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Hydraulics Structures

The document discusses hydraulic structures known as headworks, which supply water to irrigation canals from rivers. It classifies headworks into storage and diversion types, detailing their functions, advantages, and disadvantages, particularly comparing weirs and barrages. Additionally, it outlines the components of diversion headworks and weirs, including features like undersluices, fish ladders, and canal head regulators.

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39 views36 pages

Hydraulics Structures

The document discusses hydraulic structures known as headworks, which supply water to irrigation canals from rivers. It classifies headworks into storage and diversion types, detailing their functions, advantages, and disadvantages, particularly comparing weirs and barrages. Additionally, it outlines the components of diversion headworks and weirs, including features like undersluices, fish ladders, and canal head regulators.

Uploaded by

karthikeyan84895
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 36

Any hydraulic structure which supplies

water to the off-taking canal is called a


headwork.
COMPONENTS OF IRRIGATION
NETWORK

1. HEADWORK

2. STORAGE HEAD WORKS

3. DIVERSION HEAD WORKS


HEADWORK:

An irrigation canal takes its supplies from rivers or stream. In order to divert
water from the river into the canal it is necessary to construct certain works or
structures across the river at the head of off taking canal. These works are
known as canal head works or head works

Canal head works are classified into following two types:


 Storage head works
 Diversion head works

STORAGE HEAD WORKS:

It consists of a dam constructed across the river to create a reservoir in which


water is stored during the period of excess flow into river. Storage head works
stores water in addition to its diversion into canals.
DIVERSION HEAD WORKS:
 It serves to raise the water level into river and divert the required
quantity into canal. Various function served by a diversion head
works are as follow.
 It rises water level in the river so that command area increase
 It regulates supply into the canal
 It controls entry of silt into canal
 It provides some storage for a short period.
WEIRS:
It is also called Anicut. It is an obstruction constructed across
river. Weirs are of height up to 6m. If shelters are provided the pond
will be an additional 1 or 2 m more. Shelters are dropped to pass floods.
Essential difference between weir and dam is height of structure,
volume stored and period of pondage.
BARRAGE:
Defined as a diversion structure across a river filled with a series of gates
over its entire length for creating required pondage. Barrage has low
crest, ponding is by means of gates. During high floods gates are raised
so that there is minimum afflux. A road bridge is usually provided to
economic the cost. Hence barrages are preferred over weirs.

Advantages of barrages :

 Better control of river in floods.


 Better control of silt entry in to canal
 Improved inspection and repair facilities.
 Control over low flow condition.

Disadvantages:
 High cost
 Longer construction period.
WEIRS
Advantages:
The initial cost of weirs is usually low.
Disadvantages:
1. There is a large afflux during floods which causes large submergence.

2. Because the crest is at high level, there is great silting problem.

3. The raising and lowering of shutters on the crest is not convenient.


Moreover, it requires considerable time and labour.

4. The weir lacks an effective control on the river during floods.


 Advantages
 The barrage has a good control on the river during floods. The outflow can
be easily regulated by gates.
 The afflux during floods is small and, therefore, the submerged area is
less.
 There is a good control over silt entry into the canal.
 There is a good control over flow conditions, shoal formations and
crosscurrents on the upstream of the barrage.
 There are better facilities for inspection and repair of various structures.
 A roadway can be conveniently provided over the structure at a little
additional cost.
Disadvantages: The initial cost of the barrage is quite high.
Conclusion: A barrage is generally better than a weir. Most of the diversion
headworks these days usually consist of barrages.
CLASSIFICATION OF WEIRS:
Gravity weirs
According to design of floor
Non- Gravity weirs
According to material of construction:

1. Vertical drop weirs.


2. Rockfill weirs.
3. Concrete glacis or sloping weirs.

According to the size and shape


1. Sharp-crested weirs and
2. The broad-crested weirs.

 The sharp-crested weirs are commonly used in irrigation practice


ACCORDING TO FUNCTION SERVED:

Storage weir. it is for storage of water for long period of time called low dam.
Example: Nangal dam a low dam at Nangal across river Sutlej. It is 29m
high and 305m long with rail cum Road Bridge across.
Waste weir: Spillway to escape flood found in tanks is surplus called surplus
weirs.
Pick up weir: A weir constructed at the off take of canal across the river to
raise the water level to feed canal. This is usually constructed below a
reservoir. Example: pickup weir at sathanur reservoir.
Diversion weir: Constructed to divert water into canal network. It is a part of
head works.
 A gravity weir is the one in which the uplift pressure due to the

seepage of water below the floor is resisted entirely by the weight


of floor.

 In the non-gravity type, the floor thickness is kept relatively less,

and the uplift pressure is largely resisted by the bending action of


the reinforced concrete floor.
1.Vertical drop weirs
 The vertical drop weir is suitable for hard clay foundation as well as
consolidated gravel foundations.
 It is suitable for fine sand foundation
 The main advantage of a sloping weir over the vertical drop weir is
that a hydraulic jump is formed on the d/s glacis for the
dissipation of energy.
 Sharp-crested or thin plate, weirs consist of a plastic or metal

plate that is set vertically across the width of the channel.

 The main types of sharp-crested weirs are Rectangular,

V-notches and the Cipolletti or the Trapezoidal weirs.


A diversion headwork consist of the following component parts
1. Weir or barrage
2. Undersluices
3. Divide wall
4. Fish ladder
5. Canal head regulator
6. pocket or approach channel
7. Silt excluders/ Silt prevention devices/
8. River training works (Marginal bunds and guide banks)
Undersluices or Scouring sluices

The scouring sluices are the openings provided at the base of


the weir or barrage. These openings are provided with
adjustable Gates. Normally the gates are kept closed. The
suspended silt goes on depositing in front of the canal head
regulator.Agitator mounting on boat.

Divide Wall

A divide wall is a wall constructed parallel to the direction of


flow of river to separate the weir section and the undersluices
section to avoid cross flows. If there are undersluices at both
the sides, there are two divide walls.
Fish Ladder
 A fish ladder is a passage provided adjacent to the divide wall

on the weir side for the fish to travel from the upstream to the
downstream and vice versa.

 Fish migrate upstream or downstream of the river in search of

food or to reach their sprawling places. In a fish ladder the head


is gradually dissipated so as to provide smooth flow at
sufficiently low velocity. Suitable baffles are provided in the
fish passage to reduce the flow velocity.
Canal Head Regulator

A canal head regulator is provided at the head of the canal off


taking from the diversion headworks. It regulates the supply of
water into the canal, controls the entry silt into the canal, and
prevents the entry of river floods into canal.

Silt Excluder

A silt excluder is a structure in the undersluices pocket to pass


the silt laden water to the downstream so that only clear water
enters into the canal through head regulator. The bottom layer
of water which are highly charged with silt pass down the silt
excluder an escape through the undersluices.
Guide Banks and Marginal Bunds

Guide banks are provided on either side of the diversion


headworks for a smooth approach and to prevent the river from
out flanking.

Marginal bunds are provided on either side of the river


upstream of diversion headworks to protect the land and
property which is likely to be submerged during ponding of
water in floods.
A weir is consist of the following component parts
1. Weir breast
2. Crest shutters
3. U/S impervious floor or apron
4. Cut off and toe walls
5. U/S Block Protection
6. U/S launching apron
7. Sheet piles
8. D/S impervious floor or apron
9. D/S Block Protection
10. U/S launching apron
11. Inverted filter

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