CIVL 5552-Sem2, 2019 Gymnasium Project

Engineering Project 2 Portal Frame Design

Duration: Hand out in: Week 1 in class
Project due date: Project 1: Beam portal design due end of Week 7,
Project 2: Truss design end of Week 10.
Coordinator: Dr Mohamed Elchalakani

1. INSTRUCTIONS:

1.1 Beam Portal Frame Design (group work 30%) (due end of Week 7)
In group of 4 students (Max), you need to do one design (one beam portal frame) of a Gymnasium to
AS4100 “Australian Steel Design Code” as per the following dimensions and shown 3D drawings. Each
group has different dimensions. The gym must be made of one hall (single span) and has a sloping roof as
shown with roof decking and insulation. No internal column is allowed. It is required to design all
members as designated in the design section. Computer program Space Gass can be used for the analysis
and design. See Table on Page 4 for dimensions. You may like to download the Space Gass student
version on page 13.

Gable

4No. doors 3m x 3m
H L 2 doors on each side

Fig. 1. Project 1: Beam Design one single span system

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 1.2 Truss Frame Design (30%): Individual Work (due end of Week 12) +10% participation in 12
weeks

You need to do one design (one truss) of a Gymnasium to AS4100 “Australian Steel Design Code” as per
the following dimensions and shown 3D drawings. Each student has building configuration and
dimensions similar to those from Group Project 1. The gym must be made of one hall/single span and has
a sloping roof as shown with roof decking and insulation. It is required to design all the members of the
truss manually and compared to computer-aided solutions. Computer program Space Gass can be used for
the analysis and design. You may like to download the student version, see page 13.

Important note.
You only need to design the truss manually and with Space Gass since purlins, girts, roof and wall
braces, gable end column, slab, foundation, etc. have been designed in the group beam portal frame
project. Once student has been assigned to a particular building for the group design, this building
configuration must be followed for both Beam and Truss designs so that it will be a fair comparison in the
cost analysis of the 2 designs.

L
L1

Fig. 2. Project 2: Truss Design One Span Structural System

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 L

Fig. 3. Wind directions on portal frames

1.3 Brief
The assignment is to develop a preliminary design then followed by a detailed design for the structural
framing of a gymnasium. The objective of a preliminary design is first to select a structural system
suitable for overall span then to estimate the sizes of the principal elements of the structure, to allow the
architect to incorporate these into his design. That is, for the architect to make space within the building
for the structure. Note, H=clear height free of any obstacles such as steel members, etc.

1.4 Information provided

As a project brief to the engineer, a structural roof plan and section are provided.
Being a gymnasium, it is desirable that the inside wall surfaces be flush, without protrusions into the floor
space.
Download Australian Standards: https://www.saiglobal.com/online/autologin.asp

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1.5 Group Gym Dimensions

The following table shows the roof pitch angle, the clear height H, the overall span B, and the total gym
length, L. These dimensions are fixed and you cannot change throughout the project. All dimensions are
in meters. Restrictions are:

 Weight of all structural steel (excluding cladding) shall not exceed 100 kg/m2.
 No internal column is allowed
 Priority to use available off-the-shelf rolled and welded sections (more economical) in Space Gass
library. Try not to use welded built-up sections (expensive).
 H = clear height without any structural obstructions.
 Overall height of the gym is not more than 20 m include cladding and roof purlins.

Angle H B L Angle H B L
Group Group
Deg (m) (m) (m) Deg (m) (m) (m)
1 12 4 22 44 31 23 5 26 52
2 14 6 17 34 32 11 4 20 40
3 15 4 16 32 33 12 7 23 46
4 14 4 25 50 34 16 8 17 34
5 15 4 21 42 35 17 4 23 46
6 16 6 24 48 36 9 8 26 52
7 18 8 26 52 37 20 4 20 40
8 23 4 26 52 38 11 6 15 30
9 21 6 19 38 39 21 4 20 40
10 10 4 22 44 40 14 4 20 40
11 11 4 19 38 41 8 6 24 48
12 10 6 25 50 42 22 4 26 52
13 13 7 19 38 43 16 7 24 48
14 14 5 16 32 44 9 4 23 46
15 23 6 21 42 45 8 5 21 42
16 19 7 21 42 46 14 8 22 44
17 15 5 23 46 47 18 6 17 34
18 10 8 25 50 48 21 8 16 32
19 14 8 19 38 49 23 5 22 44
20 17 6 21 42 50 21 6 19 38
21 23 8 23 46 51 18 7 26 52
22 20 5 26 52 52 9 7 17 34
23 23 4 22 44 53 8 6 23 46
24 8 8 26 52 54 9 5 24 48
25 15 8 22 44 55 22 7 16 32
26 9 6 25 50 56 12 5 23 46
27 17 6 15 30 57 10 5 22 44
28 11 5 17 34 58 15 6 16 32
29 17 7 15 30 59 11 5 21 42
30 9 8 24 48 60 10 6 20 40

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1.6 Roof Materials
The roof & walls of the building will be constructed using profiled steel claddings. The cladding will be
supported by cold formed purlins and girts, in turn supported by rafter or trusses framed from rectangular
hollow sections to AS 1163, for example and columns out of UB sections to AS/NZS 3679.1.
Cold-formed steel purlins & girts, RHS truss members to AS 1163. Base plates to AS/NZS 3678.
• The roof & fascia walls of the building are clad with ‘Trimdek’ of 0.42 mm thickness (Blue Scope
http://www.steel.com.au ). Alternatively, Stratco Topdek700, 0.48mm BMT can be used.

• The roof purlins – Lysaght (http://www.steel.com.au) or Stramit (http://www.stramit.com.au). (see

table below for preliminary sizes). Purlins are spaced the range of 1.0m to 1.5m or within the limit
by roof sheeting. Stratco purlins can bused as an alternative.
1.7 Research
Initially you need to understand the different building components in a portal frame. You will need to
discover the weights of the construction materials (internet – Lysaght and Stramit), live loads on the roof
(AS 1170.1), and wind pressures (AS1170.2). You will also need to estimate the weights of the structure
in the preliminary stage. Assume sizes for the purlins for the estimate, and revise the weight if necessary
to carry forward into the loads on the beams or trusses. Assume sizes for the truss members and revise if
necessary. For the preliminary stage, it’s not necessary to refine these estimates too closely in the
preliminary stage; a good approximation will do. (With some experience, these things can be estimated
quite accurately.)
1.8 Manual calculations
The completed manual calculations shall include an explanation of how loads will be carried from the
place of application of the load to the ground. This means tracing the load paths. Diagrams can be
helpful and can save lots of words. A description of the load paths from the point of application of a load
to its resistance at the ground. This will comprise statements such as “The roof cladding is supported by
purlins as beam-type elements, which are supported by…”
The analysis can be done using methods of analysis previously in CIVL3110 “Structural Analysis” unit or
by assuming indeterminate structures, or beam/frame formula. A set of calculations:
• listing the estimate of loads – dead, live and wind loads. This is a detailed design, so it’s necessary to
use every applicable factor in the wind code, for instance.
• determine member forces and moments by hand analysis. This needs decisions on which actions are
critical – moment, shear, axial force.
1.9 Dead and Live Loads to AS1170.1
A set of calculations listing the loads at each point in the load path, eg:
Weight of cladding 0.05 kPa ??
Self-weight of purlins 0.03 kPa ??
Insulations (Rockwool 50 mm) 0.01 kPa ??
Electrical fixtures 0.01 kPa ??
Total dead load 0.10 kPa ?? x 1.2 =
Live (inaccessible roofs) 0.25 kPa ?? x 1.5 =
Loads to be confirmed by the students form Material Data Sheets or from Australian Standards
Continuing on with loads on rafters, trusses, etc. and followed by analyses to calculate the bending
moments, shear forces and axial forces in the elements of the structure
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1.10 Wind loads to AS 1170.2
For wind loads, assume Terrain Category 3, Region A1, R=500 years return period, No shielding, flat
terrain, wind direction multiplier is 1.0. All wind factors to be determined based on single span building.
Assume wind pressure is constant and does not change with height. The structure is effectively sealed and
impermeable (Cpi=-0.2, 0). For internal coefficient, Cpi, negative value means inward suction and positive
value means outward pressure. The wind pressure in AS1170.2 is given by:
p = 0.5 ρ air (Vdes
2
,θ )C fig Cdyn

ρair = density of air =1.2 kg/m3

Vdes,θ = Orthogonal design wind speed for 500 years return period for θ=00.
Cfig = Cp,e Ka Kc Kl Kp, for external pressures
Cfig = Cp,i Kc, for internal pressures
Cfig = Cf Kc, for frictional drag forces (ignore)
Cp,e = external pressure coefficient
Ka = area reduction factor
Kc = combination factor = 0.8 when int. & ext. are in the same direction, or assume =1.0 for all cases.
Kl = local pressure factor = 1.0 for the portal frame.
Kl = 1.5, 2.0, 3.0 for purlins. For girts Kl = 1, 1.5 for windward wall, 1.5, 2 for side wall (see Table 5.6).
Kp = porous cladding reduction factor = 1.0
Cp,i = internal pressure coefficient, assume fully sealed at Vdes
Cf = frictional drag force coefficient =1.0
Cdyn = Dynamic response factor =1.0

2. DESIGN REQUIREMENTS (GROUP PROJECT # 1 ONLY): BEAM PORTAL

Download all Australian Standards from: https://www.saiglobal.com/online/autologin.asp

a) Workout structural system of the building

b) Roof purlins to AS4600. For wind load analysis, only case where Kl=1.0 is required for the design
scope (even though cases where Kl=1.5, 2 and 3 will be discussed in class)
c) Rafters of the portal frame only to AS4100
d) Columns of the portal frame only to AS4100
e) Horizontal bracings on roof to AS4100
f) Vertical bracings on walls to AS4100
g) Concrete Floor slab. You need to design the floor slab including all details of reinforcement.
h) Drawing: the followings are required to be presented on drawing
• Plan showing all structural members. For members not in the design scope, adopt members
shown in the sample drawing provided with this brief
• Elevations: minimum two elevations (longitudinal and gable end) are required
• Section: one section across the building is required
• Connections: knee connection, ridge connection, fly brace, column to footing connection: these
connections are not included in the design scope, students can adopt connections shown in the
sample drawing provided with this brief as standard connections
• Footing: design of footing is not included in the design scope, students can adopt footing
shown in the sample drawing provided with this brief (note that in reality, design must be done
accordingly)
• Slab on ground: incorporate detail for slab thickness and reinforcement in detail of footing.
Refer to sample drawing provided with this brief for similar details
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3. DESIGN REQUIREMENTS (INDIVIDUAL PROJECT # 2 ONLY): ROOF TRUSS

a) Use dead load and live load similar to Group Project 1. Truss self-weight will be different
b) Work out wind loads that will be applied on the building. Wind load may be different to those
used in Group Project 1 because the height has changed to accommodate truss depth
c) Using loadings in item a) and b) above, analyse one typical truss using determinate simply
supported truss (ie. pinned and roller supports). Design truss top chord, bottom chord, one vertical
chord with heaviest forces, and one diagonal chord with heaviest forces to AS4100
d) Cost comparison: (refer Section 6 for more requirements)
• Beam: calculate the total costs for the supply, fabricate, and installation of a beam used for the
portal frame in Project 1 in your Group
• Truss: calculate the total costs for the supply, fabricate, and installation of a truss used for the
truss in Project 2
• Compare the costs of the two options and draw any conclusion regarding the economical use
of beam or truss in your design

4. DESIGN PARAMETERS

 Wind load to AS 1170.2: Basic Wind speed Region A1, R=500 years return period, Terrain
Category 3, No topography-flat terrain, Wind direction multiplier =1.0.
 Deal load to AS 1170.1.
 Live load to AS 1170.1.

5. PENALTY

 You must submit the report with manual calculations and Space Gass file to get a passing grade.
 Apply penalty as per marking scheme for late submissions. No submission will be received after 7
days from the date of submission.

6. QUANTITIES, COSTING, DESIGN COMPARISON AND OTHER REQUIREMENTS:

6.1 General requirements for quantities and costing

Provide quantities and costs for the group design in a table format. Consider $1000/m3 for
concrete include reinforcement and pouring, and $7,000 /ton of structural steel including material,
fabrication and erection. Consider $200/m2 for sheets/decking, and $100/m for purlins/ side
rails/girts. Detailed conclusions on a clear comparison between the design and the effect of each
parameter you have adopted for each option. Printouts for the maximum vertical deflection (∆y)
and Horizontal (∆x and ∆z)) for the 2 designs. In a table format determine the amount of
allowable deflection for both vertical (L/250) and horizontal directions (H/125). Determine if the
design is accepted or not.

6.2 Project 1:
Provide quantities and costs for the whole building based on drawings provided by the Group.
Note that drawing shall reflect the design calculations of the Group. If design calculations have
been undertaken for an element, that element shall be shown on drawing. The elements taken into
account for quantities include, but not limited to roof and wall sheeting, purlins and girts, rafters,
columns, beams, fly braces, roof and wall braces, all connections, footing including
reinforcement, slab on ground including reinforcement, and all other elements shown on your
group drawing.

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 Provide Tables for the sizes of steel sections, footing, slab and reinforcement. For elements that
are not in the design scope such as footing, gable end beam and columns, fly braces, girts, holding
down bolts, adopt details for these elements as shown on sample drawing provided with this brief.

6.3 Project 2:

Assuming that all purlins, girts, columns, footings and slab will be the same for two beam and
truss options, and that the only difference between the two options will be the quantity of beam
and truss resulted from respective option, design comparison is therefore only for the roof beam
and truss.

Provide Tables for the sizes of steel sections of the beam (including fly braces as shown in sample
drawing) and truss (including strut S1 as shown in sample drawing) options. You need to explain
the design very well for each option to show any significant difference between the two options
and how the difference will affect the costs.

7. EXAMPLE

7.1 MEMBER SIZES

ITEM DESIGN

COLUMNS
1. CORNER, END (C1) 410UB53.7
2. MIDDLE, END (C2) AT GABLE
3. CORNER, INNER (C3)

TRUSSES

1. Top Chord 150X100X4 RHS

2. Bottom Chord
3. Verticals
4. Diagonals
5. Columns
6. Splices
7. Connections

BEAM
1. Beam 410UB53.7
2. Roof Purlins Z15015
3. Wall girts
4. Horizontal bracings
5. Vertical Bracings
6. Connections

FOOTINGS

A. CONCRETE 1.0mx1.0 mx0.5m

B. REINFORCEMENT N16-200 both ways

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7.2 Preliminary Sizes

Ideally this phase for the preliminary structural member sizes needs experience. If you do not have
experience, you can start with some guess work. The table below will help you in this process. This step
in the project can take few cycles (iterations) until you reach the final sizes which meet the design criteria
in AS4100. You may find at the first iteration that some or all the members do not meet the load factor of
1.0 or more. A load factor of 1.0 is the minimal requirement of AS4100 which means the member has a
member capacity equal to the ultimate straining actions.

Columns
Span (B) in meters Column Size Shape
B<6m 200UB H-shape
6m<B<8m 250UB H-shape
8 m < B < 15 m 310UB H-shape
15m < B < 25 m 410UB H-shape
25m < B < 35 m 530UB H-shape

Roof Purlins and wall girts

Span (L) in meters Purlin/girt Size Shape
L<5m Z 150 Z-shape
5m<L<7m Z150 Z-shape
7m<L<8m Z 200 Z-shape
8m<L<9m Z 250 Z-shape

Rafters and Eave-beams

Span Rafter/Beam Size Shape
Rafters up to 30 m S/40 I-shape
Eave-beams D/20 I-shape

Roof Truss
Distance (B) in meters Purlin Size Size
Truss depth Span/(10 to 20) Depends on the shape
of truss
B<6m Top/Bottom Chord 100x50 RHS
Diagonal/Vertical 75x75 SHS
6m<B<8m Top/Bottom Chord 150x100 RHS
Diagonal/Vertical 100x100 SHS
8 m < B < 12 m Top/Bottom Chord 150X100 RHS
Diagonal/Vertical 100X100 SHS

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8. REPORT FORMAT

1. Abstract

2. Introduction (Research)

a. Portal Frame buildings design concepts.

A short essay on portal frames and roof trusses and the structure shown in the brief,
commenting on whether it is a complete structure or not and explain the members needed
for stability.
b. Truss Frame Design method (for individual project 2)
c. Rafter Frame Design Method (for group project 1)
d. Cladding types for steel buildings
e. Portal Frame buildings construction
f. Shallow foundation design

3. Design Sections
a. Manual calculations
b. Space Gass results. You need to take screen shots of the working deflections in X, Y, Z
directions. You need to take screen shots of ultimate bending moment, shear force and
axial force diagrams.
c. Steel sizes in table format for members that are in the design scope only
d. Slab on ground thickness and reinforcement
e. Comparison between Manual Calculations and Software in a table format

4. Cost Summary for Project 1. Check that weight does not exceed 100 kg/m2.
5. Cost comparison for individual Project 2.
6. Professional AutoCAD / Revit Drawings for the steel structure and foundations (See Appendix A)
for Project 1 only
7. Conclusions
8. References
9. Appendix A, contain all datasheets of material used, cladding, purlins, etc.
10. Appendix B, Space Gass Design Output (plots).
11. A bound hard pack (hard copy) of the project must be submitted in “CIVL5552 Mail Box” at the
ground floor of the engineering building. A soft copy include PDF/DOC of the report and Space
Gass File (groupNo.SG) shall be submitted using USB.

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9. SPACE GASS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN STEPS

1. Check attached list for your building geometry. You may like to use the “Portal frame Builder”.
2. The preliminary size of the columns, beams, purlins and top and bottom chords are given in the
preliminary design section.
3. Input geometry and supports. Pin support is often used for steel buildings but if lateral defections
are high use fixed support.
4. Insert Dead load according to your loading calculations.
5. Primary load cases P1=D, P2=L, P3=Wx,up, P4=Wx,dn, P5=Wz,up, P6=Wz,dn.
6. Check Load Combinations to AS1170.0 (D=Dead, L=Live, W=Wind, dn=down, up = upward):
 C11 =1.35D C20= 1.2D + 1.5L
 C21= 0.9D + 1.0Wx,up C22= 1.2D + 1.0Wx,dn
 C23= 0.9D + 1.0Wz,up C24= 1.2D + 1.0Wz,dn
 C30=1.0D + 0.7 L (∆y) “ Check for vertical deflection span/250 (note: ψs=0.7)
 C31= 1.2D + 0.67Wx (∆z), Check for horizontal Deflection H/125.
 C32=1.0D + 0.67Wz (∆z), Check for horizontal Deflection H/125.
Note:
• To convert ultimate wind pressure to serviceability pressure, (37/45)2 = 0.67 factor is used in
the above combinations where 37 and 45 are serviceability and ultimate wind speeds
respectively
• Wx: wind at 0o and Wz: wind at 90o
7. Check Maximum displacement ∆y< Max Span/250, ∆x< Height/150 or rafter spacing/200, ∆z <
Height/150 or rafter spacing/200. If these limits are met proceed to the design links, otherwise
redesign by increasing member sizes.
8. Design Links
a. Steel Member Design
 Columns (corner, side, end)
 Beam
 Truss (top, bottom, verticals, diagonals) for project 2 only
 Gable end Beam
 Roof Purlins and wall girts
b. Slab on ground design
9. Record Reactions for foundation designing purpose only

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10. SPACE GASS DOWNLOAD / SELF-LEARNING STEPS

To download the Installer, go to the following link –

https://cloudstor.aarnet.edu.au/plus/index.php/s/o4J0WKIKW5TqA4n

In the following 12 steps you can have your Space Gass running in your Laptop !

1. Copy/download the SG vr 12.5 folder to your desktop

2. Run SpaceGassFullSetup.exe as administrator (right click on it, choose the “Run as administrator”
option)

3. Click Yes, if prompted about whether you want to allow the program to make changes to your
computer

4. Click Install, in the Space Gass 12.5 Setup dialog – no need to change the install location

5. Click “Yes” to optimize Space Gass to operate correctly with your computer’s graphics hardware.

6. This will bring up a web page with instructions about – go through the steps to get best graphics
quality and performance for SpaceGass

7. The first time you run SpaceGass, you’ll want to click Yes, to agree to the License terms

8. You can choose the default option to “Start just the renderer”

9. Next, click the button to “Connect to Titan on the Network”

10. Type in spacegass.civil.uwa.edu.au for the Titan network connection

11. You’ll need to enter that again, in place of localhost, in the Titan Client Tool that comes up, then
click “Test Connection to Titan Server”

12. If the test was successful, click “Save and Close” at top right – if the test was not successful, make
sure that you are connected to the Internet, and ECM VPN.

13. Self-learning by watching the most important videos from this link
http://spacegass.com/training/index.htm#2. These videos are (1) graphical interface; Portal frame
builder; (3) Analysis; (4) Steel member design; and (5) Steel connection design;

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APPENDIX A: EXAMPLE DRAWING: BEAM PORTAL DESIGN WITH ONE SPAN.

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APPENDIX B: EXAMPLE DRAWING: TRUSSED PORTAL DESIGN WITH SINGLE SPAN.

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