Volume-3,Issue 4,Apr2025 International Journal of Modern Science and Research Technology

ISSN NO -2584-2706

Rodenticidal and Toxicological Studies of

Piptadeniastrum Africanum and Eurphorbia
Kamerunica Pax against Albino Rats
Paul Oluwadamilare Ajiboye
Joseph Onaolapo Akinneye
Kayode David Ileke

Corresponding author: Dr. K. D. Ileke,

Abstract
Background: A significant and common Conclusion: As indicated by an increase in
category of mammals, rodents can be either WBC and lymphocytes, the study's findings
native or brought to other parts of the world. imply that the ethanolic extracts of P.
Their damage to crops, the poisons used to africanum and E. kamerunica Pax may have
control them, the social issues brought on by compromised oxygen transport and
their close proximity to human habitation, adversely affected the exposed rats' defence
and the health issues resulting from their mechanisms. Increases in the concentrations
role as zoonotic disease carriers all of the feed composed with P. africanum and
contribute to economic problems. This E. kamerunica Pax resulted in increased
research investigated the rodenticidal and activity of ALP, AST, and ALT, which are
toxicological studies of Piptadeniastrum markers of liver damage.
africanum and Euphorbia kamerunica
against albino rat. Keywords: Piptadeniastrum africanum;
Eurphorbia Kamerunica; Albino rat,
Results: This study showed that, in Rodenticide;
comparison to the control group, the mean Toxicology.
weight of the Albino rats treated with
ethanolic extracts of P. africanum and E. Background:Rodents are considered one of
kamerunica Pax significantly decreased. the most significant mammalian pests
Acute toxicity revealed that after 72 hours, globally due to their persistent presence near
ethanolic extracts of P. africanum and E. human habitations, leading to social,
kamerunica Pax at 15ml had 67% and 50% economic, environmental, and health issues.
mortality respectively. Furthermore, at They damage agricultural systems, spread
96hours both extracts had 83.3% and 100% zoonotic diseases like Lassa fever and
mortality respectively. There was decrease Salmonellosis, and result in the excessive
in the Hb, RBC and PCV from the control. use of chemical pesticides, which are
A potential explanation for the experimental hazardous to people and the environment.
rats' illogical behaviour, restlessness, and The focus has shifted towards integrated
eventual death is suggested by this pest management (IPM) and botanical
discovery. pesticides, which are cost-effective and
environmentally friendly alternatives to

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conventional pesticides (Herbreteau et al., garden plants, and traditional Chinese

2012, Abou-Hashem, 2012, Singla et al., medicine uses its succulent variants. The
2014). Plant extracts have been utilized as latex (milky sap) of E. kamerunica Pax is
pesticides since ancient Roman times and typically white, occasionally yellow, and
continue to be used today, especially in coagulates within minutes upon exposure to
developing countries where they are more air. This latex, often insoluble in water once
affordable than synthetic pesticides. Many congealed, contains skin irritants and
plants, trees, shrubs, and annuals, both wild carcinogenic compounds hazardous to
and cultivated, have been investigated for humans and grazing livestock. The primary
their pesticidal properties and have proven toxic components consist of lectins and
effective. Compared to traditional broad- diterpene alcohol esters, including phorbol
spectrum pesticides, botanicals offer several derivatives, as well as tigliane, daphnane,
advantages: they are effective in small and ingenane diterpene ester toxins. These
doses, degrade quickly, specifically target chemicals are responsible for skin
pests and related species, and provide inflammation, redness, and edematous
residue-free food and a safer environment swelling. Ingesting the toxic latex can cause
(Abou-Hashem, 2012). severe eye irritation, potentially leading to
blindness. When consumed internally,
Piptadeniastrum africanum is a towering poisoning has been linked to severe
tree, reaching about 50 meters, with large gastroenteritis, vomiting, and colicky
buttresses and bipinnately compound leaves. diarrhea (Agbegbi et al., 2012). Thus, the
Belonging to the Leguminosae family, goal of this research is to use Albino rats as
which comprises approximately 40 genera a model to produce non-synthetic plant-
and 2000 species of tropical and subtropical based rodenticides for the management of
trees and shrubs, it sprouts from stumps and the domestic rodent threat.
has sapwood that is pale reddish-yellow or
pinkish-white when young. The tree is Methods:
locally known as "Kiryar Kurmi" in Hausa, Test Substances Collection:
"Ofie" in Igbo, and "Agboni" or "Agboyin" The P. africanum and E. kamerunica Pax
in Yoruba. Traditionally valued for its were obtained from Ondo West and East
medicinal properties, its bark and leaves Local Government Area, in Ondo, Ondo
contain active components like flavonoids, State, Nigeria. The vegetation type found in
tannins, steroids, and glycosides, which are this study area is typical rainforest
believed to have anti-helminth, anti- dominated by trees, grasses and shrubs. The
inflammatory, and antibacterial effects predominant activities in this area include
(Bekeh et al., 2017; Kigigha et al., 2018; farming and trading of farm produce.
Ahmad et al., 2024).
Euphorbia kamerunica Pax (Family: Identification of Test Substances:
Euphorbiaceae) is a burgeoning plant Plant taxonomists identified the botanicals at
predominantly found in the tropical and the Federal University of Technology,
subtropical regions of Africa, America, and Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria's Department of
temperate zones worldwide. Originating Wildlife and Forestry, Faculty of
mainly from Africa, the Americas, and Agriculture and Agricultural Technology.
Madagascar, this succulent species is
distributed across the Sahel of Africa,
including Nigeria, Cameroon, Chad, and
Ethiopia. Many spurge species are grown as
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Experimental Animals: debris, they were left to drip on a wire

Ekiti State University's Department of mesh.
Zoology in Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria, The stem bark and root bark were air dried
is where the albino rats were acquired. The at room temperature (28±2oC) and the
animals were housed in well-ventilated Relative humidity (75±5%), after air drying
wooden cages at the Federal University of the stem bark were pulverized into powder.
Technology, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria's The powder was percolated with ethanol
Department of Biology's animal house. The 96%. The obtained product was
animals were given two weeks to concentrated using muslin clothe to obtain a
acclimatise before the trial. The rats were viscous ethanol extract of the plant root bark
given drinking water and basic feed twice a and stem bark.
day during the trial.
Phytochemical Analysis
Experimental Design: According to standard procedures by
Forty-two Albino rats were divided into Lambert and Muir (1973), Stewarte et al.,
different groups: Group one (control) were (1974), Sofowora (1993), Edeoga et al.,
fed with basal diet and water (food and (2005), Okwu (2005), Doherty et al., (2010),
water ad libitum), while Group two to seven and Kanife et al., (2012), phytochemical
were administered with varying dosage analysis included both the qualitative
(5ml, 10ml and 15ml) of ethanolic extract of screening of plant samples for the presence
Piptadeniastrum africanum and Euphorbia of phytochemicals and the quantitative
kamerunica Pax respectively and feed for analysis of the specific amounts of the
24hours, 48 hours, 72 hours and 96 hours various phytochemicals present in the plant
respectively. After ninety-six hours, the samples.
albino rats were sacrificed to check for the
acute toxicity. Calculating Biochemical Parameters

Plant Material Preparation (Plant Using biomarkers for the liver and kidney,
powder): the possible mechanism for the toxicity
The plant stem bark and root bark were caused by the botanicals was examined.
harvested from the forest in Ondo town. The Each mouse involved in the experiment had
stem bark and root bark were air dried at its heart punctured, and 1.5 ml of blood was
room temperature (28±2oC) and the Relative collected into Eppendorf tubes. Serum
humidity (75±5%), after air drying the stem aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and
bark and root barks were pulverized into alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity,
powder. creatinine, and urea were measured after the
blood was centrifuged for five minutes at
Preparation of Plant Ethanolic extract: 3000 revolutions per minute. A coloured
The bark from the stems and roots of the complex is created when creatinine and
plants was collected from the Ondo town picric acid combine in an alkaline solution.
forest. The plant extracts were made, with The concentration of creatinine directly
some adjustments, according to Adedire and correlates with the amount of the complex
Akinneye's (2003) instructions. that forms. Using the Bartels and Bohmer
Piptadeniastrum africanum and Euphorbia (1972) approach, the concentration of urea
kamerunica Pax were harvested. After was measured. The Reitman and Frankel
properly cleaning the passenger stem barks (1957) approach was used to perform ALT
twice with distilled water to get rid of any and AST.

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kamerunica Pax and Piptadeniastrum

Statistical analysis africanum
Data analysis was conducted using version Euphorbia kamerunica Pax exhibits higher
22.0 of the Statistical Package for Social concentrations of Tannins (6.22 ± 0.02),
Science (SPSS®). They displayed the results Saponin (1.00 ± 0.02), and Flavonoid (0.74
as mean ± standard error. For test of ± 0.01) compared to Piptadeniastrum
significance at various concentrations, one- africanum, which has Tannins (4.10 ± 0.06),
way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Saponin (0.64 ± 0.05), and Flavonoid (0.57
Duncan's New Multiple Range Test ± 0.01). All differences are statistically
(DMRT) were employed. At p ≤ 0.05, the significant (p < 0.05). These findings
significant difference between the treatment suggest potential variations in the
group and control was identified. phytochemical properties of the two plants,
which may have implications for their use as
RESULTS rodenticide.
Concentration of Phytochemical
Parameters in the extract of Euphorbia

Table 1: Concentration of Phytochemical kamerunica Pax and Piptadeniastrum

Parameters in the extract of Euphorbia africanum
df = 1
Phytochemical Plant sample
Parameter
EK PD Sum of F value p value
Square
Tannins 6.22±0.02 4.10±0.06 4.501 950.280 0.001

Saponin 1.00±0.02 0.64±0.05 0.133 46.761 0.021

Flavonoid 0.74±0.01 0.57±0.01 0.028 104.649 0.009

Phenol 0.39±0.01 0.27±0.01 0.017 169.806 0.06

Glycoside 0.11±0.01 0.10±0.00 0.000 3.846 0.189

*EK- Euphorbia kamerunica Pax *PD- Piptadeniastrum africanum
p value: < 0.05 (significant), >0.05 (non-significant)

Effects of the Ethanolic extracts of experiments' rats' RBC, WBC, haemoglobin

Euphorbia kamerunica Pax and (Hb), lymphocytes, and packed cell volume
Piptadeniastrum (PCV). The Hb levels decreased
africanum on the Haematological progressively with higher concentration of
parameters of the Albino Rats both extracts. The highest decrease was
Table 2 showed the effects of extracts from observed in the group receiving 15ml of E.
Euphorbia kamerunica Pax and kamerunica, reaching 9.60±3.14 g/dL
Piptadeniastrum africanum, as well as the compared to the control group's 15.60±2.55
combination of extract and diet, on the g/dL. Similarly, PCV values showed a dose-

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dependent decrease. Rats treated with 15ml Piptadeniastrum africanum high-dose group.
of E. kamerunica had a PCV of Lymphocyte counts exhibited scientifically
35.68±4.56%, significantly lesser than the different elevations across treatment groups,
control. RBC counts demonstrated a notable with the highest count in rats receiving 15ml
decrease across treatment groups, indicating of E. kamerunica. The data indicated that
enhanced erythrocyte degradation or both EPD and EEK extracts influence
hemolysis. The lowest RBC count was biochemical parameters in a concentration-
6.37±1.06 ×10⁶/μL in the 15ml E. dependent manner, with higher
kamerunica group. WBC counts increased concentrations generally resulting in
modestly with higher doses, suggesting a increased levels of the measured parameters
potential immunostimulatory effect. The compared to the control group.
most significant increase was in the

Table 2: Effects of Ethanolic extracts of Haematological parameters of the Albino

Euphorbia kamerunica Pax and Rats
Piptadeniastrum africanum on the

Plant Haematological Parameter

extract Conc. RBC WBC Haemoglobin Lymphocyte PCV
(ml) (million/µl) (106/mm3) (g/dl) (%) (%)
EPD 5 8.12±0.03a 8.09±0.03a 15.25±0.06a 60.12±0.03ab 51.32±0.22ab
10 7.98±0.03a 8.16±0.05a 14.81±0.03a 62.69±0.32b 50.66±0.08ab
15 6.21±1.89a 12.99±1.06c 9.60±3.14a 67.09±1.99c 35.68±4.56a
EEK 5 9.06±0.02a 10.04±0.18ab 13.08±0.20a 62.09±0.09b 52.81±0.18b
10 8.18±0.03a 12.32±1.18bc 12.86±0.05a 72.78±0.27d 50.78±0.08ab
15 6.37±1.06a 12.83±0.19c 8.85±2.89a 79.02±0.81e 45.12±5.23ab
Control 0.0 9.09±1.89a 8.10±1.04a 15.60±2.55a 58.46±0.25a 58.13±9.94b

EPD=Ethanolic extract of Piptadeniastrum Elevated levels of Albumin in the

africanum, EEK- Ethanolic extract of concentration of ethanolic extract of
Euphorbia kamerunica Pax Piptadeniastrum africanum and Euphorbia
Mean follow by the same letter in column Kamerunica Pax administered to the
are not significantly different (p>0.05) from experimental rats compared with the Control
one another using Duncan New Multiple (p<0.05). showed there was no significance
Range Test (DNMRT). in the effects of concentration between the
two ethanolic extracts groups (p>0.05). The
Toxicology effect of Ethanolic extract of ALP result showed that the interaction with
Piptadeniastrum africanum and feed mixed with extracts has higher
Eurphobia inhibition of enzyme activity compared to
Kamerunica Pax on Albino Rats the control. Among the Piptadeniastrum

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africanum group EPD5 (40.38U/L) and Euphorbia Kamerunica Pax (135.68 U/L),
EPD10 (45.04U/L) had insignificant also EEK15 showed the highest inhibition of
difference (p>0.05) with the control group AST activity.
(44.74 U/L) while there was significant The result on Blood Urea showed that there
difference (p<0.05) between EPD 15 was no significant difference (p>0.05) in the
(52.88U/L) and the control (44.74U/L). effects on the concentrations among all the
However, in Euphorbia Kamerunica Pax group of both plants i.e. EPD5 (51.22mg/dl),
group EEK5, EK10 and EEK15 (58.27, EPD10 (50.86 mg/dl), EPD15 (53.93
60.29 and 65.33U/L) there was significant mg/dl), EEK5 (53.05 mg/dl), EEK10 (55.12
different (p<0.05) between all the mg/dl) and EEK15 (57.62 mg/dl) extracts
concentration compared with the control compared to the control group (50.55
group (44.74 U/L) respectively. ALT mg/dl). The Creatinine result also showed an
activity was used as a marker to evaluate the increase in the concentration compared with
state of the liver, the results showed that the control. There was no significant
there was an increase in the activity of ALT difference (p>0.05) between the
across both plant ethanolic extract groups, concentration EPD5 (7.12mg/l), EEK5
though there was no significant difference (7.51mg/l) and the control (5.68mg/l),
(p>0.05) in the ALT activity between EPD5 though there was significance (p>0.05)
(17.17U/L), EPD10 (19.15U/L) and EEK5 between EEK10 (8.72 mg/l), EEK15 (9.21
(19.09U/L) and the control (14.14U/L). mg/l), EPD10 (7.64mg/l) and EPD15
There was significant difference (p>0.05) in (8.31mg/l) and the control (5.68mg/l).
the ALT activity of both 15ml of ethanolic
extract of Piptadeniastrum africanum (25.62 Figure 1 showed that after 72 hours,
U/L) and 15ml of ethanolic extract of ethanolic extracts of P. africanum and E.
Euphorbia kamerunica Pax (24.62U/L) in kamerunica Pax at 15ml had 67% and 50%
comparison with the control though EPD15 mortality respectively. Furthermore, at
(25.62 U/L) showed a distinct effect on the 96hours both extracts had 83.3% and 100%
ALT activity. mortality respectively. The data indicated
The inhibition of the activity of Aspartate that both Piptadeniastrum africanum (EPD)
aminotransferase in the male albino rats by and Euphorbia kameranica Pax (EEK)
extract of extracts have a significant impact on the
Piptadeniastrum africanum and Euphorbia mortality of albino rats, with EEK showing a
kamerunica Pax showed that all the more pronounced effect at higher
concentration had significantly different concentrations. The results suggest a
inhibiting activities from the control group. concentration-dependent relationship, where
There was no significant difference (p>0.05) higher concentrations of the extracts lead to
between EPD5 (103.19 U/L), EEK10 increased mortality over time. This
(109.27 U/L) and the control group (92.08 information is crucial for understanding the
U/L). There was significant difference potential toxicological effects of these plant
(p>0.05) between the inhibition of 15ml of extracts.
the ethanolic extract of Piptadeniastrum
africanum (123.62 U/L) and 15ml of

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120

100

80
% Mortality

24hrs
60
48hrs
72hrs
40
96hrs

20

0
Control EPD5 EPD10 EPD15 EEK5 EEK10 EEK15
Extract Concentration

Figure 1: % Mortality of Albino rat fed Table 3: Effects of Ethanolic extracts of

with Piptadeniastrum africanum and Euphorbia Kamerunica Pax and
Euphorbia kamerunica Pax Piptadeniastrum africanum on the
Biochemica;lParameter of Albino Rats.

Biochemical Parameter
Plant
extract Conc. Protein Albumin ALP Urea Creatinine ALT AST

(g/dl) (g/dl) (U/L) (mg/dl) (mg/l) (U/L) (U/L)

a b a a ab ab
EPD 5 6.37±0.18 5.20±0.12 40.38±0.38 51.22±0.11 7.12±0.03 17.17±0.05 103.19±0.83b

10 6.86±0.02ab 5.35±0.03b 45.04±4.79ab 50.86±0.15a 7.64±0.57bc 19.15±0.12abc 112.46±1.61c

15 8.20±0.02bc 5.56±0.16b 52.88±0.31bc 53.93±1.25a 8.31±0.05bc 25.62±4.09d 123.62±3.09d

EEK 5 8.33±0.07bc 5.02±0.02b 58.27±0.37cd 53.05±0.05a 7.51±0.02ab 19.09±0.09abc 109.27±1.27bc

10 8.59±0.14c 5.13±0.02b 60.29±0.14cd 55.12±0.02a 8.72±0.02bc 22.56±0.08bcd 131.10±0.32e

15 8.77±0.12c 5.43±0.05b 65.33±2.55d 57.62±1.40a 9.21±0.15c 24.62±0.29cd 135.68±2.52e

Control 0.0 6.22±1.21a 4.02±0.59a 44.74±3.76ab 50.55±5.26a 5.68±1.26a 14.14±1.62a 92.08±2.14a

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Discussion: intake. According to the findings of Egbuna

Phytochemical Screening Of and Ifeneje (2015), It has been discovered
Piptadeniastrum Africanum And that dietary saponins from a variety of plants
Euphorbia Kamerunica Pax: reduce fertility, induce ruminant bloat and
Phytochemical analysis of the bark from photosensitisation, and impact protein
Piptadeniastrum africanum and Euphorbia digestibility by blocking a number of
kamerunica Pax reveals the presence of digestive enzymes, including chymotrypsin
tannins, saponins, flavonoids, glycosides, and trypsin. This experiment showed a
and phenols. These compounds are decrease in the mean weight gain of the
frequently responsible for the medicinal experimental animal, which was in
properties of plants. Tannins, for instance, agreement with their findings. Due to their
are not only utilized in leather tanning, toxicity to numerous species, saponin can be
fabric dyeing, and ink production but also used for their insecticidal, antibiotic,
play a significant role in various medical fungicidal, and other therapeutic activities
applications (Owoeye et al., 2018). (Owoeye et al., 2018). Among the
Concentration of tannins in Euphorbia chemicals that protect certain plants against
kamerunica Pax and Piptadeniastrum insects or other animals that would eat them
africanum are the most valuable. The are cardiac glycosides, also referred to as
combination of decreased intake and low cardiac olides. These medications have a
real digestibility of protein resulted in a severely detrimental effect on the vertebrate
detrimental effect on growth rate. These heart while also activating the brain's
may limit intake of forage legumes by vomiting-inducing nerve region.
decreasing palatability or by negatively Higher glycoside doses cause animals to
influencing digestion. Due to its ability to lose their rhythm, which is followed by
attach to the bacterial enzymes and create ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation
indigestible complexes with cell wall (Owoeye et al., 2018). The body and organ
carbohydrates, tannin may decrease the weight are used in toxicological research as
digestibility of cell walls (Egbuna and a marker for metabolic status, typical growth
Ifeneje, 2015; Youkparigha et al., 2019). and development of the organism, and side
Chronic ingestion of phenol can lead to effects of various chemicals, such as organ
nausea, vomiting, headaches, abdominal malfunction, detoxification processes, and
pain, sore throat, mouth ulcers and dark organ toxicity (Mossa et al., 2018). This
urine may occur, as well as respiratory and study showed that when compared to the
cardiovascular effects (Egbuna and Ifeneje, control group, the mean weight of the
2015) these were observed in experimental Albino rats treated with ethanolic extracts of
animals fed with the highest concentration Piptadeniastrum africanum and Euphorbia
of both ethanolic plant extracts. kamerunica Pax decreased significantly,
Due to their saponins hemolytic properties, according to this study. This finding agrees
which cause the rupture of erythrocytes and with the report of Obeten et al., (2013). This
the release of haemoglobin; saponins drop in the average weight of the rats may
decrease the efficiency of nutrient indicate that Piptadeniastrum africanum and
conversion and utilisation in ruminants Euphorbia kamerunica Pax plant has a
(Egbuna and Ifeneje, 2015). Due to their diuretic effect, causing rodents to lose
bitterness and throat-irritating properties, weight. Furthermore, increased
saponins function as a growth inhibitor in concentrations of ethanolic extract of
monogastric animals and decrease their feed Piptadeniastrum africanum led to increased

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mortality which was similarly observed in Intoxicated rats administered ethanolic

C. gariepinus exposed to aqueous extracts of extracts of Piptadeniastrum africanum and
Piptadeniastrum africanum reported by Euphorbia kamerunica Pax showed a
Bekeh et al., (2017). significant (p<0.05) rise in WBC and
As a member of the flavonoid group, lymphocytes, but RBC, haemoglobin
alkaloids toxin stuns fish by reducing their percentage, and PCV all dramatically
oxygen consumption, while saponins affect decreased in all groups when compared to
the fish's respiratory system. P. africanum's the control. The experiment's findings by
ethanolic extract may have produced the Ayotunde et al. (2010) and Bekeh et al.
same reaction as Bekeh et al. (2017) since it (2017) are consistent with the alterations in
contains alkaloids and saponins. This may blood parameters of adult C. gariepinus
help to explain why the Albino rats utilised following 96 hours of exposure to ethanolic
in this investigation responded differently to extracts of P. africanum and E. kamerunica
the presence of different stimulant doses. Pax. They reported no significant changes in
The symptoms such as reduced body weight, RBC counts, hematocrit value, and
dilated eyes, reduced fur, increased hemoglobin content, but observed
breathing and inactive general behavioural significant increases in WBC counts and
patterns displayed by the experimental rat in lymphocyte percentage, along with a
the study provide strong evidence that the decrease in blood platelets. Significant
exposed rat's death may have resulted from changes in Hb, RBC, and PCV of the treated
compromised respiratory function. experimental rats were lower than the
Therefore, the presence of these control, possibly explaining the irrational
phytochemicals contributes to it cytotoxic behavior, restlessness, and subsequent
and poisonous effect on rats. mortality observed. The study suggests that
the ethanolic extracts of P. africanum and E.
Toxicological effects of Ethanolic extract kamerunica Pax compromised the immune
of Euphorbia kamerunica Pax and system, impairing oxygen transport and
Piptadeniastrum africanum on the negatively impacting the defense mechanism
Haematological parameters of the Albino of the exposed rats. This was evidenced by
Rats: an increase in WBC lymphocytes and
The exposed animals were less active and enhanced clotting time (thrombocytosis) in
more submissive than the control group, the event of vascular injury. These results
according to clinical findings. Mortality was indicate that the extract is hematologically
noted in EPD15 and EEK15, but not in toxic to the rats, especially at the highest
control, EPD5, EPD10, EEH5, or EEH10. A concentration administered.
dose-dependent decrease in body weight
increase was observed in the treated group. Toxicological effects of Ethanolic extract
According to Ohaeri et al. (2011), of Euphorbia kamerunica Pax and
haematological and biochemical indices are Piptadeniastrum africanum on the
trustworthy metrics for evaluating the health Biochemical parameters of the Albino
of both humans and animals. Serum enzyme Rats:
activity and changes in haematological According to Hannah et al. (2016) and
parameters were often signs of toxicity, Dwivedi (2021), biochemical parameters are
organ damage, and cell damage (Dwivedi, biomarkers used to assess the potential
2021). harmful effects on the liver and kidneys that
may result from disrupted physiological

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functions that cause a variety of disorders. nephrons (Mukinda and Eagles, 2010). Rats
The study's findings revealed a marked rise with higher urea and creatinine levels are
in the enzymatic activity of AST and ALT, therefore seen to be important markers of
which indicates that a hepatic lesion causes the plant extracts' capacity to cause or
tissue to leak into plasma, deteriorating worsen nephrotoxicity. Through glomerular
membrane permeability and producing filtration and, to a lesser extent, proximal
distinctive white globules (Albasha and tubular secretion, the kidneys primarily
Azab, 2014) that directly destroy liver cells. eliminate creatinine from the blood. There is
This study revealed a significant increase little to no tubular reabsorption of creatinine.
(p<0.05) in the activity of ALT and AST in Creatinine levels in the blood increase when
the composite feed with Piptadeniastrum renal filtration is compromised.
africanum and Euphorbia kamerunica Pax Consequently, the creatinine clearance
administered rats, an insignificant increase (CrCl), which is correlated with the
was solely seen at EPD5 and EEK5 in the glomerular filtration rate (GFR), may be
ALT activity. computed using the creatinine levels in
An increase in the activities of ALP, AST, blood and urine (Harita et al., 2008). Since
and ALT was observed with higher creatinine is a marker of renal function, its
concentrations of the formulated feed estimation is crucial for calculating GFR
containing Piptadeniastrum africanum and and, consequently, clinically significant.
Euphorbia kamerunica Pax. This suggests This study revealed an insignificant increase
that at elevated concentrations, the EPD5 and EEK5 concentration administered
antioxidants or nutrients in these plant group. A significant increase with increase
extracts are unable to neutralize the toxic in the concentration of extract was obtained
effects on liver cells, thereby failing to (p<0.05) in both extracts of Piptadeniastrum
prevent or mitigate the damage caused by africanum and Euphorbia kamerunica Pax
reactive oxygen species (ROS). These (EPD10, EPD15, EEK10 and EEK15)
results align with those of Arise et al. compared to the control groups. The
(2009), who found that frequent increase in creatinine as the concentration of
administration of different doses of aqueous plant extract increases was in alignment with
extracts of Eucalyptus globulus leaves the study of Mbong et al., (2022) on
significantly increased the activities of acid modification of testosterone levels with
and alkaline phosphatase in the albino rats' Piptadeniastrum africanum in Wistar rats.
liver and serum. A detrimental effect on Any medicine that disrupts the kidneys'
liver functioning is shown by the substantial natural function may cause blood creatinine
rise in ALT, ALP, and AST. Dasgupta levels to rise. Therefore, the notable impact
(2015) states that AST and ALT are the two of extracts from Euphorbia kamerunica Pax
enzymes most frequently linked to and Piptadeniastrum africanum on these
hepatocellular damage in the liver. kidney function indicators is evidence of
Additionally, AST is found in many other their harmful effects on the kidneys at the
tissues, such as the liver, kidney, brain, and dosage that was given. This rise in blood
skeletal muscles (Dasgupta, 2015). creatinine levels could indicate that the
According to Mbong et al. (2022), elevated kidney nephron's excretory systems are
transaminase ALT and AST activity could working properly to remove harmful
be a sign of liver injury. substances from the body. This implies that
The main cause of elevated creatinine levels the plants extract of Piptadeniastrum
is substantial impairment of functioning africanum and Euphorbia kamerunica Pax

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contributed to the increase in creatinine level because these rodents also are vectors that
is associated to renal dysfunction and transmits diseases such as Lassa fever,
nephrotoxicity. salmonellosis, plague, leptospirosis,
Total protein plasma, which includes leishmaniasis, toxoplasmosis etc.
albumin, globulin, and fibrinogen, is a
measure of the body's total protein content. Abbreviations
Since albumin makes up the majority of ANOVA: Analysis of variance; FUTA:
plasma (more than 50%), a drop in albumin Federal University of Technology, Akure.
levels may be interpreted as a sign of
malnutrition and a protein shortage in the Acknowledgements
body (Khasanah et al., 2015). Serum protein The authors acknowledge the technical
levels increased, but they did not differ support provided by the Plant Taxonomist of
substantially from the control; nonetheless, the Department of Forestry and Wood
EPD15 was significantly higher than the Technology, FUTA, in identifying the
control. In contrast to the control, the experimental plant.
albumin level rose noticeably at all
concentrations of the ethanolic extract of Funding
Euphorbia kamerunica Pax and The study was self-financed.
Piptadeniastrum africanum. Availability of data and materials
Sharing of data not applicable.
Conclusion Contributions of the authors
Current and future-orientated research is This research work was carried out in
examined, together with the history of collaboration among all authors. JOA
advancements in rodenticide creation and conceived, designed the study, data analysis
control technology. To attain far more and manuscript reviewing; POA collected
accurate, economical, and socially the data; KDI wrote the manuscript draft,
acceptable pest management, technological and references search. All authors read and
advancements are required. According to the approved the final manuscript.
study's findings, ethanolic extracts of P.
africanum and E. kamerunica Pax can both Ethics approval and consent to
be used to control rodents. Based on these participate
results, it can be concluded that handling Inapplicable
either plant extract poses no risk, unlike Authorisation for publishing
synthetics that need numerous safety Inapplicable
precautions. These extracts might work well Conflicting interests
as an alternative to dangerous synthetic No conflicting interests are disclosed by the
contact insecticides, which harm human authors.
health and contaminate the environment by
bioaccumulating. As such, in further
research, the active ingredients in both
powders, ethanolic and aqueous extracts of
the plant should be known and used
synergistically against pests especially
rodents and this product may be
recommended to agrochemical firms,
research institutes and health services

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