Calculus Tutorial 4.

Integration
Integration is the reverse process of differentiation.
In derivative, we are given a function, say 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥), and we are asked to differentiate it w.r.t. x. We
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑(𝑥𝑥)
find g(x), say, which is derivative of f(x) w.r.t. x, that is g(x) = 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 . In integration we are given g(x) and
are asked to integrate it w.r.t x to find out, that f(x), who has its derivative w.r.t. x as g(x). In mathematical
notation it is written as ∫ 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥). Here, f(x) is called the integral of g(x) and g(x) is called the
integrand, one who is being integrated. In short, f(x) is the integral of the integrand g(x).
[Remember, 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 is the product of 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑, as 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 tends to 0, so 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 also tends to 0.
Hence, we always integrate a very small quantity, in mathematical terms, we call it infinitesimally small.]
𝑑𝑑𝑥𝑥 2 𝑥𝑥 2
As, = 2𝑥𝑥, 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠, ∫ 2𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥 2 , 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜, ∫ 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 = . (integration of x w.r.t. x is x2/2)
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
another example, as = −𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠, 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠, ∫ 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = −𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐.
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
It’s easy, isn’t it? when you integrate a function1 you must find out another function2 whose derivative
is function1. (in above example, sinx is function1and cosx is function2)
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑(𝑥𝑥) 𝑑𝑑{𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)+𝑐𝑐}
If you recall that derivative of a constant is zero, so, if g(x) = 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
, 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒, 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) = , where c is
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑(𝑥𝑥)
an arbitrary constant, positive or negative. So, in general, we can write ∫ 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) + 𝑐𝑐, 𝑤𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
=
𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥). Thus we get a general definition of integration

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑(𝑥𝑥)
� 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) + 𝑐𝑐, 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥).
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

This is also called indefinite integral as it involves a constant, c, which may assume any value, hence
unknown. As opposed to indefinite integral, we have definite integral too, that we shall discuss
afterwards.
So, if you are given any function φ(x) and asked to prove that it is the integral of another function,
𝑑𝑑φ(𝑥𝑥)
say, β(x), it is sufficient to prove that dx = β(𝑥𝑥) and now you can write ∫ β(𝑥𝑥)dx = φ(𝑥𝑥).
From our previous knowledge of derivative of known basic functions, we can prepare a list of
integrals of different functions. Let us try to prepare a list of integrals of ten different functions, that will
serve our purposes to work on physics. You can check the validity of this list by simply using the

𝒙𝒙𝒏𝒏+𝟏𝟏
𝟏𝟏. ∫ 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 = 𝒙𝒙 + 𝒄𝒄. 2. ∫ 𝒙𝒙𝒏𝒏 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 = 𝒏𝒏+𝟏𝟏 + 𝒄𝒄, (𝒏𝒏 ≠ −𝟏𝟏). 3.∫ 𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 = −𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 + 𝒄𝒄.
4. ∫ 𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 = 𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 + 𝒄𝒄. 5. ∫ 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝟐𝟐 𝜽𝜽 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 = 𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕 + 𝒄𝒄.
6. ∫ 𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝟐𝟐 𝜽𝜽𝜽𝜽𝜽𝜽 = −𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 + 𝒄𝒄. 7. ∫ 𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 = 𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 + 𝒄𝒄.
𝟏𝟏
8. ∫ 𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 = −𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 + 𝒄𝒄. 9. ∫ 𝒙𝒙 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 = 𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍 + 𝒄𝒄. 10. ∫ 𝒆𝒆𝒙𝒙 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 = 𝒆𝒆𝒙𝒙 + 𝒄𝒄.

definition of integration given in the box, differentiate the integral, you must get the integrand. (derivative
of integral is the integrand).
 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Further note: You have seen earlier that, as, = 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐, 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠, ] = 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝜃𝜃. In a similar way
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥=𝜃𝜃
we can write as, ∫ 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠]𝑥𝑥=𝜃𝜃 = −𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝜃𝜃 + 𝑐𝑐.
As it is understood that every indefinite integral carry “c” with it, we shall omit mentioning it hence
forward unless it is necessary to mention it.

You may wonder as to how one integrates other functions outside this list? Here is a caution:
1). Unlike derivative of a function, integration of all functions is not necessarily possible!
2). You will learn, in detail, how to integrate various functions in mathematics. We are limited here to
its application in physics and the given table is enough for time being.

A few general points.

a) In derivative we divide a given function y into its small elementary part and we call it dy. On the
contrary, in integration, we sum up all the small elementary parts (𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑) to get back the whole or original
function, y. We write ∫ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑦𝑦. Therefore, integration is also called summation. (note that symbol of
integral sign is like “S”, stands for summation)
[In a similar way we can write∫ 𝑑𝑑𝑥𝑥 2 = 𝑥𝑥 2 , ∫ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝜃𝜃 = 𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝜃𝜃, 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒.]
𝑑𝑑𝑥𝑥 2
b) As = 2𝑥𝑥, 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑑𝑑𝑥𝑥 2 = 2𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥, so elementary part of 𝑥𝑥 2 is 2𝑥𝑥𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 i.e. ∫ 2𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥 2 . When elementary
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
parts are added up, we get back the whole. Similarly, elementary part of tanθ is sec2θdθ.
c) In the given list above, you must have noted, integration of two basic trigonometric functions (tanθ
and secθ) are missing. This is obvious, as in your earlier list of derivatives you haven’t come across a
function whose derivative is tanθ or secθ. Now, if you recall that integration is the reverse process of
differentiation and somehow, you accidentally come across a function whose derivative is tanθ or secθ,
then you can make out the integrals of these two. Let me give you a function 𝑦𝑦 = ln (𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 + 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝜃𝜃). Let’s
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝜃𝜃
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑎𝑛𝑛𝜃𝜃+sec2 𝜃𝜃 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠(𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑛𝑛𝜃𝜃+𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝜃𝜃)
check what is its derivative. = 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠+𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝜃𝜃 =
𝑑𝑑𝜃𝜃 𝑑𝑑𝜃𝜃
= = 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠. So, we get that
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠+𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠+𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡
∫ 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑑𝑑𝜃𝜃 = ln (𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝜃𝜃 + 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝜃𝜃). Can you guess and find out what should be ∫ 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑑𝑑𝜃𝜃 =?
d) Some integration can be worked out by suitable substitution along with the list above.
Example: ∫ (𝑎𝑎 + 𝑥𝑥)𝑛𝑛 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 =? [a is a constant] We use a + x = z [changing the variable from x to z].
𝑑𝑑(𝑎𝑎+𝑥𝑥) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Differentiating both side w.r.t. x, 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ⇒ = 1 ⇒ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑. So the given integration become
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑛𝑛 𝑧𝑧 𝑛𝑛+1 (𝑎𝑎+𝑥𝑥)𝑛𝑛+1
∫ 𝑧𝑧 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑛𝑛+1
= 𝑛𝑛+1
.

Definite integral
When integration is performed within limits of independent variable, it is called definite integral and
𝑏𝑏
is denoted as ∫𝑎𝑎 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑. In simple words we are integrating 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) w.r.t. x from x = a to x = b. It is defined
as,
𝑏𝑏 𝑏𝑏
If ∫ 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥), then, ∫𝑎𝑎 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)]𝑎𝑎 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑏𝑏) − 𝑓𝑓(𝑎𝑎).
 Here, a is called the lower limit and b is the upper limit. Remember, ∫ 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑]𝑥𝑥=𝑎𝑎 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑎𝑎) + 𝑐𝑐 and
∫ 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑]𝑥𝑥=𝑏𝑏 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑏𝑏) + 𝑐𝑐. So, when we take the difference, constant “c” vanishes and the result is
no longer indefinite, rather it is definite now. So, definite integral is nothing but a way to get rid
of the arbitrary constant “c”.
Examples of definite integral:
7 𝑡𝑡 3 7 73 33 343−27 316
1. ∫3 𝑡𝑡 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ] = − = = .
3 3 3 3 3 3
𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋
𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋 1 √2−1
2. ∫ 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝜃𝜃𝑑𝑑𝜃𝜃 = 𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛] = 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 − 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 1 −
2
𝜋𝜋
2
𝜋𝜋 = .
2 4 √2 √2
4 4

Utility of definite integral:

You may wonder, why we are learning all these?
Let me illustrate with an example:
Example 3. In a physics problem, you are told, that a particle is moving along a straight line
such that its velocity (v) varies with time (t) as 𝑣𝑣 = 4𝑡𝑡 3 + 3𝑡𝑡 2 + 2𝑡𝑡 + 1 𝑚𝑚𝑠𝑠 −1 and you are asked
to find the displacement of the particle from t = 0 to t = 3 sec.
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Solution: We start from the fact that velocity is the rate of change of displacement, or, 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 =
𝑣𝑣, 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠, 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣. This is called a differential equation and as it is an equation, we can carry out
same mathematical operation on both sides. Let’s carry out the operation of integration on both
sides. We get, ∫ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ∫ 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣. Now we put the limits on both sides. While putting limits, we must
take care. we distinguish between independent and dependent variable. Here, t is the independent
variable on which the value of s depends and hence s is the dependent variable. We must always
put the limits of independent variable first and accordingly decide the limits of dependent variable.
Here, lower limit of t = 0 and upper limit of t = 3 sec. As, at t = 0, the measurement of displacement
starts, so we take lower limit of s = 0 and, if measured displacement is s, we take upper limit of s
s 3
as s. So, now, after putting the limits, we get, ∫0 𝑑𝑑s = ∫0 𝑣𝑣dt ,
3
or, 𝑠𝑠]0𝑠𝑠 = ∫0 (4𝑡𝑡 3 + 3𝑡𝑡 2 + 2𝑡𝑡 + 1)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑡𝑡 4 + 𝑡𝑡 3 + 𝑡𝑡 2 + 𝑡𝑡]30 = (34 + 33 + 32 + 3) − 0
or, 𝑠𝑠 − 0 = 120, or s = 120 m.

Let us take another very interesting application of integration. You know that perimeter of circle
of radius r is 2πr. Ever thought how was it calculated? If we can suitably define an elementary
length (very small length or incremental length) dl, of the perimeter then by integrating dl, we can
find l or total length of the perimeter! Let’s try this.
Example 4. To find out the perimeter of circle of radius r.
 Solution: Let us consider an x-y axis system with its origin O, at the centre of
the circle of radius r. Let us take any radius OP of the circle that makes angle
θ radian with the x - axis. Let OP further rotate by a very small angle dθ,
thereby sweeping a very small length dl of the perimeter, (P moves to Q) such
that dl = rdθ. Note, that this equation is valid only if θ is in radian. This Q
equation is our basic differential equation. We shall integrate it within proper dθ P

limits to find l, the total perimeter of the circle. Here, θ, is the independent θ
O
variable. As OP start from x – axis and competes a full rotation, θ changes
from 0 to 2π (not 3600, as θ is in radian). Accordingly limit of dependent
variable l changes from 0 to l. So, we set up the definite integral
𝑙𝑙 2π 2π
∫0 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ∫0 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝜃𝜃 = 𝑟𝑟 ∫0 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟]20π = 𝑟𝑟(2π − 0) = 2𝜋𝜋𝑟𝑟 ,
𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜, 𝑙𝑙]𝑙𝑙0 = 2𝜋𝜋𝑟𝑟 or, l = 2πr. (Hence Proved.)

In a similar way you can prove that area of the circle is πr2. If A be the area of the circle, then,
dA is its elementary area formed by the sector OPQ. As QP is very small, consider it as a straight
line. So, OPQ is a triangle whose base length is OP and height is QP = dl = rdθ. As area of triangle
1 1
is ½ x base x altitude, So, 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = × 𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂 × 𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄 = 𝑟𝑟 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑. Integrate this differential equation within proper
2 2
limits as earlier, you will get the expression of area of a circle!
More applications of Calculus in Physics.
A) A particle is moving with constant acceleration, a, initial velocity u at t = 0. To find out its
velocity v and displacement s at any instant t and its velocity in terms of s.
Solution:
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑣𝑣 𝑡𝑡
given = 𝑎𝑎 ⇒ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 ⇒ ∫𝑢𝑢 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑎𝑎 ∫0 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 ⇒ 𝑣𝑣]𝑣𝑣𝑢𝑢 = 𝑎𝑎[𝑡𝑡]𝑡𝑡0 ⇒ (𝑣𝑣 − 𝑢𝑢) = 𝑎𝑎(𝑡𝑡 − 0)
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
So, 𝑣𝑣 = 𝑢𝑢 + 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎.
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑠𝑠 𝑡𝑡 1
As, 𝑣𝑣 = , 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠, 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 ⇒ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = (𝑢𝑢 + 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 ⇒ ∫0 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ∫0 (𝑢𝑢 + 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 ⇒ 𝑠𝑠]0𝑠𝑠 = [𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 + 𝑎𝑎𝑡𝑡 2 ]𝑡𝑡0
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2
1
⇒ (𝑠𝑠 − 0) = 𝑢𝑢(𝑡𝑡 − 0) + 𝑎𝑎(𝑡𝑡 2 − 0)
2
1
hence, 𝑠𝑠 = 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 + 𝑎𝑎𝑡𝑡 2 .
2

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

Also, 𝑎𝑎 = = = 𝑣𝑣 (𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠, = 𝑣𝑣)
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑡𝑡 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑣𝑣 𝑠𝑠 𝑣𝑣 2 1
So, 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 = 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 ⇒ ∫𝑢𝑢 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 = ∫0 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 ⇒ [ 2 ]𝑣𝑣𝑢𝑢 = 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎]0𝑠𝑠 ⇒ (𝑣𝑣 2 − 𝑢𝑢2 ) = 𝑎𝑎(𝑠𝑠 − 0)
2
2 2
we get, 𝑣𝑣 = 𝑢𝑢 + 2𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎.

you are all familiar with these equations of kinematics, but how easily they can be proved using
calculus! Also note here, how acceleration was transformed from a function of velocity and time to a
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
function of velocity and displacement (𝑎𝑎 = 𝑣𝑣 )! It’s a useful transformation we often use in physics.
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

Exercise: Problems for practice

Evaluate the following integrals. (1 to 8)

1.∫ sin2 𝜃𝜃𝑑𝑑𝜃𝜃 [use, sin2θ = ½ (1 – cos2θ)]

 2. ∫ cos(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 − 𝑏𝑏) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 [a, b is constant, use substitution (at-b) = θ]

3. ∫ (4𝑥𝑥 6 − 2𝑥𝑥 3 + 7𝑥𝑥 − 4)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

4. ∫ (10t −3 + 12t −9 + 4t 3 )dt

5. ∫ (𝑡𝑡 2 − 2)(4𝑡𝑡 3 + 3)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

5 4 3
6. ∫(5√𝑥𝑥 7 + 4√𝑥𝑥 3 − 3 √𝑥𝑥 )𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

7. ∫ (7𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 − 9𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 2 𝑥𝑥)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

3
8. ∫ �2𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 − � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 [think of a proper substitution]
√1−𝑧𝑧 2

9. Determine f(x) given that𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥) = 12𝑥𝑥 2 − 4𝑥𝑥 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑓𝑓(−3) = 17. [remember there is a
constant of integration]
10. A particle starts from rest with acceleration as a function of time given as a = 3t ms-2.
Find the velocity and displacement of the particle 3 sec after the motion starts.
𝜋𝜋
11. Evaluate, ∫04 sec 2 𝜃𝜃 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑.
𝜋𝜋
12. Evaluate, ∫0 sin2 𝜃𝜃 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
13. A particle is moving along x-axis such that its acceleration a as a function of its x co-
ordinate is given as a = – 5x ms-2, where x is in metre. If the velocity of the particle is 0 at x = 3
m, find its speed at x = 0. where is its speed maximum? What is its speed at x = – 2 m?
14. A man is pulling a box by applying a force F = 3x Newton where x is the displacement
of the box in metre. As you know that Work done, (W) = Force (F) x displacement (x). When the
force is variable, the elementary work done (dW) for a small displacement (dx) is given as 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 =
𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹. Integrating this equation find the total work done by the man when he displaces the box
from x = 0 to x = 10 m.
3
15. Evaluate, ∫{5(𝑧𝑧 − 4)√𝑧𝑧 2 − 8𝑧𝑧}𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑, use a suitable substitution.