Here’s a **precise and accurate summary** of the **DEM 100: HIV/AIDS
Prevention and Management** module from Masinde Muliro University,
covering all key aspects concisely:
### **DEM 100: HIV/AIDS Prevention and Management**
**Core Topics & Key Concepts**
#### **1. HIV/AIDS Definitions and Concepts**
- **HIV**: Virus attacking CD4 cells, weakening immunity.
- **AIDS**: Advanced HIV stage (CD4 <200 cells/mm³ or opportunistic
infections).
- **Key Terms**: Viral load, opportunistic infections (OIs), ART (Antiretroviral
Therapy), window period (2–12 weeks post-exposure).
#### **2. Origin Theories of HIV/AIDS**
- **Zoonotic Theory**: Cross-species transfer from primates (SIV → HIV-1/HIV-
2).
- **Conspiracy Theories**: Debunked claims (e.g., lab-engineered, OPV
vaccine).
- **Hunter Theory**: Blood exposure during primate hunting.
- **Patient Zero**: First recorded cases (e.g., Gaetan Dugas in USA, Ugandan
national in Kenya).
#### **3. Kenyan Response to HIV/AIDS**
- **Timeline**:
- 1984: First case diagnosed.
- 1985: National AIDS Committee formed.
- 1999: Declared a national disaster.
- 2005–2010: Strategic plans (e.g., KHADRE reduced prevalence to 5.1%).
- **Programs**: Free ART, VMMC (60% risk reduction), PMTCT (<5% mother-
to-child transmission).
- **Challenges**: Stigma, funding gaps, corruption.
#### **4. Vulnerability and Mitigation**
- **High-Risk Groups**: Sex workers, youth, truck drivers, MSM.
- **Mitigation Strategies**:
- **Prevention**: ABC approach (Abstinence, Be Faithful, Condoms),
PrEP/PEP.
- **Post-Infection**: ART, nutritional support, psychosocial care.
- **Cultural Factors**: Wife inheritance, early marriage, stigma.
#### **5. Workplace Policy**
- **Legal Framework**:
- **Employment Act 2007**: Prohibits discrimination.
- **HIV/AIDS Prevention and Control Bill (2004)**: Protects privacy and
rights.
- **Guiding Principles**: Non-discrimination, confidentiality, gender equality.
- **Programs**: Workplace testing, peer education, stigma reduction.
#### **6. Counselling in HIV/AIDS**
- **Types**:
- **Pre-Test**: Risk assessment, education.
- **Post-Test**: Results disclosure, coping strategies.
- **Adherence Counselling**: Ensures ART compliance.
- **Self-Concept Model**: Addresses self-image, body image, and esteem in
PLWHA.
#### **7. Economics and Financing**
- **Impact**:
- **Households**: Reduced income, orphaned children.
- **Economy**: 30% hospital bed occupancy by HIV patients, GDP decline.
- **Funding**: PEPFAR, Global Fund, Kenyan government.
- **Challenges**: Donor dependency, corruption, duplication of efforts.
#### **8. Media and Technology**
- **Media Phases**: Denial (1984–1987), Reawakening (1988–1991), Action
(1992–1995), Acceptance.
- **Strategies**: Soap operas (e.g., “Shuga”), public service announcements,
social media campaigns.
- **Technology**:
- **Pros**: Rapid info dissemination (e.g., SMS reminders).
- **Cons**: Misinformation, digital divide.
#### **9. Emerging Issues**
- **Aging PLWHA**: Long-term ART side effects (e.g., kidney disease).
- **Research**: mRNA vaccines, bNAbs (broadly neutralizing antibodies).
### **Key Statistics (Kenya, 2024)**
- **Prevalence**: 4.5% (adults 15–49 yrs).
- **ART Coverage**: 85% of diagnosed.
- **Orphans**: 1.1 million children affected.
### **Self-Check Questions**
1. Differentiate HIV and AIDS. *(5 marks)*
2. Explain two theories of HIV origin. *(10 marks)*
3. How has Kenya’s VMMC program reduced transmission? *(10 marks)*
4. Discuss workplace policies protecting PLWHA. *(15 marks)*
**Note**: This summary retains all critical details while eliminating
redundancy. For deeper exploration, refer to the original module or cited
references (e.g., Ogot’s *Politics and AIDS in Kenya*, UNAIDS reports).
