MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. Which of the following is a key advantage of qualitative research approaches?

a) Provides numerical data for statistical analysis

b) Allows in-depth exploration of complex phenomena

c) Focuses on large sample sizes for generalization

d) Eliminates the need for interpretation

Correct Answer: b) Allows in-depth exploration of complex phenomena

2. What is a major disadvantage of quantitative research methods?

a) Results are difficult to replicate

b) Data collection is highly subjective

c) May overlook contextual details and deeper meanings

d) Requires small sample sizes

Correct Answer: c) May overlook contextual details and deeper meanings

3. Random screening in drug discovery is best described as:

a) Testing compounds without prior knowledge of their biological activity

b) Selecting compounds based on structural similarities

c) Using computational models to predict drug interactions

d) Modifying lead compounds for optimization

Correct Answer: a) Testing compounds without prior knowledge of their biological activity

4. Which of the following is an advantage of non-random screening?

a) Requires testing fewer compounds

b) Ignores previous knowledge about active molecules

d) Avoids using targeted screening strategies

Correct Answer: a) Requires testing fewer compounds

5. Rational drug design primarily focuses on:

a) Screening large libraries of compounds randomly

b) Understanding molecular interactions to guide compound development

c) Identifying drug candidates without prior knowledge

d) Modifying molecules without considering biological targets

Correct Answer: b) Understanding molecular interactions to guide compound development

6. Homologation involves:

a) Adding or removing functional groups randomly

b) Extending a molecular structure by inserting repeating units

c) Breaking down large molecules into smaller fragments

d) Converting a ring structure into a linear chain

Correct Answer: b) Extending a molecular structure by inserting repeating units

7. Which of the following is a result of chain branching in drug molecules?

a) Increased metabolism stability

b) Lower lipophilicity

c) Decreased potency in most cases

d) Decreased molecular weight

Correct Answer: a) Increased metabolism stability

a) Interconversion between open-chain and cyclic forms of a molecule

b) The conversion of double bonds into single bonds

c) Increasing the molecular weight of a drug

d) Removing functional groups to simplify structure

Correct Answer: a) Interconversion between open-chain and cyclic forms of a molecule

9. Which of the following statements about molecular recognition is correct?

a) It is an entirely random process

b) It is determined by non-covalent interactions

c) It does not play a role in enzyme-substrate binding

d) Only covalent bonds are involved in molecular recognition

Correct Answer: b) It is determined by non-covalent interactions

10. Molecular recognition in drug design is crucial for:

a) Enhancing the ability of a molecule to randomly interact with any receptor

b) Ensuring high specificity of a drug for its target

c) Increasing the general toxicity of a compound

d) Reducing the affinity of a drug towards its receptor

Correct Answer: b) Ensuring high specificity of a drug for its target

11. Structure-based drug design (SBDD) relies on:

a) Knowledge of the 3D structure of the target protein

b) Randomly modifying lead compounds

c) Predicting activity without considering receptor interactions

Correct Answer: a) Knowledge of the 3D structure of the target protein

12. Which of the following techniques is commonly used in structure-based drug design?

a) NMR spectroscopy

b) X-ray crystallography

c) UV-Visible spectrophotometry

d) Thin-layer chromatography

Correct Answer: b) X-ray crystallography

13. Ligand-based drug design (LBDD) is primarily dependent on:

a) The detailed 3D structure of the target protein

b) The chemical properties and bioactivity data of known ligands

c) Screening compounds without prior knowledge

d) The use of random screening

Correct Answer: b) The chemical properties and bioactivity data of known ligands

14. Which of the following is an advantage of ligand-based drug design?

a) Requires knowledge of the target protein structure

b) Uses known active molecules to predict new drug candidates

c) Does not require computational modeling

d) Ignores chemical similarity in drug discovery

Correct Answer: b) Uses known active molecules to predict new drug candidates

15. In drug discovery, homologation is useful for:

b) Removing essential functional groups

c) Randomly modifying structures without prediction

d) Decreasing the molecular weight of a drug

Correct Answer: a) Altering the lipophilicity and potency of a molecule

16. Chain branching in a molecule often leads to:

a) Increased water solubility

b) Increased molecular rigidity

c) Decreased metabolic stability

d) Lower drug-receptor binding affinity

Correct Answer: a) Increased water solubility

17. Ring-chain transformations can influence:

a) Only the color of a compound

b) The bioavailability and stability of a drug

c) The number of functional groups in a molecule

d) The solubility in water but not in organic solvents

Correct Answer: b) The bioavailability and stability of a drug

18. Molecular docking is a key step in:

a) Structure-based drug design

b) High-throughput screening

c) Chain elongation processes

d) Chemical synthesis of new drugs

19. Which of the following best describes the role of computational models in ligand-based drug
design?

a) Predicts receptor binding affinity based on known ligands

b) Ignores chemical similarities between molecules

c) Eliminates the need for experimental validation

d) Focuses on receptor structure rather than ligand properties

Correct Answer: a) Predicts receptor binding affinity based on known ligands

20. Which of the following is a limitation of structure-based drug design?

a) Requires an experimentally determined 3D structure of the target

b) Does not use computational methods

c) Relies only on trial-and-error approaches

d) Ignores receptor-ligand interactions

Correct Answer: a) Requires an experimentally determined 3D structure of the target

2MARKS

1. What are the key differences between qualitative and quantitative research approaches?

2. What are the advantages of using qualitative methods in drug design ?

3. What are the limitations of qualitative research in drug discovery?

4. Why is quantitative research often preferred in drug design ?

5. How does quantitative analysis contribute to drug development and clinical trials?
6. What is random screening in drug discovery?

7. What are the advantages of random screening in pharmaceutical research?

8. What are the disadvantages of random screening for lead discovery?

9. How does non-random screening differ from random screening?

10. What factors determine whether a non-random screening approach is effective?

11. How does high-throughput screening fit into random and non-random screening methodologies?

12. What role does artificial intelligence play in optimizing non-random screening?

13. How do computational techniques enhance non-random screening?

14. In what cases is random screening still relevant despite advancements in technology?

15. What is structure-based drug design (SBDD)?

16. What are the advantages of using structure-based drug design?

17. What challenges exist in applying structure-based drug design?

18. How does X-ray crystallography contribute to structure-based drug design?

20. How does ligand-based drug design differ from structure-based drug design?

21. What are the advantages of ligand-based drug design?

22. What are the limitations of ligand-based drug design?

23. How can structure-based and ligand-based approaches be integrated?

24. What computational tools are commonly used in structure-based drug design?

25. What is de novo drug design, and how does it differ from traditional rational drug design?

13 MARKS

1. Compare and contrast qualitative and quantitative approaches in drug discovery. Discuss their
advantages and disadvantages with suitable examples.

2. Explain the different lead discovery approaches: random screening, non-random screening, and
rational approaches. Highlight their significance and limitations in drug development.

3. Describe the concepts of homologation, chain branching, and ring-chain transformations. How do
these modifications influence the biological activity of drug molecules?

4. Discuss the molecular recognition phenomenon in drug-receptor interactions. How does this
concept influence drug design and selectivity?
5. Explain structure-based drug design (SBDD) and ligand-based drug design (LBDD). Compare their
methodologies and applications in modern drug discovery.

6. Evaluate the role of computational techniques in structure-based and ligand-based drug design. How
have these approaches revolutionized drug discovery?

10 MARKS

1)Explain the advantages and disadvantages of qualitative and quantitative approaches in drug design.

2)Compare qualitative and quantitative methods in terms of efficiency and applicability in lead
identification.

3)Discuss the impact of rational approaches on reducing the timeline of lead discovery compared to
random screening.

4) Critically analyze how non-random screening strategies enhance lead optimization in drug design

5)What is homologation? Explain its significance in drug design.

6) Describe the process of chain branching and its effect on molecular properties.

7) Explain the concept of ring-chain transformations with examples from drug design.

8)Define molecular recognition and explain its role in drug-target interactions.

9) Describe the factors influencing molecular recognition in biological systems.

10)How does ligand-based drug design complement structure-based drug design in CADD?

11) Discuss the limitations of LBDD and how computational tools address these challenges.