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Don’t waste time inding the answer to the question.

You only have to decide whether the two statements give enough information to answer it.
Check whether there’s enough information to answer the exact question asked.
For example, suppose the question is what unique value a variable y must take. Then you have
to decide whether either statement alone or both together give enough information to ind
one and only one value for y. Here, the question is not whether the statements give enough
information to ind an equation like y = x + 2. Nor is it whether they give enough information
to ind a range of values rather than y’s unique value. So, ignore those irrelevant questions.
Don’t assume any images are drawn to scale.
They may not be. For example, if a igure described as a rectangle looks like a square, that
doesn’t mean it is a square.

6.3 Online Question Bank Instructions

Accessing the Data Insights Practice Questions
Below are Data Suf iciency and Two-Part Analysis Data Insights practice questions. Because the
Data Insights questions need to be rendered online, certain question types, such as Multi-Source
Reasoning, Table Analysis, and Graphics Interpretation, are only available in the Online Question
Bank that is included as a part of this book.
Use your unique Access Code from the inside front cover of this book to access additional practice
questions with answer explanations at www.mba.com/my-account. You can buy more Data
Insights practice questions on www.mba.com/gmatprep.
To register for the GMAT™ exam, go to www.mba.com/register

6.4 Practice Questions: Data Sufficiency

Each Data Suf iciency question has a math problem and two statements, labeled (1) and (2),
which present data. Using this data with your knowledge of math and everyday facts (such
as the number of days in July or what counterclockwise means), decide whether the data in
the statements are enough to solve the problem. Then pick one of these answer choices:
A. Statement (1) ALONE is suf icient, but statement (2) alone is not suf icient.
B. Statement (2) ALONE is suf icient, but statement (1) alone is not suf icient.
C. BOTH statements TOGETHER are suf icient, but NEITHER statement ALONE is suf icient.
D. EACH statement ALONE is suf icient.
E. Statements (1) and (2) TOGETHER are NOT suf icient.
Note: In Data Suf iciency questions that ask for a quantity’s value, the data given in the
statements are suf icient only when they make it possible to ind exactly one numerical
value for the quantity.
Questions 1 to 38 — Dif iculty: Easy
1. Each car at a certain dealership is either blue or white. What is the average (arithmetic mean)
sticker price of all the cars at the dealership?

1. Of all the cars at the dealership, are blue and have an average sticker price of $21,000.

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2. Of all the cars at the dealership, are white and have an average sticker price of

$24,000.
2. A box contains only white balls and black balls. What is the probability that a ball selected at
random from the box is white?
1. There are 100 balls in the box.
2. There are 40 black balls in the box.

3. Rita’s monthly salary is Juanita’s monthly salary. What is their combined monthly salary?

1. Rita’s monthly salary is $4,000.

2. Either Rita’s monthly salary or Juanita’s monthly salary is $6,000.
4. Each of the 120 students in a certain dormitory is either a junior or a senior. How many of the
juniors have credit cards?

1. of the 120 juniors and seniors have credit cards.

2. The number of seniors who have credit cards is 20 more than the number of juniors who
have credit cards.
5. If the average (arithmetic mean) cost per sweater for 3 pullover sweaters and 1 cardigan
sweater was $65, what was the cost of the cardigan sweater?
1. The average cost per sweater for the 3 pullover sweaters was $55.
2. The most expensive of the 3 pullover sweaters cost $30 more than the least expensive.
6. In each quarter of 1998, Company M earned more money than in the previous quarter. What
was the range of Company M’s quarterly earnings in 1998?
1. In the 2nd and 3rd quarters of 1998, Company M earned $4.0 million and $4.6 million,
respectively.
2. In the 1st and 4th quarters of 1998, Company M earned $3.8 million and $4.9 million,
respectively.
7. The range of the heights of a group of high school juniors and seniors is 20 centimeters. What
is the average (arithmetic mean) of the height of the tallest senior in the group and the height
of the shortest junior in the group?
1. The average of the heights of the juniors in the group is 165 centimeters.
2. The average of the heights of the seniors in the group is 179 centimeters.
8. In a certain factory, hours worked by each employee in excess of 40 hours per week are
overtime hours and are paid for at times the employee’s regular hourly pay rate. If an

employee worked a total of 42 hours last week, how much was the employee’s gross pay for
the hours worked last week?
1. The employee’s gross pay for overtime hours worked last week was $30.
2. The employee’s gross pay for all hours worked last week was $30 more than for the
previous week.
9. Did Insurance Company K have more than $300 million in total net pro its last year?
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1. Last year Company K paid out $0.95 in claims for every dollar of premiums collected.
2. Last year Company K earned a total of $150 million in pro its from the investment of
accumulated surplus premiums from previous years.
10. How many hours would it take Pump A and Pump B working together, each at its own
constant rate, to empty a tank that was initially full?
1. Working alone at its constant rate, Pump A would empty the full tank in 4 hours 20
minutes.
2. Working alone, Pump B would empty the full tank at its constant rate of 72 liters per
minute.

11. Maria left home hour after her husband and drove over the same route as he had in order

to overtake him. From the time she left, how many hours did it take Maria to overtake her
husband?
1. Maria drove 60 miles before overtaking her husband.
2. While overtaking her husband, Maria drove at an average rate of 60 miles per hour,
which was 12 miles per hour faster than her husband’s average rate.
12. In a school that had a total of 600 students enrolled in the junior and senior classes, the
students contributed to a certain fund. If all of the juniors but only half of the seniors
contributed, was the total amount contributed more than $740?
1. Each junior contributed $1 and each senior who contributed gave $3.
2. There were more juniors than seniors enrolled in the school.
13. How much did credit-card fraud cost United States banks in year X to the nearest $10 million?
1. In year X, counterfeit cards and telephone and mail-order fraud accounted for 39 percent
of the total amount that card fraud cost the banks.
2. In year X, stolen cards accounted for $158.4 million, or 16 percent, of the total amount
that credit-card fraud cost the banks.
14. Company X’s pro its this year increased by 25% over last year’s pro its. Was the dollar
amount of Company X’s pro its this year greater than the dollar amount of Company Y’s?
1. Last year, the ratio of Company Y’s pro its to Company X’s pro its was 5:2.
2. Company Y experienced a 40% drop in pro its from last year to this year.
15. A certain company consists of three divisions, A, B, and C. Of the employees in the three
divisions, the employees in Division C have the greatest average (arithmetic mean) annual
salary. Is the average annual salary of the employees in the three divisions combined less than
$55,000?
1. The average annual salary of the employees in Divisions A and B combined is $45,000.
2. The average annual salary of the employees in Division C is $55,000.
16. A candle company determines that, for a certain specialty candle, the supply function is p =
m1x + b1 and the demand function is p = m2x + b2, where p is the price of each candle, x is the
number of candles supplied or demanded, and m1, m2, b1, and b2 are constants. At what value
of x do the graphs of the supply function and demand function intersect?
1. m1 = –m2 = 0.005

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2. b2 – b1 = 6
17. A certain ski shop sold 125 pairs of skis and 100 pairs of ski boots for a total of $75,000.
What was the average (arithmetic mean) selling price of a pair of the ski boots?
1. The average selling price of a pair of skis was $300.
2. The selling price of a pair of ski boots varied from $150 to $900.
18. Last year Publisher X published 1,100 books, consisting of irst editions, revised editions, and
reprints. How many irst editions did Publisher X publish last year?
1. The number of irst editions published was 50 more than twice the number of reprints
published.
2. The number of revised editions published was half the number of reprints published.
19. How old is Jane?
1. Ten years ago she was one-third as old as she is now.
2. In 15 years, she will be twice as old as she is now.
20. What was the population of City X in 2002?
1. X’s population in 2002 increased by 2 percent, or 20,000 people, over 2001.
2. In 2001, X’s population was 1,000,000.
21. Yesterday Bookstore B sold twice as many softcover books as hardcover books. Was
Bookstore B’s revenue from the sale of softcover books yesterday greater than its revenue
from the sale of hardcover books yesterday?
1. The average (arithmetic mean) price of the hardcover books sold at the store yesterday
was $10 more than the average price of the softcover books sold at the store yesterday.
2. The average price of the softcover and hardcover books sold at the store yesterday was
greater than $14.
22. A customer purchased 6 shirts priced at $10.99 each, excluding sales tax. How much sales tax
did he pay on this purchase?
1. The customer paid a 5 percent sales tax on the total price of the shirts.
2. The customer paid a total of $11.54 for each shirt, including sales tax.
23. The sum of the lengths of two pieces of rope is 65 feet. How long is the shorter piece?
1. The lengths of the pieces of rope are in the ratio 8:5.
2. One piece of rope is 15 feet longer than the other piece.
24. An initial investment of $10,000 was deposited in a bank account one year ago, and additional
deposits were made during the year. If no withdrawals were made, what was the total amount
of interest earned on this account during the year?
1. The additional deposits during the year totaled $5,000.
2. The account earned interest at the annual rate of 6 percent compounded quarterly.
25. A poplar tree was 3 feet high when it was planted on January 1, 1970. During what year did it
pass the height of 20 feet?
1. On January 1, 1973, it was 24 feet high.
2. It doubled its height during each year.

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26. Which weighs more, a cubic unit of water or a cubic unit of liquid X?
1. A cubic unit of water weighs more than cubic unit of liquid X.

2. A cubic unit of liquid X weighs less than 3 cubic units of water.

27. What were the individual prices of the vases that an antique dealer bought at store X?
1. The antique dealer bought exactly 3 vases at store X.
2. The antique dealer’s total bill at store X was $225.
28. Was the average (arithmetic mean) sale price of a new home in region R last month at least
$100,000?
1. Last month the median sale price of a new home in region R was at least $100,000.
2. Last month the sale prices of new homes in region R ranged from $75,000 to $150,000.
29. If the capacity of tank X is less than the capacity of tank Y and both tanks begin to ill at the
same time, which tank will be illed irst?
1. Tank X is illed at a constant rate of 1.5 liters per minute.
2. Tank Y is illed at a constant rate of 120 liters per hour.
30. At a certain company, 30 percent of the employees live in City R. If 25 percent of the
company’s employees live in apartments in City R, what is the number of the employees who
live in apartments in City R?
1. Of the employees who live in City R, 6 do not live in apartments.
2. Of the employees, 84 do not live in City R.
31. What was Mary’s average (arithmetic mean) score on 4 tests?
1. Her average (arithmetic mean) score on 3 of the tests was 97.
2. Her score on one of the tests was 96.
32. Is there a causal relationship between smoking and lung cancer?
1. Research consistently shows a strong correlation between smoking and the development
of lung cancer.
2. Some medical researchers support a proposed mechanism by which smoking could cause
lung cancer.
33. A research project has a successful outcome if its research is reported in a blind peer-
reviewed academic publication. Can interdisciplinary collaborations on research projects at
least sometimes produce a successful outcome?
1. Some interdisciplinary research groups experience con lict and rivalry.
2. A peer-reviewed and well-regarded interdisciplinary review of published papers on
urban greening trends found that there was little if any evidence that planting more trees
in an urban area signi icantly improved air quality there.
34. It has been proposed that teenagers aged 10 to 15 years be restricted to less than 2 hours
per day engaging with social media. Would a signi icant number of teens aged 10 to 15 years
get an overall developmental or health bene it from such a restriction?
1. A peer-reviewed study indicates a 23% increase in the incidence of chronic anxiety or
depression among teenagers aged 10 to 15 years who average 2 or more hours per day
engaging with social media.
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2. Certain kinds of engagement with social media averaging 2 or more hours per day by
teenagers aged 10 to 15 years lead, in about 28% of cases, to meaningful friendships and
social and emotional learning, both of which are valuable for development at those ages.
35. A milk vendor mixes water with milk and sells the mixture at the same price per liter as if it
were undiluted milk. The selling price per liter of the mixture is the vendor’s cost per liter of
the milk plus a markup of x%. The water costs the vendor nothing. If the vendor gets a 50%
pro it on the sale of the mixture, what is the value of x?
1. If the vendor mixes half the intended quantity of water and sells every liter of the mixture
at the cost price per liter of the undiluted milk, the vendor will get a 10% pro it.
2. The concentration of milk in the mixture after adding water is 5/6.
36. Does it bene it a company overall to invest in employee training?
1. Companies that invest in comprehensive employee training programs often observe
improved job performance among their workforce.
2. Well-trained employees are likely to excel in their roles and take the company forward.
37. Can regular exercise reduce the risk of chronic diseases?
1. Regular exercise is often associated with better physical health.
2. Engaging in regular physical activity contributes to overall well-being.
38. Does effective advertising require a higher budget expense than ineffective advertising?
1. Companies that allocate higher budgets to advertising tend to experience increased sales
revenue.
2. Effective advertising can drive higher consumer demand.
Questions 39 to 74 — Dif iculty: Medium

Yes No Don’t Know

Program X 400 200 400

Program Y 300 350 350

39. The table shows the number of people who responded “yes” or “no” or “don’t know” when
asked whether their city council should implement environmental programs X and Y. If a total
of 1,000 people responded to the question about both programs, what was the number of
people who did not respond “yes” to implementing either of the two programs?
1. The number of people who responded “yes” to implementing only Program X was 300.
2. The number of people who responded “no” to implementing Program X and “no” to
implementing Program Y was 100.

40. An estimate of an actual data value has an error of p percent if p = , where e is the

estimated value and a is the actual value. Emma’s estimate for her total income last year had
an error of less than 20 percent. Emma’s estimate of her income from tutoring last year also
had an error of less than 20 percent. Was Emma’s actual income from tutoring last year at
most 45 percent of her actual total income last year?

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1. Emma’s estimated income last year from tutoring was 30 percent of her estimated total
income last year.
2. Emma’s estimated total income last year was $40,000.
41. Was Store K’s pro it last month at least 10 percent greater than its pro it the previous month?
1. Store K’s expenses last month were 5 percent greater than its expenses the previous
month.
2. Store K’s revenues last month were 10 percent greater than its revenues the previous
month.
42. Gross pro it is equal to selling price minus cost. A car dealer’s gross pro it on the sale of a
certain car was what percent of the cost of the car?

1. The selling price of the car was of the cost of the car.

2. The cost of the car was $14,500.

43. When the wind speed is 9 miles per hour, the wind-chill factor w is given by
w = −17.366 + 1.19t,
where t is the temperature in degrees Fahrenheit. If at noon yesterday the wind speed was 9
miles per hour, was the wind-chill factor greater than 0?
1. The temperature at noon yesterday was greater than 10 degrees Fahrenheit.
2. The temperature at noon yesterday was less than 20 degrees Fahrenheit.
44. How many members of a certain legislature voted against the measure to raise their salaries?

1. of the members of the legislature did not vote on the measure.

2. If 5 additional members of the legislature had voted against the measure, then the
fraction of members of the legislature voting against the measure would have been .

45. During a certain bicycle ride, was Sherry’s average speed faster than 24 kilometers per hour?
(1 kilometer = 1,000 meters)
1. Sherry’s average speed during the bicycle ride was faster than 7 meters per second.
2. Sherry’s average speed during the bicycle ride was slower than 8 meters per second.
46. Working together, Rafael and Salvador can tabulate a certain set of data in 2 hours. In how
many hours can Rafael tabulate the data working alone?
1. Working alone, Rafael can tabulate the data in 3 hours less time than Salvador, working
alone, can tabulate the data.

2. Working alone, Rafael can tabulate the data in the time that Salvador, working alone,
can tabulate the data.
47. Yesterday between 9:00 a.m. and 6:00 p.m. at Airport X, all lights to Atlanta departed at
equally spaced times and all lights to New York City departed at equally spaced times. A light
to Atlanta and a light to New York City both departed from Airport X at 1:00 p.m. yesterday.
Between 1:00 p.m. and 3:00 p.m. yesterday, did another pair of lights to these 2 cities depart
from Airport X at the same time?

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1. Yesterday at Airport X, a light to Atlanta and a light to New York City both departed at
10:00 a.m.
2. Yesterday at Airport X, lights to New York City departed every 15 minutes between 9:00
a.m. and 6:00 p.m.
48. Of the total number of copies of Magazine X sold last week, 40 percent were sold at full price.
What was the total number of copies of the magazine sold last week?
1. Last week, full price for a copy of Magazine X was $1.50 and the total revenue from full-
price sales was $112,500.
2. The total number of copies of Magazine X sold last week at full price was 75,000.
49. What is the average (arithmetic mean) annual salary of the 6 employees of a toy company?
1. If the 6 annual salaries were ordered from least to greatest, each annual salary would be
$6,300 greater than the preceding annual salary.
2. The range of the 6 annual salaries is $31,500.
50. In a certain order, the pretax price of each regular pencil was $0.03, the pretax price of each
deluxe pencil was $0.05, and there were 50% more deluxe pencils than regular pencils. All
taxes on the order are a ixed percent of the pretax prices. The sum of the total pretax price of
the order and the tax on the order was $44.10. What was the amount, in dollars, of the tax on
the order?
1. The tax on the order was 5% of the total pretax price of the order.
2. The order contained exactly 400 regular pencils.
51. A total of 20 amounts are entered on a spreadsheet that has 5 rows and 4 columns; each of
the 20 positions in the spreadsheet contains one amount. The average (arithmetic mean) of
the amounts in row i is Ri (1 ≤ i ≤ 5). The average of the amounts in column j is Cj (1 ≤ j ≤ 4).
What is the average of all 20 amounts on the spreadsheet?
1. R1 + R2 + R3 + R4 + R5 = 550
2. C1 + C2 + C3 + C4 = 440
52. Was the range of the amounts of money that Company Y budgeted for its projects last year
equal to the range of the amounts of money that it budgeted for its projects this year?
1. Both last year and this year, Company Y budgeted money for 12 projects and the least
amount of money that it budgeted for a project was $400.
2. Both last year and this year, the average (arithmetic mean) amount of money that
Company Y budgeted per project was $2,000.
53. What is the probability that Lee will make exactly 5 errors on a certain typing test?
1. The probability that Lee will make 5 or more errors on the test is 0.27.
2. The probability that Lee will make 5 or fewer errors on the test is 0.85.
54. A small factory that produces only upholstered chairs and sofas uses 1 cushion for each chair
and 4 cushions for each sofa. If the factory used a total of 300 cushions on the furniture it
produced last week, how many sofas did it produce last week?
1. Last week the factory produced more chairs than sofas.
2. Last week the factory produced a total of 150 chairs and sofas.

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55. In year X, were there more female salespersons in the securities sector than in the insurance
sector?
1. There were more male salespersons in the insurance sector than in the securities sector.
2. The total number of salespersons was greater in the securities sector than in the
insurance sector.
56. If a club made a gross pro it of $0.25 for each candy bar it sold, how many candy bars did the
club sell?
1. The total revenue from the sale of the candy bars was $300.
2. If the club had sold 80 more candy bars, its gross pro its would have increased by 20
percent.
57. In one year 2,100 malpractice claims were iled with insurance company X, and of these
resulted in a inancial settlement. Of those resulting in a inancial settlement of less than
$400,000, what was the average payment per claim?
1. Company X paid a total of 24.5 million dollars to the claimants.
2. Only 5 claims resulted in payments of $400,000 or more.
58. If there are 13 boys in club X, what is the average age of these boys?
1. The oldest boy is 13 years old and the youngest boy is 9 years old.
2. Eleven of the boys are either 10 years old or 11 years old.
59. If all the employees of a company fall into one and only one of 3 groups, X, Y, or Z, with 250,
100, and 20 members in each group, respectively, what is the average (arithmetic mean)
weekly salary of all the employees of this company, if all employees are paid every week of the
year?
1. The average (arithmetic mean) annual salary of the employees in Group X is $10,000, in
Group Y $15,000 and in Group Z $20,000.
2. The total annual payroll is $4,400,000.

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60. According to the graph above, the sale of fruits and vegetables in Store S last week accounted
for what percent of the total sales income for the week?
1. Last week the total income from the sale of fruits and vegetables in Store S was $16,000.
2. x = 2y
61. Larry saves x dollars per month. Will Larry’s total savings one year from now exceed his
present savings by at least $500? (Assume that there is no interest.)
1. In 6 months Larry’s total savings will be $900.
2. In 3 months Larry’s total savings will exceed his present savings by $150.
62. If Randy has twice as many coins as Alice, and if Maria has 7 times as many coins as Alice,
what is the combined number of coins that all three of them have?
1. Alice has 4 fewer coins than Randy.
2. Maria has 20 more coins than Randy.
63. A line of people waiting to enter a theater consists of seven separate and successive groups.
The irst person in each group purchases one ticket for each person in the group and for no
one else. If n is the total number of tickets sold for the irst six groups, is n an even number?
1. There are no more than 4 people in each group.
2. The 19th person in line purchases the tickets for the seventh group.
64. If John has exactly 10 coins each of which was minted in 1910 or 1920 or 1930, how many of
his coins were minted in 1920?
1. Exactly 6 of his coins were minted in 1910 or 1920.
2. Exactly 7 of his coins were minted in 1920 or 1930.
65. The total pro it of corporation K was $3,400,000 in year X. What was the total pro it in year Y?
1. Income in year Y was 30 percent more than in year X.
2. Costs in year Y were 40 percent more than in year X.
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66. Zelma scored 90, 88, and 92 on 3 of the 6 mathematics tests that she took. What was her
average (arithmetic mean) score on the 6 tests?
1. Her average (arithmetic mean) score on 5 of the tests was 90.
2. Her score on one of the tests was 91.
67. Will a company lose sales if its strategy focuses on consumer well-being rather than exploiting
consumer fears?
1. The company’s current marketing strategy exploits its consumers’ fears to drive sales,
resulting in increased pro its.
2. From an ethical standpoint, the company should prioritize consumer well-being over
short-term pro its and refrain from exploiting their fears.
68. Should a holistic approach be used to measure academic success?
1. Traditional education policies focus on standardized testing as the primary measure of
academic success.
2. To foster holistic learning, education policies should prioritize a well-rounded curriculum
that includes critical thinking, creativity, and practical skills.
69. Can inancial budgeting help individuals avoid debt?
1. Many individuals struggle with mounting debt due to excessive spending resulting from a
lack of inancial planning.
2. To avoid taking out loans, individuals should practice responsible budgeting, enabling
them to save for emergencies and achieve inancial stability.
70. What kind of behavior is usually displayed by con licting factions?
1. In con licts, some factions resort to aggression and hostility, which escalates the situation.
2. To promote peaceful resolutions, factions should engage in open communication,
empathy, and compromise to ind mutually bene icial solutions.
71. What is the probability of landing on tails at least once in a sequence of 100 tosses of a
speci ic coin?
1. When tossing the coin, there are only two possible outcomes, heads or tails, and both
have an equal chance of occurring.
2. In a series of 100 tosses of the coin, we can expect almost 50 heads.
72. What are some possible signs of impending rainfall in Exville today?
1. The weather forecast correctly predicts a 90% chance of rain in Exville today based on
heavy cloud cover and low-pressure systems moving into the region.
2. Given the darkening sky, the sudden drop in temperature, and strong winds, it is highly
likely that a rainstorm is imminent in Exville today.
73. A patient experiencing cold-like symptoms goes to a doctor. Is the patient suffering from a
viral infection?
1. Based on their symptoms and medical history, the patient thinks they are suffering from a
viral infection.
2. Due to their knowledge of common illnesses in the local area, the doctor thinks it is more
likely that seasonal allergies are the cause of the patient’s symptoms.
74. What should generally be expected if you venture into areas surrounding a road closure?
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1. With a major G20 event happening at the Jawahar Lal Nehru Stadium tonight and reports
of road closures in the area, there’s a strong likelihood of congestion.
2. Given the large number of attendees expected at an event at the Jawahar Lal Nehru
Stadium tonight, shuttle buses will be provided between the stadium and the
International Media Centre.
Questions 75 to 110 — Dif iculty: Hard
75. What percent of the students at University X are enrolled in a science course but are not
enrolled in a biology course?
1. 28 percent of the students at University X are enrolled in a biology course.
2. 70 percent of the students at University X who are enrolled in a science course are
enrolled in a biology course.
76. Each Type A machine ills 400 cans per minute, each Type B machine ills 600 cans per minute,
and each Type C machine installs 2,400 lids per minute. A lid is installed on each can that is
illed and on no can that is not illed. For a particular minute, what is the total number of
machines working?
1. A total of 4,800 cans are illed that minute.
2. For that minute, there are 2 Type B machines working for every Type C machine working.
77. In a two-month survey of shoppers, each shopper bought one of two brands of detergent, X
or Y, in the irst month and again bought one of these brands in the second month. In the
survey, 90 percent of the shoppers who bought Brand X in the irst month bought Brand X
again in the second month, while 60 percent of the shoppers who bought Brand Y in the irst
month bought Brand Y again in the second month. What percent of the shoppers bought
Brand Y in the second month?
1. In the irst month, 50 percent of the shoppers bought Brand X.
2. The total number of shoppers surveyed was 5,000.
78. If the total price of n equally priced shares of a certain stock was $12,000, what was the price
per share of the stock?
1. If the price per share of the stock had been $1 more, the total price of the n shares would
have been $300 more.
2. If the price per share of the stock had been $2 less, the total price of the n shares would
have been 5 percent less.
79. In Year X, 8.7 percent of the men in the labor force were unemployed in June compared with
8.4 percent in May. If the number of men in the labor force was the same for both months,
how many men were unemployed in June of that year?
1. In May of Year X, the number of unemployed men in the labor force was 3.36 million.
2. In Year X, 120,000 more men in the labor force were unemployed in June than in May.
80. On Monday morning a certain machine ran continuously at a uniform rate to ill a production
order. At what time did it completely ill the order that morning?
1. The machine began illing the order at 9:30 a.m.

2. The machine had illed of the order by 10:30 a.m. and of the order by 11:10 a.m.

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81. After winning 50 percent of the irst 20 games it played, Team A won all of the remaining
games it played. What was the total number of games that Team A won?
1. Team A played 25 games altogether.
2. Team A won 60 percent of all the games it played.
82. Michael arranged all his books in a bookcase with 10 books on each shelf and no books left
over. After Michael acquired 10 additional books, he arranged all his books in a new bookcase
with 12 books on each shelf and no books left over. How many books did Michael have before
he acquired the 10 additional books?
1. Before Michael acquired the 10 additional books, he had fewer than 96 books.
2. Before Michael acquired the 10 additional books, he had more than 24 books.
83. Last year in a group of 30 businesses, 21 reported a net pro it and 15 had investments in
foreign markets. How many of the businesses did not report a net pro it nor invest in foreign
markets last year?
1. Last year 12 of the 30 businesses reported a net pro it and had investments in foreign
markets.
2. Last year 24 of the 30 businesses reported a net pro it or invested in foreign markets, or
both.
84. For each landscaping job that takes more than 4 hours, a certain contractor charges a total of
r dollars for the irst 4 hours plus 0.2r dollars for each additional hour or fraction of an hour,
where r > 100. Did a particular landscaping job take more than 10 hours?
1. The contractor charged a total of $288 for the job.
2. The contractor charged a total of 2.4r dollars for the job.
85. If 75 percent of the guests at a certain banquet ordered dessert, what percent of the guests
ordered coffee?
1. 60 percent of the guests who ordered dessert also ordered coffee.
2. 90 percent of the guests who ordered coffee also ordered dessert.
86. A tank containing water started to leak. Did the tank contain more than 30 gallons of water
when it started to leak? (Note: 1 gallon = 128 ounces)
1. The water leaked from the tank at a constant rate of 6.4 ounces per minute.
2. The tank became empty less than 12 hours after it started to leak.
87. Each of the 45 books on a shelf is written either in English or in Spanish, and each of the
books is either a hardcover book or a paperback. If a book is to be selected at random from
the books on the shelf, is the probability less than that the book selected will be a paperback

written in Spanish?
1. Of the books on the shelf, 30 are paperbacks.
2. Of the books on the shelf, 15 are written in Spanish.
88. A small school has three foreign language classes, one in French, one in Spanish, and one in
German. How many of the 34 students enrolled in the Spanish class are also enrolled in the
French class?
1. There are 27 students enrolled in the French class, and 49 students enrolled in either the
French class, the Spanish class, or both of these classes.
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2. One-half of the students enrolled in the Spanish class are enrolled in more than one
foreign language class.

89. Last year of the members of a certain club were males. This year the members of the club

include all the members from last year plus some new members. Is the fraction of the
members of the club who are males greater this year than last year?
1. More than half of the new members are male.

2. The number of members of the club this year is the number of members last year.

90. Machines K, M, and N, each working alone at its constant rate, produce 1 widget in x, y, and 2
minutes, respectively. If Machines K, M, and N work simultaneously at their respective constant
rates, does it take them less than 1 hour to produce a total of 50 widgets?
1. x < 1.5
2. y < 1.2
91. Stations X and Y are connected by two separate, straight, parallel rail lines that are 250 miles
long. Train P and train Q simultaneously left Station X and Station Y, respectively, and each
train traveled to the other’s point of departure. The two trains passed each other after
traveling for 2 hours. When the two trains passed, which train was nearer to its destination?
1. At the time when the two trains passed, train P had averaged a speed of 70 miles per
hour.
2. Train Q averaged a speed of 55 miles per hour for the entire trip.
92. In a two-story apartment complex, each apartment on the upper loor rents for 75 percent as
much as each apartment on the lower loor. If the total monthly rent is $15,300 when rent is
collected on all of the apartments, what is the monthly rent on each apartment on the lower
loor?
1. An apartment on the lower loor rents for $150 more per month than an apartment on
the upper loor.
2. There are 6 more apartments on the upper loor than on the lower loor.
93. A motorboat, which is set to travel at k kilometers per hour in still water, travels directly up
and down the center of a straight river so that the change in the boat’s speed relative to the
shore depends only on the speed and direction of the current. What is the value of k?
1. It takes the same amount of time for the boat to travel 4 kilometers directly downstream
as it takes for it to travel 3 kilometers directly upstream.
2. The current lows directly downstream at a constant rate of 2.5 kilometers per hour.
94. If the book value of a certain piece of equipment was $5,000 exactly 5 years ago, what is its
present book value?
1. From the time the piece of equipment was purchased, its book value decreased by 10
percent of its purchase price each year of its life.
2. The present book value of another piece of equipment is $2,000.
95. The total cost to charter a bus was shared equally by the people who went on a certain trip. If
the total cost to charter the bus was $360, how many people went on the trip?
1. Each person who went on the trip paid $9 to charter the bus.

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2. If 4 fewer people had gone on the trip, each person’s share of the total cost to charter the
bus would have increased by $1.
96. If each of the stamps Carla bought cost 20, 25, or 30 cents and she bought at least one of each
denomination, what is the number of 25-cent stamps that she bought?
1. She spent a total of $1.45 for stamps.
2. She bought exactly 6 stamps.
97. A car traveled a distance of d miles in t minutes at an average rate of r miles per minute. What
is the ratio of d to r?
1. t = 30
2. d = 25

98. Pat is reading a book that has a total of 15 chapters. Has Pat read at least of the pages in the
book?
1. Pat has just inished reading the irst 5 chapters.
2. Each of the irst 3 chapters has more pages than each of the other 12 chapters in the
book.
99. Should the choices made by 100 participants in a survey about Product X be said to
proportionately represent the preferences of the entire population?
1. In the survey of 100 participants, 70% said they preferred Product X.
2. While the survey provided valuable insights into Product X, the small sample may not be
representative of the entire population’s preferences.
100. What is a limiting factor when it comes to us using the most effective solution?
1. We have identi ied several potential solutions, but a lack of funding hinders their
implementation.
2. As the most effective solution requires extensive resources, we must opt for a more
affordable option given our budget.
101. What are all the important considerations for making accurate projections?
1. Based on the available data, we believe that the market demand for our product will
increase by 20% in the next quarter.
2. Without comprehensive market research, our projection may not account for external
factors that could in luence luctuations in demand.
102. Does Company X strive to maintain a low defect rate in order to ensure product quality?
1. Company X’s manufacturing process has a defect rate of 2% according to quality control
data.
2. Monitoring the defect rate in a manufacturing process is essential to ensure product
quality, and a low percentage indicates a well-maintained production process.
103. How might career advancement be described as potentially linked to both growth and
decline?
1. Working long hours and overtime may lead to higher productivity and career
advancement but is likely to cause a decline in physical and mental well-being.

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2. Maintaining a work-life balance is important to reduce the negative effect that working
too much has on a person’s quality of life.
104. What is an example of how investment in healthcare resources might sometimes create a
challenge?
1. Investment in both advanced medical technology and specialized treatments can improve
patient outcomes for certain conditions. Nevertheless, it may put a strain on healthcare
budgets.
2. When it comes to allocating resources in the healthcare sector, directing money toward
the purchase of advanced medical equipment could potentially limit access to other
essential services and treatments.
105. A person bought x number of apples, y number of oranges, and z number of mangoes from a
shop. What is the total price of this transaction if each apple costs $2, each orange costs $2.50,
and each mango costs $3?
1. The number of apples bought is 12 more than the number of oranges bought. The
number of mangoes bought is half the number of apples bought.
2. The average number of fruits purchased from the three varieties is greater than 29 and
less than 33.
106. Adam received a certain monetary amount in bills having only three denominations: $1, $5,
and $10. What is the total monetary amount in bills that he received?
1. The numbers of $1, $5, and $10 bills Adam received, respectively, are in the ratio 3:5:8.
2. The ratio of the monetary amount Adam received in $1 bills to the monetary amount he
received in $10 bills is 3:80.
107. Exactly 3 investors—A, B, and C—invested in a certain business, each for a certain number of
months. For these investments, what is the ratio of the pro it earned by A to the pro it earned
by B to the pro it earned by C? (Note: Pro it earned is proportional to the product of
investment amount and investment duration.)
1. A invested twice as much as B, and C invested half as much as A and B together.
2. All 3 investments were for the same number of months.
108. The ratio of A’s current age to B’s current age is 5:8. What will be the sum of their ages 10
years from now? (Note: Assume that neither A nor B dies in the next 10 years.)
1. If A had been born 2 years later and B had been born 2 years earlier, then the ratio of A’s
current age to B’s current age would be 14:25.
2. A’s age 5 years ago was half the age that B will be 2 years from now.
109. A’s father is 6 years older than her mother. The ratio of A’s age to her mother’s age is 1:4.
What is the age of A’s father?
1. A’s father is 30 years older than A.
2. The ratio of A’s age to her father’s age is 4:19.
110. The salary of A is what percentage of the combined salaries of B and C?
1. Twice the salary of A is equal to three times the salary of B.
2. 150% of B’s salary is $160 more than 120% of C’s salary.

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6.5 Answer Key: Data Sufficiency

1. C
2. C
3. A
4. C
5. A
6. B
7. E
8. A
9. E
10. E
11. B
12. E
13. B
14. C
15. B
16. C
17. A
18. C
19. D
20. A
21. C
22. D
23. D
24. E
25. B
26. E
27. E
28. E
29. E
30. D
31. E
32. E
33. B
34. B
35. D
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36. E
37. E
38. E
39. A
40. A
41. C
42. A
43. E
44. E
45. A
46. D
47. E
48. D
49. E
50. D
51. D
52. E
53. C
54. B
55. B
56. B
57. E
58. E
59. D
60. D
61. B
62. D
63. B
64. C
65. E
66. E
67. E
68. E
69. D
70. E
71. A

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72. D
73. E
74. E
75. C
76. C
77. A
78. D
79. D
80. B
81. D
82. A
83. D
84. B
85. C
86. E
87. B
88. A
89. E
90. D
91. A
92. A
93. C
94. E
95. D
96. E
97. A
98. E
99. E
100. B
101. E
102. E
103. A
104. D
105. E
106. E
107. C

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108. D
109. D
110. E

6.6 Answer Explanations: Data Sufficiency

The following discussion of Data Insights is intended to familiarize you with the most
ef icient and effective approaches to the kinds of problems common to Data Insights. The
particular questions in this chapter are generally representative of the kinds of Data
Insights questions you will encounter on the GMAT exam. Remember that it is the problem-
solving strategy that is important, not the speci ic details of a particular question.
Questions 1 to 38 — Dif iculty: Easy
1. Each car at a certain dealership is either blue or white. What is the average (arithmetic mean)
sticker price of all the cars at the dealership?

1. Of all the cars at the dealership, are blue and have an average sticker price of $21,000.

2. Of all the cars at the dealership, are white and have an average sticker price of
$24,000.
Algebra Statistics
Let and be the sum of the sticker prices, respectively and in dollars, of the blue cars
and the white cars at the dealership, and let n be the number of cars at the dealership.
Determine the value of .

1. Given that there are n blue cars having an average sticker price of $21,000, it follows

that 21,000 = 7,000n. Therefore, = 7,000 + ,

which can have more than one possible value by suitably varying and n; NOT
suf icient.

2. Given that there are n white cars having an average sticker price of $24,000, it follows

that 24,000 = 16,000n. Therefore, = +

16,000, which can have more than one possible value by suitably varying and n; NOT
suf icient.

Taking (1) and (2) together, = 23,000.

The correct answer is C; both statements together are suf icient.

2. A box contains only white balls and black balls. What is the probability that a ball selected at
random from the box is white?

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110. The salary of A is what percentage of the combined salaries of B and C?

1. Twice the salary of A is equal to three times the salary of B.
2. 150% of B’s salary is $160 more than 120% of C’s salary.
Applied Problems
Let $a, $b, and $c be the salaries, respectively, of A, B, and C. We are to determine a as a
percent of b + c, or equivalently, we are to determine the value of .

1. We are given that 2a = 3b, or a = b. Since we are given no information about the value
of the positive number c, it follows that the value of cannot be determined; NOT
suf icient.
2. We are given that 1.5b = 160 + 1.2c. Since we are given no information about the value of
the positive number a, it follows that the value of cannot be determined; NOT
suf icient.

From (1) we have = . From (2) we have 15b = 1,600 + 12c, or 12c = 15b – 1,600. To

avoid additional complications with fractions when incorporating 12c = 15b – 1,600 into

, multiply the numerator and denominator of this last fraction by 12 to get . Now

replace 12c in this fraction with 15b – 1,600 to get = . This

last fraction is equal to the value of , and it is clear that the value of this last fraction can
vary. For example, if b is very large, then ≈ = ; and if 27b is only a little

larger than 1,600, then = will be much larger than

(e.g., if b = 60, then the value of this fraction is 54). Therefore, (1) and (2) together are NOT
suf icient.
The correct answer is E; both statements together are still not suf icient.

6.7 Practice Questions: Two-Part Analysis

Each Two-Part Analysis Question tells you everything you need to know to pick the right
answers. Rely on the information provided to answer the question. Pick one answer in the
irst column and one answer in the second column.
Questions 111 to 118 — Dif iculty: Easy
111. Two employees of Company X, Winnie and Ali, have been informed that they will each receive
bonuses this year, and that, for these bonuses, they will share a total amount of 560,000 KES
(Kenyan shillings). Winnie makes a base salary of 4,600,000 KES per annum, and Ali makes a
base salary of 3,400,000 KES per annum.
Assuming that the two employees receive the same percentage of their respective per annum
base salaries as bonuses, indicate below the bonus amount that Winnie will receive and the
bonus amount that Ali will receive. Make only two selections, one in each column.

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Winnie Ali

216,000

238,000

256,000

304,000

322,000

112. After a 16-member team at Company A saw a certain software demonstration, each of the
team members gave the software exactly one of the ratings 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5, where greater
numbers indicate higher ratings. The team’s manager intended to record the 16 ratings but
accidentally recorded one team member’s rating twice. The ratings she recorded show two
ratings of 1, two ratings of 2, two ratings of 3, two ratings of 4, and nine ratings of 5, for a total
of 17 ratings.
The manager determined that the extra rating was P , and after this extra rating was
removed, the average (arithmetic mean) of the remaining 16 ratings was exactly Q .
Select for P and for Q the options that create a statement that is consistent with the
information provided. Make only two selections, one in each column.

P Q

113. Natural gas, when burned as fuel for heat, produces about 1,000 BTU of heat per cubic foot of
gas when fully burned. Propane, another gas used as fuel, produces about 2,500 BTU per
cubic foot of gas when fully burned.
Furnaces burning either fuel burn at various ef iciencies, according to the proportion of heat
energy available from the fuel that actually contributes to the heating of the building to be
heated (as opposed, e.g., to escaping up a chimney in the form of dissipated heat or unburned
fuel).
Kgomotso is shopping for a furnace that will produce about 50,000 BTU per hour of usable
heat. None of the available furnaces burns both propane and natural gas. Also, no two of them
operate at the same ef iciency. In the table, identify, if possible, a price per cubic foot of
Propane and a price per cubic foot of Natural gas, such that the fuel-cost per BTU of usable

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heat is the same using either fuel. If this determination is impossible with the given
information, then choose “Undeterminable” in each column. Make only two selections, one in
each column.

Propane Natural gas Price per cubic foot

$0.0035

$0.0070

$0.0110

$0.0175

$0.0350

Undeterminable

114. At Company X, a new irm which is at present devoted entirely to the design of software
applications, all employees are required to agree to the following policy:
Any idea or invention conceived of by employees that is related to Company X’s past, present,
or future business is owned exclusively by Company X, not the individual employee.
Thus, if a Company X employee has conceived of an idea or invention during his/her
employment with Company X related in any manner to Company X’s business, that invention is
owned by Company X. The employee may not use or exploit that idea or invention for his or
her personal bene it.
An employee of Company X has recently sold a children’s novel to a publisher. Company X has
claimed ownership of the novel on the basis of the stated policy, and the employee intends to
dispute the company’s claim.
If 1 , then a successful defense of the company’s claimed ownership rights would
likely include a statement that 2 .
Select for 1 and for 2 the options whereby the statement is most clearly supported. Make only
two selections, one in each column.

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1 2

mere use of Company X’s resources in an activity is suf icient grounds for regarding
that activity as related to Company X’s business

mere use of Company X’s resources in an activity is not suf icient grounds for
regarding that activity as related to Company X’s business

the employee wrote the novel on a computer owned by the company

the employee has received a signi icant amount of money from the sale

the company has plans to expand into publishing

115. A village’s ordinances require residents to exercise reasonable care to avoid disturbing their
neighbors with noise. The village council may impose ines for noise violations in response to
formal complaints. But unless there have been formal complaints from multiple residents, the
council will not consider a complaint if the complaining individual has not attempted to
resolve the issue directly with the alleged violator or with the violator’s landlord if the violator
is a renter. The council’s irst action in response to any formal verbal or written complaint that
they are considering will be to offer to mediate the dispute.
Select for 1 and for 2 two different events such that the guidelines most clearly indicate that if
the event selected for 1 occurs, then the event selected for 2 either will occur or has already
occurred. Make only two selections, one in each column.

1 2

The council imposes a ine for noise violation.

The council considers a formal written noise complaint.

The complaining individual attempts to resolve the issue with the alleged violator.

The council offers to mediate a dispute about noise.

The complaining individual contacts the alleged violator’s landlord.

116. Manager S: Our company provides a small annual monetary bene it for each employee who
submits documentation to the company proving that the employee had a comprehensive
medical exam in a given year. The policy has been successful in increasing the number of
employees who get the exam annually precisely because the bene it requires this speci ic form
of documentation, and this success has resulted in improved employee health. [Insert
Sentence 1.]
Manager T: I agree that the overall policy has improved employee health, and it is good to
improve employee health. However, the required documentation resulted in our company
having access to an employee’s private medical data. The bene it to employee health is not
worth compromising employee privacy. [Insert Sentence 2.]

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Select for Sentence 1 the sentence that best completes Manager S’s argument, and select for
Sentence 2 the sentence that best completes Manager T’s argument. Make only two selections,
one in each column.

Sentence 1 Sentence 2

Requiring the documentation has no effect on employees.

Our company should continue requiring the speci ic documentation

that it does.

Our company should not require that form of documentation.

Promoting employee health with inancial incentives is

counterproductive.

Promoting employee health with inancial incentives is worthwhile.

117. Ethics board member: All actions that are permissible under the code of ethics are also legal
in all of the jurisdictions in which our company operates. Furthermore, regardless of whether
it has been determined if an action is legal, it is always permissible to ask the ethics board to
review the action for conformity to the code of ethics.
Statements: Without exception, an action is permissible under the code of ethics 1 it
is legal in all of the jurisdictions in which the company operates. Furthermore, one is
permitted to ask the ethics board to review an action for conformity to the code of ethics
2 the legality of the action has been established.
Select for 1 and for 2 the two different options that complete the statements so that they most
accurately paraphrase the ethics board member’s assertions. Make only two selections, one in
each column.

1 2

if

only if

unless

whether or not

or

118. A corporation uses a model of diminishing returns to make predictions about the expected
returns on research investment. For this model, in order to produce an x% increase in annual
pro its in subsequent years, the corporation must invest y% of annual pro its into research,
where y = 2x2.

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Select two different numbers that are jointly compatible with the information provided and
could be the values for x and for y. Make only two selections, one in each column.

x y

20

50

80

Questions 119 to 136 — Dif iculty: Medium

119. A small business has just invested in a new piece of equipment. The business’s accountant
estimates that the value of the equipment will decrease over time at a constant rate. Based on
this assumption, the accountant properly estimates the value of the equipment 3 years
afterward to be $X, 6 years afterward to be $Y, and 8 years afterward to be, for the irst time,
$0.
Select values for X and for Y that are jointly consistent with the given information. Make only
two selections, one in each column.

X Y

200

300

400

500

600

120. Pavel made a list of 31 chores he needed to complete over the next 7 days. On the irst 5 days,
he completed 3, 5, 7, 2, and 6 of the listed chores, respectively. On the next 2 days, he
completed the remaining 8 chores.
Select for Least possible median and for Greatest possible median values that are consistent
with the information provided and give the least and greatest possible values, respectively, for
the median of the numbers of the listed chores Pavel completed on each of the 7 days. Make
only two selections, one in each column.

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Least possible median Greatest possible median

121. Literary critic: When a reader feels an emotion that is focused on the events and characters in
a work of iction, the reader is psychologically somewhat detached from that emotion. Lacking
the immediacy of emotions about events in the reader’s own life, emotions evoked by iction
are enjoyed as pure sensations independent of 1 . Consequently, the reader can ind
pleasure even in sadness when it is focused on the events and characters in ictional works,
because the work’s beauty consists partly in its ability to evoke such 2 .
Select options to ill in the two blanks above to complete the literary critic’s statements most
coherently. Make only two selections, one in each column.

1 2

beauty

psychological detachment

typically unpleasant emotions

ictional events

real events

122. The equation 6 × 5 – 4 ÷ 2 – 3 + 7)0 – 1)2 = 6 is missing two opening parentheses. It can be
made true if opening parentheses are placed immediately before each of two of the numbers.
Assume that standard order-of-operations principles are followed, whereby multiplication
and division are performed before addition and subtraction, unless parentheses indicate
otherwise. Select in the table a number before which the irst opening parenthesis could be
placed and a number before which the second opening parenthesis could be placed, such that
the equation would express a true statement. Make only two selections, one in each column.

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First parenthesis Second parenthesis

immediately before immediately before

123. Historian: New York City became an in luential art center in the twentieth century, as seen, for
example, in the in luential 1913 Armory Show and the growth of museums. This was due
primarily to a combination of New York’s large and varied population, its basic resources, and
its access to European art trends. The city could never have become an in luential art center
without the era’s increased local wealth, which allowed more people to buy art. However, the
changes were driven principally by the diversity of the city’s population, including intellectuals
and artists from Europe, and a culture that prized energy and creativity, which stimulated the
artistic endeavors of many people.
Select for Precondition the statement that the passage most strongly suggests describes a
precondition for New York becoming an in luential art center. And select for Strengthener the
statement that would, if true, most clearly strengthen the support for the historian’s
explanation of why the city became an in luential art center. Make only two selections, one in
each column.

Precondition Strengthener

New York showed signi icant economic development leading

up to the early twentieth century.

New York afforded easy access to major art museums in other

cities in the United States.

Members of the Hudson River School of painters helped

promote art in New York.

The Armory Show and other in luential New York shows like it
featured many prominent European artists.

The composition of European groups immigrating to New York

changed in the early 1900s.

124. A farmer wants to allocate her expenditures to maximize her pro its during the coming year.
Let C be her spending on cropland, F her spending on fertilizer, L her spending on labor, M
her spending on machinery, and S her spending on seed. She has estimated that, if she
allocates at least 100 euros to each of these categories, then her pro it during the coming year
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will be (C – 97)(L – 92)(S – 95)(M – 87)(F – 90) euros. She wishes to calculate the bene its of
expenditure greater than 100 euros in one of these categories, if she were to spend exactly
100 euros in each of the others.
Select for Greatest returns the resource for which, according to the desired calculation from
the model, each euro of spending beyond 100 euros is predicted to make the greatest
contribution to pro its (or least contribution to losses). And select for Least returns the
resource for which, according to the desired calculation, each euro of spending beyond the
minimum necessary amount is predicted to make the least contribution to pro its (or greatest
contribution to losses). Make only two selections, one in each column.

Greatest returns Least returns

Cropland

Fertilizer

Labor

Machinery

Seed

125. At a certain factory, 4 processes—A, B, C, and D—are carried out 24 hours per day, 7 days per
week. Process A operates on a 60-hour cycle; that is, Process A takes 60 hours to complete
and immediately begins again when it is completed. Likewise, Process B operates on a 24-
hour cycle, Process C operates on a 27-hour cycle, and Process D operates on a 9-hour cycle.
On Monday, all 4 processes began together at 10:00 in the morning.
On the basis of the information provided, select for Processes A, B, and D the day of the week
on which Processes A, B, and D will next begin together at 10:00 in the morning. Also select
for All 4 processes the day of the week on which Processes A–D will next begin together at
10:00 in the morning. Make only two selections, one in each column.

Processes A, B, and D All 4 processes

Monday

Tuesday

Wednesday

Thursday

Friday

126. An amateur athletic team has the following requirement: “Each athlete who fails to return to
his or her designated room prior to a designated time will be suspended for the next athletic
event.” The requirement was violated by the team’s best athlete on the night before a
prominent athletic event.
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Assistant Coach A: The only reason to not suspend the athlete is if the athlete broke the
requirement because of factors outside the athlete’s control. Since that was not the reason, no
exception should be made for this athlete.
Assistant Coach B: I know that we would normally punish the athlete with a suspension, but
doing so in this case would harm the team. I think we should punish the athlete in another
way that would not harm the team.
Select for Supports Assistant Coach A the principle that most strongly supports the reasoning
expressed by Assistant Coach A, and select for Supports Assistant Coach B the principle that
most strongly supports the reasoning expressed by Assistant Coach B. Make only two
selections, one in each column.

Supports Supports
Assistant Assistant
Coach A Coach B

Amateur athletic teams should not punish elite team members who
break team requirements.

The punishment of a team member for breaking a team requirement

should be based on the likely outcomes for the team rather than the
punishment speci ied for breaking the requirement.

The punishment speci ied for breaking a team requirement should

always be administered in order to ensure that all team members are
treated equally.

If an athlete is reasonably able to ful ill a team requirement, then the

punishment speci ied for breaking the requirement should be
administered.

If a punishment of a team member speci ied by a team requirement

would harm the team, then the team member should not be punished.

127. Rashika is beginning a new job in human resources and expects to be assigned to several of
the many human resources work groups. She has been told that there is a probability of 12
that she will be assigned to the Recruitment Work Group and that there is a probability of 34
that she will be assigned to the New Technology Work Group. She has no other information
about the probabilities of the various possible assignments, or whether her assignment to one
of these groups affects her chances of assignment to the other.
Select for Greatest probability for both assignments the greatest probability, compatible with
the given probabilities, that Rashika will be assigned to both the Recruitment Work Group and
the New Technology Work Group. And select for Least probability for both assignments the
least probability, compatible with the given probabilities, that Rashika will be assigned to both
of these groups. Make only two selections, one in each column.

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Greatest Least
probability for probability for
both assignments both assignments

128. In a study conducted over several years, seabird and domesticated cat populations on a
geographically isolated island changed from year to year. Researchers found that over the
course of the study, the relationship (R) between seabirds and domesticated cats was such
that the island’s seabird population was three times as likely to decrease from the previous
year if the island’s domesticated cat population increased (even if slightly) during the same
year. The researchers are about to begin a second, follow-up study with the same duration as
the irst study. Based on recent trends, the researchers made the following projections: R will
hold and the island’s domesticated cat population will decrease during more years of the
second study than it did in their irst study.
Assuming that the information above is true, select for Can be inferred as true the statement
that can be most reasonably inferred as true from the information provided, and select for
Can be inferred as false the statement that can be most reasonably inferred as false from the
information provided. Make only two selections, one in each column.

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Can be Can be
inferred inferred
as true as false

If the researchers’ projections are accurate, the island’s seabird

population is likely to increase during more years of the second study
than it did in the irst.

During the irst study, most years had an increase in the island’s
domesticated cat population.

If the researchers’ projections are accurate, the island’s seabird

population is likely to increase during most of the years of the second
study.

During the irst study, the island’s seabird population decreased only
when the island’s domesticated cat population increased.

During the irst study, most years during which the island’s seabird
population decreased were years during which the island’s domesticated
cat population increased.

129. According to a prominent investment adviser, Company X has a 50% chance of posting a pro it
in the coming year, whereas Company Y has a 60% chance of posting a pro it in the coming
year.
Select for Least probability for both the least probability, compatible with the probabilities
provided by the investment adviser, that both Company X and Company Y will post a pro it in
the coming year. And select for Greatest probability for both the greatest probability,
compatible with the probabilities provided by the investment adviser, that both Company X
and Company Y will post a pro it in the coming year. Make only two selections, one in each
column.

Least probability Greatest probability

for both for both

5%

10%

25%

50%

60%

80%

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130. Lee is planning a trip and estimates that, rounded to the nearest 5 kilometers (km), the length
of the trip will be 560 km and that, rounded to the nearest 14 hours, the driving time for the
trip will be 7 hours. If these estimates are correct, then Lee’s average driving speed during the
trip will be between x kilometers per hour and y kilometers per hour,
where x < y.
From the values given in the table, select for x and for y the values that complete the statement
in such a way that the interval between the selected values includes all possible average
speeds for Lee’s trip and y – x is minimal. Make only two selections, one in each column.

x y

73

76

79

82

85

131. A certain theater has 500 seats. Some are on the main loor and sell for $50 each; some are in
the irst balcony and sell for $45 each; and the rest are in the second balcony and sell for $35
each. When all of the seats are sold for a performance, the gross revenue for that
performance is $20,900. Of the three seating areas, the second balcony has the most seats.
Select for First balcony a number of seats in this theater’s irst balcony, and select for Second
balcony a number of seats in this theater’s second balcony such that the selections are jointly
consistent with the information provided. Make only two selections, one in each column.

First balcony Second balcony

100

150

190

210

250

300

132. A company purchased at least 10 units of a certain product from each of Suppliers X and Y.
Supplier X charged a $100 ixed cost, $20 per unit for each of the irst 10 units, and $5 per
unit for each unit purchased in excess of 10 units. Supplier Y charged a $150 ixed cost, $15

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per unit for each of the irst 10 units, and $10 per unit for each unit purchased in excess of 10
units. Including the ixed costs, the combined average cost for the units was $20 per unit.
Select a number of units purchased from Supplier X and a number of units purchased from
Supplier Y that are jointly consistent with the given information. Make only two selections, one
in each column.

Number of Number of
units purchased units purchased
from Supplier X from Supplier Y

15

20

22

25

27

30

133. A inancial adviser was showing a client the value, rounded to the nearest cent, of an initial
investment of $100.00 after 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 years, under the assumption that the
value increases by r% per year for some positive constant r. The adviser correctly gave
$130.01 for the value after 5 years. However, the adviser inadvertently made two
transcription errors, and as a result, two of the remaining values shown to the client were
incorrect.
Assuming the options provided are the remaining ive amounts shown to the client, select for
First error the lesser of the two incorrectly transcribed values, and select for Second error the
greater of the two incorrectly transcribed values. Make only two selections, one in each
column.

First error Second error

$160.02

$219.75

$285.70

$317.43

$482.90

134. A clothing retailer used to sell only “fast-fashion” pieces, which were low priced and had a
pro it markup of 50 percent of the per-item cost (including, e.g., the costs of wholesale
purchase and marketing). On average, each customer spent $850 annually on around 65 such
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pieces from the retailer. Now the retailer wishes to double its total pro its by selling only
“classic” pieces. It plans to double its percentage pro it markup per item and generate more
revenue per customer while leaving unchanged the company’s total costs. The plan assumes
that for each classic piece, on average, customers will pay ive times what they paid for each
fast-fashion piece and that the total number of customers for the retailer’s clothing products
will remain the same.
Statements: Customers paid an average of 1 dollars (rounded to the nearest dollar)
for each of the retailer’s fast-fashion pieces. The retailer will need to sell an average minimum
of 2 classic pieces per person (rounded to the nearest whole number) to achieve its
pro it goals for classic pieces.
Select values for 1 and for 2 that create the statements that are most strongly supported by
the information provided and in accordance with the retailer’s plan. Make only two selections,
one in each column.

1 2

10

13

15

17

21

25

135. A certain mail-order company sells T-shirts, buttons, stickers, and current and past issues of
its magazine. Each order placed to the company consists of one or more items, and, for each
order, the company packages all of the items in the order together. Any employee who
packages an order packages the entirety of that order. Among the orders placed to the
company today:
None includes both a T-shirt and a magazine.
All of those that include a past issue of the magazine also include the current issue of the
magazine.
Most of those that include a magazine also include a sticker.
None of those that include a button also include a sticker.
Statement: For the orders placed to the company today, if one employee were to package all of
the orders that include a 1 , that employee would also package all of the orders that
include a 2 .
Select for 1 and for 2 the two different options that complete the statement so that it is most
accurate based on the information provided. Make only two selections, one in each column.

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1 2

button

current issue of the magazine

past issue of the magazine

sticker

T-shirt

136. A group of paleobotanists collected samples of sediments containing pollen and spores from
various plant species. Each sample was analyzed to determine the number of spores in the
sample, the number of pollen grains in the sample, and the species to which those spores and
pollen grains belong. Samples S1 and S2 were collected and analyzed in this way. For these
two samples:
S1 had the greater total number of spores, and it contained pollen grains from Species P as
well as spores from Species Q.
S2 had the greater total number of species represented, and all of the spores it contained
were from Species Q.
Statement: Among these two samples, S1 had the greater ratio of total number of 1
to total number of 2 .
Select for 1 and for 2 the options that complete the statement so that it is accurate based on
the information provided. Make only two selections, one in each column.

1 2

pollen grains

pollen grains from Species P

species represented

spores

spores from Species Q

Questions 137 to 165 — Dif iculty: Hard

137. Biologist: Conservation biologists working to prevent species extinction have long
acknowledged that popular species such as lions, eagles, and pandas receive
disproportionately large amounts of funding and public attention as compared to less-popular
species such as invertebrates and amphibians. Indeed, many of these less-popular species are
more in danger of extinction than the more-popular species. Although many conservation
biologists have accepted this pattern of disproportionate funding, I believe it needs to stop.

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For, despite the substantial and continuing expenditure of resources on the more-popular
species, very few of these species have any chance of escaping extinction.
The biologist’s reasoning is subject to the criticism that the claim that A , which is
used to justify the main point, undermines the support for the point that B .
Select for A and for B the options such that criticism of the zoologist’s reasoning is strongest.
Make only two selections, one in each column.

A B

popular species receive a disproportionate amount of the money and public attention
devoted to the preservation of endangered species

funding and public attention should not be wasted on the preservation of endangered
species

certain popular species are more endangered than many believe

many species that are not popular are likely to escape extinction

very few of the more-popular species have any chance of escaping extinction

138. Historian: In the collection of the Science Museum, London, there is a small bottle that is
purported to contain the entire original batch of arti icial mauve dye created by Sir William
Perkin in his laboratory in 1856. Indeed, in his experiments that preceded his commercial
production of mauve dyes, he made only a few grams of the substance, but this batch would
likely have been completely used up when he tested it as a dye. Also, the early version of
mauve dye that Perkin produced commercially consisted of an impure paste rather than the
pure crystalline form of the substance contained in the bottle.
Statement: The historian’s statements imply that the bottle does not contain 1 at least
in part because the substance in the bottle is 2 .
Select for 1 and for 2 the options that create the statement that is most strongly supported by
the information above. Make only two selections, one in each column.

1 2

any of Perkin’s original batch of mauve dye

a dye produced in Perkin’s laboratory

a dye created in 1856

a commercially produced dye

139. When a user conducts a search of a certain library database, the database returns the results
as a list of items (books, magazines, etc.) that match the search criteria. The user can select
from two settings to establish a maximum number of items—either 12 or 24—to be displayed
at a time. If the list contains more items than the established maximum, the list will be
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displayed on multiple pages, with each page (with the possible exception of the last page)
containing the established maximum number of items and with each item in the list appearing
on exactly one of the pages. The maximum established by the user does not affect the total
number of items listed.
For the list of n items returned by a particular search of the database, the number of items, X,
displayed on the last page when the established maximum is 12 is different from the number
of items, Y, displayed on the last page when the established maximum is 24.
Select for X and for Y values that are jointly consistent with the information provided. Make
only two selections, one in each column.

X Y

12

17

140. In a group of 100 tourists visiting Scandinavia, 10% visited Norway, Sweden, and Denmark;
48% visited only two of these countries; 42% visited only one of these countries; and 100%
visited at least one of these countries. Twenty-three tourists in the group visited at least
Norway and Sweden, and 28 tourists in the group visited both Norway and Denmark.
Furthermore, 3 tourists in the group visited only Denmark, and 32 tourists in the group
visited only Sweden.
In the table, select the number of tourists in the group who visited at least Norway, and select
the number of tourists in the group who visited at least Sweden. Make only two selections, one
in each column.

Visited at least Norway Visited at least Sweden

40

48

54

62

68

72

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141. A city council member standing for reelection has been asked to rate how much she agrees or
disagrees that various cultural establishments should receive more city funding. Expressing
her overall views regarding budgeting priorities, she answers “Absolutely agree” for the art
museum, “Somewhat agree” for the children’s theater, “Neither agree nor disagree” for the
historical society, “Somewhat disagree” for the symphony orchestra, and “Absolutely disagree”
for the metropolitan ballet.
Suppose that the city council member’s responses re lect genuine opinions that are logically
consistent with her other opinions, and suppose that she believes that funding for any one of
the institutions does not affect funding for any of the others. In the irst column of the table,
rate how much she most clearly agrees that At least two of the ive institutions should receive
more funding. In the second column, rate how much she most clearly agrees that At most four
of the ive institutions should receive more funding. Make only two selections, one in each
column.

At least two At most four

Absolutely agrees

Somewhat agrees

Neither agrees nor disagrees

Somewhat disagrees

Absolutely disagrees

142. There are exactly three steps—Steps 1, 2, and 3, in that order—used to assemble light bulbs at
a particular factory. Some of the bulbs fail to make it through every step in the assembly
process; if a bulb fails a given step, it will not proceed to the next step. For the most recent
month, the factory manager knows the number of bulbs that were started as well as each of
the following:
A = the number of bulbs making it through Step 1 only;
B = the number of bulbs making it through at least Step 2;
C = the number of bulbs making it through all three steps.
The manager wishes to know the fraction of the bulbs that made it through Step 1 that also
made it through all three steps. In the table, choose for Numerator and Denominator the
expressions that will give the factory owner the fraction desired. Make only two selections,
one in each column.

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Numerator Denominator

A+B

A–C

B+C

143. Legal advocate: The Mé tis people of Canada are of First Nations and European ancestry. The
government grants certain special rights to Mé tis individuals. To receive these rights, an
individual must self-identify as Mé tis and must not have self-identi ied only recently in order
to receive these rights. The individual must also have Mé tis ancestry and be accepted as Mé tis
by a modern Mé tis community. Acceptance by a modern Mé tis community is shown only by
long-standing participation in the community’s cultural or political activities.
In the table, select characteristics H and N, such that an individual having H and NOT having N
would most clearly satisfy the legal advocate’s stated criterion for receiving the rights
associated with Mé tis membership. Make only two selections, one in each column.

H N

Self-identi ies as Mé tis due to long-standing Mé tis ancestry

Self-identi ies as Mé tis due to long-standing participation in Mé tis political activities

Has recent ancestry that is Mé tis and participates in Mé tis political activities

Has recent ancestry that is not Mé tis

Has never participated in Mé tis political activities

144. Tickets for next month’s production of The Sea Gull at the local community theater went on
sale yesterday. The ticket price for a person older than 12 is $A, and the ticket price for a
person 12 or under is $C, where A > C. Yesterday, the sale of 33 tickets generated a total
revenue of $323, and today the sale of 44 tickets generated a total revenue of $424.
In the table, select a value for A and a value for C that are jointly consistent with the given
information. Make only two selections, one in each column.

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A C

10

11

12

145. Companies A and B are part of the same industry and are located in the same city. For
Company A, the average (arithmetic mean) salary of its employees, in United Arab Emirates
dirhams (AED), is 10,000 AED higher than that for Company B. However, more than half of the
employees at Company A have salaries below the average for Company B.
Statement: If the average salary at Company B is 1 , then the median salary at
Company A is 2 .
Select for 1 and for 2 the options that complete the statement so that it most accurately
re lects the information provided. Make only two selections, one in each column.

1 2

greater than 100,000 AED

less than 100,000 AED

equal to 110,000 AED

between 100,000 and 110,000 AED

greater than 110,000 AED

146. In comparing the results of a recent annual spring census to those of the previous year,
biologists observed dramatic changes in the numbers of frogs of two species—Species X and
Species Y—and an overall decrease in the combined number of frogs of these species. The
biologists hypothesized that this decrease was caused by the unusually cold weather between
the two censuses.
Select for A and for B the statements such that the biologists’ hypothesis would have the most
support if A is true and B is false. Make only two selections, one in each column.

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A B

Species X is susceptible to unusually cold weather, whereas Species Y is not.

Species X has a later mating season than does Species Y.

Both Species X and Species Y are susceptible to similar contaminants.

The number of Species X frogs decreased from the previous spring census.

147. A certain company de ines its annual labor turnover rate as the number of employees who left
the company during the year divided by the average of the number of employees on the irst
day of the year and the number of employees on the last day of that year. Last year, the
company had a labor turnover rate of exactly 25%.
Assuming that the information above is true, select for Statement 1 and for Statement 2 the
statements such that if Statement 1 is true, then Statement 2 must be true, but it could be the
case that Statement 2 is true and Statement 1 is false. Make only two selections, one in each
column.

Statement 1 Statement 2

Last year, more people left the company than began work at the
company.

Exactly 25% of the employees working at the company on the

irst day of last year left the company last year.

More than 25% of the employees working at the company on the

irst day of last year left the company last year.

All and only those who were employees at the company on the
irst day of last year were employees on the last day of last year.

Last year, the number of employees on the irst day of the year
was equal to the number of employees on the last day of the year.

148. Newspaper editor: Published photojournalism must always present the events covered
without distorting those events. Sometimes an image distorts the events a photojournalist
attempts to capture, such as when the photojournalist has an equipment failure. In such cases,
photojournalists are permitted to make minimal changes to an image, but only to the extent
that (1) they are certain about what they observed, and (2) those changes reduce the
distortion. Photojournalists’ photos are often compelling works of art as well as documents of
newsworthy events. However, for publication as journalism, a photo’s aesthetic features are
allowed to be considered only after the photo is shown to accurately portray relevant features
of the event it depicts. In accordance with these criteria, in our journalistic coverage of Event
E, we elected to publish photograph P1 rather than photograph P2.

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Statement: Assuming the editor’s statements are true, if 1 , then it must be the case
that 2 .
Select for 1 and for 2 the two different options that create the statement that is most strongly
supported by the information provided. Make only two selections, one in each column.

1 2

P1 was altered

P2 was altered

P1 and P2 were taken with malfunctioning equipment

P1 was chosen over P2 at least in part for its aesthetic features

both P1 and P2 accurately portray the relevant features of Event E

149. A stock trader working for a hedge fund has estimated that the stock of a certain company has
probability 0.4 of increasing in price by at least 5 dollars during a certain trading day and
probability 0.1 of increasing in price by at least 10 dollars during the trading day.
Based on the trader’s estimates, select for X and for Y the options such that the following
statement is most accurate. Make only two selections, one in each column.
If the trader multiplies X by the reciprocal of Y , then the result is the
probability that the price of the stock will increase by at least 10 dollars during the trading
day, given that the price increases by at least 5 dollars during the trading day.

X Y

0.1

0.4

0.1 divided by 0.4

the reciprocal of 0.1

the product of 0.1 and 0.4

150. Throughout a certain decade in a European city, the mean monthly rents for studio
apartments varied yearly, from a low of €804 to a high of €1,173. Those for one-bedroom
apartments also varied yearly, from a low of €1,060 to a high of €1,497. But some individual
studio apartments rented for as little as €420 in some years, and some one-bedroom
apartments rented for up to €2,262. To visually assess how the ratio of mean monthly rents
for studio apartments to those for one-bedroom apartments varied yearly over the decade,
Maria requires a graph with the following characteristics. The graph will have two axes of
equal length, with mean rents for one-bedroom apartments shown on the horizontal axis and

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mean rents for studio apartments shown on the vertical axis, and with the same scale on both
axes. For each year, mean rents will be plotted as a point.
From the following options, select for Horizontal axis a range for the points on the horizontal
axis and select for Vertical axis a range for the points on the vertical axis that together would
satisfy Maria’s requirements for the graph. Make only two selections, one in each column.

Horizontal axis Vertical axis

€0 to €1,500

€400 to €1,100

€800 to €1,200

€1,000 to €2,300

€1,100 to €1,500

151. A statistician reached the following conclusions about games between university soccer
teams: Overall, a team playing on its home ield has a 45% chance of a win, a 25% chance of a
loss, and a 30% chance of a draw (a tied outcome). In the games where one or more goals are
scored, the team that scores the irst goal has a 55% chance of scoring it in the game’s irst
half and a 45% chance of scoring it later in the game. When that team is the home team (i.e., a
team playing on its home ield), there is a 40% chance that the other team will score no goals
at all, and therefore a 60% chance that it will score one or more goals.
Select for X and for Y two different outcomes such that the information provided explicitly
includes the statistician’s estimates of the probability that if X occurs, so will Y. Make only two
selections, one in each column.

X Y

The home team scores at least two goals in the game.

The home team scores the irst goal.

A goal is scored in the irst half of the game.

A goal is scored in the second half of the game.

The team opposing the home team scores at least one goal.

152. To ensure computer security, a irm has rules about access of managerial and nonmanagerial
employees to various networked computer drives. In accordance with the rules, some but not
all nonmanagerial employees are allowed access to both Drive B and Drive D. Some are
required to have such access. Every nonmanagerial employee must have access to at least one
of Drive B and Drive D. No nonmanagerial employee is allowed to have access to both Drive B
and Drive E. The rules do not restrict the access of managerial employees to any of the drives
mentioned.
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From the following statements about computer security practices in relation to the irm’s
employees, select for Required the statement that, based on the information provided,
describes a practice that is required by the rules, and select for Permitted the statement that
describes a practice that is permitted, but NOT required, by the rules. Make only two
selections, one in each column.

Required Permitted

At least one nonmanagerial employee is currently not allowed access

to any of the three drives B, D, and E.

Managerial employees, and only those, are currently allowed access to

Drive E.

The nonmanagerial employees who are currently allowed access to

Drive D are also allowed access to Drive E.

The managerial and nonmanagerial employees who are currently

allowed access to Drive B are also allowed access to Drive E.

Any nonmanagerial employees currently allowed access to Drive E are

also allowed access to Drive D.

153. Giulia is planning to sell her car, which is fueled by gasoline (petrol) and averages 20 miles per
gallon (mpg), and purchase a diesel-fueled car that averages 30 mpg. She estimates that her
future cost per gallon of diesel fuel will be 5% higher than her present cost per gallon of
gasoline. She wishes to estimate (1) the annual cost of fuel for her new car if she maintains
her present annual total miles driven and (2) the annual total miles she can drive her new car
if she maintains her present annual expenditure on fuel.
Let x represent Giulia’s present annual cost per gallon of gasoline in US dollars, and let y equal
her present annual total of miles driven. Select for Cost an appropriate expression for Giulia’s
estimate of (1) above, and select for Miles an appropriate expression for her estimate of (2)
above. Make only two selections, one in each column.

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Cost Miles

(1.05x)

(1.05y)

154. Each of three botanists made a hypothesis regarding specimens of a particular plant species:
Botanist 1: Any individual specimen possessing the gene for curly stems has either the gene
for long roots or the gene for purple lowers, or both.
Botanist 2: Any individual specimen possessing the gene for long roots has either the gene for
lat leaves or the gene for round seeds, or both.
Botanist 3: No individual specimen that possesses either the gene for curly stems or the gene
for lat leaves or both has the gene for purple lowers.
The discovery of an individual specimen of the plant species in question having the gene for
1 but NOT the gene for 2 would show that at least one of the three
hypotheses described is incorrect.
Select for 1 and for 2 the characteristics that would most accurately complete the statement,
based on the information given. Make only two selections, one in each column.

1 2

curly stems

lat leaves

long roots

purple lowers

round seeds

155. An inventory of a neighborhood’s trees found that 32 percent were conifers and most of the
rest were deciduous. Among the conifers were 258 spruces and 112 pines, along with some

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cedars and other species. Most of the deciduous trees were oaks, but one in eight was a
maple. Of the oaks, 65 percent were red oaks and 25 percent were white oaks. Of the maples,
20 percent were Japanese maples.
Select for A and for B two types of trees such that the ratio of the number of trees of the type
selected for A to the number of trees of the type selected for B can be determined and is less
than 1. Make only two selections, one in each column.

A B

cedars

conifers

deciduous trees

Japanese maples

red oaks

spruces

156. A manufacturing company plans to begin automating production and reducing its workforce
by installing industrial robots at the start of each year over ive years. Each robot will result in
annual labor-cost savings of €150,000 beginning with the year of its installation and will have
an up-front cost of €400,000. For robot installation in Year 1 of the program, the company
will budget €600,000, plus the total amount of labor costs that will be saved by robotic
production in that year. The robot-installation budget for each subsequent year will consist of
the total amount of labor costs that will be saved by robotic production in that year plus any
money left over from the previous year’s robot-installation budget.
Statement: Within budget constraints, the maximum number of robots that can be installed in
Year 1 of the program is X , and the maximum number of robots that can be in
service in Year 3 is Y .
Select values for X and for Y that create the statement that follows logically from the
information provided. Make only two selections, one in each column.

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X Y

157. While designing a game involving chance, Desmond noticed that the probability a fair coin
lands face up exactly 2 times when the coin is tossed 3 times is equal to the probability that a
fair coin lands face up exactly m times when the coin is tossed n times, where n > 3.
Select for m and for n values consistent with the given information. Make only two selections,
one in each column.

m n

158. Linguist: Plosives and fricatives are two classes of consonants. A “voicing contrast” is a
distinction between two consonants that are identical except that one is voiced and the other
is unvoiced. In language family X, languages with voicing contrasts in their fricatives always
have voicing contrasts in their plosives. This means that in that family, any given language has
a voicing contrast in its fricatives ________ it has a voicing contrast in its plosives. In other
words, a given language in that family lacks any voicing contrasts in its plosives ________ it lacks
any such contrasts in its fricatives.
Select for First blank the word or phrase that most logically completes the statement with the
irst blank. And select for Second blank the word or phrase that most logically completes the
statement with the second blank. Make only two selections, one in each column.

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First blank Second blank

and

if

only if

or

unless

159. At a certain university, there is a strong positive correlation between the time of day at which
university classes are offered and the classes’ average (arithmetic mean) grades, with earlier
times associated with lower grades. However, for the classes offered at the earliest time but
not for any other classes, there was a strong negative correlation between the grades of
students in those classes and the number of scheduled classes they missed. In fact, when the
grades of students who missed at least 5 scheduled classes were excluded, classes offered at
the earliest time more often than not had signi icantly higher average grades than classes
offered at any other time.
Consider the following statement:
At the university in question, classes offered at earlier times 1 lower average grades
than classes offered later in the day, but when the grades of students who missed at least 5
scheduled classes were excluded, classes offered at the earliest time 2 higher
average grades than classes offered later in the day.
Select for 1 and for 2 the options that complete the sentence so that it most accurately
summarizes the information provided. Make only two selections, one in each column.

1 2

tended to have

tended not to have

almost always had

seldom, if ever, had

possibly had

160. Each Monday through Friday (a workweek), Avinash will bring either exactly one apple or
exactly one banana with him to his workplace for an afternoon snack. To avoid having to
decide which to bring, each morning Avinash will toss a coin with a face on exactly one side
that is equally likely to land face up or face down. If the coin lands face up, then he will bring
an apple, and if the coin lands face down, then he will bring a banana. Avinash correctly
determined the probability that, for a given workweek, either he would bring an apple on at

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least 4 consecutive days or he would bring a banana on at least 4 consecutive days. This
probability was m divided by n.
Select for m and for n values jointly consistent with the given information. Make only two
selections, one in each column.

m n

12

20

32

161. Philosophy student: Some objects that are considered beautiful by everyone who has
observed them may not be, in fact, truly beautiful. To see that this is so, consider this: No one
doubts that some objects that are appreciated by many people have aesthetic laws that are
discernible only to sophisticated observers. But even these sophisticated observers are
limited by their inite intellects and experiences. Thus, an object that appears beautiful to the
most sophisticated actual observers may nonetheless have subtle but severe aesthetic
shortcomings that would make it appear hideous to hypothetical observers of even greater
sophistication. Such an object would be ugly, regardless of any actual person’s opinion.
In general, if an object 1 , then that object 2 .
Select for 1 and for 2 the two different options that complete the sentence in such a way that it
expresses a principle on which the philosophy student’s argument relies. Make only two
selections, one in each column.

1 2

is considered beautiful by everyone

is thought by most observers to have some aesthetic laws

would appear hideous to hypothetical observers of even greater sophistication than

the most sophisticated actual observers

is not truly beautiful

is not widely appreciated by unsophisticated observers

162. The following statements describe certain characteristics of a certain pool of candidates for a
position. Any candidate who did not meet the minimum quali ications for the position was
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immediately excluded from consideration. The two candidates who met the minimum
quali ications for the position and met all of the desired quali ications also had multiple
recommendations. All candidates who received a telephone interview also had extensive
experience. All candidates who had extensive experience and impressed the hiring committee
during the telephone interview were invited to interview on-site. At least one candidate
declined an invitation for an on-site interview, and exactly one candidate was interviewed on-
site without receiving a telephone interview.
Consider the following incomplete sentence:
If any candidate 1 , then that candidate 2 .
Select for 1 and for 2 two different options that best complete the sentence such that it can be
logically inferred from the information provided. Make only two selections, one in each
column.

1 2

did not meet the minimum quali ications

had multiple recommendations

had extensive experience

impressed the hiring committee during the telephone interview

interviewed on-site

163. On a 12-hour analog clock, the hour hand moves at a constant rate of 1 revolution every 12
hours, and the minute hand moves at a constant rate of 1 revolution every hour. The hands
are perpendicular at 3:00 in the morning. To the nearest second, the next time they are
superimposed (i.e., both pointing at the same point on the outer rim of the clock face) is M
minutes and S seconds after 3:00 in the morning.
Select for M and for S values that are consistent with the information provided. Make only two
selections, one in each column.

M S

15

16

17

20

22

34

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164. The following argument is logically lawed. The author’s goal was to craft the argument so that
the conclusion follows logically from Premises 1 and 2 and so that both premises are
necessary to draw the conclusion.
Premise 1: Every respondent to our survey who reported feeling satis ied also reported
being in a good mood.
Premise 2: Every respondent to our survey who reported having a central goal also
reported being in a good mood.
Conclusion: Therefore, assuming all of the reports were accurate and complete, every
respondent to our survey who felt satis ied also had a central goal.
Select for Boldface A and for Boldface B two of the boldfaced phrases in the argument such
that Boldface A occurs earlier in the argument than Boldface B, and exchanging the positions
of those two phrases in the argument would make it so the argument ful ills the author’s goal.
Make only two selections, one in each column.

Boldface A Boldface B

reported feeling satis ied

reported having a central goal

reported being in a good mood

felt satis ied

had a central goal

165. In Country C, some but not all eligible voters are required to vote. The particulars of the
country’s laws governing voting are as follows:
Every citizen who is eligible must vote on election day.
A person is eligible if (and only if) he or she meets the age requirement and either is a citizen
or meets the residency requirement for noncitizens.
The age requirement is that every voter must be at least 19 years old on election day.
The residency requirement for noncitizens is that the voter must have been a resident of
Country C for at least 5 years on election day.
Consider the following individuals:
Abigail: a citizen who is currently 19 years old
Barbara: a 7-year resident noncitizen who is currently 19 years old
Charles: a 7-year resident noncitizen who is currently 18 years old
For an election held today, select the individual or individuals who must vote, based on the
information provided, and select the individual or individuals who must not vote, based on the
information provided. Make only two selections, one in each column.

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Must vote Must not vote

Abigail only

Barbara only

Charles only

Abigail and Barbara only

Abigail and Charles only

Barbara and Charles only

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6.8 Answer Key: Two-Part Analysis

Response 1 Response 2

111. 322,000 238,000

112. 1 4

113. Undeterminable Undeterminable

114. the employee wrote the novel on a mere use of Company X’s resources in an activity
computer owned by the company is suf icient grounds for regarding that activity as
related to Company X’s business

115. The council considers a formal written The council offers to mediate a dispute about
noise complaint. noise.

116. Our company should continue requiring Our company should not require that form of
the speci ic documentation that it does. documentation.

117. only if whether or not

118. 5 50

119. 500 200

120. 4 5

121. real events typically unpleasant emotion

122. 5 3

123. New York showed signi icant economic The Armory Show and other in luential New York
development leading up to the early shows like it featured many prominent European
twentieth century. artists.

124. Cropland Machinery

125. Tuesday Thursday

126. If an athlete is reasonably able to ful ill a The punishment of a team member for breaking
team requirement, then the punishment a team requirement should be based on the likely
speci ied for breaking the requirement outcomes for the team rather than the
should be administered. punishment speci ied for breaking the
requirement.

127.

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Response 1 Response 2

128. If the researcher’s projections are During the irst study, the island’s seabird
accurate, the island’s seabird population population decreased only when the island’s cat
is likely to increase during more years of population increased.
the second study than it did in the irst.

129. 10% 50%

130. 76 82

131. 190 210

132. 20 15

133. $160.02 $317.43

134. 13 17

135. current issue of the magazine past issue of the magazine

136. spores species represented

137. very few of the more-popular species popular species receive a disproportionate
have any chance of escaping extinction amount of the money and public attention
devoted to the preservation of endangered
species

138. any of Perkin’s original batch of mauve a crystalline form of the dye
dye

139. 5 17

140. 48 72

141. Somewhat agrees Absolutely agrees

142. C A+B

143. Self-identi ies as Mé tis due to long- Has recent ancestry that is not Mé tis
standing participation in Mé tis political
activities

144. 11 6

145. less than 100,000 AED less than 100,000 AED

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Response 1 Response 2

146. Species X is susceptible to unusually cold The number of Species Y frogs decreased from
weather, whereas Species Y is not. the previous spring census.

147. All and only those who were employees at Last year, the number of employees on the irst
the company on the irst day of last year day was equal to the number of employees on
were employees on the last day of last the last day of the year.
year.

148. P1 was chosen over P2 at least in part for both P1 and P2 accurately portray the relevant
its aesthetic features features of Event E

149. 0.1 0.4

150. €0 to €1,500 €0 to €1,500

151. The home team scores the irst goal. The team opposing the home team scores at least
one goal.

152. Any nonmanagerial employees currently Managerial employees, and only those, are
allowed access to Drive E are also allowed currently allowed access to Drive E.
access to Drive D.

153.

154. curly stems long roots

155. Japanese deciduous

156. 2 5

157. 2 4

158. only if only if

159. tended to have tended to have

160. 6 32

161. would appear hideous to hypothetical not truly beautiful

observers of even greater sophistication
than the most sophisticated actual
observers

162. impressed the hiring committee during had extensive experience

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Response 1 Response 2
the telephone interview

163. 16 22

164. reported having a central goal reported being in a good mood

165. Abigail only Charles only

6.9 Answer Explanations: Two-Part Analysis

The following discussion of Data Insights is intended to familiarize you with the most
ef icient and effective approaches to the kinds of problems common to Data Insights. The
particular questions in this chapter are generally representative of the kinds of Data
Insights questions you will encounter on the GMAT exam. Remember that it is the problem-
solving strategy that is important, not the speci ic details of a particular question.
Questions 111 to 118 — Dif iculty: Easy
111. Two employees of Company X, Winnie and Ali, have been informed that they will each receive
bonuses this year, and that, for these bonuses, they will share a total amount of 560,000 KES
(Kenyan shillings). Winnie makes a base salary of 4,600,000 KES per annum, and Ali makes a
base salary of 3,400,000 KES per annum.
Assuming that the two employees receive the same percentage of their respective per annum
base salaries as bonuses, indicate below the bonus amount that Winnie will receive and the
bonus amount that Ali will receive. Make only two selections, one in each column.

Winnie Ali

216,000

238,000

256,000

304,000

322,000

Answer Explanation:
Infer
Winnie:
Winnie and Ali will each get the same percentage of their per annum base salaries as bonuses.
That means that Winnie’s bonus must be the same percentage of her and Ali’s combined total
bonus amount of 560,000 KES that her per annum base salary is of their combined total per
annum base salaries of 4,600,000 KES + 3,400,000 KES = 8,000,000 KES. Thus, Winnie will get

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7.0 GMAT™ Official Guide Data Insights Review Question

Index
7.0 GMAT™ Official Guide Data Insights Review Question Index
The Data Insights Review Question Index is organized by the section, dif iculty level, and then by
mathematical concept. The question number, page number, and answer explanation page number
are listed so that questions within the book can be quickly located.

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Data Insights — Chapter 6 – Page 118

Data Sufficiency – Page 130

Answer
Question Question Explanation
Dif iculty Concept # ID # Page Page

Easy Applied Problems 3 700110 130 145

Easy Applied Problems 8 700305 131 147

Easy Applied Problems 9 700290 131 147

Easy Applied Problems 10 700109 131 147

Easy Applied Problems 12 700317 131 148

Easy Applied Problems 14 700107 131 149

Easy Applied Problems 24 700129 132 153

Easy Applied Problems 27 700140 133 155

Easy Applied Problems 29 700142 133 156

Easy Evaluate 35 700325 133 158

Easy First-Degree Equations 4 700298 130 145

Easy First-Degree Equations 16 700108 131 150

Easy First-Degree Equations 19 700125 132 151

Easy Inequalities 26 700135 132 154

Easy Inference 32 700322 133 157

Easy Inference 33 700323 133 157

Easy Inference 34 700324 133 158

Easy Inference 36 700326 134 159

Easy Inference 37 700327 134 159

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Answer
Question Question Explanation
Dif iculty Concept # ID # Page Page

Easy Inference 38 700328 134 160

Easy Percents 13 700309 131 149

Easy Percents 20 700126 132 152

Easy Percents 22 700127 132 153

Easy Percents 30 700143 133 156

Easy Probability 2 700299 130 144

Easy Rate Problems 11 700295 131 148

Easy Ratio and Proportion; First-Degree Equations 23 700128 132 153

Easy Series and Sequences 25 700132 132 154

Easy Simultaneous Equations 18 700124 132 151

Easy Statistics 1 700291 130 144

Easy Statistics 5 700293 130 145

Easy Statistics 6 700292 130 146

Easy Statistics 7 700288 131 146

Easy Statistics 15 700289 131 149

Easy Statistics 17 700286 132 150

Easy Statistics 21 700294 132 152

Easy Statistics 28 700141 133 155

Easy Statistics 31 700147 133 156

Medium Applied Problems 41 700296 134 162

Medium Applied Problems 42 700304 134 162

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Answer
Question Question Explanation
Dif iculty Concept # ID # Page Page

Medium Applied Problems 43 700321 134 162

Medium Applied Problems 45 700100 135 163

Medium Applied Problems 47 700111 135 165

Medium Applied Problems 48 700316 135 166

Medium Applied Problems 61 700138 137 171

Medium Applied Problems 63 700145 137 172

Medium Applied Problems 65 700148 137 172

Medium Estimation 40 700287 134 161

Medium Evaluate 71 700333 138 175

Medium First-Degree Equations 56 700131 136 169

Medium Inference 67 700329 137 173

Medium Inference 68 700330 137 174

Medium Inference 69 700331 138 174

Medium Inference 70 700332 138 175

Medium Inference 72 700334 138 175

Medium Inference 73 700335 138 176

Medium Inference 74 700336 138 176

Medium Interpretation of Tables; Sets (Venn 39 700282 134 160

Diagrams)

Medium Percents 50 700116 135 166

Medium Percents 55 700130 136 169

Medium Percents 60 700137 137 171

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Answer
Question Question Explanation
Dif iculty Concept # ID # Page Page

Medium Probability 53 700311 136 168

Medium Ratio and Proportion 44 700308 135 163

Medium Simultaneous Equations 46 700106 135 164

Medium Simultaneous Equations 54 700117 136 168

Medium Simultaneous Equations 62 700144 137 171

Medium Simultaneous Equations 64 700146 137 172

Medium Statistics 49 700302 135 166

Medium Statistics 51 700319 135 167

Medium Statistics 52 700104 135 167

Medium Statistics 57 700133 136 170

Medium Statistics 58 700134 136 170

Medium Statistics 59 700136 136 170

Medium Statistics 66 700149 137 173

Hard Applied Problems 84 700285 139 180

Hard Applied Problems 93 700119 140 184

Hard Applied Problems 94 700120 140 185

Hard Applied Problems 96 700122 141 186

Hard Applied Problems 97 700123 141 186

Hard Applied Problems 98 700139 141 186

Hard Applied Problems 105 700343 141 189

Hard Applied Problems 106 700344 142 190

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Answer
Question Question Explanation
Dif iculty Concept # ID # Page Page

Hard Applied Problems 107 700345 142 190

Hard Applied Problems 108 700346 142 190

Hard Applied Problems 109 700347 142 191

Hard Applied Problems 110 700348 142 191

Hard Applied Problems; Rates 91 700318 140 183

Hard Arithmetic Operations 80 700115 139 179

Hard Arithmetic Operations; Percents 78 700113 139 178

Hard Concepts of Sets 83 700314 139 180

Hard Concepts of Sets; Percents 85 700284 139 181

Hard First-Degree Equations 95 700121 140 185

Hard Inference 99 700337 141 187

Hard Inference 100 700338 141 187

Hard Inference 101 700339 141 187

Hard Inference 102 700340 141 188

Hard Inference 103 700341 141 188

Hard Inference 104 700342 141 189

Hard Operations with Fractions 89 700102 140 182

Hard Percents 75 700297 138 176

Hard Percents 77 700303 138 177

Hard Percents 79 700114 139 178

Hard Percents 81 700112 139 179

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Answer
Question Question Explanation
Dif iculty Concept # ID # Page Page

Hard Probability 87 700283 139 182

Hard Properties of Numbers 82 700300 139 179

Hard Rate Problems 86 700306 139 181

Hard Sets 88 700310 140 182

Hard Simultaneous Equations 76 700105 138 177

Hard Simultaneous Equations 92 700118 140 184

Hard Work Problems 90 700301 140 183

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Two-Part Analysis – Page 193

Answer
Question Question Explanation
Dif iculty Concept # ID # Page Page

Easy Evaluate 116 700257 194 217

Easy Infer 111 700355 193 214

Easy Infer 112 700356 193 214

Easy Infer 113 700155 193 215

Easy Infer 118 700275 195 219

Easy Recognize 115 700240 194 216

Easy Recognize 117 700271 195 218

Easy Strategize 114 700197 194 216

Medium Apply 122 700184 196 221

Medium Apply 125 700194 197 223

Medium Evaluate 119 700350 195 219

Medium Evaluate 120 700354 196 220

Medium Evaluate 121 700174 196 220

Medium Evaluate 123 700191 196 222

Medium Evaluate 126 700196 197 224

Medium Evaluate 128 700201 198 226

Medium Infer 127 700198 198 225

Medium Infer 129 700202 199 227

Medium Infer 130 700231 199 228

Medium Infer 131 700232 199 228

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Answer
Question Question Explanation
Dif iculty Concept # ID # Page Page

Medium Infer 135 700256 201 231

Medium Infer 136 700266 201 232

Medium Strategize 124 700192 197 223

Medium Strategize 132 700233 200 229

Medium Strategize 133 700234 200 230

Medium Strategize 134 700242 200 230

Hard Apply 143 700177 204 238

Hard Apply 148 700215 205 243

Hard Apply 154 700228 207 247

Hard Apply 155 700239 208 247

Hard Apply 156 700241 208 248

Hard Evaluate 137 700349 201 233

Hard Evaluate 146 700203 204 241

Hard Evaluate 147 700205 205 242

Hard Evaluate 161 700264 209 252

Hard Infer 138 700352 202 234

Hard Infer 139 700353 202 234

Hard Infer 140 700157 203 235

Hard Infer 141 700170 203 236

Hard Infer 142 700176 203 237

Hard Infer 144 700186 204 239

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Answer
Question Question Explanation
Dif iculty Concept # ID # Page Page

Hard Infer 145 700200 204 240

Hard Infer 152 700226 206 245

Hard Infer 157 700252 208 249

Hard Infer 160 700259 209 252

Hard Infer 162 700265 210 253

Hard Infer 163 700268 210 254

Hard Recognize 151 700225 206 245

Hard Recognize 158 700253 208 250

Hard Recognize 159 700258 209 251

Hard Recognize 165 700280 211 255

Hard Strategize 149 700222 206 244

Hard Strategize 150 700224 206 244

Hard Strategize 153 700227 207 246

Hard Strategize 164 700278 210 254

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