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VSEPR and Hybridization

The document explains Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) theory, which predicts molecular shapes and bond angles based on electron pair repulsion. It details various molecular geometries such as linear, trigonal planar, tetrahedral, and octahedral, and discusses the impact of lone pairs on molecular shape. Additionally, it covers hybridization in carbon compounds and the concept of resonance in molecular structures.

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9 views42 pages

VSEPR and Hybridization

The document explains Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) theory, which predicts molecular shapes and bond angles based on electron pair repulsion. It details various molecular geometries such as linear, trigonal planar, tetrahedral, and octahedral, and discusses the impact of lone pairs on molecular shape. Additionally, it covers hybridization in carbon compounds and the concept of resonance in molecular structures.

Uploaded by

dtjfmj7h4d
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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2.8.

predict the shapes of, and bond


angles in simple molecular ions,
applying the VSEPR theory.
2.9. explain the shapes and bond angles
of simple organic compounds;
Valence Shell Electron Pair
Repulsion Theory
A model used to predict the shape of a
small molecule, based on the assumption
that all negatively charged valence
electrons repel each other
VSEPR THEORY
In Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) theory,
pairs of electrons that surround the central atom of a
molecule or ion are arranged as far apart as possible
to minimize electron-electron repulsion. This simple
idea can be used to predict the shapes of molecules.
VSEPR theory
 Electron pairs will tend to stay as far apart as possible
from one another to minimize repulsion – This
determines the geometry.

 Repulsion takes place between :


1. Two Bonding pairs of electrons
2. Bonding pair and a non-bonding pair found on the central
atom
3. Two non-bonding pairs of electrons found on a central atom

lone pair-lone pair > lone pair-bond pair > bond pair-bond pair

triple bond-single bond>double bond-single bond>single bond-single bond


VSEPR theory
VSEPR theory
Shapes of molecules with zero non-bonding (lone pairs) on
central atom - ABx

Trigonal planar
VSEPR Theory
Shapes of molecules with non-bonding (lone pairs) on central
atom

Sulphur dioxide

ammonia

Where A – central atom, B – bonding pairs, E – lone pair in the molecule type
VSEPR Theory
Shapes of molecules with non-bonding (lone pairs) on central atom

water
VSEPR THEORY http://youtube.com/watch?v=r2XmaiEC0Vw
Shapes of molecules with only
single bonds.
LINEAR MOLECULES:
 Two bond pairs.
 No lone pair around Be.
 Equal repulsion.
 Bond angles both 1800
 Shape: LINEAR
Shapes of molecules with only
single bonds.
TRIGIONAL PLANAL MOLECULES:
 Three bond pairs.
 No lone pair around central
atom.
 Equal repulsion.
 Bond angles all 1200.
 Shape: TRIGONAL PLANAR
Shapes of molecules with only
single bonds.
TETRAHEDRAL MOLECULES:
 Four bond pairs.
 No lone pair around central
atom.
 Equal repulsion.
 Bond angles all 109.50.
 Shape: TETRAHEDRAL
Shapes of molecules with only
single bonds.
TRIGONAL BIPYRAMIDAL MOLECULES :
 Five bond pairs.
Shapes of molecules with only
single bonds.
OCTAHEDRAL
MOLECULES:
 Six bond pairs.
 No lone pair around
cental atom.
 Equal repulsion.
 Bond angles all 900.
 Shape: OCTAHEDRAL
SF6
Shapes of molecules with only
single bonds.
TRIGONAL PYRAMIDAL MOLECULES:
 Three bond pairs.
 One lone pair around central atom.
 Greater repulsion between lone and
bonding pairs.
 Bond angles close up 1070.
 Shape: TRIGONAL PYRAMIDAL
NH3; H3O+
Shapes of molecules with only
single bonds.
NON-LINEAR MOLECULES:
 Two bond pairs, two lone pair around O.
 Greater repulsion between lone pairs, less
repulsion between lone pairs and bond pairs and
least repulsion between bonding pairs.
 Bond angles close up to 104.50.
 Shape: NON-LINEAR, V-SHAPE.
Arrangeme Number of Number of
electro nt of bonding lone pairs
Name of Shape Bond Angle Examples
n pairs electron pairs of of
pairs electrons electrons

2 linear 2 0 linear 180o CO2, HCN

trigonal
3 3 0 triganol planar 120o BCl3, AlCl3
planar
4 0 tetrahedral 109.5o CH4, SiF4

<109.5o (bond
angles in
3 1 trigonal pyramidal NH3, PCl3
ammonia, NH3, are
4 tetrahedral 107o)

<109.5o (bond
2 2 bent angles in water, H2O, SCl2
H2O, are 105o)

120o in the trigonal


trigonal trigonal planar part of the
5 5 0 PCl5
bipyramidal bipyramidal molecule, 90o for
the others

6 octahedral 6 0 octahedral 90o SF6


Shapes of molecules with multiple
bonds.

 The information below shows how


VSEPR theory is used to work out the
shapes off carbon dioxide as well as
oxo ions (those containing oxygen and
another non-metal).
Shapes of molecules with multiple
bonds.
LINEAR MOLECULES:
 Two groups of two
bond pairs.
 No lone pairs.
 Equal repulsion. CO2
 Bond angles both 1800
 Shape: LINEAR
Shapes of molecules with multiple
bonds.
TRIGIONAL PLANAR IONS:
 Three groups of bond pairs.
 No lone pair.
 Equal repulsion.
 Bond angles all 1200.
 Shape: TRIGONAL PLANAR

CO32-
Shapes of molecules with multiple
bonds.
TETRAHEDRAL IONS:
 Four groups of bond pairs.
 No lone pair.
 Equal repulsion.
 Bond angles all 109.50.
 Shape: TETRAHEDRAL

SO42-
❖Molecular shapes can be predicted using the
valence-shell electron-pair repulsion (VSEPR)
theory

❖The number of electron pair dictates the possible


arrangements:
Linear ( two electron pairs)
Trigonal (three electron pairs)
Tetrahedral (four electron pairs)
Trigonal bipyramidal ( five electron pairs)
Octahedral ( six electron pairs)
Key points
 The shapes and bon angles in molecules
can be predicted using VSEPR theory
which depends on the number of lone
pair and bonding pairs of electrons
around a particular atom.
 In VSEPR theory, lone-pair: lone-pair
repulsion ˃ lone-pair repulsion ˃ bond-
pair : bond-pair repulsion.
2.9. explain the shapes and bond angles
of simple organic compounds;
THE CARBON ATOM

Electronic configuration: 1s2 2s2


2p2

Carbon has 4 valence electrons


and needs an additional 4
electrons for a full energy level.
HYBRIDIZATION

• Carbon has the ability to mix and rearrange the four orbitals
of the valence shell.
• This process of mixing two or more atomic orbitals to create
new orbitals of equal energy is called HYBRIDIZATION.
• The new orbitals formed are called hybrid orbitals.

Electron from s
orbital is promoted
to empty p orbital
HYBRIDIZATION
sp3 HYBRIDIZATION
sp3 HYBRIDIZATION
sp2 HYBRIDIZATION
sp2 HYBRIDIZATION
sp2 HYBRIDIZATION
sp2 HYBRIDIZATION

sp2 hybridization in ethene molecule


sp2 HYBRIDIZATION AND RESONANCE
sp2 HYBRIDIZATION AND RESONANCE
sp2 HYBRIDIZATION AND RESONANCE

• Resonance arises whenever we can write two or more


structures for a molecule with different arrangements of the
electrons but identical arrangements of atoms.

• When resonance is possible, the substance that is a


resonance is said to have a structure that is a resonance
hybrid of the various contributing structures.
sp2 HYBRIDIZATION AND RESONANCE
HYBRIDIZATION AND BONDING
HYBRIDIZATION AND
VSEPR
HYBRIDIZATION AND VSEPR
HYBRIDIZATION REVIEW
• The mixing of atomic orbitals in the valence shell
produces hybrid orbitals of equivalent energy.
• Hybridisation of s and p orbitals results in the
formation of an orbital with mixed character and
equal energy
• Hybridization is prominent in carbon compounds.
• Resonance is where the structure of a compound is
a single form which is “in-between” two or more
structures.

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