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Lecture Notes in Mathematics 2291

Cornelia Schneider

Beyond
Sobolev
and Besov
Regularity of Solutions of PDEs and
Their Traces in Function Spaces
Lecture Notes in Mathematics

Volume 2291

Editors-in-Chief
Jean-Michel Morel, CMLA, ENS, Cachan, France
Bernard Teissier, IMJ-PRG, Paris, France

Series Editors
Karin Baur, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
Michel Brion, UGA, Grenoble, France
Camillo De Lellis, IAS, Princeton, NJ, USA
Alessio Figalli, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
Annette Huber, Albert Ludwig University, Freiburg, Germany
Davar Khoshnevisan, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
Ioannis Kontoyiannis, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
Angela Kunoth, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
Ariane Mézard, IMJ-PRG, Paris, France
Mark Podolskij, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
Sylvia Serfaty, NYU Courant, New York, NY, USA
Gabriele Vezzosi, UniFI, Florence, Italy
Anna Wienhard, Ruprecht Karl University, Heidelberg, Germany
This series reports on new developments in all areas of mathematics and their
applications - quickly, informally and at a high level. Mathematical texts analysing
new developments in modelling and numerical simulation are welcome. The type of
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More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/304

Cornelia Schneider

Beyond Sobolev and Besov

Regularity of Solutions of PDEs and Their
Traces in Function Spaces
Cornelia Schneider
Department of Mathematics
University Erlangen-Nuremberg
Erlangen, Germany

ISSN 0075-8434 ISSN 1617-9692 (electronic)

Lecture Notes in Mathematics
ISBN 978-3-030-75138-8 ISBN 978-3-030-75139-5 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-75139-5

Mathematics Subject Classification: M12155, M12066, M14050, M12015, M12023

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland
AG 2021
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To my son Pascal
Preface

The monograph Beyond Sobolev and Besov grew out of the habilitation thesis of the
author written in 2019. In view of the substantial material, decision was taken to
collect the obtained results in a book rather than a number of papers.
The aim pursued in this book is twofold: On the one hand, we present studies
of the regularity of solutions of partial differential equations (PDEs). These
investigations are motivated by fundamental questions arising in the context of the
numerical treatment of such PDEs. Special attention is being paid to the regularity
of solutions in function spaces build upon the scales of Sobolev and Besov spaces

Hps (Ω) s
and Bp,q (Ω),

since they are closely related with the convergence order of uniform and adaptive
numerical algorithms, respectively. In particular, we study regularity estimates of
PDEs of elliptic, parabolic, and hyperbolic type on non-smooth domains. Linear as
well as nonlinear equations are considered and special attention is paid to PDEs of
parabolic type. For the classes of PDEs investigated, we aim at justifying the use
of adaptive methods for solving PDEs. Therefore, we show that the smoothness of
the solution—displayed by the parameter s above—in the specific adaptivity scale
of Besov spaces is higher than its smoothness in the respective Sobolev scale.
On the other hand—related to these regularity studies but of interest on its own—
we investigate traces in various function spaces and different settings. Here, we
go (as the title suggests) far beyond the scales of Sobolev and Besov and study
also traces in quite sophisticated generalized Smoothness Morrey spaces, denoted
by AsMϕ ,q (Ω) and As,τ p,q (Ω). These scales generalize the Sobolev and Besov
p
spaces (and many others such as Triebel-Lizorkin, Hölder-Zygmund, Slobodeckij,
and Bessel-potential spaces) and allow a unified treatment of all of these well-
known spaces. For an overview regarding the relations and connections between the
different spaces considered in this monograph, we refer to the mindmap in Fig. 1 on
page viii.

vii
viii Preface

Generalized
Smoothness Morrey spaces
s ∈ R, 0 < p < ∞, 0 < q ≤ ∞,
ϕ : (0, ∞) → (0, ∞) function: ϕ(t)  with ϕ(t)t−d/p 

s
NM ϕ
p ,q
: generalized Besov-Morrey spaces

s
EM ϕ
p ,q
: generalized Triebel-Lizorkin-Morrey spaces

NM = Nu,p,q
}
s s
ϕ u,p,q
p ,q
ϕ(t) = td/u
EM
s
ϕ
p ,q
= Eu,p,q
s
u,p,q

Besov-type
sov-type spaces F-type spaces
s,τ
s,ττ
Bp,q : 0 ≤ τ < ∞, s ∈ R,
1
s, p 1
−u 1
s, p 1
−u Fpp,q
,q : 0 ≤ τ < ∞, s ∈ R,
q Bp,∞ = Nu,p,∞
s
u,p,∞ Eu,p,q
s
u,p,q = Fp,q
p,q 0 < p ≤ ∞, 0 < q ≤ ∞
0 < p, q ≤ ∞

Smoothness Morrey spaces

s ∈ R, 0 < p ≤ u < ∞ or p = u = ∞, 0 < q ≤ ∞

s
Nu,p,q
u,p,q : Besov-Morrey spaces

s
Eu,p,q
u,p,q : Triebel-Lizorkin-Morrey spaces, p < ∞

Bp,q
s,0
= Bp,q
s
Fp,q
p,q = Fp,q
s,0 s
p,q
Nu,p,q
u,p,q = Eu,p,q
s
u,p,q , 0 < p < u < ∞
s

Np,p,q
p,p,q = Bp,q
s s
Ep,p,q
p,p,q = Fp,q
s s
p,q

Besov spaces Triebel-Lizorkin

T iebel-Lizorkin sp
Tr spaces
0 < p, q ≤ ∞
s ∈ R, 0 < p < ∞, 0 < q ≤ ∞
s
Bp,q
,q : s ∈ R, Fourier-analytic s
Fp,q
p,q : Fourier-analytic

Bsp,q
,q : s > 0, differences
diffe
ff rences
Fsp,q : atomic decompositions

Bp,p
s
= Fp,p
s
p,p
Bp,q
s
= Bsp,q , s > σp Fp,q
p,q = Fp,q , s > σp,q
s s
p,q

Bs∞,∞ = C s B2,2
s
= H2s
Fp,2
p,2 = Hp ,
s s
1<p<∞

Fractional
F ctional
Fra
Hölder-Zygmund
ölder-Zygmund Sobolev spaces
s
spaces Hp : s ∈ R, 1 < p < ∞
Cs : s>0
Hpk = Wpk

Sobolev spaces
Wpk : k ∈ N0 , 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞

Wp0 = Lp

Lebesgue spaces
Lp : 0 < p < ∞

Fig. 1 Mindmap function spaces

Preface ix

Having a look beyond the spaces at the real persons, whose inspirations flow
through this book and led to its title, it turns out that S.L. Sobolev (*1908–†1989)
and O.V. Besov (*1933) in real life knew each other quite well. When asked about
their relation, Professor Besov kindly revealed the following information:
I knew S.L. Sobolev well. I graduated from Moscow University in 1955 under his
supervision. Afterwards (under the leadership of the academician S.M. Nikolsky) I was
engaged in spaces of differentiable functions of many variables, S.L. Sobolev was the
founder in this field of research. He knew my works, and my publications in the reports
of the Academy of Sciences were presented to him. For 25 years, S.L. Sobolev was the
director of the Institute of Mathematics in the city of Novosibirsk (now this institute bears
his name). I participated in many conferences organized by this institute, and often and
fruitfully communicated with him. We both also participated in one project, jointly with the
Czechoslovak Mathematical Institute. In the last years of his life S.L. lived in Moscow, and
together with S.M. Nikolsky he led a seminar on the theory of differentiable functions at
the Steklov Mathematical Institute, of which I was a participant.
—O.V. Besov, March 2021

This book is destined as a valuable resource for researchers and graduate students
interested in the regularity theory of PDEs and function spaces, who look for a
comprehensive and systematic treatment of the above listed topics. We present new
results of our most recent research, including unifying approaches generated while
writing the book. The available material is presented in an accessible and adequate
way, references for further reading are given at the right places throughout the text.
Whenever possible, the book includes figures illustrating connections and main
ideas. Hopefully the readers of this book will benefit from the pictures provided
for a better understanding, as the students of the author usually do during lectures.
In Chaps. 1 and 2 we start with an introduction and present the relevant function
spaces and general concepts needed for our further investigations.
Part I, composed of Chaps. 3–7, is dedicated to studying the regularity of
solutions of PDEs in Besov and (fractional) Sobolev spaces. It is formally based on
the papers [DS19, DS18, DHSS18a], and [DHSS18b]. The results from [DS19] can
be seen as the starting point and the heart of our investigations for parabolic PDEs. In
order to round up this manuscript, we extended the results presented in [DS19] from
polyhedral cones K to the numerically even more interesting domains of polyhedral
type D. This led to essentially new regularity results in Sobolev spaces which
are presented in Sect. 5.2.1. We believe that this monograph gains a lot from this
generalization. The results for parabolic PDEs from [DS18] rose from discussions
when working on [DS19], but are interesting on their own respect. The focus in
[DHSS18a] is slightly different. Here, we investigate elliptic problems with a quite
general nonlinear term causing some difficulties. Finally, the preprint [DHSS18b]
contains all relevant information on Kondratiev spaces. Since our main focus in this
book lies in the fractional Sobolev and Besov regularity of the solutions, we only
included that material from [DHSS18b] which is needed for our later purposes.
Afterwards, in Part II, we present trace results in various settings assorted in
Chaps. 8–10. It consists of the results established in the papers [SV13, SV12,
MNS19], and [GS13]. Here our emphasis is on presenting how to obtain trace results
x Preface

in various settings using different methods. For this reason, we do not include any
proofs of the homogeneity results from [SV12] which were used for the trace results
in [SV13]. Moreover, our findings in [GS13] are only partially included in what
follows: To make our presentation clearer, we left out the trace results for vector
bundles and focused on the results for function spaces on manifolds instead. In order
to unify the concepts and clarify connections and existing relations, we changed the
definitions of the atoms used in [MNS19] to fit with the atomic decompositions from
[SV13].
All the material is selected and rearranged under the above-described emphasis
and restrictions. Hopefully, this focus will make the book accessible to a large
audience.
Writing this book would not have been possible without various sources of
support. Firstly, I acknowledge the financial support of Deutsche Forschungsge-
meinschaft (DFG), Grant Nos. SCHN 1509/1-1 and SCHN 1509/1-2, which helped
me to take some time off teaching and focus on my research. I also appreciate the
help from Springer Verlag for their cooperation and assistance in publishing the
book.
Moreover, this gives me the opportunity to specially thank Stephan Dahlke for
the encouragement and support he gave me during the past couple of years. Also
my thanks go to Eberhard Bänsch and my colleagues at the chair of Applied
Mathematics III in Erlangen for providing a stimulating environment to work in.
Furthermore, I appreciate joint work and exchange of ideas on the subject with
many colleagues, in particular, Nadine Große, Markus Hansen, Susana Moura, Júlio
Neves, Winfried Sickel, and Jan Vybíral.
Finally, my debt of gratitude is owed to my family for their never-ending patience
and support. The day after this manuscript was finished, my son and I went to see
the Eiffel Tower to have a look beyond Sobolev, Besov ... and Paris!

Nuremberg, Germany Cornelia Schneider

March 2021
Contents

1 Introduction .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2 Function Spaces and General Concepts .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.1 Preliminaries.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.1.1 Notation .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.1.2 Lipschitz Domains and Their Boundaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.2 Classical Function Spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.2.1 Sobolev and Fractional Sobolev Spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.2.2 Banach-Space Valued Hölder, Lebesgue, and
Sobolev Spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.3 Besov and Triebel-Lizorkin Spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
2.3.1 Spaces of Type Bp,q s , Fs
p,q . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
2.3.2 Wavelet Characterization for Bp,q s . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
s
2.3.3 Spaces of Type Bp,q . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
2.3.4 Smooth and Non-smooth Atomic
Decompositions for Bsp,q . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
2.3.5 Besov Spaces Bsp,q on Boundaries
of Lipschitz Domains .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
2.3.6 Properties of Besov Spaces Bsp,q
on Lipschitz Domains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
2.3.7 Spaces of Type Fsp,q . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
2.4 Kondratiev Spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
2.4.1 Definition and Basic Properties . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
2.4.2 Kondratiev Spaces on Domains of Polyhedral Type . . . . . . 66
2.4.3 Embeddings and Pointwise Multiplication .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
2.4.4 Relations Between Kondratiev and Other
Function Spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
2.4.5 Fractional Kondratiev Spaces . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
2.5 Smoothness Morrey Spaces and Their Generalizations . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
2.5.1 Spaces of Type AsMϕ ,q . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
p

xi
xii Contents

2.5.2 Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
s,τ
2.5.3 Spaces of Type Bp,q . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
2.6 Function Spaces on Manifolds.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
2.6.1 Sobolev Spaces on Manifolds .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
2.6.2 Besov and Triebel-Lizorkin Spaces on Manifolds . . . . . . . . 111

Part I Besov and Fractional Sobolev Regularity of PDEs

3 Theory and Background Material for PDEs . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
3.1 Definitions and Classifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
3.2 Elliptic Boundary Value Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
3.2.1 Bilinear Forms and Lax-Milgram Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
3.2.2 Existence of Weak Solutions .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
3.2.3 Fractional Sobolev Regularity on Smooth,
Convex and Lipschitz Domains . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
3.3 Parabolic Boundary Value Problems . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
3.3.1 Existence of Weak Solutions .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
3.4 Hyperbolic Boundary Value Problems . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
3.5 Operator Pencils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
4 Regularity Theory for Elliptic PDEs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
4.1 The Fundamental Semilinear Elliptic Problem .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
4.2 Regularity of Semilinear Elliptic PDEs in Kondratiev Spaces . . . . . 147
4.2.1 Composition Operators in Kondratiev Spaces. . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
4.2.2 Fixed Points of Nonlinear Operators
in Banach Spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
4.2.3 Existence of Solutions in Kondratiev Spaces. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
4.2.4 Uniqueness of Solutions.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
4.3 Regularity of Semilinear Elliptic PDEs in Besov Spaces . . . . . . . . . . 173
5 Regularity Theory for Parabolic PDEs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
5.1 The Fundamental Parabolic Problems .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
5.1.1 Problems I and II: Parabolic PDEs on Domains
of Polyhedral Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
5.1.2 Problem III: Linear Parabolic PDEs of Second
Order on Generalized Wedges . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
5.1.3 Problem IV: Linear Parabolic PDEs of Second
Order on General Lipschitz Domains... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
5.2 Regularity Results in Sobolev and Kondratiev Spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
5.2.1 Regularity Results in Sobolev Spaces for
Problem I .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
5.2.2 Regularity Results in Kondratiev Spaces for
Problem I .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
5.2.3 Regularity Results in Sobolev and Kondratiev
Spaces for Problem II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
Contents xiii

5.2.4 Regularity Results in Kondratiev Spaces for

Problem III .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
5.2.5 Regularity Results in Kondratiev Spaces for
Problem IV .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
5.3 Regularity Results in Fractional Sobolev Spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
5.3.1 Fractional Sobolev Regularity of Problem III .. . . . . . . . . . . . 218
5.3.2 Fractional Sobolev Regularity of the Heat
Equation on Specific Smooth Cones . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
5.4 Regularity Results in Besov Spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
5.4.1 Besov Regularity of Problem I . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
5.4.2 Besov Regularity of Problem II . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
5.4.3 Hölder-Besov Regularity of Problem I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
5.4.4 Besov Regularity of Problem IV . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
6 Regularity Theory for Hyperbolic PDEs . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
6.1 The Fundamental Hyperbolic Problem .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
6.2 Regularity Results in Kondratiev Spaces . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
6.3 Regularity Results in Besov Spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
7 Applications to Adaptive Approximation Schemes .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
7.1 N-Term Approximation and Adaptive Wavelet Algorithms . . . . . . . 245
7.2 Finite Element Approximation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
7.3 Time-Marching Adaptive Algorithms .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251

Part II Traces in Function Spaces

8 Traces on Lipschitz Domains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
8.1 Boundedness of the Trace Operator . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
8.2 Construction of an Extension Operator . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
8.2.1 Extension of Atoms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
8.2.2 Boundedness of the Extension Operator.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
8.3 Trace Results for Spaces Bsp,q (), Fsp,q () . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
8.3.1 The General Case 0 < s < 1 . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
8.3.2 The Limiting Case s = 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
8.4 Application: Pointwise Multipliers in Function Spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
9 Traces of Generalized Smoothness Morrey Spaces on Domains . . . . . . 277
9.1 A Lift Operator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
9.2 Construction of an Extension Operator . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
9.3 Trace Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
9.3.1 Trace Theorem for Spaces AsMϕ ,q () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
p
s,τ
9.3.2 Trace Theorem for Spaces Bp,q () . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
9.4 Application: A Priori Estimates for Solutions of Elliptic
Boundary Value Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
xiv Contents

10 Traces on Riemannian Manifolds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295

10.1 Fermi Coordinates on Submanifolds . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
10.2 Trace Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
10.2.1 Trace Theorem for Spaces Hps (M) . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
10.2.2 Trace Theorem for Spaces Fp,q s (M), B s (M) . . . . . . . . . . . 309
p,q
10.3 Application: Spaces with Symmetries.. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309

Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
Index . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
Quick Guide for Function Spaces

Spaces of Continuous Functions

C() Space of bounded continuous functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

C k () k-times differentiable bounded continuous functions,
C k functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
C k () k-times differentiable bounded uniformly continuous
functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
C ∞ () Smooth functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
C0∞ () Smooth functions with compact support, test functions . . . . . . . 19
C α () Hölder space with exponent α . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
C α () C α () ∩ C() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
C k,α () C k functions which are Hölder continuous with exponent α . . . 19
C(I, X) Space of bounded continuous functions defined on interval I
with values in Banach space X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
C k (I, X) Space of C k functions defined on interval I with values
in Banach space X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
C k,α (I, X) Functions from C k (I, X) which are Hölder continuous
with exponent α . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
D() See C0∞ ()
Lip() Lipschitz space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Lebesgue Spaces

Lp () Lebesgue space, Lp functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Lloc
p () Space of p-locally integrable functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Lp () Lebesgue space on the boundary  = ∂ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

xv
Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
 Little Sammy Woggles came out presently to get some wood.
Shorty called him to him. There was something fascinatingly
mysterious in his tones and actions to that youth, who devoured
dime novels on the sly.
"Sammy," said Shorty, "I'm goin' away, right off, and I don't want
the people in the house to know nothin' of it. I want you to help
me."
"You bet I will," responded the boy, with his eyes dancing. "Goin'
to run away? I'm goin to run away myself some day. I'm awful tired
o' havin' to git up in the mornin', wash my face and comb my hair,
and do the chores, and kneel down at family prayers, and go to
Sunday, school, and stay through church, and then have to spell out
a chapter in the Bible in the afternoon. I'm goin' to run away, and be
a soldier, or go out on the plains and kill Injuns. I'm layin' away
things now for it. See here?"
And he conducted Shorty with much mystery to a place behind the
haymow, where he had secreted an old single-barreled pistol and a
falseface.
"You little brat," said Shorty, "git all them fool notions out o' your
head. This 's the best home you'll ever see, and you stay here just
as long as the Lord'll let you. You're playin' in high luck to be here.
Don't you ever leave, on no account."
"Then why're you goin' to run away," asked the boy wonderingly.
"That's my business. Something you can't understand, nohow.
Now, I want you to slip around there and git my overcoat and things
and bring 'em out to me, without nobody seein' you. Do it at once."
 While Sammy was gone for the things Shorty laboriously wrote out
a note to Si upon a sheet of brown paper. It read:

"Deer Si; ive jest red in the papers that the army's goin' 2
move rite off. i no tha need me bad in the kumpany, for tha
are short on Korprils, & tha can't do nothin' without
Korprils. ive jest time 2 ketch the nekst traine, & ime
goin' thare ez fast ez steme kin carry me. Good-by & luv 2
all the folks.
 "Yours, Shorty."

"There, Sammy," he said, as he folded it up and gave it to the

boy; "keep that quiet until about bed time, when they begin to
inquire about me. By that time I'll 've ketched the train goin' east,
and be skippin' out for the army. By the way, Sammy, can't you
sneak into Miss Maria's room, and steal a piece o' ribbon, or
something that belongs to her?"
"I've got a big piece o' that new red Sunday dress o' her's," said
Sammy, going to his storehouse and producing it. "I cribbed it once,
to make me a flag or something, when I'd be out fightin' the Injuns.
Will that do you?"
"Bully," said Shorty, with the first joyous emotion since the
reception of the letter. "It's jest the thing. Here's a half-dollar for
you. Now, Sammy, kin you write?"
"They're makin' me learn, and that's one reason why I want to run
away," with a doleful remembrance of his own grievances. "What's
the use of it, I'd like to know? It cramps my fingers and makes my
head ache. Simon Kenton couldn't write his own name, but he killed
more Injuns than ary other man in the country. I guess you'd want
to run away, too, if they made you learn to write."
"You little brat," said Shorty reprovingly; "you don't know what's
good for you. You do as they say, and learn to write as quick as you
kin." Then, in a softer tone: "Now, Sammy, I want you to promise to
write me a long letter—two sheets o' foolscap."
"Why, I never writ so much in all my life," protested the boy. "It'd
take me a year."
"Well, you've got to, now, and it mustn't take you two weeks.
Here's a dollar for you, and when I git the letter I'll send you home a
real rebel gun. Now, you're to cross your heart and promise on your
sacred word and honor that you'll keep this secret from everybody,
not to tell a word to nobody. You must tell me all about what they
say about me, and partickerlerly what Miss Maria says. Tell me
everything you kin about Miss Maria, and who goes with her."
 "What makes you like Maria better'n you do 'Mandy?" inquired the
boy. "I like 'Mandy lots the best. She's heap purtier, and lots more
fun, and don't boss me around like Maria does."
"That's all you know about it, you little skeezics. She don't boss
you around half as much as she ought to." Then gentler: "Now,
Sammy, do jest as I say, and I'll send you home a real rebel gun jest
as soon as I get your letter."
"A real gun, that'll be all my own, and will shoot and kick, and
crack loud?"
"Yes, a genuine rebel gun, that you kin shoot crows with and
celebrate Christmas, and kill a dog."
"Well, I'll write you a letter if it twists my fingers off," said the boy
joyously.
"And you hope to be struck dead if you tell a word to anybody?"
"Yes, indeedy," said the boy, crossing his heart earnestly. Shorty
folded up the piece of dress goods tenderly, placed it securely in the
breast-pocket of his blouse, and trudged over to the station,
stopping on the summit of the hill to take a last look at the house. It
was a long, hard walk for him, for he was yet far from strong, but he
got their before train time.
It was the through train to St. Louis that he boarded, and the only
vacant seat that he could find was one partially filled with the
belongings of a couple sitting facing it, and very close together. They
had hold of one another's hands, and quite clearly were dressed
better than they were accustomed to. The man was approaching
middle age, and wore a shiny silk hat, a suit of broadcloth, with a
satin vest, and a heavy silver watch chain. His face was rather
strong and hard, and showed exposure to rough weather. The
woman was not so much younger, was tall and angular, rather
uncomfortably conscious of her good clothes, and had a firm, settled
look about her mouth and eyes, which only partially disappeared in
response to the man's persistent endearments. Still, she seemed
more annoyed than he did at the seating of another party in front of
them, whose eyes would be upon them. The man lifted the things to
make room for Shorty, who commented to himself:
"Should think they was bride and groom, if they wasn't so old."
There was a vague hint that he had seen the face somewhere, but
he dismissed it, then settled himself, and, busy with his own
thoughts, pressed his face against the window, and tried to
recognize through the darkness the objects by which they were
rushing. They were all deeply interesting to him, for they were part
of Maria's home and surroundings. After awhile the man appeared
temporarily tired of billing and cooing, and thought conversation
with some one else would give variety to the trip. He opened their
lunch-basket, took out something for himself and his companion to
eat, nudged Shorty, and offered him a generous handful. Shorty
promptly accepted, for he had the perennial hunger of
convalescence, and his supper had been interrupted.
"Going back to the army?" inquired the man, with his mouth full of
chicken, and by way of opening up the conversation.
"Um—huh," said Shorty, nodding assent.
"Where do you belong?"
"200th Injianny Volunteer Infantry."
If Shorty had been noticing the woman he would have seen her
start, but would have attributed it to the lurching of the cars. She
lost interest in the chicken leg she was picking, and listened to the
continuance of the conversation.
"I mean, what army do you belong to?"
"Army o' the Cumberland, down at Chattanoogy."
"Indeed; I might say that I belong to that army myself. I'm going
down that way, too. You see, my Congressman helped me get a
contract for furnishing the Army o' the Cumberland with bridge
timber, and I'm going down to Looeyville, and mebbe further, to see
about it. We've just come from St. Louis, where I've bin deliverin'
some timber in rafts."
"Where are you from?'
 "Bad Ax, Wisconsin, a little ways from La Crosse."
It was Shorty's turn to start, and it flashed upon him just where
he had seen that squarish face. It was in an ambrotype that he
carried in his breastpocket. He almost choked on the merrythought
of the chicken, but recovered himself, and said quickly:
"I have heard o' the place. Lived there long?"
"Always, you might say. Father took me there as a child during the
mine excitement, growed up there, went into business, married, lost
my wife, and married again. We're now on what you might call our
bridal tower. I had to come down here on business, so I brung my
wife along, and worked it off on her as our bridal tower. Purty cute,
don't you think?"
And he reached over and tried to squeeze his wife's hand, but she
repulsed it.
The bridegroom plied Shorty with questions as to the army for
awhile after they had finished eating, and then arose and remarked:
"I'm goin' into the smokin'-car for a smoke. Won't you come along
with me, soldier, and have a cigar?"
"No, thankee," answered Shorty. "I'd like to, awfully, but the
doctor's shut down on my smokin' till I git well."
As soon as he was well on his way the woman leaned forward and
asked Shorty in an earnest tone:
"Did you say that you belonged to the 200th Ind.?"
"Yes'm," said Shorty very meekly. "To Co. Q."
"The very same company," gasped the woman.
"Did you happen to know a Mr. Daniel Elliott in that company?"
"Very well, mum. Knowed him almost as well as if he was my own
brother."
"What sort of a man was he?"
"Awful nice feller. I thought a heap of him. Thought more of him
than any other man in the company. A nicer man you never knowed.
Didn't drink, nor swear, nor play cards, nor chaw terbacker. Used to
go to church every Sunday. Chaplain thought a heap of him. Used to
call him his right bower—I mean his strong suit—I mean his two pair
—ace high. No, neither o' them's just the word the Chaplain used,
but it was something just as good, but more Bible-like."
"I'm so glad to hear it," murmured the woman.
"O, he was an ornament to the army," continued the unblushing
Shorty, who hadn't had a good opportunity to lie in all the weeks
that the Deacon had been with him, and wanted to exercise his old
talent, to see whether he had lost it. "And the handsomest man!
There wasn't a finer-looking man in the whole army. The Colonel
used to get awfully jealous o' him, because everybody that'd come
into camp 'd mistake him for the Colonel. He'd 'a' bin Colonel, too, if
he'd only lived. But the poor fellow broke his heart. He fell in love
with a girl somewhere up North—Pewter Hatchet, or some place like
that. I never saw her, and don't know nothin' about her, but I heard
that the boys from her place said that she was no match for him.
She was only plain, ordinary-lookin'."
"That wasn't true," said the woman, under her breath.
"All the same, Elliott was dead-stuck on her. Bimeby he heard
some way that some stay-at-home widower was settin' up to her,
and she was encouragin' him, and finally married him. When Elliott
heard that he was completely beside himself. He lost all appetite for
everything but whisky and the blood of widowers. Whenever he
found a man who was a widower he wanted to kill him. At
Chickamauga, he'd pick out the men that looked old enough to be
widowers, and shoot at them, and no others. In the last charge he
got separated, and was by himself with a tall rebel with a gray
beard. 'I surrender,' said the rebel. 'Are you a widower?' asked
Elliott. 'I'm sorry to say that my wife's dead,' said the rebel. 'Then
you can't surrender. I'm goin' to kill you,' said Elliott. But he'd bin
throwed off his guard by too much talkin'. The rebel got the drop on
him, and killed him."
"It ain't true that his girl went back on him before she heard he
was killed," said the woman angrily, forgetting herself. "She only
married after the report of his death in the papers."
"Jerusha," said Shorty, pulling out the letters and picture, rising to
his feet, and assuming as well as he could in the rocking car the
pose and manner of the indignant lovers he had seen in
melodramas, "I'm Dan Elliott, and your own true love, whose heart
you've broke. When I learned of your faithlessness I sought death,
but death went back on me. I've come back from the grave to
reproach you. You preferred the love of a second-hand husband,
with a silver watch-chain and a raft o' logs, to that of an honest
soldier who had no fortune but his patriotic heart and his Springfield
rifle. But I'll not be cruel to you. There are the evidences of your
faithlessness, that you was so anxious to git hold of. Your secret's
safe in this true heart. Take 'em and be happy with your bridge-
timber contractor. Be a lovin' wife to your warmed-over husband. Be
proud of his speculations on the needs o' his country. As for me, I'll
go agin to seek a soldier's grave, for I cannot forgit you."
As he handed her the letters and picture he was dismayed to
notice that the piece of Maria's dress was mixed in with them. He
snatched it away, shoved it back in his pocket, pulled his hat down
over his eyes, and, with a melodramatic air, rushed forward into the
smoking-car, where he seated himself and at once fell asleep.
He was awakened in the morning at Jeffersonville, by the provost-
guard shaking him and demanding his pass.
 CHAPTER IX. SHORTY IN TROUBLE
HAS AN ENCOUNTER WITH THE PROVOST-
MARSHAL.
"I AINT got no pass," said Shorty, in response to the demand of
the Provost-Guard. "Bin home on sick-furlough. Goin' back to the
front now. Left my papers at home. Forgot 'em."
"Heard all about lost and missing papers before," said the
Sergeant drily. "Fall in there, under guard." And he motioned Shorty
to join the gang of stragglers and runaways which had already been
gathered up.
"Look here. Sergeant," remonstrated Shorty, "I don't belong in
that pack o' shell-fever invalids, and I won't fall in with 'em. There's
no yaller or cotton in me. I'm straight goods, all wool, and
indigodyed. I've bin promoted Corpril in my company for good
conduct at Chickamauga. I'm goin' back to my regiment o' my own
accord, before my time's up, and I propose to go my own way. I
won't go under guard."
"You'll have to, if you can't show a pass," said the Sergeant
decisively. "If you're a soldier you know what orders are. Our orders
are to arrest every man that can't show a pass, and bring him up to
Provost Headquarters. Fall in there without any more words."
"I tell you I'm not goin' back to the regiment under guard," said
Shorty resolutely. "I've no business to go back at all, now. My
furlough ain't up for two weeks more. I'm goin' back now of my own
free will, and in my own way. Go along with your old guard, and pick
up them deadbeats and sneaks, that don't want to go back at all.
You'll have plenty o' work with them, without pesterin' me."
 "And I tell you you must go," said the Sergeant, irritably, and
turning away, as if to end the discussion. "Williams, you and Young
bring him along."
"I'll not go a step under guard, and you can't make me," answered
Shorty furiously, snatching up the heavy poker from the stove. "You
lunkheaded, feather-bed soldiers jest keep your distance, if you
know what's good for you. I didn't come back here from the front to
be monkeyed with by a passel o' fellers that wear white gloves and
dresscoats, and eat soft bread. Go off, and 'tend your own bizniss,
and I'll 'tend to mine."
The Sergeant turned back and looked at him attentively.
"See here," he said, after a moment's pause.
"Don't you belong to the 200th Ind.?"
"You bet I do. Best regiment in the Army o' the Cumberland."
"You're the feller they call Shorty, of Co. Q?"
Shorty nodded assent.
"I thought I'd seen you somewhere, the moment I laid eyes on
you," said the Sergeant in a friendly tone. "But I couldn't place you.
You've changed a good deal. You're thinner'n a fishing-rod."
"Never had no meat to spare," acquiesced Shorty, "but I'm an
Alderman now to what I was six weeks ago. Got a welt on my head
at Chickamaugy, and then the camp fever at Chattanoogy, which run
me down till I could've crawled through a greased flute."
"Well, I'm Jim Elkins. Used to belong to Co. A," replied the
Sergeant. "I recollect your stealing the caboose door down there at
Murfreesboro. Say, that was great. How that conductor ripped and
swore when he found his door was gone. I got an ax from you. You
never knew who took it, did you? Well, it was me. I wanted the ax,
but I wanted still more to show you that there was somebody in the
camp just as slick on the forage as you were. But I got paid for it.
The blamed old ax glanced one day, while I was chopping, and
whacked me on the knee."
 "A thief always gits fetched up with," said Shorty, in a tone of
profound moralizing. "But since it had to go I'm glad one o' our own
boys got it. I snatched another and a better one that night from the
Ohio boys. I'm awful sorry you got hurt. Was it bad?"
"Yes. The doctors thought I'd lose my leg, and discharged me. But
I got well, and as soon as they'd take me I re-enlisted. Wish I was
back in the old regiment, though. Say, you'll have to go to
Headquarters with me, because that's orders, but you just walk
alongside o' me. I want to talk to you about the boys."
As they walked along, the Sergeant found an opportunity to say in
low tone, so that the rest could not hear:
"Old Billings, who used to be Lieutenant-Colonel, is Provost-
Marshal. He's Lieutenant-Colonel of our regiment. He'll be likely to
give you a great song and dance, especially if he finds out that you
belonged to the old regiment. But don't let it sink too deep on you.
I'll stand by you, if there's anything I can do."
"Much obliged," said Shorty, "but I'm all right, and I oughtn't to
need any standing by from anybody. That old fly-up-the-crick ought
to be ashamed to even speak to a man who's bin fightin' at the
front, while he was playin' off around home."
"He'll have plenty to say all the same," returned the Sergeant.
"He's got one o' these self-acting mouths, with a perpetual-motion
attachment. He don't do anything but talk, and mostly bad. Blame
him, it's his fault that we're kept here, instead of being sent to the
front, as we ought to be. Wish somebody'd shoot him."
The Provost-Marshal was found in his office, dealing out sentences
like a shoulder-strapped Rhadamanthes. It was a place that just
suited Billings's tastes. There he could bully to his heart's content,
with no chance for his victims getting back at him, and could make it
very uncomfortable for those who were disposed to sneer at his
military career. With a scowl on his brow, and a big chew of tobacco
in his mouth, he sat in his chair, and disposed of the cases brought
before him with abusive comments, and in the ways that he thought
would give the men the most pain and trouble. It was a
manifestation of his power that he gloated over.
"Take the position of soldiers, you slouching clodhoppers," he said,
with an assortment of oaths, as the squad entered the office. "One'd
think you a passel o' hawbucks half-drunk at a log-rollin', instead o'
soldiers in the presence o' your superior officer. Shut them gapin'
mouths, lift up them shock-heads, button up your blouses, put your
hands down to your sides, and don't no man speak to me without
salootin'. And mind what you say, or I'll give you a spell on bread
and water, and send you back in irons. I want you to understand
that I'll have no foolishness. You can't monkey with me as you can
with some officers.
"Had your pocket picked, and your furlough as well as your money
taken," he sneered to the first statement. "You expect me to believe
that, you sickly-faced yallerhammer. I'll just give you five days' hard
labor before sending you back, for lying to me. Go over there to the
left, and take your place in that police squad."
"No," he said to the second, "that sick mother racket won't work.
Every man we ketch now skulking home is goin' to see his sick and
dying mother. There wouldn't be no army if we allowed every man
who has a sick mother to go and visit her. None o' your back talk, or
I'll put the irons on you."
"No," to a third, "you can't go back to your boarding place for your
things, not even with a guard. I know you. You'd give the guard the
slip before you went 10 rods. Let your things go. Probably you stole
'em, anyway."
Lieut.-Col. Billings's eye lighted on Shorty, with an expression of
having seen him somewhere.
"Where do you belong?" he asked crossly.
"Co. Q, 200th Injianny Volunteer Infantry," replied Shorty proudly.
"Yes. I remember you now," said the Provost-Marshal savagely.
"You're one o' them infernal nigger-thieves that brung disgrace on
the regiment. You're one o' them that made it so notorious that
decent men who had a respect for other people's property was glad
to get out of it."
"You're a liar," said Shorty hotly. "You didn't git out o' the regiment
because it stole niggers. That's only a pretend. The rear is full o'
fellers like you who pretend to be sore on the nigger question, as an
excuse for not going to the front. You sneaked out o' every fight the
regiment went into. You got out of the regiment because it was too
fond of doin' its duty."
"Shut up, you scoundrel! Buck-and-gag him, men," roared Billings,
rising and shaking his fist at him.
"Stop that! You musn't talk that way," said the Sergeant, going
over to Shorty, and shaking him roughly, while he whispered, "Don't
make a blamed fool o' yourself. Keep quiet."
"I won't stop," said Shorty angrily; "I won't let no man talk that
way about the 200th Ind., no matter if he wears as many leaves on
his shoulders as there is on a beech tree. I'd tell the Major-General
that he lied if he slandered the regiment, if I died for it the next
minute."
"I order you to take him out and buck-and-gag him," shouted the
Provost-Marshal.
The Sergeant caught Shorty by the shoulder, and pushed him out
of the room, with much apparent roughness, but really using no
more force than would make a show, while muttering his adjurations
to cool down.
"I s'pose I've got to obey orders, and buck-and-gag you," said the
Sergeant ruefully, as they were alone together in the room. "It goes
against my grain, like the toothache. I'd rather you'd buck-and-gag
me. But you are to blame for it yourself. You ought to have more
sense than lay it into a Lieutenant-Colonel and Provost-Marshal that
way. But you did give it to him fine, the old blow-hard and whisky-
sucker. He's no more fit for shoulderstraps than a hog is for a paper-
collar. Haven't heard anything for a long time that tickled me so,
even while I was mad enough to pound you for having no more
sense. I've bin aching to talk that way to him myself."
 "Go ahead and obey your orders," said Shorty. "Don't mind me.
I'm willin' to take it. I've had my say, which was worth a whole week
o' buckin'. It 'll be something to tell the boys when I git back, that I
saw old Billings swellin' around, and told him right before his own
men just what we think of him. Lord, how it 'll tickle 'em. I'll forgit all
about the buckin', but they won't forgit that."
"Blamed if I'll do it," said the Sergeant. "He can take off my
stripes, and be blest to him. You said just what I think, and what we
all think, and I ought to stand by you. I've a notion to go right back
in the room and tell him I won't do it, and pull off my stripes and
hand 'em to him, and tell him to take 'em and go to Halifax."
"Now, don't be a fool, Jim," remonstrated Shorty. "You won't help
me, and you'll git yourself into trouble. Somebody's got to do it, and
I'd rather it'd be you than somebody else. Go ahead and obey your
orders. Git your rope and your stick and your bayonet."
"They're all here," said the Sergeant, producing them, with a
regretful air. "We've plenty of use for them as long as old Billings is
on deck. Say," said he, stopping, as a brighter look came into his
face, "I've got an idea."
"Hold on to it till you kin mark its ears, so's you'll know it again for
your property," said Shorty sarcastically. "Good idees are skeerce and
valuable."
"Jeff Wilson, the General's Chief Clerk, who belongs to my
company," said the Sergeant, "told me yesterday that they wanted
another Orderly, and to pick out one for him. I'll send a note for him
to detail you right off."
He hastily scratched off the following note on a piece of wrapping
paper, folded it up, and sent secretly one of his boys on a run with
it:

"Dear Jeff: Found you a first-class Orderly. It's Shorty,

of my old regiment. He's in Billings's clutches, and in
trouble. Send down a detail at once for Shorty Elliott, Co.
Q, 200th Ind. Rush. Yours, Jim."
 "Here, Sergeant," called out the Provost-Marshal from the other
room, "what are you fooling around in there so long for?"
"Somebody's been monkeying with my things," called back the
Sergeant. "If they don't let 'em alone I'll scalp somebody."
"Well, get through, and come out here, for there's some more
work for you. Make a good job with that scoundrel. I'll be in
presently and see it."
Shorty squatted down, and the Sergeant made as easy going an
imitation as he could of the punishment.
The messenger encountered the young General near by, limping
along on a conscientious morning inspection of things about his
post. He had been but recently assigned to the position, to employ
him while he was getting well of his wound received at
Chickamauga, and was making a characteristic effort to know all
about his command. He had sent his staff on various errands, but
had his Chief Clerk with him to make notes.
"What's that?" he inquired, as the messenger handed the latter
the note.
"Just a note from the Sergeant of the Guard about an Orderly,"
answered the clerk.
"Let me see it," said the General, who had an inveterate
disposition for looking into the smallest details. "What's this? One of
the 200th Ind.? Why, that was in my brigade. The 200th Ind. was
cut all to pieces, but it stuck to that Snodgrass Hill tighter than a
real-estate mortgage. One of the boys in trouble? We'll just go over
to the Provost-Marshal's and see about him. It may be that I know
him."
The sharp call of the Sergeant on duty outside to "Turn out the
Guard for the General," the clatter of muskets, as he was obeyed,
the sudden stiffening up of the men lounging about the entrance
into the position of the soldier, and their respectful salutes as the
General limped in, conveyed to Lieut.-Col. Billings intelligence as to
his visitor, and his whole demeanor changed to one of obsequious
welcome.
 "Very unexpected, General, but very kind in you to visit me," he
said, bowing, and washing his hands with invisible soap.
"No kindness at all. Colonel," said the General with official
curtness. "Merely my duty, to personally acquaint myself with all
portions of my command. I should have visited you before. By the
way, I understand you have picked up here a man belonging to my
brigade—to the 200th Ind. Where is he?"
Billings's face clouded.
"Yes, we have a man who claimed to belong to that regiment—a
straggler, who hadn't any papers to show. I had no idea whether he
was telling the truth. He was outrageously sassy, and I had to give
him a lesson to keep a civil tongue in his head. Take a seat. I'll send
for him."
"No; I'll go and see him," said the General. "Where is he?"
With a foreboding that the scene was going to be made
unpleasant for him, Billings led the General into the guard-room.
 "Why, it's Shorty," said the General, recognizing him at once, "who
ran back at Stone River, in a heavy fire, and helped me from under
my horse."
Shorty winked and nodded affirmatively.
 "What was the matter, Colonel?" inquired the General.
"Well," said Billings, defensively, "the feller is a straggler, without
papers to show where he belonged, and he was very sassy to me—
called me a liar, and said other mean things, right before my men,
and I had to order him bucked-and-gagged to shut him up."
"Strange," said General; "I always found him very respectful and
obedient. I thought I hadn't a better soldier in my brigade."
Shorty winked appreciatively at Serg't Elkins.
"Take out the gag, let him up, and let me hear what he has to
say," said the General.
Shorty was undone and helped to his feet, when he respectfully
saluted. His weakness was so apparent that the General ordered him
to sit down, and then asked him questions which brought out his
story. "You were promoted Corporal, if I recollect," said he, "for
gallantry in capturing one of the rebel flags taken by my brigade."
"Yes, sir," answered Shorty.
Billings was feeling very uncomfortable.
"He called me a liar, and a stay-at-home sneak, and other insultin'
things," protested he.
"General, he slandered the 200 Ind., which I won't allow no man
to do, no matter what he has on his shoulders. I told him that he'd
bin fired out o' the regiment, and was a-bummin' in the rear, and
hadn't no business abusin' men who was doin' and respectful."
"Hum—very insubordinate, very unsoldierly," said the General.
"Very unlike you. Corporal. I'm surprised at you. You were always
very obedient and respectful."
"Always to real officers," said Shorty; "but—"
"Silence," said the General, sternly. "Don't aggravate the offense.
You were properly punished."
"I ain't kickin' about it," said Shorty stubbornly. "I've got the worth
of it."
"I think," continued the General, after having properly vindicated
discipline, "that that blow you received on your head may affect your
brain at times, and make you unduly irritable. I think I'll have the
Surgeon examine you. Put him in an ambulance, Wilson, and take
him over to the Surgeon. Then bring him to Headquarters with the
report."
Turning to the Lieutenant-Colonel the General said:
"I had another object in visiting you this morning. Colonel. I've got
some good news for you. I've found your officers and men very
weary of their long tour of provost duty here, and anxious to go to
the front. Of course, I know that you feel the same way."
Billings tried to look as if he did, but the attempt was not a
success.
"I have represented to Headquarters, therefore," continued the
General, "that it would be to the advantage of the service to have
this fine full regiment sent to the front, and its place taken by one
that has been run down by hard service, and so get a chance for it
to rest and recruit. The General has accepted my views, and orders
me to have you get ready to move at once."
"I have tried to do my dooty here, and I thought," murmured
Billings, "that it was to the advantage of the Government to have as
Provost-Marshal a man who knowed all these fellers and their tricks.
It'd take a new man a long time to learn 'em."
"I appreciate that," said the General. "But it's not just to you or
your men to make you do so much of this work. I'm expecting every
minute notice of a regiment being sent to relieve yours, and
therefore you will be ready to start as soon as it arrives. Good
morning, sir."
The only relief that Billings could find to his feelings after the
General's departure was to kick one of the men's dog out of his
office with a great deal of vindictiveness.
 CHAPTER X. SHORTY AS ORDERLY
HAS A TOUR OF DUTY AT THE GENERAL'S
HEADQUARTERS.
"WELL," said the General, after he had listened to Shorty's story,
and questioned him a little, "you are all right now. I'll take care of
you. The Surgeon says that you are not fit to go back to the front,
and will not be for some time. They have got more sick and
convalescents down there now than they can take good care of. The
army's gone into Winter quarters, and will probably stay there until
Spring opens, so that they don't need either of us. I'll detail you as
Orderly at these Headquarters, and you can go back with me when I
do."
"I s'pose that's all right and satisfactory," said Shorty, saluting.
"It's got to be, anyway. In the army a man with a star on his
shoulder's got the last say, and kin move the previous question
whenever he wants to. I never had no hankerin' for a job around
Headquarters, and now that I'm a Korpril I ought to be with my
company. But they need you worse'n they do me, and I've noticed
that you was always as near the front as anybody, so I don't think I'll
lose no chances by stayin' with you."
"I promise you that we shall both go as soon as there's any
prospect of something worth going for," said the General, smiling.
"Report there to Wilson. He will instruct you as to your duties."
Wilson's first instructions were as to Shorty's personal appearance.
He must get a clean shave and a hair-cut, a necktie, box of paper
collars, a pair of white gloves, have blouse neatly brushed and
buttoned to his throat and his shoes polished.
"Dress parade every day?" asked Shorty, despairingly.
 "Just the same as dress parade every day," answered the Chief
Clerk. "Don't want any scarecrows around these Headquarters.
We're on dress parade all the time before the people and other
soldiers, and must show them how soldiers ought to appear. You'll
find a barber-shop and a bootblack around the corner. Make for
them at once, and get yourself in shape to represent Headquarters
properly."
"Don't know but I'd ruther go to the front and dig rifle-pits than to
wear paper collars and white gloves every day in the week,"
soliloquized Shorty, as he walked out on the street. "Don't mind 'em
on Sunday, when you kin take 'em off agin when the company's
dismissed from parade; but to put 'em on in the mornin' when you
git up, and wear 'em till you go to bed at night—O, Jehosephat!
Don't think I've got the constitution to stand that sort o' thing. But
it's orders, and I'll do it, even if it gives me softenin' o' the brain.
Here, you—(beckoning to a bootblack), put a 250-pounder Monitor
coat o' polish on them Tennessee River gunboats. Fall in promptly,
now."
The little darky gave an estimating glance at the capacious
cowhides, which had not had a touch of the brush since being drawn
from the Quarter master, and then yelled to a companion on the
other side of the street:
"Hey, Taters, come lend me a spit. I'se got a' army contrack."
"Vhat golor off a gravat do you vant?" asked the Jewish vender of
haberdashery, who was rapidly amassing a fortune from the soldiers.
"Dere's plack, red, kreen, plue—all lofely golors, unt de vinest kint
off silk. Yoost de same as Cheneral Krant vears. He puys lods off me.
Von't puy off nopody else vhen he gan ket to me. Now, dere's vun
dat'll yoost suit your light gomplexion. You gan vear dat on St.
Batrick's day."
And he picked out one of bright green that would have made
Shorty's throat seem in wild revolt against his hair.
"Well, I don't know," said Shorty meditatively, pulling over the lot.
Then a thought struck him. Taking out the bit of Maria's dress, he
said:
"Give me something as near as possible the color of that."
"Veil, I've kot rid off datt off-golored negdie, dat I fought I nefer
vould sell," meditated the Jew, as Shorty left. "I'm ahet yoost a
tollar-unt-a-haluf on aggount off dat vild Irishman's kirl. Veil, de kirls
ket some fellers into sgrapes, unt helps udders oud."
With this philosophical observation the Jew resumed his pleasant
work of marking up his prices to better accord with his enlarged
views as to the profits he could get off the soldiers.
When Shorty returned to Headquarters, neatly shaven and
brushed, and took the position of a soldier before the Chief Clerk,
that functionary remarked approvingly:
"Very good, very good, indeed. You'll be an ornament to
Headquarters."
And the General, entering the room at that time, added:
"Yes, you are as fine a looking soldier as one would wish to see,
and an examaple to others. But you have not your Corporal's
chevrons on. Allow me to present you with a pair. It gives me
pleasure, for you have well earned them."
Stepping back into his office he returned with the chevrons in his
hand.
"There, find a tailor outside somewhere to sew them on. You are
now a non-commissioned officer on my staff, and I expect you to do
all you can to maintain its character and dignity."
Shorty's face flushed with pride as he saluted, and thought,
without saying:
"You jest bet I will. Any loafer that don't pay proper respect to this
here staff'll git his blamed neck broke."
"Here," said the Chief Clerk, handing Shorty an official envelope,
when the latter returned from having his chevrons sewed on. "Take
this down to Col. Billings. Mind you do it in proper style. Don't get to
sassing old Billings. Stick the envelope in your belt, walk into the
office, take the position of a soldier, salute, and hand him the
envelope, saying, 'With the compliments of the General,' salute
again, about-face, and walk out."
"I'll want to punch his rotten old head off the minute I set eyes on
him," remarked Shorty, sotto voce; "but the character and dignity of
the staff must be maintained."
Lieut.-Col. Billings started, and his face flushed, when he saw
Shorty stalk in, severely erect and soldierly. Billings was too little of a
soldier to comprehend the situation. His first thought was that
Shorty, having been taken under the General's wing, had come back
to triumph over him, and he prepared himself with a volley of abuse
to meet that of his visitor. But Shorty, with stern eyes straight to the
front, marched up to him, saluted in one-two-three time, drew the
envelope from his belt, and thrusting it at him as he would his gun
to the inspecting officer on parade, announced in curtly official
tones, "With General's compliments, sir," saluted again, about-faced
as if touched with a spring, and marched stiffly toward the door.
Billings hurriedly glanced at the papers, and saw that instead of
some unpleasant order from the General, which he had feared, they
were merely some routine matters. His bullying instinct at once
reasserted itself:
"Puttin' on a lot o' scollops, since, just because you're detailed at
Headquarters," he called out after Shorty. "More style than a blue-
ribbon horse at a county fair, just because the General took a little
notice of you. But you'll not last long. I know you."
"Sir," said Shorty, facing about and stiffly saluting, "if you've got
any message for the General, I'll deliver it. If you hain't, keep your
head shet."
"O, go on; go on, now, you two-for-a-cent Corporal. Don't you
give me any more o' your slack, or I'll report you for your
impudence, and have them stripes jerked offen you."
 Hot words sprang to Shorty's lips, but he remembered the
General's injunction about the character and dignity of the staff, and
restrained himself to merely saying:
 "Col. Billings, some day I won't belong to the staff, and you won't
have no shoulder-straps. Then I'll invite you to a little discussion,
without no moderator in the chair."
"Go on, now. Don't you dare threaten me," shouted Billings.
"How'd you get along with Billings?" inquired the Chief Clerk,
when Shorty returned.
"About as well as the monkey and the parrot did," answered
Shorty, and he described the interview, ending with:
"I never saw a man who was achin' for a good lickin' like that old
bluffer. And he'll git it jest as soon as he's out o' the service, if I have
to walk a hundred miles to give it to him."
"I'm afraid you'll have to wait a good while," answered Wilson.
"He'll stay in the service as long as he can keep a good soft berth
like this. He's now bombarding everybody that's got any influence
with telegrams to use it to keep him here in the public interest. He
claims that on account of his familiarity with things here he is much
more valuable to the Government here than he would be in the
field."
"No doubt o' that," said Shorty. "He ain't worth a groan in the
infernal regions at the front. He only takes the place and eats the
rations of some man that might be of value."
"See here," said Wilson, pointing to a pile of letters and telegrams
on his desk. "These are protests against Billings being superseded
and sent away. More are coming in all the time. They are worrying
the General like everything, for he wants to do the right thing. But I
know that they all come from a ring of fellows around here who sell
whisky and slop-shop goods to the soldiers, and skin them alive, and
are protected by Billings. They're whacking up with him, and they
want him to stay. I'm sure of it, but I haven't any proof, and there's
no use saying anything to the General unless I've got the proof to
back it."
"Wonder if I couldn't help git the proof," suggested Shorty, with
his sleuth instincts reviving.
 "Just the man," said the Chief Clerk eagerly, "if you go about it
right. You're a stranger here, and scarcely anybody knows that you
belong to Headquarters. Get yourself back in the shape you were
this morning, and go out and try your luck. It'll just be bully if we
can down this old blowhard."
Shorty took off his belt and white gloves, unbuttoned his blouse,
and lounged down the street to the quarter where the soldiers most
congregated to be fleeced by the harpies gathered there as the best
place to catch men going to or returning from the front. Shorty soon
recognized running evil-looking shops, various kinds of games and
drinking dens several men who had infested the camps about
Nashville and Murfreesboro until the Provost-Marshal had driven
them away.
"Billings has gathered all his old friends about him," said he to
himself. "I guess I'll find somebody here that I kin use."
"Hello, Injianny; what are you doin' here?" inquired a man in
civilian clothes, but unmistakably a gambler.
Shorty remembered him at once as the man with whom he had
had the adventure with the loaded dice at Murfreesboro. With the
fraternity of the class, neither remembered that little misadventure
against the other. They had matched their wits for a wrestle, and
when the grapple was over it was over.
Shorty therefore replied pleasantly:
"O, jest loafin' back here, gittin' well o' a crack on the head and
the camp fever."
"Into anything to put in the time?"
"Naah," said Shorty weariedly. "Nearly dead for something. Awful
stoopid layin' around up there among them hayseeds, doin' nothin'.
Jest run down to Jeffersonville to see if I couldn't strike something
that'd some life in it."
"Well, I kin let you into a good thing. I've bin runnin' that shebang
over there, with another man, and doin' well, but he let his temper
git away with him, and shpped a knife into a sucker, and they've got
him in jail, where he'll stay awhile. I must have another partner. Got
any money?"
"A hundred or so," answered Shorty.
"Well, that's enough. I don't want money so much as the right
kind of a man. Put up your stuff, and I'll let you in cahoots with me,
and we'll make a bar'l o' money out o' these new troops that'll begin
coming down this week."
"I like the idee. But how do you know you kin run your game. This
Provost-Marshall—"
"O, the Provost's all right. He's an old friend o' mine. I have him
dead to rights. Only whack up fair with him, and you're all right.
Only pinches them that want to hog on him and won't share. I've bin
runnin' right along here for weeks, and 've had no trouble. I give up
my little divvy whenever he asks for it."
"If I was only certain o' that," said Shorty meditatively, "I'd—"
"Certain? Come right over here to that ranch, and have a drink,
and I'll show you, so's you can't be mistaken. I tell you, I'm solid as
a rock with him."
When seated at a quiet table, with their glasses in front of them,
the gambler pulled some papers from his breast pocket, and
selecting one shoved it at Shorty with the inquiry: "There, what do
you think o' that?"
Shorty read over laboriously:

"Deer Bat: Send me 50 please. I set behind two small pair

last night, while the other feller had a full, & Ime strapt
this morning. Yores,

"Billings."

"That seems convincing," said Shorty.

"Then look at this," said the gambler, producing another paper. It
read:

"Deer Bat: Got yore $100 all right, but doant send by that
man again. He's shaky, and talks too much. Bring it
yourself, or put it in an envelope directed to me, & drop it
 in my box. Yores,

"Billings."

"That's enough," said Shorty, with his mind in a tumult, as to how

he was to get these papers into his possession. "I'll go in with you, if
you'll take me. Here's my fist."
He reached out and shook hands with Bat Meacham over the
bargain, and called to the waiter, "Here, fill 'em up agin."
Shorty pulled some papers out of his pocket to search for his
money, and fumbled them over. There were two pieces among them
resembling the scraps on which Billings had written his notes. They
contained some army doggerel which the poet of Co. Q had written
and Shorty was carrying about as literary treasures.
The waiter wiped off the table as he replaced the glasses, and
Shorty lifted up the gambler's papers to permit him to do so. He laid
down his own papers instead, and with them a $10 bill.
"There," he said; "I find that's all the money I have with me, but
it's enough to bind the bargain. I left a couple hundred with the
clerk at the tavern. I'll go right up and git it, and we'll settle the
thing right here."
"Very good," replied Bat Meacham; "git back as quick as you kin.
You'll find me either here or hangin' around near. Let's fix the thing
up and git ready. I think a new regiment'll be down here tomorrow,
and all the men'll have their first installment o' bounty and a month's
pay."
Shorty hurried back to Headquarters and laid his precious papers
before the Chief Clerk, who could not contain his exultation.
"Won't there be a tornado when the General sees these in the
morning," he exclaimed. "He's gone out to camp, now, or I'd take
them right to him. But he shall have them first thing in the
morning."
The next morning Shorty waited with eager impatience while the
General was closeted with his Chief Clerk. Presently the General
stepped to the door and said sternly:
 "Corporal."
"Yes, sir," said Shorty, springing to his feet and saluting.
"Go down at once to the Provost-Marshal's office and tell Col.
Billings to come to Headquarters at once. To come at once, without
a moment's delay."
"Yes, sir," said Shorty saluting, with a furtive wink at the Chief
Clerk, which said as plainly as words, "No presenting compliments
this time."
He found Billings, all unconscious of the impending storm, dealing
out wrath on those who were hauled before him.
"Col. Billings," said Shorty, standing stiff as a ramrod and curtly
saluting, "the General wants you to come to Headquarters at once."
"Very well," replied Billings; "report to the General that I'll come as
soon as I dispose of this business."
"That'll not do," said Shorty with stern imperiousness. "The
General orders (with a gloating emphasis on 'orders') you to drop
everything else, and come instantly. You're to go right back with
me."
Shorty enjoyed the manifest consternation in Billings's face as he
heard this summons. The men of the office pricked up their ears,
and looked meaningly at one another. Shorty saw it all, and stood as
straight and stern as if about to lead Billings to execution.
Billings, with scowling face, picked up his hat, buttoned his coat,
and walked out.
"Do you know what the General wants with me. Shorty?" he asked
in a conciliatory way, when they were alone together on the
sidewalk.
"My name's Corporal Elliott. You will address me as such,"
answered Shorty.
"Go to the devil," said Billings.
Billings tried to assume a cheerfully-genial air as he entered the
General's office, but the grin faded at the sight of the General's stern
countenance.
 "Col. Billings," said the General, handing him the two pieces of
paper, "do you recognize these?"
"Can't say that I do," answered Billings, pretending to examine
them while he could recover his wits sufficiently for a fine of
defense.
"Don't attempt to lie to me," said the General wrathfully, "or I'll
forget myself sufficiently to tear the straps from your disgraced
shoulders. I have compared these with other specimens of your
handwriting, until I have no doubt. I have sent for you not to hear
your defense, or to listen to any words from you. I want you to
merely sit down there and sign this resignation, and then get out of
my office as quickly as you can. I don't want to breathe the same air
with you. I ought to courtmartial you, and set you to hard work on
the fortifications, but I hate the scandal. I have already telegraphed
to Army Headquarters to accept your resignation by wire, and I shall
send it by telegraph.
"I cannot get you out of the army too quickly. Sign this, and leave
my office, and take off your person every sign of your connection
with the army. I shall give orders that if you appear on the street
with so much as a military button on, it shall be torn off you."
As the crushed Lieutenant-Colonel was leaving the office, Shorty
lounged up, and said:
"See here. Mister Billings—you're Mister Billings now, and a mighty
ornery Mister, too, I'm going to lay for you, and settle several little
p'ints with you. You've bin breedin' a busted head, and I'm detailed
to give it to you. Git out, you hound."