak and average operating conditions. For example steel mills reuse cooling waters to coal processors reuse
water to remove dirt and other non-combustible materials from coal.

3. Changing Production to Decrease Wastes:

This is an effective method of controlling the volume of wastes but is difficult to put into the practice. It is hard
to persuade production men to change their operations just to eliminate wastes. Normally, the operational
phase of engineering is planned by the chemical, mechanical or industrial engineer, whose primary objective is
cost savings, several measures that can be used to reduce wastes, improved process control, improved
equipment design, use of different or better quality raw materials, good house keeping and preventive
maintenance.

4. Re-Using Both Industrial and Municipal Effluents for Raw Water supplies:
Practiced mainly in areas where water is scarce and/or expensive, this is proving a popular and economical
method of conservation: of all the sources of water available to Industry, Sewage plant effluent is the most
reliable at all seasons of the year and the only one that is actually increasing in quantity and improving in
quality.

Many industries and cities hesitate to reuse effluents for raw water supply. Certain technical problems such as
hardness, colour and an esthetic reluctance to accept effluents as a potential source of water for any purpose.
Also treatment plants are subject to shutdown and sudden discharges, both of which may make the supply
undependable or of variable quality. However, as the cost of importing a raw water supply increase, it would
seem logical to re-use Waste- treatment plant effluents to increase the present water supply by replenishing
the ground water. The ever-available treatment plant effluent can produce a low cost steady water source
through ground water recharge. Re-use of sewage effluent will reduce the quantity of pollution discharged by
the municipality.

5. Elimination of Batch or Slug Discharge Of Process Wastes:

If the waste is discharged in a short period of time, it is usually referred to as a slug discharge. This type of
waste, because of its concentrated contaminants and/or surge in volume, can be troublesome to both
treatment plants and receiving streams.
There are atleast two methods of reducing the effects of these discharges:
1.The-manufacturing firm alters its practice so as to increase the frequency and lessen themagnitude of Batch
discharges.
2.Slug Wastes are retained in holding basins from which they are allowed to Flowcontinuously and uniformly
over an extended (usually 24-hour) period.

2. Strength Reduction:

Introduction:-

Waste Strength reduction is the second major objective for an industrial plant concerned with waste
treatment. The strength of wastes may be reduced by:
1.Process Changes
2.Equipment Modifications
3.Segregation of Wastes
4.Equilization of Wastes
5.By-Product Recovery
6.Proportioning of Wastes and
7.Monitoring Waste Streams

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Shah
 M.Tech (Environmental Engineering) Second Semester (C.B.C.S.)
Industrial Waste Water Treatment and Disposal

1. Process Changes:
In reducing the strength of wastes through process changes, the sanitary engineer is concerned with wastes
that are most troublesome from a pollution standpoint.

2. Equipment Modification:
Changes in equipment can effect a reduction in the strength of the waste, usually by reducing the amounts of
contaminants entering the waste stream. An outstanding example of waste strength reduction occurred in the
dairy industry. The new cans were constructed with smooth necks so that they could be drained faster and
more completely. This prevented a large amount of milk waste from entering streams and sewage plants.

3. Equalization of Wastes:
Plants, which have many products, from a diversity of processes, prefer to equalize their wastes. This requires
holding wastes for a certain period of time, depending on the time taken for the repetitive process in the
plant. For example, if a manufactured item requires a series of operations that take eight hours, the plant
needs an equalization basin designed to hold the wastes for that eight hours period. The effluent from an
equalization basin is much more consistent in its characteristics than each separate influent to that same
basin.

Stabilization of pH and B.O.D and settling of Solids and Heavy Metals are among the objectives of
equalization. Stable effluents are treated more easily and efficiently, than unstable ones by industrial and
municipal treatment plants.

4. By-Product Recovery:
All wastes contain by products, the exhausted materials used in the process. Since some wastes are very
difficult to treat at low cost, it is advisable for the Industrial Management concerned to consider the possibility
of building a recovery plant which will produce a Marketable By-Product and at the same time solve a trouble
some Wastes problem.

5. Proportioning Wastes:
By Proportioning its discharge of concentrated wastes into the main sewer a plant can often reduce the
strength of its total waste to the point where it will need a minimum of final treatment or will cause the least
damage to the stream or treatment plant.

It may prove less costly to proportion one small but concentrated waste into the main flow. According to the
rate of the main flow, than to equalize the entire waste of the plant in order to reduce the strength.

6. Monitoring Waste Streams:

Accidental spills are often the sole cause of stream pollution or malfunctioning of treatment plants and these
can be controlled, and often eliminated completely, if all significant sources of wastes are monitored.

7. Segregation of Wastes:
Segregation of Wastes reduces the strength and/or the difficulty of treating the final waste from an industrial
plant. It usually results in two wastes: one strong and small in volume and the other weaker with almost the
same volume as the original unsegregated waste. The small- volume strong waste can then be handled with
methods specific to the problem it presents.

In terms of volume reduction alone, segregation of cooling waters and storm waters from process waste will
mean a saving in the size of the final treatment plant.

नोट्स का दरु
ु पयोग करने के लिए कडाई से ननषिद्ध

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Shah
 M.Tech (Environmental Engineering) Second Semester (C.B.C.S.)
Industrial Waste Water Treatment and Disposal

Ques No.02:- Explain in detail process of equalization.

Or
Write down the purpose of equalization in Industrial wastewater treatment.

(Compulsory For 7 Marks)

Ans:- Equalization:-

It is used to minimize or control fluctuations in wastewater characteristics in order to provide optimum

conditions for subsequent treatment.

1. It is the method of retaining waste in a basin so that the effluent discharge is fairly uniform in its
characteristics.
2. The main objective is to minimize or control fluctuations in waste water characteristics in order to provide
better condition for subsequent treatment.
3. The purpose of equalization is to provide adequate damping of organic fluctuations inorder to prevent shock
loading of biological treatment.
4. It also provide adequate pH control or to minimize the chemical requirements for neutralization.
5. It helps in providing continuous feed to biological systems once a period, when the manufacturing plant is
not operating.
6. It helps in preventing high concentration of toxic materials from entering the biological treatment plant.

The purpose of equalization for industrial wastewater treatment facilities is: ƒ

1. For dampening of organic fluctuations to avoid shock loading on biological wastewater treatment system. ƒ
2. To minimize flow surges to physical-chemical treatment systems. ƒ
3. To control pH or to minimize the chemical requirements for neutralization. ƒ
4. To provide continuous feed to biological systems over periods when the manufacturing plant is not
operating. ƒ
5. To controlled discharge of industrial waste to municipal sewers. ƒ
6. To prevent high concentrations of toxic materials from entering the biological treatment plant.

Advantages:-

1. Helps in improving the performance of down- stream operations and reduces the operating & capital cost of
down- stream process.
2. Biological treatment is enhanced because of elimination of shock load due to flow rate & pollution load.
3. Thickner/ settler and filter performance gets enhanced and their required surface area gets reduced.

Disadvantages:-

1. Large land area may be required.

2. Additional capital and operating cost may be required.
3. May cause odor problem for nearby residential colonies.

There are 2 types of equalization:-

1. Inline equalization:
In the inline equalization all of the flow passes through the equalization basin. This arrangement can be made
to achieve a considerable amount of constituent concentration and flow rate damping.

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 M.Tech (Environmental Engineering) Second Semester (C.B.C.S.)
Industrial Waste Water Treatment and Disposal

2. Offline equalization:
In the offline arrangement only the flow above some predetermined flow limit is diverted into the equalization
tank although the pumping requirement are minimized in this arrangement. The amount of constituent
concentration clamming is considerably removed. Offline equalization is sometimes used to capture first flush
from combined collection.

Ques No.03:- What is neutralization of industrial wastewater? What is the necessity of

neutralization process? Write various methods of neutralization of acidic wastewater.
Or
Explain the methods of neutralising the acidic wastes.
Or
Explain various methods of neutralization of acidic wastes. What are the effects of acidic
wastes in general?
(Compulsory For 7 Marks)
Ans:- Neutralization:-

Where wastewater is acidic or alkaline, neutralization is required prior to discharge to receiving waters or
prior to chemical or biological treatment.

An acidic waste can be neutralize by following methods:-

1. Mixing the waste by the waste from other industry.

2. Passing the acidic waste through the beds of lime stone.
3. Mixing the acidic waste with the lime slurry
4. Adding proper proportion of caustic soda and soda ash.

1. Mixing the waste by the waste from other industry:

Mixing of waste can be accomplished within a single plant operation or industry or between neighboring
industry plants. Acidic and alkaline waste may be produced individually within one plant and proper mixing of
these wastes at approximate time can accomplish neutralization.

2. Mixing the acidic waste with the lime slurry :

This method is effective method, slacked lime stone is used and so 7-15% of lime slurry reaction. The reaction
is as follows:
CaCO3+H−2SO4−−−−−−−−>CaSO4+CO2+H2O
Calcium sulphate is formed continuously but it is carried away with waste. It is less expensive than limestone
method. Since by product is carbon dioxide gas which escapes away which further causes erosion of wall of
treatment vessel within a treatment plant.

3. Adding proper proportion of caustic soda and soda ash:

This treatment is more effective than lime treatment. Reaction is fast but it is costly. Required less volume of
tank. Requires lesser volume of agents since these neutralization agents are more powerful than lime or
limestone. Another advantage is that the product is soluble and do not increase the hardness of receiving
water.

4. Acid waste neutralization through limestone beds: ƒ

Can be down flow or up flow. ƒ

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Shah
 M.Tech (Environmental Engineering) Second Semester (C.B.C.S.)
Industrial Waste Water Treatment and Disposal

Max hydraulic load for down flow system 2.5 m3 /m2 .hr to ensure sufficient retention time. ƒ H2SO4 conc.
should be limited to 0.6% to avoid coating of limestone with nonreactive CaSO4 and excessive CO2 evaluation,
which limits neutralization. ƒ
Effective for wastewater where relative acidity is fairly constant. ƒ
Not very effective where flow and conc. varies with time.

Effects of acidic waste:

1. Most fresh water lakes, streams and ponds have a natural pH in the range of 6 to 8. Acid deposition has
many harmful ecological effects when the pH of most aquatic systems falls below 6 and especially below 5.
2. This causes a severe effect on aquatic life.
3. They not only affect the secondary treatment process but also corrodes pipes and pumps of treatment
units.
4. It also causes the foaming of water at the surface which is very dangerous for the survival of the water
bodies.
5. Therefore, stream water cannot be used without treatment.

******
Join
SHAH ENGINEERING CLASSES,TRIMURTINAGAR,NAGPUR
CONTACT: 7888280720

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Shah
 M.Tech (Environmental Engineering) Second Semester (C.B.C.S.)
Industrial Waste Water Treatment and Disposal

Unit-05 (14 Marks)

Treatment of specific industrial wastes: Textile. Canning, dairy,
fertilizer, tanning, sugar, brewery and distillery, iron and steel and
metal finishing. Common Effluent Treatment Plant

Theory:- 14 Marks
Ques No.01:- Give the composition of a cotton textile mill waste. Explain with the help of
flow diagram, how the waste water is treated.

(Comuplsory For 14 Marks)

Ans:- Textiles Mills Waste:-

The Fibres used in the Textile Industry may be broadly classified into four groups : cotton, wool, regenerated
and synthetics.

Cotton textile mill waste:

An integrated cotton textile mill produces its own yarn from the raw cotton. Production of yarn from raw
cotton includes steps like opening and cleaning, picking, carding, drawing, spinning, winding and warping. All
these sequences are dry operations and as such do not contribute to the liquid waste of the mill.

Carding : It is a process in the manufacture of spun yarns whereby the staple is opened, cleaned, aligned and
formed into a continuous untwisted strand called sliver.
Drawing : It is the process of increasing the length per unit weight of sliver.
Combing : A method to remove short fibers, foreign matter from cotton stock by pressing it through a series of
needles or combs.
Spinning : It is a process by which a long strand of fibres is drawn out to a short strand and converted into a
yarn. After drawing out, it is subjected to twisting and the resulting yarn is wound into a bobbin.
Winding :It is the process of transfer of a yarn or threadfrom one type of package to another. Weaving :It is
the process of interlocking two yarns of similar materials so that they cross each other at right angles to
produce a woven fabric.

The entire liquid waste from the textile mills comes from the following operation of slashing (or sizing),
scouring and desizing, bleaching, mercerizing, dyeing and finishing. In slashing,(to give it the tensile strength
and smoothness necessary fot subsequent weaving) the yarn is strengthened by loading it with starch or other
sizing substances. waste originates from this section due to spills,and the floor washings at the weak end. After
slashing the yarn goes for weaving.the prepared cloth now requires scouring and desizing to remove natural
impurities and the slashing compounds.

Enzymes are usually used in India to hydrolyze the starch ; acids may also be used for this purpose.caustic
soda, soda ash,detergents etc. are used In scouring in kier boilers. To remove the natural impurities such as
greases waxes, fats and other impurities, the desized cloth is subjected to kier boiling i.e they are boiled with
the aid of steam in an alkaline solution containing caustic soda. After boiling the spent liquor is discharged as
waste. This is a strong waste, dark brown in colour, and highly alkaline. Temperature of the effulient is high.
BOD of the liquor is also high, contributing 35% of the total waste. Replacement of soap used in scouring by
low B.O.D detergents may reduce B.O.D load by 35% about 50%of the total pollution load of the mill is

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 M.Tech (Environmental Engineering) Second Semester (C.B.C.S.)
Industrial Waste Water Treatment and Disposal

contributed by this section. Bleaching operations use oxidizing chemicals like peroxides and hypochlorites to
remove natural colouring materials and to render the clothes white.

The bleaching process is necessary where fabrics are to be given a full white or where they are to be dyed in
specific shades. In this process the natural colouring matter in the textile material is removed by the use of
oxidising chemicals like peroxides and hypochlorites. Mercerizing consists of passing the cloth through 20%
caustic soda solution.
The process improves the strength, elasticity , lustre and dye affinity. Waste from this section is recycled after
sodium hydroxide recovery.

Dyeing may be done in various ways, using different types of dyes and auxiliary chemicals. Classes of dyes used
include vat dyes, developing dyes, napthol dyes, sulfur dyes, basic dyes, direct dyes etc.
Direct Dyes (Neutral Dyes) are used as they are easy to apply and no auxillary chemicals are needed.

Basic Dyes : This class of dyes give bright colours. They are applied along with week organic acids.

Sulphur Dyes : For dark colours, these dyes employed. These are sulphur compounds applied usually with
sodium sulphide followed oxidation with chromate. Vat dyes require caustic soda and sodium hydrosulfite to
reduce the dye into a soluble form. Sulfur dyes are reduced by sodium sulfide and oxidized by chromate.
Indigo dyes are also similar to vat dyes, but require only air oxidation. Colour from the dyes vary widely and
although those are not usually toxic, they are esthetically objectional when they impart colour in the drinking
water supplies.

Thickened dyes, along with printing gums and necessary auxiliaries , are used for printing and subsequent
fixation. After fixation of the prints, the fabric is given a thorough wash to remove unfixed dyes.

The finishing section of the mill imparts various finishes to the fabrics. Various types of chemicals are used for
various objectives.

Effects of the cotton textile and woolen textile mill wastes on receiving streams / sewers :-
The crude waste, if discharged into the streams, causes rapid depletion of the dissolved oxygen of the streams.
The condition aggravates due to the settlement of the suspended substances and subsequent decomposition
of the deposited sludges in anaerobic condition. The alkalinity and the toxic substances like sulphides and
chromium affect the aquatic life; and also interfere with the biological treatment process; some of the dyes
are also found toxic.

Treatment of Cotton and Woolen Textile Mill Waste :-

The pollution load of the waste is dealt with in the operations like segregation , equalization , neutralization,
chemical precipitation , chemical oxidation and biological oxidation. Several chemicals are used to reduce the
BOD by chemical coagulation. These are alum, ferrous sulfate , ferric sulfate, ferric chloride etc., lime or
sulfuric acid is used to adjust the pH in this process.

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 M.Tech (Environmental Engineering) Second Semester (C.B.C.S.)
Industrial Waste Water Treatment and Disposal

Calcium chloride is found to be effective in treating wool-scouring waste. The dye wastes may be treated
economically by biological methods, with prior equalization , neutralization and chemical oxidation for certain
wastes.

A composite waste, when free from toxic substances may be treated as efficiently as domestic sewage, as
most of the textile mill wastes contain sufficient nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus.
Trickling filters, Activated Sludge Process , Waste Stabilization ponds, all these types of biological treatment
have been tried for the treatment of textile mill wastes and all of them are found to be very effective. Excellent
results were also obtained with Extended Aeration in treating a strong waste , even without any equalization
and pre-treatment; this method eliminates the necessity of sludge digestion as well.

Ques No.02:- Discuss in detail wastewater generation process, their qualities,

characteristics, pollution control requirement and the general approach to treatment of
Industrial effluents from any one of the following industries.
(i) Sugar industry.
(ii) Paper & Pulp industry.
Or
Discuss in detail the wastewater generation process, their quantities, characteristics,
pollution control requirements and the general approach for the treatment of industrial
effluent from sugar industry.
Or
Give the characteristics of waste from a paper and pulp mill. How do you treat the waste
water? Explain with the help of flow diagram.

(Semi-Compulsory For 14 Marks)

Ans:- (i) Sugar industry:-

Introduction:-
In Countries like India, Cuba and Jamaica, the sugar is produced from sugar canes, while in many other places
beetroots are used as the raw materials for the sugar production. In India most of the sugar mills operate for
about 4 to 8 months just after the harvesting of the sugar canes.

Manufacturing Process:-
The sugar canes are cut into pieces and crushed in a series of rollers to extract the juice, in the mill house.Juice
is extracted from the sugar cane, leaving a fibrous residue called bagasse, which can be used as a fuel for the
boilers or can be disposed of as solid waste. The milk of lime is then added to the juice and heated, when all
the colloidal and suspended impurities are coagulated; much of the colour is also removed during this lime
treatment. Lime is added to the extracted juice to raise its pH and to prevent the inversion of the sucrose
molecule to glucose and fructose. The coagulated juice is then clarified to remove the sludge. The clarifier is
further filtered through filter presses, and then disposed off as solid waste.The filterate is recycled to the
process, and the entire quantity of clarified juice is treated by passing sulphur dioxide gas through it. The
process is known as " sulphitation process"; colour of the juice is completely bleached out due to this process.

The clarified juice is then preheated and concentrated in evaporators and vacuum pans. The partially
crystallized syrup from the vacuum pan, known as "massecuite" is then transferred to the crystallizers, where
complete crystallization of sugar occurs. The massecuite is then centrifuged, to separate the sugar crystals
from the mother liquor. The spent liquor is discarded as " black strap mollases". The sugar is then dried and
bagged for transport. The black strap mollases may be used in the distilleries.

Sources of Waste Water and the Characteristics of the Waste:-

Wastes from the mill house include the water used as splashes to extract maximum amount of juice, and those
used to cool the rolling bearings. As such the mill house waste contains high B.O.D due to the presence of
sugar, and oil from the machineries. The filter clothes, used for filtering the juice, need occasional cleaning.
The wastewater thus produced through small in volume, contains high B.O.D and suspended solids.

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 M.Tech (Environmental Engineering) Second Semester (C.B.C.S.)
Industrial Waste Water Treatment and Disposal

A large volume of water is required in the barometric condensers of the multiple effect evaporators and
vacuum pans. The water is usually partially or fully recirculated, after cooling through a spray pond.
This cooling water gets polluted as it picks up some organic substances from the vapour of boiling syrup in
evaporators and vacuum pans. The water from spray pond when overflows, becomes a part of the
wastewater, and usually of low B.O.D in a properly operated sugar mill. Additional waste originates due to the
leakages and spillages of juice, syrup and molasses in different sections, and also due to the handling of
molasses.

Characteristics of Suger Mill Waste:-

Effects of the waste on receiving streams :-

The fresh effluent from the sugar mill decomposes rapidly after few hours of stagnation. It has been found to
cause considerable difficulties when their effluent gets an access to the watercourse. The rapid depletion of
oxygen due to biological oxidation followed by anaerobic stabilization of the waste causes a secondary
pollution of offensive odour and black colour.

Treatment :-
Disposal of the effluent on land as irrigation water is practical in many sugar mills, but it is associated with
odour problem. The reasonable C.O.D/B.O.D ratio of the mill effluents indicate that the waste is amenable to
biological treatment. However, generally it is found that, the aerobic treatment with conventional activated
sludge process and trickling filter is not too efficient, even at a low organic loading rate. A max B.O.D reduction
of 51% is observed in a pilot plant study at Kanpur, where both trickling filter and activated sludge process
were tried. In view of the high cost of installation and supervision of the treatment units, and the seasonal
nature of the operation of this industry, it is generally observed that the conventional aerobic treatment will
not be economical in this country.

Anaerobic treatment of the effluent, using both digesters and lagoons, have been found to be more effective
and economical. A B.O.D reduction of about 70% was observed in a pilot plant study with an anaerobic
digester. The effluents of the anaerobic treatment units are found to contain sufficient nutrients (nitrogen and
phosphorous). As such further reduction of B.O.D can be accomplished in aerobic waste stabilization ponds.
Where sufficient land is available, a two stage biological treatment, with anaerobic lagoons followed by
aerobic waste stabilization ponds, is recommended for Indian conditions. The mill effluent however is to be
pretreated primarily in bar screens and grease trap. It is expected that the B.O.D reduction in the anaerobic
process will be in the order of 60%, while overall B.O.D reduction may be in the order of 90%.

(ii) Paper & Pulp industry:-

Pulp and Paper Mill Waste:-

The paper mills use the 'pulp' as the raw material , which is again produced utilizing different cellulosic
materials like wood , bamboo,jute, straw mainly of rice and wheat, waste paper, bagasse etc in the pulp mills.

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 M.Tech (Environmental Engineering) Second Semester (C.B.C.S.)
Industrial Waste Water Treatment and Disposal

Manufacturing Process :-
The Process of manufacturing of paper may be divided into two phases - Pulp making and then making of final
product of paper. The major portion of the pollution from papermaking originates in the pulping processes.
Raw materials are reduced to a fibrous pulp by either mechanical or chemical means. The bark is mechanically
or hydraulically removed from wood before it is reduced to chips for cooking. Mechanically prepared
(groundwood) pulp is made by grinding the wood on large emery(very hard mineral) or sand stone wheels and
then carrying it by water through screens.

This type of pulp is low-grade , usually highly colored, and contains relatively short fibers, it is mainly used to
manufacture non durable paper products such as newspaper. The screened bark effluent contains fine
particles of bark and wood and some dissolved solids. Chemically prepared pulps, as compared with
mechanically prepared ones, are made by the soda, sulfate (Kraft) or sulfite process. In all these methods the
wood is prepared, as in the making of groundwood, by reduction to chips and screening to remove dust. The
chemical processes differ from one another only in the chemical used to digest the chips.

Pulping is the process in which wood or other cellulosic raw materials are digested with chemicals under high
temperature and pressure so that cellulosic fibres of wood are relieved from its binders such as lignin, resin etc
To a digester holding about four cords(128 cft) of chips, a mixture of soda ash (Na2CO3) and Lime(Ca(OH)2
(alkali process) is added and the total contents are boiled under steam pressure for about ten hours. This
digestion decomposes or separates the binding , non cellulosic materials , such as lignins and resins from the
fiber.During digestion most of the lignins are hydrolysed to alcohol and acids. The spent liquor produces by the
above process of digestion is known as black liquor.

Black liquor very rich in lignin content but also cintains a large amount of unutilised chemicals.The black liquor
of the Kraft process is concentrated by evaporation, and then incinerated with the addition of sodium
sulphate. The organics like lignin, resin etc are burnt out, and the spelt is dissolved in water. The resulting
liquid is known as green liquor. Lime is added to this liquor, resulting in the formation of white liquor and lime
mud containing chiefly calcium carbonate. White liquor contains desired cooking (digestion) chemicals and is
sent for use in digester. The sulfate process calls for a shorter digestion period of about five or six hours , with
a mixture of sodium sulfide, hydroxide , sulfate and carbonate . The lignin and non cellulosic materials are
dissolved , leaving a stronger fiber for paper formation. After digestion, chemically prepared wood pulps are
blown into a closed blow pit, where the black liquor is allowed to drain to the sewer or to the recovery
processes.The drained pulp is then washed . These wash waters may then be wasted, reused or sent through
recovery operations while the washed pulp is passed through some type of refining machine to remove knots
and other non disintegrated matter.

A cylindrical screen, called a Decker , revolving across the path of the pulp partially dewaters it, after which it is
passed to bleach tanks, where it is mixed in a warm, dilute solution of calcium hypochlorite or hydrogen
peroxide. The dried , bleached pulp is then ready for sale or delivery to the paper mill. The washed cellulosic
fibres are sent for the bleaching in 3 stages, where chlorine, caustic and hypochlorite are used in successive
stages.

Waste waters from first and last stages are light yellow in colour, while that from caustic highly coloured. In
the paper mill, the pulp mixture is disintegrated and mixed in a Beater to which are added various fillers like
alum, talc etc and dyes, to improve the quality of the final paper product, and sizing to fill the pores of the
paper.

The Beater is essentially an oblong tank equipped with a rotating cylinder, to which are attached dull knives to
break up the knotted or bunched fibers and cause a through mixing of the entire contents of the tank.
Sometimes the pulps are washed in the 'breaker beater ' prior to the addition of chemicals. After beating, the
pulp is usually refined in a Jordan, machine that consists of a stationary hollow cone with projecting knives on
its interior surface, fitted over a rapidly rotating adjustable cone having similar knives on its outside surface.
This machine cuts the fibers to the final size desired.
The pulp then passes to stuffing boxes, where it is stored, mixed and adjusted to the proper uniform
consistency for papermaking. Finally the pulp is screened to remove lumps or slime spots, which would lower

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Shah
 M.Tech (Environmental Engineering) Second Semester (C.B.C.S.)
Industrial Waste Water Treatment and Disposal

the quality of the final paper. The pulp is evenly distributed from a head box over a travelling belt of fine wire
screening , known as fourdrivein weir , and carried to rolls .
A small portion of the water contained in the pulp passed through the screen while the longer fibers are laid
down as a mat on the wire . A considerable portion of the fine fibers and some fillers also pass through the
screen wire with the water. Because of its colour, this waste water is called white water.

The paper mat passes through a series of rolls as follows ; a screen roll to eliminate inequalities at the end of
the wire, a suction roll to draw out more water, press and drying rolls to rid of the paper of most of the
remaining water and finally finishing rolls(Calenders) which produce the final shape of the paper.

Characteristics of pulp and paper mill wastes :-

The volume depends mainly on the manufacturing procedure, and the water economy adopted in the plant. It
has been observed that a well operated and well managed integrated pulp and paper mill employing Kraft
3
process for pulping , produces a waste volume in the range of 225 to 320 m per tone of paper manufactured.

The mills manufacturing special quality of paper produce larger amount of water for washing and beleaching.
Like the volume of waste, the chemical composition of the waste will also depend on the size of the plant,
manufacturing process. In most of the small paper mills in India, the chemical recovery is not practiced due to
economical reasons. The pulp and paper mill wastes are characterized by very strong colour, high BOD , high
suspended solids and high COD/BOD ratio.

The effect of wastes on receiving water courses or sewers:-

Crude pulp and paper mill wastes, or insufficiently treated wastes cause very serious pollution problems, when
discharged into the streams.
The fine fibers often clog the water intake screens in the down stream side. A toxic effect may also be induced
upon the flora and fauna of the stream due to sulfites and phenols in the waste. The bottom deposit of Lignin -
Cellulosic materials near the point of the discharge of the waste in a stream undergo slow decomposition and
may lead to the dissolved oxygen depletion followed by the creation of anaerobic condition and destruction of
the aquatic life.

The treatment of the waste may consist of all or a combination of some of the following
processes :

1. Recovery :
The recovery of the process chemicals and the fibres reduces the pollution load to a great extent. Where the
economy permits the colour bearing black liquor is treated for the chemical recovery. In this process the lignin
is destroyed. The same may also be recovered from the black liquor, by precipitation by acidulation with either
carbon dioxide or sulphuric acid. The fibres in the white water from the paper mills are recovered either by
sedimentation or by floatation using dissolved air in the tank.

2. Chemical treatment for colour removal :

Massive lime treatment capable of removing 90% of colour and 40 to 60% of BOD from the waste. In this
process, entire quantity of lime, normally required for the recaustisation of green liquor into white liquor, is

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Shah
 M.Tech (Environmental Engineering) Second Semester (C.B.C.S.)
Industrial Waste Water Treatment and Disposal

taken and allowed to react first with the coloured waste effluent. The colour is absorbed by lime and the
sludge after settling is used in recaustisting the green liquor.

3. Activated carbon for colour removal:

In a study conducted by NEERI, it has been observed that acidic activated carbon can remove 94% colour from
the pulp mill waste.

4. Physical treatment for clarification:

Mechanically cleaned circular clarifiers alone are found to be capable of 70-80% removal of the suspended
solids from the combined mill effluent. About 95 to 99% removal of settable solids can be accomplished in the
clarifiers.However the BOD reduction is comparatively small and of the order of 25-40% only.

5. Biological treatment of the waste:

Considerable reduction of BOD from the waste can be accomplished in both conventional and low cost
biological treatment processes. If sufficient area is available, the waste stabilization ponds offer the cheapest
means for treatment. A minimum of 85% removal of BOD is fond to be achievable. Aerated lagoons are the
improved forms of the stabilization ponds. It may be noted that the pulp and paper mill wastes does not
contain necessary nutrients for the bacterial growth, and hence Nitrogen and Phosphorous are to added into
the lagoons in the form of Urea or Ammonia and Phosphoric acid in BOD: N: P ratio of 100:5:1. Activated
sludge process is the most satisfactory and sophisticated system for the effluent treatment.Trickling filter has
got a limited use in the treatment of the pulp and paper mill effluent, due to the greater chances of clogging of
the media with fibrous material. Also the trickling filter system is incapable to provide a high degree of
treatment -even with the new plastic media with greater specific surface area the BOD removal is found to be
only 40-50%.

Lagooning :-
In small mills , where the black liquor is not treated separately for the chemical recovery, the strong black
liquor must be segregated from the other wastes and stored in a lagoon.

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Shah
 M.Tech (Environmental Engineering) Second Semester (C.B.C.S.)
Industrial Waste Water Treatment and Disposal

Ques No.03:- Give the composition of waste water from a dairy industry.
(Future For 14 Marks)
Ans:- Dairy Wastes:-

Units Operation in a Dairy :

Receiving Stations:
The receiving station serves as a collection point for raw milk from the farmers. When milk is delivered to the
dairy in cans and these cans are emptied, rinsed and washed and in some cases sterilized before returning.
Bottling:
Raw milk received is weighed and classified (generally based on the fat content), it is preheated, pasteurized,
cooled and then filled into bottles, polythene bags, cardboard packets etc.
Product Making:
Dry milk, milk powder, cheese, butter and other products as ice cream, condensed milk are prepared out of
milk.
Sources of wastes:
Waste producing operations are washing of bottles, cases, cans, tanks, cooling equipment, Processing
equipment and floors.
Dripping, leaks, spillages and overflows due to improper equipment or inefficient operation.
Discharges from evaporators.
Wasted buttermilk and whey (watery liquid left when milk forms curds).
Spoiled raw or treated products.

Classification of Waste:
1. Spent waters: Water used for condensing and free from milk solids. These are easily disposed off.
2. Waste waters produced during handling and manufacturing of dairy products as :
(i) Spoiled products of skim milk, whey and buttermilk.
(ii) Drips, leaks, first rinses and alkaline wash waters. Whey and buttermilk have high BOD.

Characteristics of wastes:
They are wholly organic with high oxygen demand (Milk is a balanced food for bacteria, therefore it is
consumed at a faster rate depleting the oxygen)
1kg of whole milk produces about 10kg of BOD
BOD= 300 to 3000mg/l and BOD/COD very high (0.68) indicating degradability of the waste.
Heavy black sludge and strong butyric acid odors because of decomposition of casein are common. Also, these
wastes contain nitrogen and phosphorous which are excellent nutrients for algae and other aquatic plants,
which on death add to the taste and odour of the waste water.

Composition:

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Shah
 M.Tech (Environmental Engineering) Second Semester (C.B.C.S.)
Industrial Waste Water Treatment and Disposal

Treatment of Waste:

As evident from the high BOD/COD ratio, the dairy wastes can be treated efficiently by biological processes.
Reduction of volume and strength of the wastes by:
i. Prevention of spills, leakages and dropping of milk from cans.
ii. By reducing the amount of water for washes
iii. By segregating the uncontaminated cooling water and recycling the same.

Due to the intermittent nature of the waste discharge, it is desirable to provide, Equalization tank with or
without aeration before the same is sent for biological treatment. A provision of grease trap is also necessary
as a pretreatment to remove fat and other greasy substances from the waste.
An aeration for a day not only prevents the formation of lactic acid, but also reduces the BOD by about 50%.
Both high rate trickling filters and activated sludge plants can be employed very effectively for a complete
treatment of the dairy waste. On the other hand the low cost treatment methods like oxidation ditch, aerated
lagoon, waste stabilization pond etc can be employed with simpler type of equipments and less maintenance.

Waste Equalization - Aerator-grease Trap-Biological Treatment ASP/TF low cost-Effluent

Use of dairy waste for irrigation after primary treatment in an aerated lagoon.

Ques No.04:- How you treat the brewery industrial waste?

(Future For 14 Marks)
Ans:- Breweries Wineries Distilleries:-

Introduction :

While Breweries and Wineries produce beer and wine respectively, a large number of products of varying
origin are obtained in Distilleries. The range of products from distilleries includes industrial alcohols, rectified
spirit, silent spirit, absolute alcohol, beverage alcohol etc.
But two things are common all the products:
1. All the products are obtained through the bio-chemical process of fermentation by yeast, using carbo-
hydrates as raw materials
2. All the products contain ethyl alcohol in different proportions.

Origin and Characteristics of Breweries Wastes :

Making of beer essentially consists of two stages:

1.Preparation of malt from grains like barley and
2.Brewing (boiling and fermentation) the Barely.

In malt making, the barely grains are steeped (soaked in liquid) to bleach out colour, and then made to sprout
(appear or begin to grow) under aerobic conditions. The grain malt is then dried and stored after screening the
sprouts out.
The malt from the malt house is then transported to the brewing section, where the wort (infusion of malt
before it is fermented into beer), the medium of fermentation is prepared by making a mash of coarse grained
malt with hot water, and by transforming the starch to sugar by boiling with hops (which are used to give a
bitter flavour to beer.).
The wort is then filtered and cooled. The filtered wort is then inoculated with a prepared suspension of yeast,
which ferments the sugar to alcohol.
When the fermentation is complete the yeast and malt residue is filtered out and finally the beer is carbonated
before packing for sale.

Brewery Wastes Originate in both these stages. One being the spent water from the steeping process from
the malt house. The waste includes the water soluble substances of the grain that are diffused into it.

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Shah
 M.Tech (Environmental Engineering) Second Semester (C.B.C.S.)
Industrial Waste Water Treatment and Disposal

Characteristically it contains a large amount of organic soluble solids indicated by a high B.O.D in the order of
400-800mg/l and low suspended solids.

In the brewing plant, the major potential pollutant is the fermentation residue or the spent grains. Wastes
also originate in the preparation of yeast suspension, from washing of containers, equipments and floors.
Large volume of almost on polluted water also comes out as waste cooling water.
The waste from the brewing plant contains high-suspended solids and also a high B.O.D .

Origin And Characteristics of Distilleries Waste:

The beverage alcohol industries utilize different grains, malted barley and molasses as raw materials. on the
other hand the molasses (black strap type) are exclusively used as raw materials in the industrial alcohol
industry.

In beverage alcohol industry, the preparation of mash consists of:

1. Preparation of green malt
2. Preparation of cooked slurries of the grains
3.Mixing of the above two followed by ph adjustment and nutrient (ammonium salts and phosphates)
supplementation.

On the other hand in molasses distilleries, the preparation of mash consists of:
1. Dilution by water to a sugar content of about 15%
2. pH adjustment to 4.0 - 4.5 to prohibit bacterial activities and
3. Nutrient addition.

The yeast suspension is prepared separately in the laboratory with art of the diluted molasses and then
inoculated into the mash for fermentation under controlled conditions. The fermented liquor containing
alcohol is then sent to an overhead tank without separation of the solid materials. The same is then degasified,
and then the alcohol is stripped leaving a spent wash. The crude alcohol is then redistilled and stored in
vats.The spent wash is the major polluting component of the distilleries and it is reported to be ten to fifteen
times the final product in volume. The other pollutants include yeast sludge, which deposits at the bottom of
fermentation vats. Malt house wastes also contribute towards pollution in beverage alcohol distilleries. In
addition to these major B.O.D and solids contributing wastes, floor washes, waste cooling water, and wastes
from the operations of yeast recovery or by-products recovery process also contribute to the volume of these
wastes.

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Shah
 M.Tech (Environmental Engineering) Second Semester (C.B.C.S.)
Industrial Waste Water Treatment and Disposal

Origin And Characteristics of Wineries Waste:

The wineries utilize the fruit juices as the raw materials. So the first operation in any winery is the pressing of
fermentable juice from the fruits like grape etc. The waste from this operation includes the spent fruits or
pomace, wastage of fermentable juices and floor wastes etc. The second stage in any winery consists of
fermentation of this juice employing the method described earlier.
The wine attains its final form at this stage and requires only decantation, blending and bottling for sale.
The waste from this stage comes from fermentation, decanting spillages, floor washes etc.

Effects on Receiving Streams/Sewers:

While Breweries and Wineries produce beer and wine respectively, a large number of products of varying
origin are obtained in Distilleries. The range of products from distilleries includes industrial alcohols, rectified
spirit, silent spirit, absolute alcohol, beverage alcohol etc.
But two things are common all the products:
1. All the products are obtained through the bio-chemical process of fermentation by yeast, using carbo-
hydrates as raw materials
2. All the products contain ethyl alcohol in different proportions.

Treatment of the Wastes:

Brewery wastes being comparatively less strong can be treated by aerobic biological treatment,after screening
and neutralization. The biological treatment is accomplished by two-stage process for 90 - 94% B.O.D
reductions.

The yeast sludge from the distilleries which contains very high suspended solids and B.O.D and is rich in
proteins, carbo hydrates, vitamins may be treated separately for by product recovery.
The raw spent wash with low pH, high dissolved solids, high temperature, high sulphates, and high B.O.D is not
amenable to aerobic biological; treatment.
Two-stage biological methods of treatment consisting of an aerobic treatment have been widely accepted as
the only methods of treatment of the wastes from the distilleries.

A single stage digester is usually adopted for the anaerobic treatment when land available is limited.
Anaerobic lagooning is a low cost alternative to the digesters when land is available in plenty. The only
disadvantage of anaerobic lagoons is the evolution of volatile gases and obnoxious odour from the ponds.

Effluent of the digesters an the anaerobic lagoons still contain a high B.O.D, which cannot be discharged into
the receiving streams. These effluents can successfully be treated either in aerated lagoons, or in oxidation
ponds.

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Shah
 M.Tech (Environmental Engineering) Second Semester (C.B.C.S.)
Industrial Waste Water Treatment and Disposal

Ques No.05:- Explain Common effluent treatment plant.

(Compulsory For 7 Marks)
Ans:- Common effluent treatment plant:-

ETP (Effluent Treatment Plant) is a process design for treating the industrial waste water for its reuse or safe
disposal to the environment.
• Influent: Untreated industrial waste water.
• Effluent: Treated industrial waste water.
• Sludge: Solid part separated from waste water by ETP.

Need of ETP:-

1. To clean industry effluent and recycle it for further use.

2. To reduce the usage of fresh/potable water in Industries.
3. To cut expenditure on water procurement.
4. To meet the Standards for emission or discharge of environmental pollutants from various Industries set by
the Government and avoid hefty penalties.
5. To safeguard environment against pollution and contribute in sustainable development.

Design of ETP:-

The design and size of the ETP depends upon:

• Quantity and quality of the industries discharge effluent.
• Land availability.
• Monetary considerations for construction, operation & maintenance.

Area dimension depends on:

1. Quality of wastewater to be treated,
2. Flow rate
3. Type of biological treatment to be used .

In case of less available land, CETP (Common Effluent Treatment Plant) is preferred over ETP.

Treatment Levels & Mechanisms of ETP:-

Treatment levels:
1.Preliminary
2.Primary
3.Secondary
4.Tertiary (or advanced)

Treatment mechanisms:
1.Physical
2.Chemical

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 M.Tech (Environmental Engineering) Second Semester (C.B.C.S.)
Industrial Waste Water Treatment and Disposal

3.Biological

Preliminary Treatment level Purpose:

Physical separation of big sized impurities like cloth, plastics, wood logs, paper, etc.
Common physical unit operations at Preliminary level are:
Screening: A screen with openings of uniform size is used to remove large solids such as plastics, cloth etc.
Generally maximum 10mm is used.
Sedimentation: Physical water treatment process using gravity to remove suspended solids from water.
Clarification: Used for separation of solids from fluids.

Primary Treatment Level Purpose:

Removal of floating and settleable materials such as suspended solids and organic matter.
Methods: Both physical and chemical methods are used in this treatment level.
Chemical unit processes:
Chemical unit processes are always used with physical operations and may also be used with biological
treatment processes.
Chemical processes use the addition of chemicals to the wastewater to bring about changes in its quality.
Example: pH control, coagulation, chemical precipitation and oxidation.

Flocculation is aided by gentle mixing which causes the particles to collide.

Secondary Treatment Level:-

Methods: Biological and chemical processes are involved in this level.
Biological unit process:
1. To remove, or reduce the concentration of organic and inorganic compounds. 
2. Biological treatment process can take many forms but all are based around microorganisms, mainly
bacteria.
Aerobic Processes:
1. Aerobic treatment processes take place in the presence of air (oxygen).
2. Utilizes those microorganisms (aerobes), which use molecular/free oxygen to assimilate organic impurities
i.e. convert them in to carbon dioxide, water and biomass.
Anaerobic Processes:
1.The anaerobic treatment processes take place in the absence of air (oxygen).
2.Utilizes microorganisms (anaerobes) which do not require air (molecular/free oxygen) to assimilate organic
impurities.
3.The final products are methane and biomass.

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Shah
 M.Tech (Environmental Engineering) Second Semester (C.B.C.S.)
Industrial Waste Water Treatment and Disposal

Tertiary / Advanced Treatment:-

Purpose:
Final cleaning process that improves wastewater quality before it is reused, recycled or discharged to the
environment.
Mechanism:
Removes remaining inorganic compounds, and substances, such as the nitrogen and phosphorus. Bacteria,
viruses and parasites, which are harmful to public health, are also removed at this stage.
Methods:
Alum: Used to help remove additional phosphorus particles and group the remaining solids together for easy
removal in the filters.
Chlorine contact tank disinfects the tertiary treated wastewater by removing microorganisms in treated
wastewater including bacteria, viruses and parasites.
Remaining chlorine is removed by adding sodium bisulphate just before it's discharged.

Flow chart for ETP:-

*********

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Shah
 M.Tech (Environmental Engineering) Second Semester (C.B.C.S.)
Industrial Waste Water Treatment and Disposal

Share your smile with the world.

Strictly Prohibited For misuse the Notes.

नोट्स का दरु
ु पयोग करने के लिए कडाई से ननषिद्ध

Thanking you

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