Q1) Attempt any EIGHT of the following (out of TEN):

a) What is Software Testing? Software Testing is the process of evaluating and verifying that a software application or product meets
the required business and technical requirements. It is a quality control measure aimed at ensuring the reliability and performance of
software under specified conditions. The main goal of software testing is to identify errors, gaps, or missing requirements.

b) What is Static Testing? Static Testing is a method of testing software without executing the program. It involves the manual or
automated analysis of the program's source code, documentation, and other project artifacts. Examples include code reviews,
walkthroughs, and inspections. Static testing helps in early detection of defects.

c) State the advantages of manual testing.

• Easy to learn for new testers

• Does not require programming skills or knowledge of automation tools

• Effective for user interface (UI) testing

• Flexibility to handle complex test scenarios

• Quick identification of usability issues

d) What are formulae for calculating Cyclomatic Complexity? Cyclomatic Complexity (CC) is a quantitative measure of the number
of linearly independent paths through a program's source code. The formula is: CC = E - N + 2P Where: E = Number of Edges, N =
Number of Nodes, P = Number of connected components (usually 1). It helps determine the complexity and maintainability of the code.

e) What is Gray-box testing? Gray-box testing is a combination of both Black-box and White-box testing techniques. The tester has
partial knowledge of the internal workings of the application. It is used to identify context-specific errors and is effective in testing web
applications and integration points.

f) Define validation testing. Validation Testing is the process of evaluating software during or at the end of the development process to
determine whether it satisfies specified business requirements. It answers the question: "Are we building the right product?"

g) What is Debugging? Debugging is the process of locating, analyzing, and fixing bugs or defects in the software code. It involves
identifying the root cause of an issue and correcting the underlying code to prevent recurrence.

h) Explain terms - Error, Fault and Failure.

• Error: A human mistake during software development.

• Fault (Defect): An incorrect step, process, or data definition in the program.

• Failure: The inability of software to perform a required function.

i) Define regression testing. Regression Testing is a type of software testing that ensures recent code or program changes have not
adversely affected existing features and functionality. It is essential after patches, enhancements, or configuration changes.

j) What is software metric? A software metric is a standard of measurement used to quantify the attributes of software development
and testing. Examples include lines of code, code complexity, defect density, and test coverage.

Q2) Attempt any FOUR of the following (out of FIVE):

a) Write difference between verification and validation.

• Verification:

o Ensures the product is built correctly.

o Involves reviews, walkthroughs, and inspections.

o It is a static method.

• Validation:

o Ensures the correct product is built.

o Involves actual testing.

o It is a dynamic method.
b) Explain Software Testing Life Cycle (STLC) with diagram. STLC refers to a sequence of activities conducted to perform software
testing. Phases:

1. Requirement Analysis

2. Test Planning

3. Test Case Design

4. Test Environment Setup

5. Test Execution

6. Test Cycle Closure

c) Explain Boundary-Value Analysis in details. Boundary-Value Analysis (BVA) is a black-box testing technique that focuses on the
values at the boundaries. It is based on the principle that errors often occur at the edges rather than the center of input ranges. For
example, for a field accepting values 1–100, test cases would include 0, 1, 2, 99, 100, and 101.

d) Explain Acceptance Testing in details. Acceptance Testing is the final level of testing performed to determine whether the software
system has met all business and functional requirements. Types include:

• Alpha Testing: Done by internal users.

• Beta Testing: Done by a limited group of external users.

e) Explain Test Case Design along with example. Test Case Design is the creation of a set of input values, execution conditions, and
expected results to evaluate a particular software feature. Example:

• Test Case ID: TC_Login_01

• Objective: Validate successful login

• Steps: Enter valid credentials and click Login

• Expected Result: Redirect to Dashboard

Q3) Attempt any FOUR of the following (out of FIVE):

a) Explain any four testing principles in detail.

1. Testing shows presence of defects: Testing helps in revealing the presence of defects, not their absence.

2. Exhaustive testing is not possible: It's impossible to test all input combinations.

3. Early testing saves time and cost: Begin testing in early stages to reduce defects.

4. Defect clustering: A small number of modules contain most of the defects.

b) Explain white-box testing and its techniques. White-box testing is based on knowledge of the internal logic of the code. Techniques:

• Statement Coverage: Ensures each line is executed at least once.

• Branch Coverage: Ensures every possible path (true/false) is executed.

• Path Coverage: Ensures all paths through a function are tested.

c) Explain Sandwich and Big-Bang approach of Integration Testing.

• Sandwich Testing: Combines Top-down and Bottom-up integration simultaneously.

• Big-Bang Testing: All units are integrated at once and tested together.

d) Explain Load and Smoke Testing in detail.

• Load Testing: Determines how the system behaves under expected and peak user loads.

• Smoke Testing: Initial testing to check critical functionalities before moving on to deeper testing.

e) Write difference between Static and Dynamic Testing.

• Static Testing:

o Done without executing code.

• Dynamic Testing:

o Code is executed to validate output.

o Includes unit, integration, and system testing.

Q4) Attempt any FOUR of the following (out of FIVE):

a) Explain Test Case Design for the login process.

• Valid login with correct credentials

• Invalid login with incorrect password

• Empty username and/or password

• SQL injection test

• Password visibility toggle test

b) Stub and Driver Concept in Unit Testing.

• Stub: Simulates the behavior of lower-level modules not yet integrated.

• Driver: Simulates higher-level modules that call the lower modules.

c) Explain GUI Testing in details. GUI Testing evaluates the graphical elements of the application. It involves checking:

• Layout and alignment

• Field validations

• Font and color schemes

• Responsiveness

• Navigation and usability

d) What is difference between client/server and web-based testing?

• Client/Server Testing:

o Testing of two-tier architecture

o Network setup required

• Web-Based Testing:

o Testing over internet/intranet

o Involves browser compatibility, performance, and security

Q5) Write a short note on Any TWO of the following (out of THREE):

a) Testing for Real-Time System. Real-time system testing ensures the software responds within strict time constraints. It includes
testing of:

• Timing behavior

• Data accuracy

• Interrupt handling

• Concurrency and resource sharing

b) Stub and Driver Concept in Unit Testing. Stub and Driver are temporary replacements:

• Stub simulates the called module

c) Load Runner. LoadRunner is a performance testing tool by Micro Focus. It simulates multiple virtual users to test how the application
behaves under heavy load. It supports a wide range of protocols and is widely used in load, stress, and endurance testing.