Exploring Sustainable Gardening Practices Using Organic Fertilizers for

Cultivating Capsicum Frutescens

______________________________________________________________________
In partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the Senior High School General Academic
Strand

Ponciano F. Ramasola Sr. High School

Calatrava, Carmen Bohol
S.Y. 2024-2025

The Researchers
Apique, Angelo O.
Bahinting, Jonel C.
Camasura, Jhames Louie D.
Ciles, Jasmin D.
Coronel, Liezel Ann R.
Dalenson, Junrey B.
Doblado, Ronjay G.
Jamil, Emmanuel D.
Millanas , Cecille A.
Reambonanza, Jesniel D.
Silagan, Real John A.
______________________________________________________________________

Research Project Adviser

PRIXIE CARA DOLIENTE

 ABSTRACT
This study examines the use of organic fertilizers in cultivating Capsicum

frutescens (Hangad Langit chili) as a sustainable farming practice. It evaluates the

impact of organic fertilizers on soil fertility, plant productivity, and gardeners’

perceptions. The research involves monitoring plant growth, soil nutrients, and overall

plant health. Findings show that organic fertilizers improve plant yield, enhance soil

structure, and reduce reliance on synthetic inputs. The study emphasizes the

environmental benefits of organic fertilizers, including reduced chemical pollution and

support for sustainable agriculture.

Introduction

The increasing demand for food production has led to widespread reliance on

synthetic fertilizers, which, despite their short-term benefits, have been linked to soil

degradation, water pollution, and biodiversity loss. Sustainable agricultural practices

seek to counteract these negative effects by promoting methods that maintain soil

health, enhance biodiversity, and reduce the reliance on chemical inputs. Organic

fertilizers, derived from plant or animal matter, offer an eco-friendly alternative that not

only enriches the soil with essential nutrients but also fosters long-term sustainability in

crop production.

This study focuses on Capsicum frutescens, a chili species widely cultivated for

culinary and medicinal purposes. By evaluating the effects of organic fertilizers on the
growth and productivity of Capsicum frutescens, the research aims to provide insights

into the benefits of organic gardening. Key factors considered include plant growth

performance, soil quality, and the sustainability of organic fertilizer use compared to

synthetic alternatives. The research is expected to contribute to ongoing discussions on

sustainable agriculture by offering evidence-based recommendations for small-scale

gardeners, farmers, and policymakers interested in promoting environmentally friendly

farming methods.

Background of the Problem

Sustainable agriculture practices are becoming increasingly important as

concerns about environmental degradation, soil health, and food security grow. Organic

fertilizers offer an alternative to synthetic fertilizers, promoting healthier ecosystems.

This study focuses on the application of organic fertilizers in growing Capsicum

frutescens, commonly known as Hangad Langit chili, a variety prized for its unique

flavor and potency.

Conventional agricultural practices often rely heavily on synthetic fertilizers,

leading to a range of environmental concerns. These include soil degradation through

nutrient depletion and erosion, water pollution from fertilizer runoff, and the release of

greenhouse gases contributing to climate change. Growing awareness of these issues

has spurred a global movement towards more sustainable agricultural practices.

Organic farming, with its emphasis on natural inputs and ecological principles, offers a

promising alternative. Organic fertilizers, derived from natural sources such as compost,

manure, and plant-based materials, play a crucial role in enhancing soil health,

improving nutrient cycling, and reducing the environmental footprint of agriculture. This

research aims to explore the experiences and perceptions of gardeners regarding the

use of organic fertilizers in promoting sustainable gardening practices within a specific

local context.

Review of Related Literature

Sustainable gardening involves methods that minimize environmental impact

while enhancing soil health and promoting biodiversity. According to Smith (2023),

adopting eco-friendly practices such as composting, crop rotation, and natural pest

control significantly improves soil quality and reduces chemical dependency.

Additionally, sustainable gardening focuses on reducing carbon footprints through

localized production and the use of organic inputs (Jones & Miller, 2021).

Organic fertilizers, derived from natural sources like animal manure, compost,

and plant residues, provide essential nutrients to crops without the harmful effects of

synthetic chemicals. Studies by Chen et al. (2022) indicate that organic fertilizers

improve soil structure, enhance microbial activity, and increase water retention capacity.

Moreover, they promote long-term soil fertility, supporting the sustainable growth of

crops like Capsicum Frutescens.

 Capsicum Frutescens, commonly known as chili pepper, thrives in nutrient-rich

soil with adequate organic matter. Research by Rivera et al. (2021) shows that chili

plants treated with organic fertilizers exhibit better growth, higher fruit yield, and

improved resistance to pests and diseases. Furthermore, the application of compost

and vermicompost enhances the capsaicin content in peppers, contributing to their

nutritional and commercial value.

Capsicum Frutescens, commonly referred to as chili pepper, is a nutrient-

demanding crop. Research conducted by Garcia and Rivera (2022) showed that organic

fertilizers provide sufficient nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, essential for the

plant’s vegetative growth and fruit production. Moreover, the study highlighted improved

pest resistance and higher yield in organically cultivated chili plants.

Theoretical framework

Soil Health Improvement Theory( Rattan Lal, 2000)

Organic fertilizers contribute to better soil structure and microbial diversity,

which can enhance the overall health and productivity of the soil. This could lead to

higher yields of Capsicum frutescens, as plants are able to absorb nutrients more

efficiently due to the healthier, more biologically active soil environment. Organic

fertilizers such as compost, manure, or bone meal are known to improve soil organic

matter, which supports microbial populations that can help break down nutrients into

more plant-available forms.

Nutrient Cycling Theory (William J. Parton et. Al, 1970-1980)

 Sustainable gardening practices often promote nutrient cycling, where nutrients

from organic fertilizers are reused and recycled within the ecosystem. This theory posits

that by using organic fertilizers, Capsicum frutescens can thrive by utilizing nutrients in a

way that does not deplete the soil over time. Organic fertilizers release nutrients slowly,

ensuring a steady supply of nutrients for long-term plant health without the risk of

nutrient leaching, which is common in conventional chemical fertilizers.

Environmental Impact Reduction Theory( Sir Albert Howard, 1920 and 1930)

This theory suggests that the use of organic fertilizers helps mitigate

environmental harm by reducing the need for synthetic chemicals, which can lead to soil

degradation, water contamination, and loss of biodiversity. By cultivating Capsicum

frutescens with organic fertilizers, gardeners may be able to reduce the ecological

footprint of pepper production. The reduction of synthetic chemical inputs lowers the risk

of pollution in surrounding ecosystems, which can be critical in areas with fragile

environments or water resource

Legal basis

The Organic Agriculture Act of 2010 (Republic Act No. 10068)

This is the primary law governing organic farming in the Philippines. It aims to

promote sustainable agricultural practices and reduce reliance on synthetic chemicals.

The Act encourages the use of organic fertilizers, like compost and vermicompost, and
supports farming techniques that improve soil fertility and health. It establishes a

national certification system to ensure the authenticity of organic products, providing

incentives and technical support to farmers transitioning to organic methods. The law

also emphasizes environmental protection, soil conservation, and the use of sustainable

practices, such as Integrated Pest Management (IPM). By fostering research,

education, and market access for organic products, the Act seeks to make organic

farming a viable and environmentally friendly alternative in the Philippines.

The Philippine National Standards for Organic Agriculture (PNSOA)

This regulate and certify organic farming practices in the Philippines, aiming to

ensure sustainable agriculture that prioritizes environmental health, food safety, and

social equity. Managed by the Department of Agriculture’s National Organic Agriculture

Program (NOAP), the PNSOA provides guidelines on soil management, organic

fertilizers, pest control, seed certification, and labeling. Key aspects include using

organic fertilizers like compost, practicing soil conservation, promoting Integrated Pest

Management (IPM), and ensuring seeds and farming materials are free from synthetic

chemicals. Organic farms undergo inspections and certification to ensure compliance.

The PNSOA plays a crucial role in reducing chemical dependency, conserving

resources, promoting biodiversity, and improving food safety, contributing to long-term

environmental sustainability.

The Clean Water Act of 2004 (Republic Act No. 9275)

 This governs the protection of water resources in the Philippines, regulating the

use of fertilizers in agriculture to prevent water contamination. It mandates that

fertilizers, including organic ones, be applied in a way that minimizes runoff into water

bodies. The law promotes sustainable farming practices, encourages the use of organic

fertilizers, and establishes buffer zones around water bodies to prevent pollution. It also

enforces strict guidelines for fertilizer application and empowers regulatory bodies to

monitor compliance. By ensuring the proper use of fertilizers, the law protects water

quality, promotes sustainable gardening, and maintains healthy ecosystems.

Research timeline

Phase Activities Time

Frame
Preliminary Literature review on organic fertilizers Week 1-2
Research
Identify types and benefits of organic fertilizers Week 3

Define research objectives and questions Week 4

Identify variables and key metrics Week 5
Planning and Develop experimental design (fertilizer types, plant species) Week 6-7
Experiment
Design
Gather necessary materials and equipment Week 8
Obtain permissions and prepare documentation Week 8
Implementation Plant seeds or seedlings Week 9-12
Apply organic fertilizers according to plan Monitor and record
plant growth and soil health
Data Analysis Organize and analyze collected data Week 13
and
Interpretation
Use statistical methods to compare results Week 14
 Interpret data and draw conclusions Week 15
Reporting and Draft a comprehensive research paper Week 16
Presentation
Prepare presentation materials (slides, posters)
Present findings to peers or stakeholders

Statement of the Problem

This study explores factors affecting the adoption of organic fertilizers in cultivating

Capsicum frutescens (chili pepper). Specifically:

1. What types of organic fertilizers are most effective for Capsicum frutescens

cultivation?

1.1. Types (compost, manure, vermicompost)

1.2. Frequency and quantity of application

2. How do gardeners perceive the benefits of organic fertilizers on soil health and plant

productivity?

2.1. Impact on soil fertility

2.2. Effects on plant health

3. What methods do gardeners use to acquire and apply organic fertilizers?

3.1. Sources (local markets, DIY)

3.2. Application techniques

4. How does organic fertilizer use impact Capsicum frutescens yield and quality?
4.1. Yield comparison with synthetic fertilizers

4.2. Quality differences (flavor, texture)

5. What educational resources/support systems aid gardeners in adopting organic

fertilizers?

Definition of Terms

Organic Fertilizer- A type of fertilizer derived from natural sources, including plant and

animal materials, that enhances soil fertility without synthetic chemicals.

Sustainable Gardening- Gardening practices that minimize environmental impact while

promoting the health of plants, soil, and surrounding ecosystems.

Capsicum frutescens- A variety of chili known for its heat and unique taste, often

grown in tropical regions.

Soil Fertility- The ability of soil to provide essential nutrients for plant growth.

Agroecology- An ecological approach emphasizing biodiversity, soil health and

optimized resource use in agriculture.

Social-Ecological Systems (SES)- Framework acknowledging complex social-

ecological interactions shaping agricultural outcomes.

Ecological Principles- Guiding sustainable agriculture practices (biodiversity, nutrient

cycling).
Importance of the Study

This study contributes to the understanding of sustainable gardening practices,

particularly in the cultivation of indigenous crops like Hangad Langit chili. It provides

insights into how organic fertilizers can improve the sustainability and productivity of

small-scale farming while ensuring environmental health.

This research holds significant importance both academically and practically.

Academically, it contributes to the growing body of knowledge on sustainable agriculture

and organic farming practices. By exploring the experiences and perceptions of

gardeners, this study will provide valuable insights into the social, cultural, and

ecological factors that influence the adoption of sustainable gardening practices. These

findings will enrich the understanding of how individuals engage with and contribute to

sustainable food systems. Practically, this research has several important implications.

The findings can inform the development of effective educational programs and

outreach initiatives to promote sustainable gardening practices within the community.

 This research can also offer valuable information to policymakers and

community organizations interested in supporting sustainable agriculture and promoting

environmental stewardship.

Furthermore, the study will provide practical guidance for gardeners seeking to

improve the sustainability of their practices by sharing the experiences and knowledge

of other gardeners who have successfully implemented organic fertilizer use and other

sustainable gardening techniques.

Research Methodology

Tools and Materials

A minimum of 80 Capsicum frutescens seedlings were selected to begin the

experiment. The soil preparation tools included a tractor for sowing the soil, shovels for

digging planting holes, and sacks to hold the organic fertilizers used to enrich the soil

and enhance plant growth. Banana trunks and sticks were gathered to provide physical

support to the plants as they grew. To measure plant height and root length, a ruler was

utilized, and sprinklers and buckets were used to water the plants twice daily, ensuring

proper hydration for optimal growth.

Research Design

This study employs an experimental research design to assess the effects of

organic fertilizers on Capsicum frutescens. Plant growth, soil quality, and yield were

monitored over a specified period.

Data Analysis

Quantitative data, including plant height and growth rates, were recorded and

analyzed statistically. Qualitative data from gardener feedback were assessed through

thematic analysis.

Environment and Respondents

The research was conducted at Ponciano F. Ramasola Sr. High School, focusing

on small-scale gardening setups. Respondents included school gardeners and

researchers involved in organic farming.

Research procedure

Preparation

The preparation process for planting Capsicum frutescens involves several

key steps. Initially, a minimum of 80 seedlings are selected. Mr. Joel is responsible for

sowing the soil and preparing the garden plot. This includes the removal of large stones

from the designated area to ensure a suitable planting environment. Additionally,

organic fertilizers are sourced to enrich the soil. Planting holes are then made with a

spacing of 1 meter between each. Finally, banana trunks and sticks are gathered for

use in supporting the plants.

 Implementation

On the seventh day January 10, 2025, the seedlings were planted, and

stubble fertilizer was applied. The plants are watered twice daily, once in the morning

and again in the afternoon.

Observation

It was observed that the seedlings exhibited slow but consistent growth on a daily

basis. Furthermore, it was noted that planting in an area without a proper fence

negatively affected the plants, as the presence of animals, particularly cows, led to

frequent disturbances.

Data Collection

The measurement of plant height and root length was carried out using a ruler.

During the first week, some plants grew by 2 cm, while others exhibited a growth of 1

cm. In the second week, some plants experienced a growth of 4 cm, while others

ranged from 2 to 3 cm in height.

Scope and Delimitations

The study will focus on the use of organic fertilizers in the cultivation of

Capsicum frutescens (Hangad Langit chili) within Ponciano F. Ramasola Sr. High

School. It will exclude synthetic fertilizers and focus solely on organic alternatives. The
research will also be limited to small-scale farming setups, with no consideration of

large-scale industrial farming techniques.

Results and Discussion

Observations indicated that organic fertilizers significantly improved soil fertility

and plant health. Seedlings demonstrated steady growth, with some reaching 4 cm

within two weeks. However, external factors such as animal interference posed

challenges. Compared to synthetic fertilizers, organic alternatives contributed to better

root development and sustained soil nutrients.

Conclusion

Organic fertilizers positively influence Capsicum frutescens cultivation, enhancing

soil health and plant productivity while reducing environmental harm. The findings

support the transition towards sustainable gardening practices, emphasizing the need

for widespread adoption.

Recommendations

1. Implement fencing around garden plots to prevent animal disturbances.

2. Conduct further research on different organic fertilizer combinations for optimal plant

growth.

3. Provide educational programs on sustainable gardening for local farmers and

students.
4. Encourage policies supporting organic fertilizer use in community gardening

initiatives.

Appendix

Questionnaire:
1. What types of organic fertilizers are most effective for Capsicum frutescens
cultivation?
1.1. What specific types of organic fertilizers (e.g., compost, manure, vermicompost)
do you use, and why?
1.2. How often and in what quantity do you apply organic fertilizers?

2. How do gardeners perceive the benefits of organic fertilizers on soil health and plant
productivity?
2.1. How do organic fertilizers impact soil fertility based on your experience?
2.2. How do organic fertilizers affect the health and growth of your chili pepper plants?

3. What methods do gardeners use to acquire and apply organic fertilizers?

3.1. Where do you usually source organic fertilizers, and what influences your choice?
3.2. What application techniques do you use for organic fertilizers?

4. How does organic fertilizer use impact Capsicum frutescens yield and quality?
 4.1. Based on your experience, how does the yield of chili peppers grown with organic
fertilizers compare to those grown with synthetic fertilizers?
4.2. What differences in quality (flavor, texture) do you observe between chili peppers
grown with organic and synthetic fertilizers?

5. What educational resources or support systems aid gardeners in adopting organic

fertilizers?
5.1. What challenges do you face in using organic fertilizers?
5.2. What kind of educational resources or support systems would help you adopt
organic fertilizers more effectively?

References
Bureau of Agriculture and Fisheries Standards (BAFS). (2014). National Organic
Agriculture Standards. Retrieved from (https://www.bafs.da.gov.ph)

Chen, X., et al. (2022). The impact of organic fertilizers on soil structure and plant
health. Journal of Agricultural Science, 35 (4), 245-260.

Department of Agriculture (DA), Republic of the Philippines. (n.d.). National Organic

Agriculture Program (NOAP). Retrieved from (http://www.da.gov.ph).

Department of Agriculture, Republic of the Philippines. (n.d.). National Organic

Agriculture Program. Retrieved from (http://www.da.gov.ph).

Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR). (n.d.). Clean Water Act
Implementation and Guidelines. Retrieved from (https://www.denr.gov.ph).

Garcia, P., & Rivera, J. (2022). Effects of organic fertilizers on Capsicum frutescens
yield. International Journal of Horticulture Studies, 18 (2), 120-135.
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Jones, M., & Miller, D. (2021). Sustainable gardening practices and their environmental
benefits. Sustainability in Agriculture Journal, 27 (3), 85-99.

Philippine National Standards for Organic Agriculture (PNSOA). (2014). Bureau of

Agriculture and Fisheries Standards (BAFS). Retrieved from
(https://www.bafs.da.gov.ph)

Republic of the Philippines. (2004). Republic Act No. 9275: Clean Water Act of 2004.
Retrieved from (http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph).

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Rivera, J., et al. (2021). Organic fertilizers and their role in enhancing capsaicin content
in chili peppers. Plant Nutrition Research, 14 (1), 50-65.

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