Title of Thesis [Font Style: Times New Roman: Font Size: 12 Bold: Position: Center

Year

Justified: Text Format: Capitalize Each Word]

Thesis Submitted to
NAME OF THE STUDENT

The Superior University Lahore

In Partial Fulfillment of the

Requirement for the Degree of

BS Microbiology

By
COMPLETE ROLL NO

[NAME OF THE STUDENT IN BLOCK LETTERS][FONT STYLE: TIMES NEW

ROMAN: FONT SIZE: 12 BOLD, UPPER CASE]

Roll No. COMPLETE ROLL NO

Session: 20**-20**

Faculty of Sciences
FOS
 Title of Thesis [Font Style: Times New Roman: Font Size: 12 Bold: Position: Center
Justified: Text Format: Capitalize Each Word]

Thesis Submitted to

The Superior University Lahore

In Partial Fulfillment of the

Requirement for the Degree of

BS Microbiology

By

[NAME OF THE STUDENT IN BLOCK LETTERS][FONT STYLE: TIMES NEW

ROMAN: FONT SIZE: 12 BOLD, UPPER CASE]

Roll No. COMPLETE ROLL NO

Session: 20**-20**

Faculty of Sciences
 Author’s Declaration

I hereby state that my BS thesis titled “Write your title here” is my work and
has not been submitted previously by me for taking any degree from this University,

The Superior University, Lahore

or anywhere else in the country/world.

At any time if my statement is found to be incorrect even after my graduation,

the university has the right to withdraw my BS degree.

Name of Student:

Date: ________________
 Plagiarism Undertaking

I solemnly declare that research work presented in the thesis titled “Thesis Title
Here” is solely my research work with no significant contribution from any other
person. Small contribution/help wherever taken has been duly acknowledged and that
complete thesis has been written by me.

I understand the zero-tolerance policy of the HEC and University,

The Superior University, Lahore

towards plagiarism. Therefore, I as author of the above-titled thesis declare that

no portion of my thesis has been plagiarized and any material used as a reference is
properly referred/cited. I undertake that if I am found guilty of any formal plagiarism in
the above-titled thesis, even after awarding of BS degree, the University reserves the
rights to withdraw/revoke my BS degree and that HEC and the University have the right
to publish my name on the HEC/University website on which names of students are
placed who submitted a plagiarized thesis.

Student/Author Signature: __________________

Name:
 Research Completion Certificate

This is to certify that the thesis entitled “Write your thesis title” submitted by “Write Your

Name” has been accepted towards the partial fulfillment of the requirement for BS

,“Program Title”. The quality of the work contained in this thesis is adequate for the award

of degree.

Supervisor Name:
Designation:

Signature:
 Certificate of Approval

This is to certify that the research work presented in this thesis, titled “Write
your thesis title” was conducted by “Student Name” under the supervision of
“Supervisor Name”

No part of this thesis has been submitted anywhere else for any other degree.
This thesis is submitted to the Faculty of Sciences, The Superior University, Lahore in
partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in the field
of “Program Title” in Faculty of Sciences at The Superior University, Lahore.

Student Name: Signature:______________

Examination Committee:

a) Internal Examiner: Signature:______________

b) Supervisor Name: Signature:______________

c) Name of HOD: Prof. Dr. Uqba Mehmood Signature:______________

d) Name of Dean: Prof. Dr. Mohammad Naveed Babur Signature:______________

Dedication
Acknowledgments
 Table of Contents
Page

Author’s Declaration……………………………………………………………………II

Plagiarism Undertaking…………………………………………………………………III

Research Completion Certificate……………………………………………………….IV

Certificate of Approval………………………………………………………………….V

DEDICATION…………………………………………….............................................VI

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS………………………………...........................................VII

TABLE OF CONTENT…...…………………………………….................................VIII

LIST OF TABLES……………………………………….............................................IIX

LIST OF FIGURES……………………………………………...................................IIIX

LIST OF ABBREVATIONS……………………………………...................................XI

ABSTRACT………………………………………..........................................................X

CHAPTER 1…………………………………………………........................................01

INTRODUCTION ………………………………………..............................................01

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES……………………………………….................................05

CHAPTER 2 ………………………………………………….......................................06

LITERATURE REVIEW…………………………………………………....................06

CHAPTER 3 ………………………………………………….......................................11

METHODOLOGY………………………………………...............................................11

1. RESEARCH DESIGN……………………………………….........................17

2. CLINICAL SETTINGS……………………………………….......................17

3. SAMPLE SIZE………………………………………....................................17

4. SAMPLING TECHNIQUE……………………………………….................17

5. DURATION OF STUDY………………………………………....................18
 6. SELECTION CRITERIA………………………………………....................18

6.1 Inclusion Criteria………………………………………...................18

6.2 Exclusion Criteria………………………………………..................18

7. ETHICAL CONSIDERATION……………………………………………...19

8. DATA COLLECTION PROCEDURE…………………………………........19

9. DATA ANALYSIS…………………………………………………………..20

10. ETHICAL CONSIDERATION………………………………………...........20

CHAPTER 4…………………………………………………........................................21

RESULTS …………………………………………………...........................................21

CHAPTER 5 ………………………………………………….......................................40

DISCUSSION…………………………………………………......................................40

CHAPTER 6…………………………………………………........................................47

CONCLUSION ………………………………………..................................................47

REFERENCES…...……………………………….........................................................48

APPENDICES………………………………….............................................................XI

Appendix-1……………………………………….........................................................XII

Appendix- 2………………………………………......................................................XIII

Appendix- 3………………………………………......................................................XIV
 List of Tables
Description Page
Table 1 Details .................................................................................................................. 22
Table 2 Details .................................................................................................................. 23
Table 3 Details ...................................................................................................................24
Table 4 Details ...................................................................................................................25
Table 5 Details .................................................................................................................. 26
 List of Figures
Description Page
Figure 1 Details ................................................................................................................. 22
Figure 2 Details.................................................................................................................. 23
Figure 3 Details.................................................................................................................. 24
Figure 4 Details.................................................................................................................. 25
Figure 5 Details.................................................................................................................. 26
 List of Abbreviations
[Abbreviations not explained in the text]

ACC Acyl CoA-Carboxylase

AFIP Armed Forces Institute of Pathology
AGEs Advanced Glycation End Products
BMI Body Mass Index
DNL de novo hepatic lipogenesis
ETC Electron Transport Chain
FDA Food and Drug Administration
 ABSTRACT
Write 250 to 500 words abstract comprising of introduction, aim of the study,
methodology, results and conclusion. [Times New Roman, Size 12 and Spacing 1.5]
CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
Introduction should address the brief background of your study, research problems;
studies that have already addressed any aspect of the research area; deficiencies in those
studies; significance of the study; and the aim of the research [Times New Roman, Font
Size 12 and Spacing 1.5].
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
The aims and objectives section should clearly outline the purpose and goals of the
study. The aim provides a broad statement of what the research intends to achieve,
reflecting the overall problem or gap being addressed. Objectives break this aim into
specific, measurable tasks or questions that guide the research process. Each objective
should be concise, achievable, and directly related to the study aim. Together, this
section should establish a focused framework for the research, ensuring clarity and
direction for the subsequent methodology and analysis.
CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW
Literature review should include a critical analysis and synthesis of existing scholarly
works, research studies, and relevant literature on the topic of your thesis [Times New
Roman, Size12, Spacing 1.5].
CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

3.1. FIELD SURVEY

Samples were collected from saline, industrial and polluted area around [Narang
Mandi, Muridkey, Kasur, Kala shah Kaku and Rai Wind] and from Lahore [Muslim
Town, Zafar Ali road], different plant species which were grown in that area [Table-
3.1] were also collected along with soil and water samples, for isolation of
germination defective spore forming bacteria. Ten soil samples were selected and
analyzed.
3.2. ISOLATION OF BACTERIA
3.2.1. From plant
For isolation of bacteria from roots and leaves of plants were washed thoroughly and
sterilized with 5% sodium hypochlorite for five minutes followed by repeated gentle
washings with glass distilled water. Sterilized plant parts were crushed in a small
amount of sterilized glass distilled water [2-3 ml] transferred in 50 ml flasks. And
volume was made to 10 ml. After 2 hours, plated on Schaeffer’s media containing
plates.
For isolation of bacteria from rhizoplane, roots and leaves, plant parts were rinsed
gently first with tap H2O then with glass distilled water and blot dried. Pieces of these
parts were placed on plates containing Schaeffer’s media [Appendix-3].
3.2.2. From soil
Polluted and Saline soil samples and soil associated with roots of plants were taken.
Suspensions was made by adding 10 g of sieved soil in 100 ml of glass distilled
water. Soil suspensions kept for 6-8 hours, dilutions of which were plated on plates
containing Schaeffer’s media were incubated at 37C for 96 hours. From bacterial
growth, dark brown and light brown colored colonies were picked and purified for
further studies.
Table-3.1 Plants and their representative samples used for isolation of bacterial
strains

S. No. Plant Name Family Sample No.

1. Eucalypta alba Myrtaceae 9
2. Cana sp. Cannaceae 9
3. Jatropha alba Euphorbiaceae 9
4. Rumex dentatus Polygonaceae 9
5. Eucalypta prostrata Myrtaceae 9
6. Lycoperseco Solanaceae 9
n esculentum
1 Cyanodon dectylon Poaceae 1
2 Chenopodium album Chenopodiaceae 1
3 Orhiza sativa Poaceae 6
4 Chenopodium sp. Poaceae 6
5 Panicum antidolata Chenopodiaceae 6
6 Accacia nilotica Fabaceae 10
7 Convolvulus arvensis Convolvulaceae 10

3.3. BACTERIAL STRAINS USED OTHER THAN ISOLATES

Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis strains which were used in this study are listed
[Table-3.3].

3.4. BACTERIAL GROWTH CONDITIONS

Isolates from polluted soil patches were regularly maintained in nutrient-agar
supplemented with 50 g ml-1 NiSO4 or CoCl2 [pH 7] at 37C. Isolates from salinesoil
patches were maintained in nutrient-agar supplemented with 1 M NaCl [pH 7]at 37C.
Whereas E. coli [C600, CSR603, HB101] grown at L-agar and B. subtilis [PY79]
at Nutrient agar [Appendix-2].
3.5. CHARACTERIZATION
For morphological characterization 24 hours incubated cultures unless stated otherwise
at 37C were used. In this colony morphology [shape, margin, elevation, size, color], cell
morphology [motility, shape, size], gram-staining, capsule-staining and spore- staining
were included. Motility was determined by hanging drop method [1].
3.5.1. Gram staining
Gram staining is the most important differential staining. It divides bacteria into two
major categories that is gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Bacteria that retain
the color of primary dye even after alcohol treatment are considered as gram- positive,
while those which are decolorized by alcohol and retain the color of secondary dye are
considered as gram-negative. The Gram reaction is determined by the interaction of
crystal violet and iodine and by the integrity and the structure of cell wall, most
particularly the molecular architecture of the peptidoglycan layer of eubacteria.
CHAPTER 4

RESULTS

The results section should present the key findings of the study clearly and objectively,
organized by research objectives or hypotheses. Data should be displayed using well-
labeled tables, graphs, and figures, with statistical analyses reported where relevant.
Avoid interpretation of results; focus solely on what was observed, including both
expected and unexpected findings. Highlight significant trends, comparisons, or
contrasts, ensuring clarity and consistency in presentation [Times New Roman, Font
Size 12 and Spacing 1.5].

21
CHAPTER 5

DISCUSSION

The discussion section should interpret the findings in the context of the study
objectives and existing literature. Explain the significance of results, highlighting how
they align with or differ from previous studies. Discuss possible mechanisms,
implications, and limitations, addressing unexpected findings and their potential
explanations. Relate findings to the broader field of study and suggest future research
directions. Conclude with a concise summary of key insights and their contribution to
scientific understanding or practical applications [Times New Roman, Size12, Spacing
1.5].

22
CONCLUSIONS / RECOMMENDATIONS

[Where applicable]

23
REFERENCES [Times New Roman, Font Size 16]

References should be given at the end of document in “Vancouver” style [Times New
Roman, Font Size 12, Space 1.0].

24
APPENDICES

[Where applicable]

25
 Appedix-1

1. L-BROTH [12]

Sr. No. Ingredients gL-1

1. Tryptone 10

2. Yeast extract 5

3. NaCl 5

pH adjusted to 7.0.

2. NUTRIENT-AGAR [13]

Sr. No. Ingredients gL-1

1. Peptone 5

2. Beef extract 3

3. NaCl 3

pH adjusted to 7.0.

3. SCHAEFFER’S MEDIUM [14]

Sr. No. Ingredients gL-1

1. Beef extract 3

2. Peptone 5

3. NaCl 8

4. Agar 12

26
pH adjusted to 7-7.2.

27