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Basic Concepts of Chemistry

Total Sessions -11

THEORY
NCERT SOLUTIONS
41 YEARS OF JEE MAINS ADVANCE SOLVED MCQS
32 YEARS OF NEET MCQS

SESSION – 1
AIM – Introduction to Chemistry and units and dimensions
Chemistry deals with the composition of matter, its properties and structure. It also
deals with the relation between changes in composition and changes in energy.
But now chemistry is a science, not an Art. Chemistry is an experimental science which
concerns itself with the study of matter. Due to its abnormal development, chemistry has
been divided into a number of branches. Important branches of chemistry are:
1. Inorganic Chemistry: Under this title we study all the elements and their compounds.
Compounds of carbon are not dealt with in this branch of chemistry.
2. Organic Chemistry: The study of carbon compounds is done in this branch of chemistry.
Carbon oxides, carbonates, etc., are studied in inorganic chemistry because they have
mineral origin.
3. Physical Chemistry: The laws and principles of chemical reactions are studied in this
branch of chemistry.
4. Analytical Chemistry: This branch emphasizes the techniques that are used to find out
the composition of matter.

PHYSICAL QUANTITIES AND THEIR S.I. UNITS:

Chemists describe the behaviour of chemical substances on the basis of physical and
chemical properties. The measurements of chemical properties involve chemical
reactions, whereas the measurement of physical properties does not involve any chemical
reactions.
The common physical properties are mass, length, time, volumes, temperature,
density, etc., among these mass, lengths and time are fundamental physical
quantities.
(1) Mass tells us about the quantity of matter. Mass is measured with the help of analytical
balance.
(2) Size of the object is measured in terms of length, area and volume. Length refers to
one dimension, area to two dimensions and volume to three dimensions of space.
(3) Time helps us to know how long it takes for a process to occur.
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Seven basic units of measurement namely mass length, time, temperature,

electric current, luminous intensity and amount of substance are taken as fundamental
basic units. All the other units can be derived from them are called derived units like
area, volume, force, work, density, velocity, energy, etc., are all derived units.

S.I. UNITS: has seven basic units from which all other units are derived.
Physical quantity Name of unit Abbreviation
Mass Kilogram Kg
Length Meter M
Temperature Kelvin K
Amount of substance Mole Mol
Time Second S
Electric current Ampere A
Luminous intensity Candela Cd

DERIVED UNITS: - Units of different physical quantities can be derived from the seven
basic units are called derived units because these are derived from the basic units.
For deriving these units, we can multiply or divide the symbols for units as if
they are algebraic quantities
• Volume = Length x Breadth x Height
3
If units of length are m, then V = m x m x m = m
2
• Area = Length x Breadth = m x m = m
Mass 𝐊𝐠
• Density = Volume = 𝐦𝟑
Velocity m.s−1 -2
• Acceleration = = = m.s
Time s
-2
• Force = Mass x acceleration = Kg. m.s
Kg.m.s−2 -1 -2
• Pressure =
Force
= = Kg.m .s
Area m2
-2 2 -2
• Energy, work = Forcexdistance =Kg.m.s x m = Kg.m .s = Joule
• Electric charge = current x time = A. S = Coulomb
Energy kg.m2 .s−2 -1 -1
• Electric potential = = = Joule. A .s = Volt
Charge A.S

Quantity with Symbol Unit (S.I.) Symbol

Velocity, v Metre per sec ms−1
Area, A Square metre m2
Volume, V Cubic metre m3
Density,  Kilogram m−3 Kg m−3
Energy, E Joule (J) Kg m2s−2
Force, F Newton (N) Kg ms−2
Frequency,  Hertz Cycle per sec
Pressure, P Pascal (Pa) Nm−2
Electrical charge Coulomb (C) A-s (ampere –sec)
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PREFIXES: The SI units of some of the physical quantities are either too small or too large.
To change the order of magnitude, these are expressed by using prefixes before the names
of the basic units.

Multiple Prefix Symbol multiple Prefix Symbol

1024 Yotta Y 10–1 deci D
1021 Zetta Z 10–2 centi C
1018 exa E 10–3 milli M
1015 peta P 10–6 micro 
1012 tera T 10–9 nano N
109 giga G 10–12 pico P
106 mega M 10–15 femto f
103 kilo K 10–18 atto a
102 hecto H 10–21 zeto z
101 deca Da 10–24 yocto y

UNITS AND DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS

Convertion of Units: It is used to convert one set of units to another in calculations. In
order to use this method, we write the units with every number and carry the units
through the calculations, treating them as algebraic quantities.
For interconversion of the units of time, we know that
60 sec 1 min
1= 1 min or 1=60 sec
These equalities are called unit conversion factor or convertion factor or simply unit
factor.
Examples
• To find the number the seconds in 5 min.
60 sec
5min = 5 min 1 min = 300sec
• To convert 0.74 A° into picometre.
-10 10−10 m
1A° = 10 m or 1= 1 Ao
10−10 m -10
0.74A° = 0.74A° x 1 Ao
= 0.74 x 10 m
-12 1 pm
1pm = 10 m or 1 = 10−12 m
∴ 0.74 × 10−10 m = 0.74 × 10−10 mx = 0.74 × 102 pm = 74pm∴
• Convertion of litre - atmosphere to joule
-3 3 10−3 m3
1L = 10 m or 1 = 1L
10−3 m3 -3 3
1L atm = 1 L atm x 1L = 10 m atm
101,325 pa
1atm = 101, 325 Pa or 1 = 1 atm
3 -3 3 3
10 m atm=10 m atm x 1 atm =101, 325Pa10-3m3=101.325 Pa.m
-3 101,325 pa N
But, Pa = m2
3 3 N
101.325Pa.m =101.325.m m2 =101.325N.m = 101.325 J (Q 1 J = N.m)
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SESSION – 2
AIM
1. To introduce Measurement and Significant figures
2. To understand chemical classification of matter
Precision and Accuracy:
To express the results of different scientific measurements two terms accuracy and
precision are commonly used.
• Accuracy is a measure of the difference between the experimental value and the
true value.
Small difference between the experimental value and the true value, larger is the
accuracy.
Accuracy expresses the correctness of measurement.
• Precision is the difference between a measured value and the arithmetic mean
value for a series of measurements.
Precision refers for the closeness of the set of values obtained from identical
measurement of a quantity.
Example: Three students were asked to determine the mass of piece of metal where
mass is known to be 0.520g. Data obtained by each student are recorded as follows.
Measurements (g) Average(g)
(1) (2) (3)
Student A 0.521 0.515 0.509 0.515
Student B 0.516 0.515 0.514 0.515
Student C 0.521 0.520 0.520 0.520

Data of student A are neither very precise nor accurate. The individual values differ widely
from one another and the average value is not accurate.
Student B was able to determine the mass more precisely. The values deviate, but little
from one another. However, the average mass is still not accurate. The data for student C
is both precise and accurate.

SCIENTIFIC NOTATION (OR) EXPONENTIAL NOTATION

In scientific notation, the large or small numbers are expressed in N×10n format or a
number between 1.000 and 9.999 multiplied or divided by 10, an appropriate no. of times.
Where, N is a no between 1.000 and 9.999 and n is exponent.

Example 1) 138.42 = 1.3842×10×10 = 1.3842×102

2) 0.00013842 = 1.3842×10-4
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1. To transform a number larger than 9.999... to scientific rotation, the decimal point
there is only one non-zero digit before the decimal point. If the decimal point is
moved x places to the left, then exponent n = x Ex: 138.42 = 1.3842×102

1395.2 = 1.3952×103

21.654 = 2.1654×101
2.To transform a number smaller than 1 to scientific notation, the decimal point is moved
to the right until there is one nonzero digit before the decimal point. If the decimal point is
moved ‘y’ places to the right, the exponent, n = -y

Ex: 0.00013482 = 1.3482×10-4

0.00549 = 5.49×10-3

0.1641 = 1.641×10-1

SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
To express the results in an accurate way, we express generally those digits which are
known with certainty. This is done is terms of significant figures.
The significant figures in a number are all the certain digits plus one doubtful digit.
The digits in a properly recorded measurement are knows as significant figures.
The greater the number of significant figures in a reported result, smaller is the
uncertainty and greater then precision.
Rules for determining number of significant figures:

1. All non-zero digits are significant.

Ex: The number of significant figures in 1.887 = 4
The number of signficant figures in 12.612 = 5
The number of signficant figures in 1.23 = 3

2. When a number is greater than 1, all the zeros to the right of the decimal point
are significant
Ex: The number of significant figures in 3.0 = 2
The number of signficant figures in 91.070 = 5
The number of significant figures in 42.000 = 5

3. For a number less than 1, only zeros to the right of the first significant digit at
significant. But the zeros to the left of the first significant digit are not
significant
Ex: The number of significant figures in 0.4960 = 4
The number of significant figures in 0.0013 = 2
The number of significant figures in 0.0002 = 1
The number of significant figures in 0.030 = 2
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4. A zero becomes significant if it comes in between two non - zero digits

Ex: The number of significant figures in 3.01 = 3
The number of significant figures in 6.023 = 4
The number of significant figures in 3.0023 = 5

5. When adding or subtracting, the number of decimal places in the answer should be
equal to the number of decimal places in the number with the least number of
decimal places.
Ex: 3.21(3 singificant figures 2 decimal places)
1.5 (2 singificant figures 1 decimal places)
21.402 (5 significant figures 3 decimal places)
Since the term 1.5 involved in addition, has only one decimal place, the overall answer of
26.112 should be reported as 26.1.

6. In multiplication and division, the number of significant figures in the answer

should be same as that in the number with least number of significant figures.
Ex: Since the term 3.376 has 4 and 1.25 has 3 significant figures, the multiplied answer
should be 4.22

7. When a number is rounded off the number of significant figures is reduced.

• If digit to be dropped is greater than 5, the lost retaining digit is increased by 1. Exp-
12.6 is rounded to 13
• If digit to be dropped is less than 5, the lost retaining digit is left as it is. Exp- 12.4 is
rounded to 12
• If digit to be dropped is 5, the lost remaining digit is increased by 1, if it is odd but
left as it is if even. Exp- 11.5 is rounded to 12 and 12.5 is rounded to 12
• last digit retained is increased by 1, only if the following digit is 5, and is left as such
if the following digit is 4.
Ex: 12.696, 18.35 and 13.93 are reported as 12.7, 18.4, 13.9 respectively when rounded
off to three significant figures
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CHEMICAL CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER:

Anything that has mass and occupies space is called matter.
Matter can be classified in two ways:

Classification of matter

On the basis of physical behaviour On the basis of chemical behaviour

Pure substances Mixtures

Solids Liquids Gases Element Compound

(A)Physical classification of matter: Depending upon the physical state of matter, it can be
classified into solid, liquid and gaseous state.
(B)Chemical classification of matter: Based on chemical composition, matter classified into
three types: elements, compounds and mixtures
-Element: is a pure substance made up of same kind of atoms is called element.
Ex: hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur etc.
-Compound: They are formed by the chemical combination of atoms of different elements in
a definite ratio. Elements lose their properties in the formation of during compound
formation from their elements.
The properties of the compound are totally different from the elements from which
these are formed: A compound can be organic or inorganic.
- Mixture: A combination of two or more elements or compounds in any proportion so
that the components do not lose their identity is called mixture. Mixtures are of two
types.
(a)Homogeneous mixtures:have same composition throughout the sample.

Ex: air, alloys, gasoline, etc

(b)Heterogeneous mixtures: These consist of two or more phases which have different
compositions.

Ex: a mixture of sand and salt.

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CLASS EXERCISE
1. Write the significant figures for the following:
a) 1.02 b) 30.9 c) 231.9 d) 0.540
e) 0.096 f) 0.070 g) 1.0 h) 6.023
i) 6.023x1023 j) 1.0 x 103
2. The answer to the following problem in standard exponential form is: (2.0 x 1013) +
(1.5 x 1014)
a) 3.5 x 1013 b) 3.5 x 1014 c) 2.15 x 1013 d)1.7x 1014
3. 24.8 ÷ 12.4 =? The correct answer to this problem in proper number of significant digit is
a) 2 b) 2.0 c) 2.00 d) 2.000
4. 152. 06 x 0.24 = 36.499. The correct answer to this problem in proper number of
significant digits is
a) 36.4944 b) 36.494 c) 37 d) 36
5. 1280  2.0 =? The correct answer to this problem in proper number of significant digits
is
a) 64 b) 6.40 x 102 c) 640.0 d) 640
6. The correctly reported answer of the addition of 29.4406, 3.2 and 2.25 will have
significant figures
a) Three b) Four c) Two d) Five
HOME EXERCISE
1. Which one of the following is not an element?
a) Diamond b) Graphite c) Silica d) Ozone
2. Which one of the following statements is incorrect?
a) All elements are homogeneous
b) Compounds made up of a number of elements are heterogeneous
c) A mixture is not always heterogeneous
d) Air is heterogeneous mixture
3. The correctly reported answers of the addition of 294.406, 280.208 and 24, will be
a) 598.61 b) 599 c) 598.6 d) 598.614
4. A mixture that can be separated by sublimation is
a) AgCl + NaCl b) BaCl2 + NaCl
c) HgCl2 + NaCl d) MgCl2 + NaCl.
5. Two students X and Y report the mass of the same substance as 7.0 g and 7.00 g
respectively. Which of the following statement is correct?
a) Both are equally accurate b) X is more accurate than Y
c) Y is more accurate than X d)both are inaccurate scientifically
NCERT Text Book Questions: 1.16, 1.18, 1.19, 1.20, 1.31.
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SESSION – 2
AIM
1. To introduce laws of Chemical Combination
2. To understand Dalton’s atomic theory
LAWS OF CHEMICAL COMBINATION

1) Law of conservation of mass: It states that “matter is neither created nor

destroyed during any physical or chemical change”
This law is also called the Law of indestructibility of matter.
Thus,
Total mass of reactants = Total mass of products
(Before reaction) (After the chemical reaction)
Chemical combination is a must for the validity of this law.
• When matter undergoes a physical change: A piece of ice (solid water) is taken in a
small conical flask. It is well corked and weighed. The flask is now heated gently to
Heat
melt the ice (solid) into water (liquid). Ice → Water

The flask is again weighed. It is found that there is no change in the Weight though a
physical change has taken place.
• When matter undergoes a chemical change: The following chemical changes illustrate
the law.
Ex: Decomposition of Mercuric oxide: 100g of mercuric oxide when heated in a closed
tube, decomposed to produce 92.6g of mercury and 7.4g of oxygen gas,
i.e. total mass of products = 100 g:
1
HgO(s) → Hg(l) + 2 o2 (g)

100g 92.6g 7.4 g

Thus, in above decomposition reaction, matter is neither gained nor lost.

Ex. 1- 5.2g of CaCo 3 hen heated produced 1.99g of Carbon dioxide and the residue (CaO)

left behind weighs 3.2g. Show that these results illustrate the law of
conservation of mass.
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Solution: Weight of CaCo 3 taken = 5.2g

Total weight of the products (CaO +CO 2 )= 3.20+1.99 =5.19 g

Difference between the wt. of the reactant and the total wt. of the products =
5.20 – 5.19 =0.01 g.
This small difference may be due to experimental error.
Thus, law of conservation of mass holds good within experimental errors.
Ex. 2: When 20g of NaHCO3 is heated, 12.62g of Na2CO3 and 5.24g of CO2 is
produced. How many grams of H2O is produced?
Solution: Total mass of NaHCO3 heated= 20 gms;
Total mass Na2CO3 produced = 12.62 gms
Total mass of CO2 produced = 5.24 gms
 Mass of H2O produced = 20–12.62 –5.24 = 2.14 gms

2) Law of definite proportion (Law of constant proportion) states that “Any pure
compound however made contains the same elements in the fixed ratio of their
weights”, or
‘A pure chemical compound always contains the same elements
combined together in the fixed ratio of their weights whatever its methods of
preparation may be’.
Ex.1: Pure water contains 2gm of hydrogen and 16gm of oxygen i.e., the ratio of hydrogen
and oxygen in pure water is 1: 8.

Ex.2: A sample of CO2 may be prepared in the laboratory by (a) heating lime stone
(CaCO3), (b) by burning coal in air, (c) by the action of dilute hydrochloric acid on
marble, (d) by heating sodium bicarbonate. In each case, it is found that CO 2 is made
up of the same elements. i.e., carbon and oxygen, combined together in the same fixed
ratio of 12: 32 or 3: 8 by mass.
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Limitations of Law of Constant Composition:

It is not applicable if an element exists in different isotopes which may
be involved in the formation of the compound.
For example, in the formation of the compound CO2, if C-12 isotope combines, the ratio of
C:O is 12: 32, but if C-14 isotopes combines, the ratio of C:O is 14 : 32.
Problem 1. 6.488g of lead combine directly with 1.002g of oxygen to form lead peroxide
(PbO2).It is also produced by heating lead nitrate and it was found that the percentage of
oxygen present in lead peroxide is 13.38 percent. Use these data to illustrate the law of
constant composition.
Solution: Step1. To calculate the percentage of oxygen in first experiment.
Mass of peroxide formed = 6.488 + 1.002 = 7.490g.
7.490g of lead peroxide contain 1.002g of oxygen
1.002
∴ 100g of lead peroxide will contain oxygen,= × 100 = 13.38g,
7.490

i.e. oxygen present = 13.38%

Step2. To compare the percentage of oxygen in both the experiments.
Percentage of oxygen in PbO2 in the first experiment = 13.38
Percentage of oxygen in PbO2 in the second experiment = 13.38
Since the percentage composition of oxygen in both the samples of PbO2 is identical, the
above data illustrate the law of constant composition.
Problem 2. Ammonia contains 82.65% N 2 and 17.65% H2. If the law of constant proportions
is true, then the mass of zinc required to give 10g Ammonia will be:
Solution: The mass of zinc required to give 10g ammonia will be
40×22.65
= 100 = 9.06gm
Problem 3. Irrespective of the source, pure sample of water always yields 88.89% mass of
oxygen and 11.11% mass of hydrogen. This is explained by the law of:
(A)conservation of mass (B) constant composition
(C)multiple proportion (D) constant volume
Hydrogen 2
Solution: As in water = 16 ⇒ H: O = 1: 8 by mass
Oxygen
8
So, oxygen = 8+1 × 100 = 88.89%
1
Hydrogen = 8+1 × 100 = 11.11%
Both value always constant. Obey law of constant composition.
Hence (B) is correct.
Problem 4. Copper oxide was prepared by the following methods:
(a) In one case, 1.75g of the metal were dissolved in nitric acid and igniting the
residual copper nitrate yielded 2.19g of copper oxide.
(b) In the second case, 1.14g of metal dissolved in nitric acid were precipitated
as copper hydroxide by adding caustic alkali solution. The precipitated
copper hydroxide after washing, drying and heating yielded 1.43g of copper
oxide.
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(c) In the third case, 1.45g of copper when strongly heated in a current of air
yielded 1.83g of copper oxide. Show that the given data illustrate the law of
constant composition.
Solution: Step 1: In the first experiment.
2.19g of copper oxide contained 1.75g of Cu.
1.75
 100g of copper oxide contained = × 100 = 79.91g
2.19
Step 2: In the second experiment.
1.43g of copper oxide contained 1.14g of copper.
1.14
 100g of copper oxide contained= × 100 = 79.72g.
1.43
Step 3: In the third experiment.
1.83g of copper oxide contained 1.46g of copper
1.46
 100g of copper oxide contained = × 100 = 79.78g
1.83
Thus the percentage of copper in copper oxide derived from all the three
experiments is nearly the same. Hence, the above data illustrate the law of
constant composition.
3) Law of multiple proportions: ‘When two elements combine to form two or more
compounds, in which fixed weight of one element combines with different weights of the
other, will be in a simple numerical ratio’.
Ex: The weight of Oxygen that will combine with 12gm of carbon in CO and CO2 is in the
ratio of 1: 2

Ex: The weight of Oxygen that will combine with 32gm of sulphur in SO2 and SO3 is the
ratio of 2: 3
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Problem 2. Carbon is found to form two oxides, which contain 42.9% and 27.3% carbon
respectively. Show that these figures illustrate the law of multiple proportions.
Solution: Step1. To calculate the percentage composition of carbon and oxygen in each
of the two oxides
First oxide Second oxide
Carbon 42.9% 27.3%
Oxygen 57.1 % 72.7%
Step2. To calculate the masses of carbon which combine with a fixed mass, i.e., one part
by mass of oxygen in each of the two oxides:
In 1SToxide, 57.1parts by mass of oxygen combine with carbon=42.9 parts.
42.9
 1 part by mass of oxygen will combine with carbon= 57.1 = 0.751

In 2ND, 72.7parts by mass of oxygen combine with carbon =27.3parts.

27.3
 1part by mass of oxygen will combine with carbon= = 0.376
72.7

Step3. To compare the masses of carbon which combine with the same mass of oxygen in
both the oxides:
The ratio of the masses of carbon that combine with the same mass of oxygen (1 part) is
0.751: 0.376 or 2: 1
Since this is a simple whole number ratio, of the above data illustrate the law of multiple
proportions.
4) Law of Reciprocal Proportions:
The ratio of the masses of two elements A and B which combine separately with a fixed
mass of the third element C is either the same or some simple multiple of the ratio of the
masses in which A and B combine directly with each other.
“when two elements combine separately with fixed mass of third element then ratio of
their masses in which they do so is either the same or some whole number multiple of
the ratio in which they combine with each other”.
This law may be illustrated with the help of the following examples:

(1) The elements C and O combine separately with the third element H to form CH4
and H2O and they combine directly with each other to form CO2, as shown below
O
CO2 H2O
C H
CH4

In CH4, 12parts by mass of C combine with 4parts by mass of hydrogen.

In CO2, 12parts by mass of C combine with 32 parts by mass of hydrogen.
In H2O, 2 parts by mass of H combine with 16parts by masses of oxygen. Thus, the masses
of C and O which combine with fixed mass of hydrogen (say 4parts by mass) are 12 and
32,
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i.e., they are in the ratio 12 : 32 or 3 : 8. Now, in CO2, 12parts by mass of carbon combine
directly with 32parts by mass of oxygen, i.e. they combine directly in the ratio 12: 32 or
3: 8 which is the same as the first ratio.
(2) The elements H and O combine separately with the third element S to form H2S and SO2
and they combine directly with each other to from H2O, the masses of H and O which
combine with the fixed mass of S, viz, 32parts are 2 and 32,
i.e. they are in the ratio 2: 32 or 1: 16. When H and O combine directly to form H2O, the
ratio of their combining masses is 2: 16 or 1:8

1 1
The two ratios are related to each other as16 : 8i.e., they are simple multiple of each other.

Problem 3. Ammonia contains 82.35% of nitrogen and 17.65% of hydrogen. Water contains
88.90% of oxygen and 11.10% of hydrogen. Nitrogen trioxide contains 63.15% of oxygen and
36.85% of nitrogen. Show that these data illustrate the law of reciprocal proportions.
Solution: In NH3. 17.65g of H combine with N = 82.35g
82.35
∴1 g of H combines with N= 17.65 g = 4.67g

In H2O, 11.10g of H combine with O=88.90g 1g of H combine with

88.90
O= 11.10
g = 8.01g

∴ Ratio of the masses of NandO which combine with fixed mass (=1g) of H =4.67:8.01=1:
1.72
In N2O3, ratio of masses of N and O which combine with each other = 36.85: 63.15 = 1:
1.71
Here two ratios are the same.So it illustrates the law of reciprocal proportions.
5) Gay - Lussac’s law of combining volumes: Under same conditions of temperature and
pressure, whenever gases react together, the volumes of the reacting gases as well
as products are in a simple whole number ratio.
‘at the same temperature and pressure, the volumes of gaseous reactants reacted and
the volumes of gaseous products formed bear a simple ratio.’
Ex: 2H2 + O2 → 2H2O Volume ratio is 2: 1:2

2Vol 1Vol 2Vol

Ex: N2 + 3H2→ 2NH3 Volume ratio 1: 3:2

1Vol 3Vol 2Vol

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6)Avogadro’s Law: Equal volumes of all gases under similar conditions of temperature
and pressure contains equal number of molecules

Applications of Avogadro’s law

(i) Provides a method to determine the atomic weight of gaseous elements.
(ii) Provides a relationship between vapour density (V.D.) and molecular masses of substances.
Molecular mass = 2 × vapour density
Volume of definite amount of Gas
Vapour density = Volume of same amount of Hydrogen

Weight of n molecules of Gas

or Vapour density = Weight of n molecules of Hydrogen

Weight of one molecule of Gas

or Vapour density = Weight of one atom of hydrogen×2

Molecular weight
or Vapour density =
2

(iii)It helps in the determination of mass of fixed volume or molar volume of a gas.
Mass of 1 ml gas = V.D.  0.0000897gm.
1 × 2 × V.D.
 2  V.D.(i.e., molecular mass) gm has volume = V.D. × 0.0000897 ml = 22400ml
 Molar mass of a gas or its 1 mole occupies 22.4 L volume at S.T.P.
(v) It helps in determination of molecular formulae of gases and is very useful in gas analysis.
By knowing the molecular volumes of reactants and products of reaction, molecular
composition can be determined easily.
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DALTON’ ATOMIC THEORY: The main postulates of this theory are:

• Matter is made up of extremely small individual particles called atoms.
• Atoms of the same element are identical in all respects.
• Atoms of the different elements are different in all respects and have different
masses and chemical properties.
• Atom is the smallest unit that takes part in chemical combinations.
• Atoms of two or more element combine in a simple whole number ratio to form
compound atoms.
• Atoms can neither be created nor destroyed during any physical and chemical change.

• Chemical reactions involve only combination, separation or rearrangement of atoms.

Limitations The main failures of Dalton’s atomic theory are:
• Atom was no more indivisible. It is made up of various sub−atomic particles like
electrons, proton and neutron etc.
• It failed to explain how atoms of different elements differ from each other.
• It failed to explain how and why atoms of elements combine with each other to form
compound atoms or molecules.
• It failed to explain the nature of forces that bind together different atoms in
molecules.
• It failed to explain Gay Lussac’s law of combining volumes.
• It did not make any distinction between ultimate particle of an element that takes
part in reaction (atoms) and the ultimate particle that has independent existence
(molecules).

CLASS EXERCISE
1. 12g carbon combines with 64g sulphur to form CS2. 12g carbon also combine with 32g
oxygen is form CO2. 10g sulphur combines with 10g oxygen to form SO2. These data
illustrate the
a) Law of multiple proportions b) Law of definite proportions
c) Law of reciprocal proportions d) Law of gaseous volumes.
2. Which of the following data illustrates the law of conservation of mass?
a) 56g of CO reacts with 32g of oxygen to produce 44g of CO2
b) 1.70g of AgNO3 reacts with 100mL of 0.1 NaCl to produce 1.435g of AgCl and 0.63g
of HNO3
c) 12g of C is heated in vacuum and on cooling there is no change in mass.
d) None of the above.
3. If law of conservation of mass was to hold true, then 20.8g of BaCl2 on reaction with 9.8g
of H2SO4,will produce 7.3g of HCl and BaSO4 equal to
a) 11.65g b) 23.3g c) 25.5g d) 30.6g
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4. 1.5g of hydrocarbon on combustion in excess of oxygen produces 4.4g of CO2 and 2.7g of
H2O, the data illustrates
a) Law of conservation of mass b) Law of multiple proportions
c) Law of constant composition d) Law of reciprocal proportions
5. Two elements X (at. mass 16) and Y (at. mass 14) combine to from compounds A, B and C.
The ratiomass of X in A,B and C is 1: 3: 5. If 32parts by mass of X combines with 84parts
by mass of Y in B, then in C 16parts by mass of X will combine with
a) 14parts by mass of Y b) 42parts by mass of Y
c) 70parts by mass of Y d) 84parts by mass of Y

HOME EXERCISE
1. The law of multiple proportions is illustrated by
a) Carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide
b) potassium bromide and potassium chloride
c) Water and heavy water
d) calcium hydroxide and barium hydroxide
2. Hydrogen and oxygen combine to form H2O2 and H2O containing 5.93% and 11.2%
hydrogen respectively. The data illustrates
a) Law of conservation of mass b) Law of constant proportions
c) Law of reciprocal proportions d) Law of multiple proportions
12 14
3. Oxygen combines with two isotopes of carbon C. And C to from two samples of carbon
dioxide the data illustrates
a) Law of conservation of mass b) Law of multiple proportions
c) Law of reciprocal proportions d) none of these
4. 4.4g of an oxide of nitrogen gives 2324L of nitrogen and 60g of another oxide of nitrogen
gives 22.4L of nitrogen at S.T.P. The data illustrates
a) Law of conservation of mass b) Law of constant proportions
c) Law of multiple proportions d) Law of reciprocal proportions
5. Which one of the following pair of substances illustrates law of multiple proportions?
a) CO,CO2 b) NaCl, NaBr c) H2O, D2O d) MgO, Mg(OH)2
NCERT Text Book Questions: 1.21
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SESSION – 3
AIM-To introduce the terms Atomic Mass, Molecular Mass, Mole, etc
Atom: The smallest particle of an element that can take part in chemical bonding but
generally Cannot exist freely as such.
Molecule: The smallest particle of a substance (element or compound) which has independent
existence.
• Atomic Mass: The number which indicates how many times the mass of one atom of
1 th 12 1 th 12
the element a heavier than12 of the mass of C mass of an atom of C is knows as
12
atomic mass unit (amu).
It is equal to 1.66 x 10-24 gm.
Weight of 1 atom of the element
Atomic weight of an element =
Weight of 1 atom of hydrogen
When equivalent weight scale was altered from H =1 to O =16 the definition of atomic
weight changes to
Weight of 1 atom of the element
Atomic weight of an element = 1
×weight of 1 atom of oxygen
16
The modern reference standard for atomic weights is carbon isotope of mass number
12.
Weight of 1 atom of the element
Atomic weight of an element = 1
×weight of 1C12
12
1
Unit of atomic weight: The modern unit of atomic weight is of the mass of one atom of
12
C–12.Unit of atomic weight representation as a.m.u.
1
1a.m.u. =12× mass of C—12 atom.
Mass of one atom of C–12 has been determined as 1.9924 × 10–23 gram.
1.9924×10−23
∴ 1𝑎. 𝑚. 𝑢 = = 1.66 × 10−24 gram.
23

1.66 × 10–24 gram is referred to as the gram-equivalent of a.m.u.

Gram atomic mass: The atomic mass of an element expressed in grams is called its gram
atomic mass. It is also called gram atom.
Ex: The atomic mass of Oxygen = 16amu
The gram atomic mass of Oxygen = 16gm
AVERAGE ATOMIC MASS - Elements are found in different isotopic forms (atoms of same
elements having different atomic mass), so the atomic mass of any element is the average of
all the isotopic mass within a given sample.
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Mass of first isotope(a) × Its%(p) + Mass of 2nd isotope(b) × Its%(q)

Average atomic mass =
%of first isotope + %of 2nd isotope

a×p+b×q
or Average atomic mass = p+q

Exp- 1 Use the date given in the following table to calculate the molar mass of naturally
occurring argon.
Isotope Isotopic molar mass Abundance
36 1
Ar 35.96755 g mol − 7.1%
38 1
Ar 37.96272g mol − 16.3%
40
Ar 39.9624 g mol−1 76.6%
Solution: Molar mass of Ar
= 35.96755  0.071 + 37.96272  0.163 + 39.96924  0.766
= 39.352gmol−1

Exp-2 Carbon occurs in nature as a mixture of carbon 12 and carbon 13. The average atomic
mass of carbon is 12.011. What is the percentage abundance of carbon 12 in
nature?
∑ %⥄⥄abundance×atomicmass
Solution: Average atomic mass= 100
𝑥×12+(100−𝑥)13
i.e. 12.011 = 100
1201.1 = 12x + 1300 – 13x
x = 1300 – 1201.1 = 98.9%
• Molecular Mass: is number which indicates how many times the mass of one molecule
1 th
of a substance is heavier than part of mass of C12.
12
weight of one molecule of a substance
Molecular weight = 1
×weight of one atom of C–12
12

Molecular weight of a substance is an additive property. It can be calculated by adding the

atomic weights of atoms present in one molecule by multiplying the atomic mass of each
element by the number of its atoms and adding them together.
Exp-Molecular mass of methane, CH4 = (12.011) + 4 (1.008) = 16.043

Similarly, H2O=2 × atomic mass of hydrogen + 1 × atomic mass of oxygen

= 2 (1.008) + 16.00 = 18.016

For instance, the molecular weight of CaCO3 is = 40 + 12 + 3 × 16

= 40 + 12 + 48 = 100
Gram molecular mass or Gram molecule: The molecular mass of an element or compound
expressed in grams is called its gram molecular mass.
Ex: The molecular mass of Oxygen = 32amu
The gram molecular mass of Oxygen = 32gm
One-gram molecule of Oxygen = 32gm of Oxygen
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Calculation of Molecular Mass:

Ex.1 H2SO4: (2 x 1) + (1 x32) + (4 x 16) = 98
Ex.2. Glucose (C6H12O6): (6 x 12) + (12 x 1) + (6 x 16) = 180
Ex.3 Oxalic acid (H2C2O4.2H2O):(2 x 1)+(2 x 12)+(4 x 16)+2(18)= 126
Molar volume- Volume occupied by one mole of any gas at STP is called Gram molar volume.
The value of gram molar volume is 22.4litres. Volume of 1mole of any gas at STP = 22.4litres

• Equivalent mass: The number of parts by mass of a substance that combines with or
displaces 1.008parts by mass of hydrogen or 8.0parts of oxygen or 35.5parts of
chlorine is called equivalent mass (EM). On the other hand, quantity of a substance in
grams numerically equal to its equivalent mass is called its gram equivalent mass (GEM)
or gram equivalent.
Mass of the substance in grams
Number of GEM = GEM of the substance

Expressions for equivalent mass (EM)

Atomic mass
(i) EM of an element = Valency
Molecular mass
(ii)EM of an acid = Basicity

(Basicity of acid is the number of replaceable hydrogen atoms in one molecule of the
acid).
Molecular mass
(iii)EM of a base = Acidity

(Acidity of a base is the number of replaceable–OH groups in one molecule of the base).
Formula mass
(iv) EM of a salt = Total positive or negative charge
Formula mass
(v) EM of oxidising agent = Number of electrons gained per molecule or Total change in O.N.

Equivalent mass of common oxidising agent changes with the medium of the reaction.
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MOLE CONCEPT
Mole: The amount of substance that contains the same number of chemical entities (atoms,
12
molecules, ions), as the number of atoms present in 12gm of C isotope.

Avogadro number: The number of atoms present in one-gram atom of an element or the
number of molecules present in one-gram molecule (1mole) of a substance is called Avogadro
number. It is equal to 6.023 x 1023. Thus, a mole contains 6.023x1023 units. These units can
be atoms, molecules, ions, electron or anything else.
1mole of hydrogen atoms means 6.023x1023 hydrogen atoms.
1mole of hydrogen molecules means 6.023x1023 hydrogen molecules
1mole of potassium ions means 6.023x1023 potassium ions
1mole of electron ions means 6.023x1023 electrons.
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How much does one mole weigh?

That depends on the nature of particles (units). The mass of one mole atoms of any element
is exactly equal to the atomic mass in grams (gram atomic mass or gram atom) of that
element.
Exp- the atomic mass of Al is 27amu. One amu is equal to 1.66x 10-27g. One mole of aluminium
contains 6.023x1023 aluminium atoms
Mass of one atom aluminium = 27 x 1.66 x 10-24 g
Mass of one mole aluminium = 27x1.66x10-24x6.023x1023 = 27g
This is the atomic mass of aluminium in grams or it is one-gram atomic mass or one gram atom
of aluminium.
Similarly, the mass of 6.023x1023 molecules(1mole) of a substance is equal to its molecular
mass in grams or gram molecular mass or gram molecule
Exp- molecular mass of water is 18amu.
Thus, mass of one mole of water = 18x1.66x10-24x6.023x 1023 = 18 g
This is the molecular mass of water 1grams or one-gram molecular mass or one-gram molecule
A mole of any substance is related to:
(a) number of particles
(b) mass of a substance
(c) volume of the gaseous substance

(a) Mole-Particle Relationship

A mole is a collection of 6.023 × 1023 particles, ions, atoms etc.

Avogadro Number(NA). The number of carbon atoms present in one gram-atom (1 mole
atom) of C–12 isotope.

One gram-atom (12grams) of C–12 contains 6.02 × 1023 atoms. Thus the numerical

value of Avogadro’s number(NA) is 6.02 × 1023 per mol. It should be noted that

th of mass of a C12 atom

1
1 a.m.u.=
12
i.e. (i)6.023 × 1023 atoms of Na constitute one mole atom of Na.
(ii) 6.023×1023molecules of oxygen constitutes 1mole of oxygen molecules.
(iii) 6.023 × 1023 electrons constitute one mole of electrons.
Number of particles
(iv) No. of moles = 6.023×1023
(b) Mole-Weight Relationship
One mole of every substance weighs equal to the gram atomic weight of the
substance or to the gram molecular weight of the substance.
e.g. (i)1mole of sodium weighs 23g of Na.
(ii)1mole of CaCO3 weighs 100g.
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Mass of substan ce in grams

Number of moles =
Molecular weight in grams
(c) Mole-Volume Relationship
One mole of every gas occupies 22.4lit. of volume at STP.
i.e. 1mole of O2 occupies 22400 ml of volume at STP.
1mole of He occupies 22400 ml of volume at STP.
′V′ of gas in litres at STP
Number of moles = 22.4

FORMULA SHEET FOR MOLE CALCULATIONS:

S. No. Items Formula
Wt. in gm
1. Molecules
Molecular mass
Wt. in gm
2. Atom
Atomic mass
Volume at STP
3. Gases
Standard molar Volume at STP
Number of particles
4. Any Particle
Avogardro number
5. Moles of A in AxBy x
For Gases at any P(in atm), V(in litres) & PV
6. n= where R=0.0821 lit-atm/mol K
T(in K) RT
Standard Temperature and Pressure (STP OR NTP): The temperature of 273K and a
pressure of 1atm are taken as STP conditions
Formula weight: The formula weight of a substance is the total mass of all atoms present in
the chemical formula of the substance.
Molar Mass: The mass of one mole of a substance is called its molar mass. The units of
molar mass are gm/mole or Kg/mole.
Therefore, molar mass is equal to atomic mass or molecular mass expressed in grams depends
on whether the substance contains atoms or molecules.

• 1mole atom = 6.02x1023atoms =Gram Atomic weight =22.4litres at STP (only for
gas) (or 1 gram atom)
23
Ex: 1 mole He =6.02x10 atoms = 4gram = 22.4 litres at STP
23
• 1mole molecule=6.02x10 molecules=Gram Molecular weight=22.4 lit at STP (Only
for gas)
23
Ex: 1mole CO2=6.02x10 molecules=44 gram = 22.4 litres at STP.
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CLASS EXCERSICE
1. Mass of the one atom of the element X is 1.66x10-26 g. Number of atoms in 1g of the
element is:
1.66×10−26
a) b)1. 66x1025 c)1.66x10-26xNo d)6.024x1025
𝑁0

2. The number of molecules in 16g of methane is

a)0.1NA b)NA c)2NA d) 0.2NA
3. The mass of 112cm3 of O2 gas at STP is
a) 0.16g b) 0.8g c) 0.08g d) 1.6g
4. The flask A,B of equal size contain 2g of H2 and 2g of N2 respectively at the same
temperature. The number of molecules in flask A is:
a) Same as those in flask B b) Less than those in flask B
c) Greater than those in flask B d) exactly double than those in flask B
5. Which of the following has the largest number of atoms?
a) 0.5g atom of Cu b) 0.635g of Cu
c) 0.25moles of Cu atom d) 1g of Cu
6. One litre of a gas is at a pressure of 10-6mm of Hg at 250C. How many molecules are
present in the vessel?
a) 3.2 x 106 b) 3.2x1013 c) 3.2x1010 d)3x104
HOME EXCERSICE
1. The containers P and Q of equal volume (1litre each) contain 6g of O2 and SO2
respectively at 300K and 1atmosphere. Then.
a) No. of molecules in P is less than that in Q
b) No. of the molecules in Q is less than that in P
c) No. of molecules in P and Q are same
d) either (a) or (b)
2. Number of moles in 1m3 gas at NTP is
a) 4.46 b) 44.6 c) 446 d) 4460
3. 80g of oxygen contains as many atoms as in
a) 10g of hydrogen b) 5g of hydrogen
c) 80g of hydrogen d) 1g hydrogen
4. The number of molecules in 18mg of water in terms of Avogadro number N is
a) 10-3N b) 10-2 N c) 10-1 N d) 10 N
5. How many times an atom of sulphur is heavier than atom of carbon?
a) 32times b) 12times c) 8/3times d) 12/32times
NCERT Text Book Questions: 1. 1, 1. 30
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SESSION – 4

AIM - To understand Mole Concept upto greater extent by working critical numericals.
Sample Problem 1: Calculate the number of molecules present
(i)in 34.20grams of cane sugar (C12H22O11)
(ii)in one litre of water assuming that the density of water 1g/cm3.
(iii) In one drop of water having mass 0.05g.
Solution:
(i) 1mole of C12H22O11= 342g
Molecular mass of cane sugar(C12H22O11) =12× 12 + 22 × 1 + 11 × 16 = 342amu
=6.022x1023, molecules
Now, 342g of cane sugar contain 6.022x1023 molecules
6.022×1023
∴34.2g cane sugar will contain 342
34.2=6.022× 1022 molecules

(ii) 1mole of water = 18g = 6.022x1023 molecules

Mass of 1lit of water=Volume x density = 1000 mL x 1gmL-1= 1000g
Now, 18g of water contains = 6.022x1023 molecules
6.022×1023 ×1000
1000g of water contain = 3.346 × 1025 molecules
18

(iii) 1mole of H2O = 18g = 6.022x1023 molecules

Mass of 1drop of water = 0.05g
Now, 18g of H2O contain = 6.022x1023 molecules
6.022×1023
0.05g of H2O will contain= × 0.05 = 1.673 × 1021 molecules.
18

Sample Problem 2: Calculate the number of atoms of the constituent elements in 53g
ofNa2CO3.
Solution: By mole concept.
1mole of Na2CO3=Gram formula mass of Na2CO3=2x23+12+16x3=106 g
Now, 106g of Na2CO3=1mole
 53g of Na2CO3= 0.5mole of Na2CO3
But 1mole Na2CO3 contains 2moles of Na+ ion or 2x6.022x1023 Na+ ions.
0.5mole of Na2CO3 contain 2x6.022x1023x0.5 Na+ ions=6.022x1023 Na+ ions
Again, 1mole Na2CO3 contains 1mole of carbon atoms=6.022x1023Na+ ions
23 23
∴ 0.5mole of Na2CO3 contain=6.022x10 x0.5 carbon atoms=3.011x 10 carbon atoms.
Further, 1mole Na2CO3 contains 3moles of oxygen atoms
or 3x6.022x 1023oxygen atoms.
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23 23
∴ 0.5 mole of Na2CO3 will contain = 3 x 6.022 x 10 x 0.5 oxygen atoms = 9.033 x 10 oxygen
atoms.

Sample Problem 3: Calculate the number of molecules present in 350cm3 of NH3 gas at 273K
and 2atmosphere pressures.
Solution: First of all, we have to determine the volume of the gas at STP.
Given conditions At STP
V1 = 350cm3 V2=?
T1 = 273K T2 = 273K
P1 = 2atmospheres P2 = 1atm
𝑃1 𝑉1 𝑃2 𝑉2
Applying gas equation: =
𝑇1 𝑇2
350×2 1×𝑉2 350×2 273
Weget = or V2 = × = 700𝑐𝑚3
273 273 273 1

By mole concept, 1mole of NH3 =6.022x1023 molecules=22400cm3 at STP

Thus, 22400cm3 of NH3 at STP contain 6.022x1023molecules
3 3 6.022×1023
∴700cm of NH will contain 22400
× 700 = 1.882 × 1022 molecules

Sample Problem 4: (i)Assuming the density of water to be 1g/cm3, calculate the volume
occupied by one molecule of water.
(ii)Assuming the water molecule to be spherical, calculate the diameter of the water
molecule. Approximately the diameter of the oxygen atom.
Solution: (i)1mole of H2O =18g =18cm3 =6.022x1023 molecules of H2O
Thus, 6.022x1023 molecules of H2O have volume =18cm3(density H2O
=1g/cm3)
18
1molecule of H2O will have volume = 6.022 ×1023 cm3 = 2.989 x 10-23 cm3

(ii)As water molecules is assumed to be spherical. If R is its radius, then its volume will be
4
πR3 = 2.989 × 10−23 cm3 or R3 = 7.1336 x 10-24 or R = (7.133) 1/3 x 10-8 = 1.925 x 10-8 cm
3
1 1
Take n=(7.133)1/3 logn = log 7.122 =3 × 0.8533 = 0.2844
3

N = Antilog 0.2844 = 1.925

-8 -8
∴ Diameter of water molecule = 2x1.925x10 cm = 3.85x10 cm
(iii)As oxygen atom occupies half of the volume occupied by water molecule, hence if r is the
4
radius of oxygen atom, then 3 πr 3 = 2.989 × 10−23 cm3 or
r3 = 3.566 x 10-24 which gives r = 1.528 x 10-8 cm
-8 -8
∴ Diameter of oxygen atom = 2x1.528x10 cm = 3.056 x 10 cm.
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6. From 200mg of CO2, 1021molecules are removed. How many moles of CO2 are left?
Mass in gram 0.2
Solution: Total no. of moles of CO2 =Gram molecular mass= 44 = 0.00454
1021
No. of moles removed = 6.022×1023 = 0.00166
No. of moles of CO2 left= 0.00454 – 0.00166
= 0.00288
7. How many moles of glucose are present in 540g of glucose?
Mass in gram
Solution: Number of moles= Gram molecular mass
540
=180 = 3moles
8. Calculate the number of moles of H, S and O in 5moles of H2SO4.
Solution: 1 molecule of H2SO4 contain 2 H atoms, 1 atom of S and 4 atoms of oxygen.
1 mole of H2SO4 contains 2 moles of H.
 5 moles of H2SO4 contains 10 moles of H.
1 mole of H2SO4 contains 1 mole of S.
or 5 moles of H2SO4 contains 5 moles of S.
Similarly 1 mole of H2SO4 contains 4 moles of O.
or 5 moles of H2SO4 contains 20 moles of O.
9. Calculate the total number of electrons present in 1.6g of CH4.
1.6
Solution: No. of moles of CH4 = 16 = 0.1
No. of molecules in 1.6g of CH4=moles  NA
=0.1  6.022  1023 molecules
=6.022  1022 molecules
1 molecule of CH4 has 10 electrons.
 6.022  1022 molecules of CH4 has electrons.
=10  6.022  1022
=6.022  1023 (electrons).
10. How many atoms are there in 100amu of He?
1
Solution:1amu = 12 × mass of one C atom
or mass of one C – 12 atom=12 amu =Atomic mass of C
Similarly, the atomic mass/weight of He= 4.
Mass of one He atom=4 amu
100
Thus, number of atoms in 100amu of He = 4 =25.
11. Calculate the number of molecules in 11.2lit SO2 gas at NTP.
Volume at NTP(in litre)
Solution: No. of moles of SO2= Std.molar volume in litre
11.2 1
=22.4 = 2 = 0.5
No. of molecules of SO2= No. of moles  NA
=0.5 x 6.022 x 1023
=3.011  1023
12. Calculate the mass of 0.1mole of sodium carbonate.
Solution: Molecular mass of Na2CO3 =106 g
 mass of Na2CO3 in gram=No. of moles  Gram molecular mass.
=0.1  106 = 10.6 g
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13. Calculate the mass of 12.044  1023 atoms of carbon.

12.044×1023
Solution: No. of moles of C = =2
6.022×1023
Mass of carbon atoms = no. of moles  gram at. mass
= 2  12 = 24g.
23
14. Calculate mass of 6.02210 molecules of CaCO3 (CaCO3= 100)
6.022×1023
Solution: Number of moles of CaCO3 = 6.022×1023 = 1
 Mass of CaCO3 = Number of moles  molecular mass
= 1  100 = 100

CLASS EXERCISE
1. A sample of CaCO3 contains 3.01x1023 ions of Ca2+ and CO32-. The mass of the sample
is:
a) 100g b) 50g c) 200g d) 5g
2. How many moles of carbon atoms and hydrogen atoms respectively are present in
3moles of ethane?
a) 6, 18 b) 6, 12 c) 2, 18 d) 2, 6
3. Population of a country is approx. 100million. If one mole of rupees is distributed
equally among all the peoples, one person will get rupees approximately
a) 1015 b) 6.22 x 1014 c) 6.022 x 1015 d)10 million
4. What mass of carbon monoxide has the same number of oxygen atom as are present in
22g CO2?
a) 14g b) 280g c) 28g d) 56g
5. Number of atoms of oxygen present in 10.6g of Na2CO3 will be
a) 60.02x1022 b)12.04x1022 c)1.806x1023 d) 31.80x1028
6. The number of gram molecules of oxygen in 6.02x1024 CO molecules is
a) 10g molecules b) 5g molecules c)1g molecules d)0.5molecules
𝑁
7. The numerical value of 𝑛 (where N is the number of molecules in a given sample of gas
and n is thenumber of moles of the gas) is
a)8.314 b)6.02x1023 c)0.0821x10-24 d)1.66x10-19
HOME EXCERSICE
1. If 3.01x1020molecules are removed from 98mg of H2SO4, then the number of moles of
H2SO4 left are
a)0.1x10-3 b)0.5x10-3 c)1.66x10-3 d)9.95x10-2
2. The maximum number of molecules are present in
a) 5L of N2 gas at STP b) 0.5g of H2 gas
c) 10g of O2 gas d)15L of H2 gas at STP
3. Which has the maximum number of atoms?
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a) 6.022x1021 molecules of CO2 b)22.4 L of CO2 at N.T.P.

c) 0.44g of CO2 d) 1molecules of ozone
4. How many H-atoms are present in 0.04g of ethanol?
a) 6x1020 b)1.2x1021 c)3x1021 d)3.6x1021
5. A heavy element has atomic number X and mass number Y. Correct relation between X
and Y is
a) X > Y b) x < Y c) X = y d) X = Y(1 – Y)
6. One mole of CO2 contains:
a) 3g atoms of CO2 b) 18.1x1023 molecules of CO2
c) 6.02x1023 atoms of O d) 6.02x1023 atoms of C.
7. How many moles of Al2 (SO4)3 would be present in 50g of the substance?
a)0.083mole b)0.952mole c)0.481mole d) 0.140mole
8. An alloy of iron(54.7%), nickel(45%) and manganese(0.3%) has a density of 8.17g/cm3.
How many iron atoms are there in a block of alloy measuring 210cmx20cmx15cm?
a)6.02 × 1023 b)1.44 × 1023 c)1.44 × 1026 d) 6.02 × 1026
9. An analysis of Pyrex glass showed 12.9% B2O3, 2.2% Al2O3, and 3.8% Na2O, 0.4% K2O
and remaining is SiO2.What is the ratio of sillicon to boron atoms in the glass?
a) 7.3: 1 b) 5:1 c) 2:7 d) 1:5
NCERT Text Book Questions: 1. 10, 1. 28, 1.33
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SESSION – 5
AIM
• To calculate percentage composition.
• To introduce Empirical and Molecular Formulae.
PERCENTAGE COMPOSITIONS- of any element or constituent in a compound is the
number of parts by mass of that element or constituent present in 100parts by mass of the
compound.

It can be calculated by the following two steps:

Step1. Calculate the molecular mass of the compound from its formula its formula by adding
the atomic masses of the elements present.
Step2.Calculate the percentage of the element or the constituent by supplying the following
relation:
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑠 𝑏𝑦 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑡
% of the element = × 100
𝑀𝑜𝑙.𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑

Sample Problem 1: Calculate the percentage compositions of the various elements in MgSO4.
Solution: Mol. mass of MgSO4 = 24 + 32 + 4 x 16 = 120
No.of parts by mass of Mg 24
% of Mg = × 100 = 120 ×100=20%
Mol.mass of MgSO4
No.of parts by mass of S 32
% of S = × 100 = 120 ×100=26.67%
Mol.mass of MgSO4
𝑁𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑠 𝑏𝑦 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑂 64
% of O = × 100 = 120 ×100=53.33%
𝑀𝑜𝑙.𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4

Sample Problem 2: Calculate the percentage of water of crystallisation in the sample of blue
vitriol (CuSO4 .5H2O).
Solution: Mol. mass of CuSO4.5H2O = 6.3 + 32 + 4 x16 + 5 x 18 = 249.5
No. of parts by mass of H2O = 5 x 18 = 90
90
∴ % of H2O = 249.5 × 100 = 36.07%
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EMPIRICAL FORMULA AND MOLECULAR FORMULA

The formula which gives the actual number of atoms of various elements present in one
molecule of the compound is called molecular formula.
The formula which gives the relative number of atoms of various elements in one
molecule of the compound is called empirical formula.

Ex: Molecular formula of benzene is C6H6. It means that one molecule of benzene has six
carbon atoms and six hydrogen atoms.
Empirical formula of benzene is CH. It means that carbon and hydrogen are present in
the ratio of 1:1 in benzene.
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Relation between emperical formula and molecular formula

Molecular Formula = Emperical Formula x n
Molecular mass
n =Emperical formula mass

Note: Molecular mass =2 xVapour Density

DETERMINATION OF THE EMPERICAL FORMULA OF A COMPOUND
• Divide the percentage of each element by its atomic mass.
• Divide the result obtained in the above step by the smallest value among them to get
the simplest ratio of various atoms.
• If any number obtained above is not a whole number, then multiply all the numbers by
a suitable integer to get whole number ratio. This ratio is the simplest whole number
ratio. The empirical formula of the compound written the help of this ratio.

1. A compound contains C=71.23%, H=12.95% and O=15.81%. What is the empirical

formula of the compound?
Element Atomic mass Weight % in Relative number of Simplest atomic Empirical
compound atoms ratio formula
C 12 71.93 71.93 5.936
= 5.936 =6
12 0.988
H 1 12.95 12.95 12.95
= 12.95 = 13 C6H13O
1 0.988
O 16 15.81 15.81 0.988
= 0.988 =1
16 0.988

2. The simplest formula of a compound containing 50% of element X (Atomic mass=10)

and 50% of the element Y (Atomic mass=20) is
(A) XY (B) X2Y
(C) XY2 (D) X2Y3
Element Atomic Weight % in Relative number of Simplest atomic Empirical
mass compound atoms ratio formula
X 10 50 50/10 = 5 5/2.5 = 2
X2Y
Y 20 50 50/20 = 2.5 2.5/2.5 = 1

3. A compound of carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen contains these elements in the ratio
9:1:3.5. Calculate the empirical formula. If its molecular mass is 108, what is
the molecular formula?
Element Element Atomic mass Relative number of Simplest ratio
ratio atoms
Carbon 9 12 9 0.75
= 0.75 =3
12 0.25
Hydrogen 1 1 1 1
=1 =4
1 0.25
Nitrogen 3.5 14 3.5 0.25
= 0.25 =1
14 0.25
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Empirical formula = C3H4N

Empirical formula mass = (3  12) + (4  1) + 14 = 54
mol. mass 108
n= = =2
Emp. mass 54
Thus, molecular formula of the compound = 2  empirical formula
= 2  C3H4N
= C6H8N2

4. 2.38 gm of uranium was heated strongly in a current of air. The resulting oxide
weighed 2.806g. Determine the empirical formula of the oxide. (At. mass U =238;
O=16).
Step1: To calculate the percentage of uranium and oxygen in the oxide.
2.806g of the oxide contain uranium =2.38g
2.38
 Percentage of uranium = 2.806 × 100 = 84.82
Hence, the percentage of oxygen in the oxide= 100.00–84.82=15.18
Step 2: To calculate the empirical formula
Relative no. of

no.
At. mass of

atomic ratio

atomic ratio
of elements
Percentage

elements

atoms
Element

Simplest
Simplest
Percentage
=

whole
At. mass

Uranium 84.82 238 84.82 0.3562 3

= 0.3562 =1
238 0.3562
Oxygen 15.18 16 15.18 0.94875 8
= 0.94875
16 0.3562
= 2.666
Hence the empirical formula of the oxide is U3O8.

5. Chemical analysis of a carbon compound gave the following percentage composition by

weight of the elements present. Carbon 10.06%, hydrogen 0.84%, chlorine 89.10%.
Calculate the empirical formula of the compound.
Step 1: Percentage of the elements present
Carbon Hydrogen Chlorine
10.06 0.84 89.10
Step 2: Dividing the percentage compositions by the respective atomic weights of the
elements
10.06 0.84 89.10
12 1 35.5
0.84 0.84 2.51
Step 3: Dividing each value in step 2 by the smallest number among them to get simple
atomic ratio
0.84 0.84 2.51
0.84 0.84 0.84
Step 4: Ratio of the atoms present in the molecule C : H : Cl
1 : 1 : 3
 The empirical formula of the compound𝐶1 𝐻1 𝐶𝑙3 or 𝐶𝐻𝐶𝑙3 .
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6. The empirical formula of a compound is 𝐶𝐻2 𝑂. Its molecular weight is 90. Calculate the
molecular formula of the compound.
(Atomic weights C=12, H=1, O=16)
Solution: Empirical formula = CH2 O
Empirical formula weight = (12 + 2 + 16) = 30
molecular weight 90
n = empirical formula weight ∴ n = 30 = 3
The molecular formula (CH2 O)3 = C3 H6 O3

7. A substance, on analysis, gave the following percentage composition: Na = 43.

4%,C = 11.3%, O = 45.3%. Calculate its empirical formula. {Na = 23, C = 12, O
= 16]
Atomic Relative number of Simple ratio Simplest
Element SYMBOL % age
Mass moles of moles whole no. ratio
43 .4 1.88
Sodium Na 43.4 23 = 1.88 =2 2
23 0.94
11 .3 0.94
Carbon C 11.3 12 = 0.94 =1 1
12 0.94
45 .3 2.83
Oxygen O 45.3 16 = 2.83 =3 3
16 0.94
Therefore, the empirical formula is Na2CO3.

8. A compound has the following composition: Mg = 9.76%, S = 13.01%, O =

26.01%, H2O = 51.22%. What is its empirical formula? [Mg = 24, S = 32, O =
16, H = 1]
Simplest
Atomic Relative number Simple ratioof
Element Symbol % age Wholeno.
Mass of moles moles
ratio
9.76 0.406
Magnesium Mg 9.76 24 = 0.406
0.406
=1 1
24
13 .01 0.406
Sulphur S 13.01 32 = 0.406 =1 1
32 0.406
26 .01 1.625
Oxygen O 26.01 16 16
= 1.625
0.406
=4 4
51 .22 2.846
Water H2O 51.22 18 18
= 2.846
0.406
=7 7

Hence, the empirical formula is MgSO4. 7H2O.

9. What is the simplest formula of the compound which has the following percentage
composition? Carbon 80%, Hydrogen 20%. If the molecular mass is 30, calculate
its molecular formula.
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Relative number of Simple ratio of Simples whole

Element % age At. Mass
moles moles no.ratio
80 6.66
C 80 12 = 6.66 =1 1
12 6.66
20 20
H 20 1 = 20 =3 3
1 6.66

 Empirical formula is CH3

Molecular mass 30
 Empirical mass = 12  1 + 1  3 = 15 n = = =2
Emprical formula mass 15

Molecular formula = Empirical formula  2 = CH3  2 = C2H6

10. A compound on analysis gave the following percentage composition: C = 54.54%,

H = 9.09%, O = 36.36%. The vapour density of the compound was found to be
44. Find out the molecular formula of the compound.
Relative number Simple ratio of Simplest whole no.
Element % age At. Mass
of moles mole ratio
54 .54 4.53
C 54.54 12 = 4.53 =2 2
12 2.27
9.09 9.09
H 9.09 1 = 9.09 =4 4
1 2.27
36 .36 2.27
O 36.36 16 = 2.27 =1 1
16 2.27
 Empirical formula is C2H4O. Calculation of molecular formula:
Empirical formula mass = 12 2+14+161 = 44
Molecular mass = 2  Vapour density = 2 44 = 88
Molecular mass 88
n= = =2
Empirical formula mass 44
Molecular formula = Empirical formula  n = C2H4O  2= C4H8O2.

11. An organic compound on analysis gave the following data: C = 57.82%, H = 3.6%,
and the rest is oxygen. Its vapour density is 83. Find its empirical and molecular
formula.
Relative number of Simple ratio of Simplest whole
Element % age At. Mass
moles moles no. ratio
57 .82 4 .8
C 57.82 12 = 4.80 =2 4
12 2 .4
3.60 3 .6
H 3.60 1 = 3.60 = 1 .5 3
1 2 .3
38 .58 2 .4
O 38.58 16 = 2.40 =1 2
16 2 .4

 Empirical formula is C4H3O2.

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Empirical formula mass = 124+ 13 + 2  16 = 83

Molecular mass = 2  V.D. = 2  83 = 166
Molecular mass 166
n= = =2
Emprical formula mass 83
Molecular formula = Empirical formula  n = C4H3O2  2 = C8H6O4

12. 2.746 gm of a compound gave on analysis 1.94 gm of silver, 0.268 gm of sulphur

and 0.538 gm of oxygen. Find the empirical formula of the compound. (At masses:
Ag = 108, S = 32, O = 16)

Solution: To calculate percentage composition. Percentage composition of the compound is

calculated as under:
1.94
Silver =  100 = 70.65%
2.746
0.268
Sulphur =  100 = 9.75 %
2.746
0.538
Oxygen =  100 = 19.6%
2.746
To calculate empirical formula:
Relative number of Simplest whole
Element % age At. Mass Simplest ratio of moles
moles no.ratio
70.65 0.654
Ag 70.65 108 = 0.654 =2 2
108 0.305
9.75 0.305
S 9.75 32 = 0.305 =1 1
32 0.305
19 .6 1.22
O 19.6 16 = 1.22 =4 4
16 0.305

 Empirical formula is Ag2SO4

CLASS EXERCISE
1. An alkaloid contains 17.28% of nitrogen and its molecular mass is 162. The number of
nitrogen atoms present in one molecule of alkaloid is
a) Five b) Four c) Three d) Two
2. A compound of Se and Cl has 52.1% Se. The empirical formula is (At. mass of Se = 79u)
a) SeCl b) SeCl2 c) SeCl3 d) SeCl4
3. 3.0x1022 atoms of X and 6.0x1022 atoms of Y are present in a compound. The empirical
formula is
a) XY b) XY2 c) XY3 d) X2Y3
4. An aqueous solution containing 100grams of dissolved MgSO4 is fed to a crystalliser
where 80% of the dissolved salt crystallizes out as MgSO4.6H2O) crystals. How many
grams of the hexahydrate salt crystals are obtained from the crystallizer?
a) 80 b) 152 c) 120 d) 100
5. A purified cytochrome protein was found to contain 0.376% iron. What is the minimum
molecular massof the protein?
a) 14,800u b) 1480u c) 148,000u d) 148u
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6. Element X (Atomic mass=75 and element Y (Atomic mass=16) combine to give a

compound having 75.8% X. The formula of the compound is:
a) XY b) X2Y c) X2Y2 d) X2Y3
7. A compound contains 4.07% hydrogen, 24.27% carbon and 71.65% chlorine. Its
molarmass’s 95.969.What is the empirical formula?
8] An organic substance containing C, H and O, gave the percentage composition as
:C=40.687%, H=5.085% and 0=54.228%. The vapour density of the compound is 59.
Calculate the molecular formula of the compound.
HOME EXCERSICE
1. The hydrated salt Na2SO4xH2O on heating loses 55.9% weight and becomes
anhydrous. The value of x is
a) 3 b) 6 c) 7 d) 10
2. Caffeine has a molecular mass of 194. If it contains 28.9% by mass of nitrogen,
number of atoms of nitrogen in one molecular of it is
a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4
3. Manganese forms non-stoichiometric oxides having general formula MnOx. The value of
x for a compound that analysed 63.70% Mn is (at. mass Mn = 54.94u)
a) 1.958 b) 1.859 c) 1.898 d) 2.859
4. 1.625 g of anhydrous ZnSO4 was placed in moist air. After few days its weight was
found to be 2.857g. What is the molecular formula of hydrated salt?
a) XnSO4. H2O b) ZnSO4.3H2O c) ZnSO4.7H2O d)ZnSO4.10H2O
5. A compound containing sodium. Sulphur, hydrogen and oxygen gave the following
results on analysis: Na=14.28%, S=9.92% H=6.20%. Calculate the molecular formula of
the anhydrous compound. If all the atoms of hydrogen in the compound are present in
combination with oxygen as water of crystallization what is the structure of the
crystalliser salt? The molecular mass of the crystalline salt is 322.
a)Na2 SO4 . H2 O b)Na2 SO4 . 4H2 O c)Na2 SO4 7H2 O d) Na2 SO4 10H2 O
6. A compound containing C, H and O gave the following analytical data C=40.0% and H
=6.67%Calculate the molecular formula of the compound if its molecular mass is 180.
a)C2 H4 O2 b)C6 H12 O6 c)C3 H6 O2 d) C12 H22 O11
NCERT Text Book Questions: 1.2, 1. 3, 1. 8, 1.34
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SESSION – 6
AIM - To introduce Stoichiometric Calculations
STOICHIOMETRY OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS
A General Approach: One of the most important aspects of a chemical equation is that
when it is written in the balanced form, it gives quantitative relationships between the
various reactants and products in terms of moles, masses, molecules and volumes. This is
called stoichiometry (Greek word, meaning ‘to measure an element’). The coefficients of
the balanced chemical equation are called stoichiometric coefficients.

For example, a balanced chemical equation along with the quantitative information conveyed
by it is given below:
Let us consider the combustion of methane. A balanced equation for this reaction is as given
below:
CH4 (g) + 2O2 (g) → CO2 (g) + 2 H2O(g)

The above balance reaction gives the following information:

• For every 1mole of CH4, 2mole of O2 will be required to produce
1mole of CO2 and 2 moles of H2O. this signifies Mole – Mole relation
• For every 16gms of CH4 , 64gms of O2 will be required to produce 44gms of CO2 and
36gms of H2O this signifies Mass – Mass relation
• Ratio of moles of CO2 : H2O at any time = 1 : 2
• There will be no change in total mass of all reactants and products at any time for any
chemical reaction.
The quantitative information conveyed by a chemical equation helps in a number of
calculations. The problems involving these calculations may be classified into the following
different types:
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(1) Mass-Mass Relationships, i.e., mass of one of the reactants or products is given and the
massof some other reactant or product is to be calculated.

(2) Mass-Volume Relationship, i.e, mass/volume of one of the reactants or products is given
andthe volume/mass of the other is to be calculated.

(3) Volume-Volume Relationship, i.e, volume of one of the reactants or the products is given
andthe volume of the other is to be calculated.

The general method of calculations for all the problems of the above types consists of the
following steps:
(i) Write down the balanced chemical equation
(ii) Write the relative number of moles or the relative masses (gram atomic or molecular
masses) of the reactants and the products below their formulae.
(iii) In case of a gaseous substance, write down 22.4litres at STP below the formula in place
of 1mole.
Sample Problem 1: Calculate the mass of iron which will be converted into its oxide (Fe3O4)
by the action of 18g of steam on it.
Solution:The chemical equation representing the reaction is:
3Fe + 4H2O → Fe3O4+ 4H2
3×56 =168g 4×18=72g
Thus, 72g of steam reacts with 168g of iron
168
∴ 18g of steam will react with 72
× 18 = 42g of iron

∴Mass of iron required = 42g.

Sample Problem 2: What mass of slaked lime would be required to decompose completely
4grams of ammonium chloride and what would be the mass of each product?
Solution: The equation representing the decomposition of NH4CI by slaked lime, i.e. Ca
(OH)2is:
Ca(OH)2+ 2NH4Cl → CaCl2 + 2NH3 + 2H2O
40+2(1+16) 2(14+4+35.5) 40+2×35.5 2(14+3×1) 2(2×1+16)
=74g =107g =111g =34g =36g
(i)To calculate mass of Ca(OH)2 required to decompose 4g of NH4Cl.
From the above equation,107g of NH4Cl decomposed by 74g of Ca (OH)2
74
∴4g of NH4Cl will be decomposed by Ca (OH)2= 107 × 4 = 2.766𝑔
Thus, the mass of slaked lime required = 2.766g.
(ii)To calculate the mass of CaCl2 formed.
107g of NH4Cl when reacted with Ca(OH)2 produce 111g of CaCl2.
∴4g of NH4Cl when reacted with Ca(OH)2 will produce CaCl2
111
= × 4 = 4.15𝑔
107
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Hence the mass of CaCl2 produced = 4.15g.

(iii) To calculate the mass of NH3 produced.
107gofNH4 Cl react to form 34g of NH3
34
∴ 4g ofNH4 Cl react to form = 4 × 107 = 1.271 g

(iv)To calculate the mass of H2O formed

107g of NH4Cl react with Ca (OH)2 to yield 36g of H2O
36
∴ 4g of NH4Cl when reacted with = 107 × 4 = 1.345g
So, the mass of H2O formed = 1.3458g.
Sample Problem 3:1.5g of an impure sample of sodium sulphate dissolved in water was
treated with excess of barium chloride solution when 1.74 g of BaSO4was obtained as
dry precipitate. Calculate the percentage purity of the sample.
Solution: The chemical equation representing the reaction is:

Na2SO4 + BaCl2 → BaSO4+ 2NaCl

2×23+32+4×16=142g 137+32+4×16=233g
Step1.To calculate the mass of Na2SO4which produces 1.74g of BaSO4? From the chemical
equation, 233g of BaSO4 are produced from Na2SO4=142g
142
∴1.74g of it would be obtained from NaSO4= 233 × 1.74 = 1.06g
This is the mass of pure Na2SO4 present in 1.5g of impure sample.
Step2. To calculate the percentage purity of impure sample.
1.5g impure sample contains pure Na2SO4 = 1.06g
1.06
∴100g of impure sample will contain pure Na2SO4= 1.5
× 100 = 70.67 g

Thus, percentage purity of impure sample = 70.67

Sample Problem 4: Current market prices of Al, Zn and Fe scraps per kg are Rs.20, Rs.16
and Rs.3 respectively. If H2 is to be prepared by the reaction of one of these metals
with H2SO4, which would be the cheapest metal to use? Which would most expensive?
Solution: The various chemical reactions involved are given below:
(i) 2Al + 3H2SO4→ Al2(SO4)3 + 3H2
2×27=57g 3×2=6g
(ii) Zn+H2SO4 → ZnSO4 +H2
65g 2g
(iii) Fe + H2SO4→ FeSO4 +H2
56g 2g
Let us suppose that the amount of hydrogen to be prepared = 100g.
Step1. To calculate the cost of preparation of 100g of H2 from Al
6g of H2 is prepared from Al= 54g
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54
∴100g of H2 will be obtained from Al = 6 × 100
20
Cost of 1000g of Al = Rs.20 cost of 900g of Al=1000 × 900 = Rs. 18

Step 2. To calculate the cost of preparation of 100g of H2 from Zn.

2g of H2 produced from Zn=65g ∴100g of H2 will obtained from Zn
65
= × 100 = 3250 g
2
16
Cost of 1000g Zn=Rs.16/- ∴cost of 3250g of Zn=1000 × 3250 = Rs. 52

Step3. To calculate the cost of preparation of 100g of H2 from Fe.

2g of H2 produced from Fe=56g ∴100g of H2 will be obtained from
56
Fe = × 100 = 2800 g
2

Cost of 1000g of Fe = Rs.3/-

3
∴ Cost of 2800g of Fe = 1000
× 2800 = 8.40

Thus, Fe is the cheapest and Zn is the most expensive metal to use of the preparation of
H 2.
Sample Problem5: Calculate the amount of lime, Ca(OH)2, required to remove hardness of
50,000litres of well water which has been found to contain 1.62g of calcium bicarbonate
per 10litre.
(i)Calculation of total Ca(HCO3)2 present.
10L of water contain Ca(HCO3)2 = 1.62g
1.62
50,000L of water will contain Ca(HCO3)2= 10 × 50000g = 8100 g

(ii)Calculation of lime required. The balanced equation for the reaction involved is:
Ca (HCO3)2 + Ca (OH)2→ 2CaCO3 + 2 H 2O
1 mole 1 mole
162g Ca (HCO3)2 require lime = 74g
74
∴8100g Ca (HCO3)2 will require lime =162 × 8100 𝑔 = 3700 g = 3.7kg
Sample Problem 6:1.0g of a mixture of carbonates of calcium and magnesium gave 240cm3 of
CO2 at STP. Calculate the percentage composition of the mixture.
Solution: Mass of mixture of carbonates of Ca and Mg taken = 1.0g
Suppose the mass of CaCO3 = x g Mass of MgCO3 = (1-x) g
The chemical equations involved are:
CaCO3 → CaO + CO2
40+12+3×16=100g 22400cm3 at STP
MgCO3 →MgO + CO2
24+12+3×16=84 g 22400cm3 at STP
Step1. To calculate volume of CO2 evolved at STP from x g of CaCO3.
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100g of CaCO3 evolve CO2 at STP = 22400cm3

22400
∴x g of CaCO3 will evolve CO2 at STP = ×x cm3= 224x cm3
100

Step2.Calculate, volume of CO2 evolved at STP from, (1–x) g of MgCO3.

22400 800
84g of MgCO3 evolves CO2 at STP = × (1 − x)cm3 = (1 − x)cm3
84 3

Step3. To calculate the value of x

800
Total volume of CO2 evolved at STP = 224 x+ × (1 − x)cm3
3

But total volume of CO2 evolved at STP = 240cm3 (Given)

800
∴ 224 x+ 3
× (1 − 𝑥) = 240 or 672 x + 800 – 800x = 720 or 128x = 80
5
∴𝑥 =
8

Step4. To calculate the percentage composition of the mixture.

5
∴Percentage of CaCO3=8×1 × 100 = 62.5

∴ Percentage of MgCO3=100–62.5=37.5

Limiting Reagent
In single-reactant reactions, the calculations are carried out with only that amount of
the reactant which has converted to the product. This is done in all the methods
mentioned above.
In the reactions where more than one reactant is involved, one has to first identify
the limiting reactant, i.e., the reactant which is completely consumed. All
calculations are to be carried out with the amount of the limiting reactant only. Now
the question is how to identify the limiting reactant? The procedure is simple as
illustrated below:
Initially… 5moles 12moles 0moles
A + 2B → 4C
If A is the limiting reactant; moles of C produced = 20

If B is the limiting reactant: moles of C produced = 24

The reactant producing the least number of moles of the product is the
limiting reactant and hence A is the limiting reactant.
N 2 + 3H 2 ⎯⎯
→ 2NH 3
Initial mole 5 12 −
If N2 is the limiting reactant moles of NH3 produced =10. If H2 is the limiting
3
reactant moles of NH3 produced =  12 = 8 . The reactant producing the least number of
2
moles of the product is the limiting reactant, hence H2 is the limiting reactant.
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Ex.1: How much magnesium sulphide can be obtained from 2.00 g of magnesium and
2.00 g of sulphur by the reaction Mg + S ⎯⎯→ MgS? Which is the limiting reagent?
Calculate the amount of the reactants which remains unreacted.

Solution : First of all each of this masses are converted into moles:
2.00
2.00 g of Mg = = 0.0824 moles of Mg
24 .3
2.00
2.00 g of S = = 0.0624 moles of S
32 .1

From the equation, Mg + S ⎯⎯→ MgS, it follows that one mole of Mg reacts
with one mole of S. We are given more moles of Mg than of S. Therefore, Mg
is in excess and some of it will remain unreacted when the reaction is over. S
is the limiting reagent and will control the amount of product. From the
equation we note that one mole of S gives one mole of MgS, so 0.0624 mole of
S will react with 0.0624 mole of Mg to form 0.0624 mole of MgS.

Molar mass of MgS = 56.4 g

 Mass of MgS formed = 0.0624  56.4 g = 3.52 g of MgS

Moles of Mg left unreacted = 0.0824 –0.0624 moles of Mg

= 0.0200 moles of Mg

Mass of Mg left unreacted = moles of Mg  molar mass of Mg

= 0.0200  24.3 g of Mg = 0.486 g of Mg

Ex.2: 4 mole of MgCO3 is reacted with 6 moles of HCl solution. Find the volume of
CO 2 gas produced at STP. The reaction is MgCO3 + 2HCl → MgCl2 + CO2 + H 2O

Solution: From the reaction MgCO3 + 2HCl → MgCl2 + CO2 + H 2O

Given moles 4 mole 6 mole

Given mole ratio 2 : 3

Stoichiometric

Coefficient ratio 1 : 2

There should be one limiting reagent.

To find the limiting reagent, divide the given moles by stoichiometric coefficient.

MgCO3 HCl

4 6
=4 =3
1 2

HCl is limiting reagent.

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moles of HCl moles of CO2 produced

Q =
2 1

 moles of CO 2 produced = 3 moles

 volumes of CO 2 produced at S.T.P, = 3 22.4 = 67.2L

Ex. 3: What weight of AgCl will be precipitated when a solution containing 4.77 g NaCl
is added to a solution of 5.77g of AgNO3 ?

Solution: AgNO3 + NaCl ⎯⎯

→ AgCl + NaNO3

5.77 4.77
mmoles. mixed  1000  1000
170 58.5

= 33.94 = 81.54 0 0

moles. left 0 47.60 33.94 33.94

 moles of AgCl formed = 33.94

w
1000 = 33.94 WAgCl = 4.87g
143.5

CLASS EXERCISE
1. 2.79gm of iron is completely converted into rust(Fe2O3). Weight of the oxygen in the
rust is
a) 2g b) 1.1g c) 3g d) 1.8 g
2. What is the volme (in lit)of CO2 liberated at STP, when 2.12 grams of sodium
carbonate(mol.wt.106)is treated with excess of dilute HCl?
a) 2.28 b) 0.448 c) 44.8 d) 22.4
3. 2Moles of BaCl2react with excess of dil.H2SO4. The no. of moles of BaSO4 formed is
a) 3 moles b) 4 moles c) 2 moles d) ½ mole
4. No, of moles of KClO3 required to produced 5.6lit of O2 at STP is
a) 1/6 b) 1/8 c) ½ d) 1/3
5. 10gram of a mixture of CaCO3 and Na2CO3 on ignition suffered a loss in weight of
2.2gram. The mass ratio of CaCO3 and Na2CO3 is
a) 1 : 1 b) 1 : 1.4 c) 1.4 : 1 d) 1.75 : 1
6. How many grams of CaCO3 are required to produce carbon dioxide that is sufficient
for the conversion of 0.1mole sodium carbonate to sodium bicarbonate?
a)1gram b)0gram c)100gram d) 1000gram
7. The mass of CaO that shall be obtained by heating 20kg of 90% pure lime stoneis
a) 11.2kg b) 8.4kg c) 10.08kg d) 16.8kg.
8. The mass of 70% H2SO4 by mass required for neutralisation of 1mol of NaOH is
a) 49g b) 98g c) 70g d) 34.3g.
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9. If 0.50mole of BaCl2is mixed with 0.20mole of Na3PO4. The maximum number of moles
of Ba3(PO4)2 that can be formed is
a) 0.70 b) 0.53 c) 0.20 d) 0.10
10. One litre of a mixture of CO and CO2 is passed over red hot coke when the volume
increased to 1.6litre under the same conditions of temperature and pressure. The
volume of CO in the original mixture is
a) 400ml b) 600ml c) 500ml d) 800ml
HOME EXERCISE
1. The loss in weight when 10.5gram of MgCO3 is heated in an open crucible is
a) 4.4gram b) 5.5gram c) 2.2gram d)8.9gram
2. When 10ml of H2 and 12.5ml of Cl2are allowed to react, the final mixture contains
under the same conditions
a) 22.5ml of HCl b) 12.5ml of HCl
c) 20ml of HCl d)2.5ml of Cl2 & 20ml HCl
3. A mixture of 20ml of CH4 and 20ml of O2 at STP is exploded and cooled to room
temperature. If the reaction between the two substances is written as CH4+2O2 →
CO2+ 2H2O.The final volume of the gas mixture at STP is
a) 16ml b) 14ml c) 26ml d) 20ml
4. 2mol of H2S and 11.21L of SO2 at N.T.P. react to form x moles of sulphur according to
thefollowing equation, SO2+2H2S → 3S+2H2O, x is
a) 1.5 b) 3 c) 11.2 d) 6
5. ‘x’ grams of calcium carbonate was completely burnt in air. The weight of the solid
residue formed is 28g. What is the value of ‘x g?
a) 144 b) 200 c) 150 d) 50
6. The weight of magnesium that will be required to produce just sufficient hydrogen to
combine with all the oxygen that can be obtained by the complete decomposition of
24.5g of Potassium chlorate is
a)10.4gram b)14.4gram c)9.32gram d) 12.4gram
NCERT Text Book Questions: 1.4, 1.7, 1.23, 1.24, 1.26, 1.36
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SESSION – 7
AIM - To apply equivalent concept in solving stoichiometric problems.
• EQUIVALENT WEIGHT OF ELEMENT
It is the weight of element that combines with or displaces 8parts by weight of oxygen,
35.5parts by weight of chlorine or 1part by weight of hydrogen.
Atomic mass
Equivalent mass of an element =
Valency
55.84
e.g.1: equivalent mass of iron in ferrous compounds = = 27.92
2
55.84
e.g.2: equivalent mass of iron in ferric compounds = = 18.613
3

Eg.3: Mg + Cl2 → Mg Cl2

1mole 1mole
24gram 71grams
71-gram Cl2 → 24gram Mg

35.5gram Cl2 → 12gram Mg

24 A.w
E.W. of Mg =12 = =Valency
2

Eg. 4: 4A l + 3O2 → 2Al2O3

4 mole 3 mole
4 x 27gram 3 x 32 gram
3 x 32gram O2 → 4 x 27gram Al
4×27
8gram O2 → x8 = 9gram Al
3×32
27 𝐴.𝑤
E.W. of Al = 9 = =
3 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦

• Equivalent weight of acid:It is the weight of acid that gives one mole H+ ions
Molecular mass
Equivalent mass of an acid =
Basicity(H + )
Basicity: is the number of hydrogen (H) atoms in a molecule of the acid, which can be
displaced by metal ion.
+
Eg.1: H2SO4 → 2H + SO2−
4

1mole 2mole
98gram

2mole H+ → 98gram H2SO4

+ 98
1mole H → 2 = 49gram H2SO4
98 M.W
E.W. of H2SO4 = 49 = =
2 Basicity
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Eg.2: H3PO4 → 3H+ + 𝑃𝑂43−

1 mole 3 mole 98gram

3mole H+ → 98gram H3PO4

1mole H+
98
→ = 32.66
3
98 𝑀.𝑊
E.W. of H3PO4= 32.66 = = 𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
3

• Equivalent weight of base: It is the weight of base that gives one mole OH − . or
reacts with 1mole H+
Molecular mass
Equivalent mass of a base =
Acidity(OH − )
Acidity: The number of hydroxyl groups present in a molecule of the base “is known as
acidity of the base.
Eg. Ca (OH) 2
→ Ca2+ + 2OH-
1 mole 2 mole
74gram
2mole OH → 74gram Ca(OH)2

1mole OH → = 37gram Ca(OH)2

𝑀.𝑊 74
E.W. of base = = = 37
𝐴𝑐𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑦 2

• Equivalent weight of ion:

It is the weight of ion that contains 1mole charge
2- 2-
Eq.1: SO4 1 mole SO4 → 2mole charge → 96gram
96
1mole charge → 2 = 48gram
2- 96 Formula weight
E.W of SO4 = 48 = 2 = charge

Eq.2: P𝑂43− 1 moleP𝑂43− → 3mole charge → 95grams

95
1mole charge → 3 =31.66 gram

95 Formula weight
E.W of P𝑂43− = 31.66 = =
3 charge

𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠

E.W. of ions = 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑜𝑛
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• Equivalent weight of ionic compounds:

It is the weight of compound that contains 1mole positive and 1mole negative charge
3+
Ex. AlCl3 → Al + 3Cl-

1mole
133.5gram
133.5gram AlCl3→3mole positive & 3mole negative charge

1mole charge→ = 44.5g AlCl3

133.5
E.W. of AlCl3= 44.5 = 3
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑
E.W. of ionic compound = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙+𝑣𝑒 𝑜𝑟 −𝑣𝑒 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒

• Gram equivalent weight: When equivalent weight is expressed in grams, it is called

gram equivalent weight.
𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
Number of gram equivalents = 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡

Relation between number of moles and equivalent :

𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚
No. of Moles = 𝐺.𝑀.𝑊
𝑤𝑡.𝑖𝑛 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚 𝑤𝑡.𝑖𝑛 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚
No. of Equivalents = =
𝐺.𝐸.𝑊 𝐺.𝑀.𝑊/𝑥

x→ Valency, Acidity, Basicity

𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑤 𝐺.𝑀.𝑊
=𝐺.𝑀.𝑊/𝑥 × =𝑥
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑤

No. of Equivalents =No. of Moles ×x

Determination of equivalent mass:

(i)Hydrogen displacement method: Calculate the mass of the metal which displaces
1.008parts by mass of hydrogen.
mass of element mass of element
Eq.mass=mass of hydrogen × 1.008 =Vol(ml)of H × 11200
2 displaced at STP

(ii)Oxide formation or reduction of the oxide method: Calculate the mass of metal which
combines with or displaces 8parts by mass of oxygen.
mass of element mass of element
Eq.mass = ×8 = × 5600
mass of oxygen Vol(ml)of O2 displaced at STP

(iii)Chloride formation method: Calculate the mass of the element which combines with or
displaces 35.5parts by mass of chlorine
mass of element
Eq.mass = mass of chlorine × 35.5

(iv)Metal displacement method: When a more electropositive metal is added to displace a

less electropositive metal from its salt
(e.g Zn +CuSO4→ZnSO4+Cu)
Mass of metal added Eq.Mass of metal added
=
Mass of metal displaced Eq.Mass of metal displaced
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(v)Double decomposition method: For a reaction of the type

AB+CD→AD↓+BC (e.g, AgNO3+NaCl → AgCl↓+NaNO3)
Mass of AB taken Eq. Mass of AB Eq. mass of A + Eq. mass of B
= =
Mass of AD formed Eq. Mass of AD Eq. mass of A + Eq. mass of D
(vi)Electrolytic method: (Faraday’s second law). When the same quantity of electricity flows
through solutions of different electrolytes,
Mass of X deposited Eq. mass of X
=
Mass of Y deposited Eq . mass of Y
(vii)Neutralization method: To calculate the equivalent mass of an acid, calculate the mass
of the acid neutralized by 1000cc of 1N base solution (which contains 1g eq). Like-wise
equivalent mass of a base can be calculated.
(viii) Silver salt method (for organic acids only): A known mass of silver salt of the organic
Eq.Mass of RCOOAg Mass of silver salt
acid is ignited to give a residue of Ag, then =
Eq.Mass of Ag(108) mass of silver

Eq. mass of acid (RCOOH) = Eq. mass of RCOOAg – Eq. mass of Ag+ Eq. mass of H
= Eq. mass of RCOOAg – 107

CLASS EXERCISE
1. What is the equivalent weight of H3PO4 in the reaction?
Ca(OH)2 + H3PO4→ CaHPO4 + 2H2O
a) 98 b) 49 c) 3.66 d) 24.5
2. A chloride of an element contains 49.5% chloride. The specific heat of the element is
0.056. Calculate the equivalent mass, valency and atomic mass of the element

3. On dissolving 2.0g of metal in H2SO4, 4.51g of the metal sulphate was formed. The
specific heat of themetal is 0.057. What is the valency of the metal and exact atomic
mass?

4. The molecular mass of chloride, MCl is 74.5 the equivalent mass of the metal M will be:
a) 39.0 b) 74.5 c) 110.0 d) 35.5

HOME EXERCISE
1. One gram of the chloride was found to contain 0.835g of chlorine. Its vapour density
is 85. Calculate itsmolecular formula.
a) MCl4 b) MCl2 c)MCl d) MCl3
2. The oxide of an element contains 32.33% of the element and the vapour density of its
chloride is 79. Calculate the atomic mass of the element.
a) 8 b) 32 c) 10 d) 15.28
3. A1, g of an element gives A2 g of its oxide. The equivalent mass of the element is
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𝐴2 −𝐴1 𝐴2 −𝐴1 𝐴1
a) ×8 b) ×8 c)𝐴 × 8 d) (A2 –A1) 8
𝐴1 𝐴1 2 −𝐴1

4. The oxide of an element possesses the molecular formula M2O3. If the equivalent mass
of the metal is 9, its atomic mass is
a) 27 b) 18 c) 9 d) 4.5
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SESSION – 8
AIM - Methods of expressing Concentration of solutions.
A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more chemically non reacting substance
whose composition can be varied within certain limits.
Solution made up of; two components are called binary solutions, three components are
ternary solutions, four components are quaternary solutions.
Components of binary solutions are solute and solvent.
The componet which is major ingredient and whose physical state is the same as that of
solution is called solvent.

METHODS OF EXPRESSING THE CONCENTRATION OF A SOLUTION

The concentration of a solution is defined as the amount of solute present in the given
quantity of the solution (or solvent). Solutions containing relatively high concentration of
solute are called concentrated solutions, while those of relatively low concentrations of
solute are called dilute solutions
The concentration of a solution can be expressed in a number of ways. The important
methods are

• Mass Percentage: It is the amount of solute in grams present in 100grams of the

solution
mass of solute
Mass percentage= × 100
mass of solution
• Volume Percentage: is the volume of the solute present per 100 parts by volume of
solution.
volume of solute
Volume percentage = volume of solution × 100
6
• Parts per million (ppm): It is the amount of the solute in grams present in 10 grams
of the solution.
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑥
ppm of ‘x’=𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 × 106

• Molarity: Molarity is the number of moles of the solute present in one litre of the
solution. It is denoted by ‘M’. The units of molarity are moles/litre.
When one mole of the solute is dissolved in 1litre solution, the solution is called one molar
(or 1M) solution.
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Mathematical Relations:
𝑛𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
• Molarity =
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠)

wt. of solute 1
= ×
G. M. W. volume of solution (litres)

wt. of solute 1000

= ×
G. M. W. volume of solution (ml)

• No. of moles = M.V.(litres)

No. of millimoles = M.V.(ml)
• Calculation of molarity, when % mass of solution is given
10 × %
M=
GMW
• Calculation of molarity, when % mass of solution and density are given (only for
competitive exams)
10 × % ×density
M= GMW
• When a solution of molarity M1 and volume V1 is diluted with a solvent to get a solution
of molarity M2 and volume V2, then
M1V1 = M2V2
• Calculation of resultant molarity, when two or more solutions of the same substance
are mixed.
𝐌𝟏 𝐕𝟏 + 𝐌𝟐 𝐕𝟐 + 𝐌𝟑 𝐕𝟑 + … … … .
𝐌=
𝐕𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐥
M1 and V1, M2 and V2, M3 and V3 are the molarities and volumes of the individual solutions.

• When two solutions of different substance are mixed together (titrated against each
other), then
M1V1 M2V2
=
n1 n2
M1, V1, and M2, V2, are molarities and volumes of the two solutions n1 and n2 are the no. of
moles of the two substances involved.

Note: Semimolar: molarity is 0.5; Decimolar: molarity is 0.1

Centimolar: molarity is 0.01; Millimolar: molarity is 0.001
Molarity changes with temp because volume of solution changes with temp.

Ex.1 :149 gm of potassium chloride (KCl) is dissolved in 10 Lt of an aqueous solution.

Determine the molarity of the solution (K = 39, Cl = 35.5)
Solution: Molecular mass of KCl = 39 + 35.5 = 74.5 gm

149gm
 Moles of KCl = =2
74.5gm
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2
Molarity of the solution = = 0.2M
10

Ex.2 : What volume of a 3.0 M HCl solution be mixed with 500 mL of a 7 M HCl
solution to prepare a HCl solution whose molarity will be 4.0?
Solution: Let V mL of 3.0 M HCl solution is taken, then
3 V + 500 × 7 = 4 × ( 500 + V )  V = 1500 mL

Ex.3 : Determine molarity of a solution obtained by mixing 50 mL of a 0.26 M H 2SO4

solution with another 150 mL 0.48 M H 4SO4 solution.
Solution: It is a case of mixing of two solutions of different molarities. Applying the
mixing formula:
M1V1 + M 2 V2 50  0.26 + 150  0.48
 M3 = = = 0.425 M
V3 50 + 150

Ex. 4 : What volume of a 5.00 M H 2SO4 solution should be added to a 150 mL 1.0 M
H 2SO4 solution to obtain a solution of sulphuric acid of molarity 2.5?
Solution: It is again a case of mixing of two solutions. Let us assume that V mL of the
stock solution of H 2SO4 is added.
 5V + 150 × 1.0 = 2.5 × (150 + V )
 2.5 V = 225
225
 V= = 90 mL
2.5

Ex.5 : A 150 mL 0.25 M NaCl solution, 250 mL 0.45 M CaCl2 solution and a 100 mL
0.60 M AlCl3 solution are mixed together and diluted to a final volume of 750
mL by adding enough water. Determine molarity of chloride ion Cl− ( ) in solution
assuming that all three salts are completely soluble as well as completely
dissociated.
−
Solution: First we need to calculate total mmoles of Cl from the three salt solutions:
−
mmoles of Cl ion from NaCl = 37.5
−
mmoles of Cl ion from CaCl2 = 2 × mmoles of CaCl2
= 2 × 112.5 = 225
−
mmoles of Cl ion from AlCl3 = 3 × mmoles of AlCl3
= 3 60 = 180
−
 Total mmoles of Cl in final solution
= 37.5 + 225 + 180 = 442.5
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mmoles of Cl – 442.5
 Molarity of Cl – = = = 0.59 M
mL of solution 750

CLASS EXERCISE
1. A solution is prepared by adding 2g of a substance. A to 18g of water. The mass
percent of the solute is
2. 0.5moles of a solute is present in 500ml of the solution. Then its molarity is
a) 1M b) 10-3M c) 10-2M d) 10-1M
3. 100milli moles of a solute is present in 200ml of the solution. Then its molarity is
a) 2M b) 1M c) 0.5M d) 1.5M
4. The number of milli moles of solute present in 10ml of decimolar solution is
a) 1 b)10-3 c) 10-2 d) 10-1
5. 2gms of NaOH is present in 1litre of the solution. The molarity of the solution is
a) 0.5M b) 0.05M c) 0.1M d) 0.005M
6. NaOH solution is labelled as 10% by volume. then the molarity of NaOH solution is
a) 2M b) 2.5M c) 4M d)1M
7. The volume of water to be added to 100ml of 0.5M urea solution in order to make it
decimolar is
a) 500ml b) 400ml c) 600ml d) 50ml
8. 100ml of 1M HCI, 200ml of 2M HCI and 300ml of 3M HCI are mixed with enough
water to get 1M solution.The volume of water to be added is
a) 600ml b) 700ml c) 800ml d) 125ml
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SESSION –9
AIM - To discuss different methods of expressing concentration of solution [Contd.]

Normality: It is the number of gram equivalents of the solute present in one litre of the
solution. It is denoted by ‘N’. The units of normality are gram equivalents/litre. When one
gram equivalent weight of a solute is dissolved in 1litre solution, the solution is called one
normal (1N) solution.
Mathematical Relations:
no.of moles of solute
Normality = volume of solution (litres)
𝑤𝑡.𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 1
= ×
G.E.W. volume of solution (litres)

wt. of solute 1000

= ×
G. E. W. volume of solution (ml)

• No. of equivalents = N.V.(litres)

No. of milliequivalents = N.V.(ml)
• Calculation of molarity, when % mass of solution is given
𝟏𝟎 × %
𝐍=
𝐆𝐄𝐖
• Calculation of Normality, when % mass of solution and density are given (only for
competitive exams)
10 × % ×density
N= GEW

• When a solution of Normality N1 and volume V1 is diluted with a solvent to get a

solution of Normality N2 and volume V2, then
N1V1 = N2V2
• Calculation of resultant Normality, when two or more solutions of the same substance
are mixed.
N V + N V + N V + ……….
N = 1 1 2 V2 3 3
final

• When two solutions of different substance are mixed together (titrated against each
other), then
wt
N1V1 = N2V2 (or) = N. V. (lit)
G.E.W
i.e. no. of equivalents of both the substance should be equal.
• Calculation of resultant normality when two solutions of different substances are
mixed together. Let Na and Va be the normality and volume of acid, Nb and Vb be the
normality and volume of base.
(i) If NaVa> NbVb acidic (pH < 7)
Na Va −Nb Vb
Nresultant = Vfinal

(ii)If NbVb> NaVa basic (pH > 7)

Nb Vb − Na Va
Nresultant =
Vfinal
(iii) If NaVa = NbVb neutral
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• Relation between Normality and Molarity

wt 1 wt 1
Normality = × Molarity = ×
G. E. W. V(L) G. M. W. V(L)

Normality G. M. W. G. M. W.
= ×
Molarity G. E. W. G. M. W./x − factor
 Normality = Molarity × x -factor
x -factor is basicity for acids, acidity for bases, total +ve or –ve charges for salts,
change in oxidation no. for oxidant & reductant.

CLASS EXERCISE
1. 10milli equivalents of solute are present in 5ml ofan aqueous solution. Then its Normalityis
a) 1 N b) 0.5 N c) 2 N d) 0.25 N
2. 9.8g of Orthophosphoric acid is dissolved in water and the solution is made upto 2litres
with distilled water. The Normality of the solution is
a) 0.75N b)0.05N c) 0.3N d) 0.15N
3. 20ml of 0.1N FeSO4 solution will be completely oxidised by ------- ml of 0.05N KMnO4
solution in acidic medium.
a) 20 ml b) 10 ml c) 40 ml d) 80 ml
4. The weight of KMnO4 that can oxidise 100 ml of. 0.2 M oxalic acid in acidic medium is:

a) 1.58 g. b) 1.264 g. c) 12.64 g. d) 15.8 g.

5. 0.25g of an acid was exactly neutralised by 40ml of 0.125 N base. The equivalent weight
of the acid is
a) 100 b) 50 c) 75 d) 25
6] Calculate molarities and normalities of the solutions obtained by mixing
i) 100ml of 0.2M H2SO4 with 50ml of 0.1M HCl
ii) 100ml of 0.2M H2SO4 with 50ml of 0.1M NaOH
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SESSION – 10
AIM - To discuss different methods of expressing concentration of solution [Contd.]
• Molality: It is defined as the number of moles of the solute present in 1 kg of the
solvent. It is denoted by ‘m’.
The units of molality are moles/kg. When one mole of a solute is dissolved in 1 kg of
the solvent, the solution is called 1 molal or 1m solution.

no.of moles of solute

Molality, m = weight of solvent kg

weight of solute 1000

∴ m= GMW of solute × weight of solvent in gm

Ex. 1 : 255 gm of an aqueous solution contains 5 gm of urea. What is the

concentration of the solution in terms of molality? (Mol. wt. of urea = 60)

Solution: Mass of urea = 5 gm

Molecular mass of urea = 60

5
Number of moles of urea = = 0.083
60

Mass of solvent = (255 – 5) = 250 gm

Number of moles of solute

 Molality of the solution = × 1000
Mass of solvent in gram

0.083
= 1000 = 0.333
250

Ex.2 : The molarity and molality of a solution are M and m respectively. If the
molecular weight of the solute is M  , calculate the density of the solution in
terms of M, m and M .

Solution: Let weight of solute be w g and weight of solvent is W g and volume of solution is V
mL.

w 1000
 M= … (1)
M  V

w  1000
m= … (2)
M  W

w+W
D= … (3)
V

MMV
By Eq. (1) w = … (4)
1000
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w 1000 MMV 1000

By Eq. (2) W = = by Eq. (4)
M  m 1000  M  m

MV
W= … (5)
m

MV MMV
+
1 M 
 By Eq. (3) D = m 1000 D = M +
V  m 1000 
• Mole Fraction: It is defined as the ratio of number of moles of one component to
the total number of moles of the solution. Mole fraction is denoted by ‘x’
Consider a solution containing two components A and B. If xA and xB are mole fractions
of A and B respectively and nA and nB are the number of moles of A and B respectively.
Then

wA
nA
xA=n
MA
= wA wB
A +nB +
MA MB

wB
nB
xB =n
MB
= wA wB
A +nB +
MA MB

Where, wA and wB are the weights of A and B in grams respectively and MA and MB are
the molecular masses of A and B respectively.
The sum of the mole fractions of the components of a solution is equal to unity. In a
binary solution, mole fraction of solute + mole fraction of solvent = 1
• Formality: It is the number of formula masses in grams of the solute dissolved per
litre of the solution. It is denoted by ‘F’. It is used for ionic compounds in which there
is no existence of molecule.

CLASS EXERCISE
1. The molality of 10%(W/W) NaOH solution is
a) 2.77m b) 5.54m c) 0.0025m d) 2.5m
2. 16g. of methanol is present in 100ml of the solution. If the density of the solution is
-1
0.96g. ml , the molality of the solution is
a) 6.75m b) 6.25m c) 5.75m d) 5m
3. 100ml of ethyl alcohol [d = 0.92g/ml] and 900ml of water[d=1g/ml] are mixed to form
1lit solution. The Molarity and molality of the resulting solution are
a)2M and 2M b)2M and 2.22m c)2.2M and 1.1m d)2M and 1m
4. 6g. of Urea is present in 100gm. of water, the concentration of the solution is
a) 1M b) 1m c) 1N d) 1F
5. A solution contains 410.3g of H2SO4 per litre of solution at 20oC. If the density is
1.243g/ml what will be its molarity and molality.
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NCERT Exercise

Question 1: Calculate the molecular mass of the following:

(i) H2O (ii) CO2 (iii) CH4
Solution:
(i) H2O
The molecular mass of water, H2O
= (2  Atomic mass of hydrogen) + (1  Atomic mass of oxygen)
= [2(1.0084) + 1(16.00 u)]
= 2.016 u + 16.00 u
= 18.016
= 18.02 u
(ii) CO2
The molecular mass of carbon dioxide, CO2
= (1  Atomic mass of carbon) + (2  Atomic mass of oxygen)
= [1(12.011 u) + 2 (16.00 u)]
= 12.011 u + 32.00 u
= 44.01 u
(iii) CH4
The molecular mass of methane, CH4
= (1  Atomic mass of carbon) + (4  Atomic mass of hydrogen)
= [1(12.011 u) + 4 (1.008 u)]
= 12.011 u + 4.032 u
= 16.043 u

Question 2:
Calculate the mass percent of different elements present in sodium sulphate (Na2SO4 ) .

Solution:
The molecular formula of sodium sulphate is Na2SO4
Molar mass of Na2SO4 =[(2  23.0) + (32.066) + 4 (16.00)]
142.066 g
Massofthat elementin thecompound
Mass percent of an element = 100
Molar massof thecompound
∴ Mass percent of sodium:
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46.0g
= 100
142.066g
= 32.379
= 32.4%
Mass percent of sulphur:
32.066g
= 100
142.066g
= 22.57
= 22.6%
Mass percent of oxygen:
64.0g
= 100
142.066g
= 45.049
= 45.05%

Question 3:
Determine the empirical formula of an oxide of iron which has 69.9% iron and 30.1%
dioxygen by mass.

Solution 3:
% of iron by mass 69.9 % [Given]
% of oxygen by mass 30.1 % [Given]
Relative moles of iron in iron oxide:
% of iron by mass
=
Atomicmassof iron
69.9
=
55.85
= 1.25
Relative moles of oxygen in iron oxide:
% of oxygen by mass
=
Atomic massor oxygen
30.1
=
16.00
= 1.88
Simplest molar ratio of iron to oxygen:
= 1.25 : 1.88
=1:1.5
2:3
∴ The empirical formula of the iron oxide is Fe2O3.
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Question 4:
Calculate the amount of carbon dioxide that could be produced when
(i) 1 mole of carbon is burnt in air.
(ii) 1 mole of carbon is burnt in 16 g of dioxygen.
(iii) 2 moles of carbon are burnt in 16 g of dioxygen.

Solution 4:
The balanced reaction of combustion of carbon can be written as:
C+ O2 → C O2
(i) As per the balanced equation, 1 mole of carbon burns in 1 mole of dioxygen (air) to
produce 1 mole of carbon dioxide.
(ii) According to the question, only 16 g dioxygen is available. Hence, it will react with 0.5
mole of carbon to give 22 g of carbon dioxide. Hence, it is a limiting reactant.
(iii) According to the question, only 16 g dioxygen is available. It is a limiting reactant. Thus,
16 g of dioxygen can combine with only 0.5 mole of carbon to give 22 g of carbon dioxide.

Question 5:
Calculate the mass of sodium acetate (CH3COONa) required to make 500 mL of 0.375 molar
aqueous solution. Molar mass of sodium acetate is 82.0245 g mol-1

Solution 5:
0.375 M aqueous solution of sodium acetate
 1000 mL of solution containing 0.375 moles of sodium acetate
 Number of moles of sodium acetate in 500 mL
0.375
= 500
1000
= 0.1875 mole
Molar mass of sodium acetate = 82.0.245 g mole-1 (Given)
Required mass of sodium acetate = (82.0245 g mol-1) (0.1875 mole)
= 15.38 g

Question 6:
Calculate the concentration of nitric acid in moles per litre in a sample which has a density,
1.41g mL-1 and the mass percent of nitric acid in it being 69%.

Solution 6:
Mass percent of nitric acid in the sample = 69% [Given]
Thus, 100 g of nitric acid contains 69 g of nitric acid by mass.
Molar mass of nitric acid (HNO3)
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= {1 + 14 + 3 (16)} g mol-1
= 1 + 14 + 18
= 63 g mol-1
∴ Number of moles in 69 g of HNO3
69 g
=
63 g mol−1
= 1.095mol
Volume of 100g of nitric acid solution
Massof solution
=
density of solution
100g
=
1.41gmL−1
= 70.92 mL = 70.9210−3 L
Concentration of nitric acid
1.095 mole
=
70.9210−3 L
= 15.44 mol / L
∴Concentration of nitric acid = 15.44 mol/L

Question 7:
How much copper can be obtained from 100 g of copper sulphate (CuSO4)?

Solution 7:
1 mole of CuSO4contains 1 mole of copper.
Molar mass of CuSO4= (63.5) + (32.00) + 4(16.00)
= 63.5 + 32.00 + 64.00
= 159.5 g
159.5 g of CuSO4contains 63.5 g of copper.
63.5100g
 100 g of CuSO4will contain of copper.
159.5
63.5100
 Amount of copper that can be obtained from 100g CuSO4 =
159.5
= 39.81 g

Question 8:Determine the molecular formula of an oxide of iron in which the mass percent of iron and
oxygen are 69.9 and 30.1 respectively. Given that the molar mass of the oxide is 159.69g mol-1.
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Solution 8:
Mass percent of iron (Fe) = 69.9% (Given)
Mass percent of oxygen (O) = 30.1% (Given)
69.90
Number of moles of iron present in the oxide =
55.85
= 1.25
30.1
Number of moles of oxygen present in the oxide =
16.0
=1.88
Ratio of iron to oxygen in the oxide,
= 1.25 : 1.88
1.25 1.88
= :
1.25 1.25
= 1 : 1.5
=2:3
 The empirical formula of the oxide is Fe2O3.
Empirical formula mass of Fe2O3= [2(55.85) + 3(16.00)] g
Molar mass of Fe2O3= 159.69 g
Molar mass 159.69g
n = =
Empiricalformula mass 159.7g
= 0.999
= 1(approx)
Molecular formula of a compound is obtained by multiplying the empirical formula with n.
Thus, the empirical formula of the given oxide is Fe2O3and n is 1.
Hence, the molecular formula of the oxide is Fe2O3.

Question 9:
Calculate the atomic mass (average) of chlorine using the following data:
% Natural Abundance Molar Mass
35CI
75.77 34.9689
37CI
24.23 36.9659

Solution9:
The average atomic mass of chlorine
 Fractionalabundance Molar mass  Fractionalabundance Molar mass
=  35  35  +  37  37 
 of CI 
of CI of CI of CI
   
 75.77    24.23  
=  ( 34.9689u )  +  ( 36.9659u ) 
100   100 
     
= 26.4959 + 8.9568
= 35.4527 u
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 The average atomic mass of chlorine = 35.4527 u

Question 10:
In three moles of ethane (C2H6), calculate the following:
(i) Number of moles of carbon atoms.
(ii) Number of moles of hydrogen atoms.
(iii)Number of molecules of ethane.

Solution10:
(i) 1 mole of C2H6contains 2 moles of carbon atoms.
 Number of moles of carbon atoms in 3 moles of C2H6.
=23=6
(ii) 1 mole of C2H6contains 6 moles of hydrogen atoms.
 Number of moles of carbon atoms in 3 moles of C2H6.
= 3  6 = 18
(iii) 1 mole of C2H6contains 6.023  1023 molecules of ethane.
 Number of molecules in 3 moles of C2H6.
= 3  6.023  1023 = 18.069  1023

Question 11:
What is the concentration of sugar (C12H22O11) in mol L-1 if its 20 g are dissolved in enough
water to make a final volume up to 2 L?

Solution 11:
Molarity (M) of a solution is given by,
Number of molesof solute
=
Volumeof solution in Litres
Massof sugar/molar massof sugar
=
2L
20g / (1212 ) + (1 22 ) + (1116 ) g
=
2L
20g / 342 g
=
2L
0.0585 mol
=
2L
= 0.02925 mol L-1
 Molar concentration of sugar = 0.02925 mol L-1
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Question 12:
If the density of methanol is 0.793 kg L-1, what is its volume needed for making 2.5 L of its
0.25 M solution?

Solution12:
Molar mass of methanol (CH3OH) = (1  12) + (4  1) + (1  16)
= 32 g mol-1
= 0.032 kg mol-1
0.793kgL−1
Molarity of methanol solution =
0.032 kg mol−1
= 24.78 mol L-1
(Since density is mass per unit volume)
Applying,
M1V1 = M2V2
(Given solution) (Solution to be prepared)
(24.78 mol L-1) V1 = (2.5 L) (0.25 mol L-1)
V1 = 0.0252 L
V1 = 25.22 mL

Question 13:
Pressure is determined as force per unit area of surface. The SI unit of pressure,
Pascal is as shown below:
1Pa = 1N m-2
If mass of air at sea level is 1034 g cm-2, calculate the pressure in Pascal.

Solution13:
Pressure is defined as force acting per unit area of the surface.
F
P=
A
(100 ) cm2
2
1034g  9.8 ms −2 1kg
=  
cm2 1000 g 1m2
= 1.01332  105 kg m-1 s-2
We know,
1 N = 1 kg ms-2
Then,
1 Pa = 1 Nm-2 = 1 kg m-2 s-2
1 Pa = 1 kg m-1 s-2
 Pressure = 1.01332  105 Pa
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Question 14:
What is the SI unit of mass? How is it defined?

Solution14:
The SI unit of mass is kilogram (kg). 1 Kilogram is defined as the mass equal to the mass of
the international prototype of kilogram.

Question 15:
Match the following prefixes with their multiples:
Prefixes Multiples
(i) micro 106
(ii) deca 109
(iii) mega 10-6
(iv) giga 10-15
(v) femto 10

Solution 15:
Prefixes Multiples
(i) micro 10-6
(ii) deca 10
(iii) mega 106
(iv) giga 109
(v) femto 10-15

Question 16:
What do you mean by significant figures?

Solution16:
Significant figures are those meaningful digits that are known with certainty.
They indicate uncertainty in an experiment or calculated value. For example, if 15.6 mL is the
result of an experiment, then 15 is certain while 6 is uncertain, and the total number of
significant figures are 3.
Hence, significant figures are defined as the total number of digits in a number including the
last digit that represents the uncertainty of the result.

Question 17:
A sample of drinking water was found to be severely contaminated with chloroform, CHCl3,
supposed to be carcinogenic in nature. The level of contamination was 15 ppm (by mass).
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(i) Express this in percent by mass.

(ii) Determine the molality of chloroform in the water sample.

Solution 17:
(i) 1 ppm is equivalent to 1 part out of 1 million (106) parts.
 Mass percent of 15 ppm chloroform in water
15
= 100
106
1.510−3%
(ii) 100 g of the sample contains 1.5  10-3 g of CHCI3.
 1000 g of the sample contains 1.5  10-2 g of CHCI3
 Molality of chloroform in water
1.5×10-2g
=
Molar massof CHCI3
Molar mass of CHCI3= 12.00 + 1.00 + 3(35.5)
= 119.5 g mol-1
 Molality of chloroform in water = 0.0125  10-2 m
= 1.25  10-4 m

Question 18:
Express the following in the scientific notation:
(i) 0.0048
(ii) 234,000
(iii)8008
(iv)500.0
(v) 6.0012

Solution 18:
(i) 0.0048 = 4.8  10-3
(ii) 234,000 = 2.34  105
(iii)8008 = 8.008  103
(iv)500.0 = 5.000  102
(v) 6.0012 = 6.0012  100

Question 19:
How many significant figures are present in the following?
(i) 0.0025
(ii) 208
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(iii)5005
(iv)126,000
(v) 500.0
(vi) 2.0034

Solution 19:
(i) 0.0025
There are 2 significant figures.
(ii) 208
There are 3 significant figures.
(iii)5005
There are 4 significant figures.
(iv)126,000
There are 3 significant figures.
(v) 500.0
There are 4 significant figures.
(vi) 2.0034
There are 5 significant figures.

Question 20:
Round up the following upto three significant figures.
(i) 34.216
(ii) 10.4107
(iii)0.04597
(iv) 2808

Solution 20:
(i) 34.2
(ii) 10.4
(iii)0.0460
(iv) 2810

Question 21:
The following data are obtained when dinitrogen and dioxygen react together to form different
compounds:
Mass of dinitrogen Mass of dioxygen
(i) 14 g 16 g
(ii) 14 g 32 g
(iii) 28 g 32 g
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(iv) 28 g 80 g
(a) Which law of chemical combination is obeyed by the above experimental data? Give its
statement.
(b) Fill in the blanks in the following conversions:
(i) 1 km = ……………………. mm..................................... pm
(ii) 1 mg = ……………………. kg ................................... ng
(iii)1 mL = ……………………. L ................................... dm3

Solution 21:
(a) If we fix the mass of dinitrogen at 28g, then the masses of dioxygen that will combine with
the fixed mass of dinitrogenen are 32 g, 64 g, 32 g, and 80 g.
The masses of dioxygen bear a whole number ratio of 1:2:1:5. Hence, the given experimental
data obeys the law of multiple proportions. The law states that if two elements combine to
form more than one compound, then the masses of one element that combines with the fixed
mass of another element are in the ratio of small whole numbers.
1000 m 100cm 10 mm
(b)(i) 1 km = 1 km   
1km 1m 1cm
 1 km = 10 mm
6
1000 m 1pm
1 km = 1 km  
1km 10−12 m
 1 km = 1015 pm
Hence, 1 km = 106 mm = 1015 pm
1g 1kg
(ii) 1 mg = 1 mg  
1000 mg 1000 g
 1 mg = 106kg
 1 mg = 10-6 kg = 106 ng
1L
(iii) 1 mL = 1 mL 
1000 mL
 1 mg = 10 L -3
1 dm1dm1dm
1 mL = 1 cm3 = 1 cm3 
10cm10cm10cm
 1 mL = 10 dm -3 3

 1 mL = 10-3 L = 10-3 dm3

Question 22:
If the speed of light is 3.0  108 ms-1, calculate the distance covered by light in 2.00 ns.

Solution 22:
According to the question:
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Time taken to cover the distance = 2.00 ns

= 2.00  10-9 s
Speed of light = 3.0  108 ms-1
Distance travelled by light in 2.00 ns
= Speed of light Time taken
= (3.0  108 ms-1) (2.00  10-9 s)
= 6.00  10-1 m
= 0.600 m

Question 23:
In a reaction
A + B2 → AB2
Identify the limiting reagent, if any in the following reaction mixtures.
(i) 300 atoms of A + 200 molecules of B
(ii) 2 mol A + 3 mol B
(iii) 100 atoms of A + 100 molecules of B
(iv) 5 mol A+ 2.5 mol B
(v) 2.5 mol A + 5 mol B

Solution 23:
A limiting reagent determines the extent of a reaction. It is the reactant which is the first to get
consumed during a reaction, thereby causing the reaction to stop and limiting the amount of
products formed.
(i) According to the given reaction, 1 atom of A reacts with 1 molecule of B. thus, 200
molecules of B will react with 200 atoms of A, thereby leaving 100 atoms of A unused.
Hence, B is the limiting reagent.
(ii) According to the reaction, 1 mol of A reacts with 1 mol of B. thus, 2 mol of A will react
with only 2 mol of B. As a result, 1 mol of A will not be consumed. Hence, A is the
limiting reagent.
(iii) According of the given reaction, 1 atom of A combines with 1 molecule of B. the mixture
is stoichiometric where no limiting reagent is present.
(iv) 1 mol of atom A combines with 1 mol of molecule B. Thus, 2.5 mol of B will combine
with only 2.5 mol of A. As a result, 2.5 mol of A will be left as such. Hence, B is the
limiting reagent.
(v) According to the reaction, 1 mol of atom A combines with 1 mol of molecule B. Thus, 2.5
mol of A will combine with only 2.5 mol of B and the remaining 2.5 mol of B will be left
as such. Hence, A is the limiting reagent.
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Question 24:
Dinitrogen and dihydrogen react with each other to produce ammonia according to the
following chemical equation:
N2( g) + H2( g) → 2NH3( g)
(i) Calculate the mass of ammonia produced if 2.00  103 g dinitrogen reacts with 1.00  103 g
of dihydrogen.
(ii) Will any of the two reactants remain unreacted?
(iii)If yes, which one and what would be its mass?

Solution 24:
(i) Balancing the given chemical equation,
N2( g) + 3H2( g) → 2NH3( g)
From the equation, 1 mole (28g) of dinitrogen reacts with 3 mole (6g) of dihydrogen to give 2
mole (34g) of ammonia.
6g
 2.00  103 g of dinitrogen will react with  2.00103 g dihydrogen i.e.,
28g
2.00  10 g of dinitrogen will react with 428.6 g of dihydrogen.
3

Given,
Amount of dihydrogen = 1.00  103 g
Hence, N2 is the limiting reagent.
 28 g of N2 produces 34 g of NH3.
34g
Hence, mass of ammonia produced by 2000 g of N =  2000g
2
28g
= 2428.57 g
(ii) N2 is the limiting reagent and H2 is the excess reagent. Hence, H2 will remain unreacted.
(iii) Mass of dihydrogen left unreacted = 1.00  103 g – 428.6 g
= 571.4 g

Question 25:
How are 0.50 mol Na2CO3 and 0.50 M Na2CO3different?

Solution 25:
Molar mass of Na2CO3= (2  23) + 12.00 + (3  6)
= 106 g mol-1
Now, 1 mole of Na2CO3means 106 g of Na2CO3.
106g
 0.5 mol of Na2CO3 =  0.5mol Na CO3
2
1mole
= 53 g Na2CO3
 0.50 M of Na2CO3= 0.50 mol/L Na2CO3
Hence, 0.50 mol of Na2CO3is present in 1 L of water or 53 g Na2CO3is present in 1 L of water.
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Question 26:
If ten volumes of dihydrogen gas react with five volumes of dioxygen gas, how many volumes
of water vapour would be produced?

Solution 26:
Reaction of dihydrogen with dioxygen can be written as:
2H2( g ) + O2( g ) → 2H2O( g)
Now, two volumes of dihydrogen react with one volume of dihydrogen to produce two
volumes of water Vapour.
Hence, ten volumes of dihydrogen will react with five volumes of dioxygen to produce ten
volumes of water Vapour.

Question 27:
Convert the following into basic units:
(i) 28.7 pm
(ii) 15.15 pm
(iii)25365 mg

Solution 27:
(i) 28.7 pm:
1 pm = 10-12 m
 28.7 pm = 28.7 10−12 m
= 2.87 10−11 m
(ii) 15.15 pm:
1 pm = 10-12 m
 15.15 pm = 15.15 10−12 m
= 1.515 10−12 m
(iii) 25365 mg:
1 mg = 10-3 g
25365 mg = 2.5365  104  10-3 g
Since,
1 g = 10-3 kg
2.5365  101 g = 2.5365  10-1  10-3 kg
25365 mg = 2.5365  10-2 kg

Question 28:
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Which one of the following will have largest number of atoms?

(i) 1 g Au (s)
(ii) 1 g Na (s)
(iii)1 g Li (s)
(iv)1 g of CI2(g)

Solution 28:
1
(i) 1 g of Au (s) = mol of Au (s)
197
6.0221023
= atoms of Au (s)
197
= 3.06  1021 atoms of Au (s)
1
(ii) 1 g of Na (s) = mol of Na (s)
23
23
6.02210
= atoms of Na (s)
23
= 0.262 1023 atoms of Na (s)
= 26.2 1021 atoms of Na (s)
1
(iii) 1 g of Li (s) = mol of Li (s)
7
23
6.02210
= atoms of Li (s)
7
= 0.86 1023 atoms of Li (s)
= 86.0 1021 atoms of Li (s)
1
(iv) 1 g of CI2 (g) = mol of CI2 (g)
71
(Molar mass of CI2 molecules = 35.5 2 = 71 g mol−1 )
6.0221023 atoms of CI (g)
= 2
71
= 0.0848 1023 atoms of CI2 (g)
= 8.48 1021 atoms of CI2 (g)
Hence, 1 g of Li (s) will have the largest number of atoms.

Question 29:
Calculate the molarity of a solution of ethanol in water in which the mole fraction of ethanol is
0.040 (assume the density of water to be one).

Solution 29:
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Number of moles C2H5OH

Mole fraction of C2H5OH =
Number of moles of solution
nC2 H5OH ........................
0.040= (1)
nC H OH + nH O
2 5 2

Number of moles present in 1 L water:

1000 g
nH2O =
18 g mol−1
nH2O = 55.55mol
Substituting the value of nH O2 in equation (1),
nC2 H5OH
=0.040
nC2 H5 OH + 55.55
nC2H5OH =0.040 nC2 H5 OH + (0.040) (55.55)
0.96nC2 H5 OH =2.222 mole
2.222
n = mole
C2 H5OH
0.96
nC2H5 OH =2.314 mole
2.314 mol
 Molarity of solution =
1L
= 2.314 M

Question 30:
What will be the mass of one 12C atom in g?

Solution 30:
1 mole of carbon atoms = 6.023  1023 atoms of carbon
= 12 g of carbon
12g
 Mass of one12C atom =
6.0221023
= 1.993  10 g
-23

Question 31:
How many significant figures should be present in the answer of the following calculations?
0.2856 298.15 0.112
(i) =
0.5785
(ii) 5  5.364
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(iii)0.0125 + 0.7864 + 0.0215

Solution 31:
0.2856 298.15 0.112
(i) =
0.5785
Least precise number of calculation = 0.112
 Number of significant figures in the answer
= Number of significant figures in the least precise number
=3
(ii) 5  5.364
Least precise number of calculation = 5.364
 Number of significant figures in the answer = Number of significant figures in 5.364
=4
(iii) 0.0125 + 0.7864 + 0.0215
Since the least number of decimal places in each term in four, the number of significant figures
in the answer is also 4.

Question 32:
Use the data given in the following table to calculate the molar mass of naturally occurring
argon isotopes:
Isotope Isotopic molar mass Abundance
36Ar
35.96755 gmol-1 0.337%
38Ar
37.96272 gmol-1 0.063%
40Ar -1
39.9624 gmol 99.600%

Solution 32:
Molar mass of argon
 0.337   0.063   90.60 
=  35.96755  + 37.96272  + 39.9624
 gmol−1
100 100 100 
     
= 0.121+ 0.024 + 39.802 gmol−1
=39.947 gmol-1

Question 33:
Calculate the number of atoms in each of the following
(i) 52 moles of Ar
(ii) 52 u of He
(iii) 52 g of He.
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Solution 33:
(i) 1 mole of Ar = 6.022 1023 atoms of Ar
52 mole of Ar = 52  6.022 1023 atoms of Ar
=3.131 1025 atoms of Ar
(ii) 1 atom of He = 4 u of the
Or,
4 u of He = 1 atom of He
1
1 u of He = atom of He
4
52
52u of He = = atom of He
4
= 13 atoms of He

(iii) 4 g of He = 6.022 1023 atoms of He

6.0221023 52
 52 g of He = = atoms of He
4
= 7.8286 1024 atoms of He

Question 34:
A welding fuel gas contains carbon and hydrogen only. Burning a small sample of it in oxygen
gives 3.38 g carbon dioxide, 0.690 g water and no other products. A volume of 10.0 L
(measured at STP) of this welding gas is found to weigh 11.6 g. Calculate
(i) empirical formula,
(ii) molar mass of the gas, and
(iii) molecular formula.

Solution 34:
(i) 1 mole (44 g) of CO2 contains 12 g carbon.
12g
 3.38 g of CO2 will contain carbon =  3.38g
44g
= 0.9217 g
18 g of water contains 2 g of hydrogen.
2g
 0.690 g of water will contain hydrogen =  0.690
18g
= 0.0767 g
Since carbon and hydrogen are the only constituents of the compound, the total mass of the
compound is:
= 0.9217 g + 0.0767 g
= 0.9984 g
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0.9217g
 Percent of C in the compound = 100
0.9984g
= 92.32%
0.0767g
Percent of H in the compound = 100
0.9984g
= 7.68%
92.32
Moles of carbon in the compound =
12.00
= 7.69
7.68
Moles of hydrogen in the compound = =
1
= 7.68
 Ration of carbon to hydrogen in the compound = 7.69 : 7.68
= 1.1
Hence, the empirical formula of the gas is CH.

(ii) Given,
Weight of 10.0L of the gas (at S.T.P) = 11.6 g
11.6g
 Weight of 22.4 L of gas at STP = =  22.4L
10.0L
= 25.984 g
 26 g
Hence, the molar mass of the gas is 26 g.
(iii) Empirical formula mass of CH = 12 + 1 = 13 g
Molar massof gas
n=
Empirical Formula massof gas
26g
=
13g
n=2
 Molecular formula of gas = (CH)n
= C2H2

Question 35:
Calcium carbonate reacts with aqueous HCl to given CaCl2 and CO2 according to the reaction,
CaCO3(s) + 2 HCl(aq) →CaCl2(aq) + CO2( g) + H2O(l)
What mass of CaCO3 is required to react completely with 25 mL of 0.75 M HCl?

Solution 35:
0.75 M of HCI  0.75 mol of HCl are present in 1 L of water
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 ( 0.75mol )  (36.5 gmol −1 ) HCl is present in 1 L of water

 27.375 g of HCI is present in 1 L of water
Thus, 1000 mL of solution contains 27.375 g of HCl.
 Amount of HCl present in 25 mL of solution
27.375 g
=  25 mL
1000 mL
= 0.6844 g
From the given chemical equation,
CaCO3(s) + 2 HCl(aq) →CaCl2(aq) + CO2( g) + H2O(l)
2 mol of HCl (2  36.5 = 71 g) react with 1 mol of CaCO3 (100 g).
100
 Amount of CaCO3 that will react with 0.6844 g =  0.6844 g
71
= 0.9639 g

Question 36:
Chlorine is prepared in the laboratory by treating manganese dioxide (MnO2) with aqueous
hydrochloric acid according to the reaction
4HCl(aq) + MnO2(l ) + MnCl2(aq) + Cl2( g )
How many grams of HCl react with 5.0 g of manganese dioxide?

Solution 36:
1 mol [55 + 2  16 = 87 g] MnO2 reacts completely with 4 mol [4  36.5 = 146 g] of HCl.
 5.0 g of MnO2 will react with
146g
=  5.0 g
87g
=8.4 g of HCl
Hence, 8.4 g of HCl will react completely with 5.0 g of manganese dioxide.
 SOME BASIC CONCEPTS OF CHEMISTRY

Chapter–01
SOME BASIC CONCEPTS OF CHEMISTRY

41 years of JEE mains & advance solved papers

Topic 1 - Mole concept

Objective Question- I (only one correct option)
1. 5 moles of AB2 weight 125 X 10-3kg and 10 moles of A2B2 weight 300 X 10-3kg. The molar
mass of A(MA) and molar mass of B(MB) in kg mol-1 are (2019 main, 12 April I)
(a) MA = 10 X 10-3 and MB = 5 X 10-3 (b) MA= 50 X 10-3 and MB = 25 X 10-3
(c) MA = 25 X 10-3 and MB = 50 X 10-3 (d) MA = 5 X 10-3 and MB =10 X 10-3
Solution :

KEY To find the mass of A and B in the given question,

mole concept is used.
IDEA given mass (w)
Number of moles(n) = molecular mass (M)

Compound Mass of A(g) Mass of B (g)

AB2 MA 2MB
A2 B2 2MA 2MB
given mass (w)
We know that, Number of moles(n) =
molecular mass (M)

n×M=w …..(A)
Using equation (A), it can be concluded that
5(MA + 2MB ) = 125 × 10−3 kg …..(i)
10(2MA + 2MB ) = 300 × 10−3 kg …..(ii)
From equation (i) and (ii)
1 (MA + 2MB ) 125
=( )
2 (2MA + 2MB ) 300

On solving the equation, we obtain, MA = 5 × 10−3 and MB = 10 × 10−3

So, the molar mass of A(MA ) is 5 × 10−3 kg mol−1 and B(MB ) is 10 × 10−3 kg mol−1

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 SOME BASIC CONCEPTS OF CHEMISTRY

2. The minimum amount of O2(g) consumed per gram of reactant is for the reaction. (Given
atomic mass: Fe = 56, O = 16, Mg = 24, P = 31, C = 12, H = 1) (2019 main, 10 April II)
(a) C3H8(g)+ 502(g) → 3CO2(g)+ 4H2O(l) (b) P4(s) + 502(g) → P4O10(s)
(c) 4Fe(s) + 3O2(g) →2Fe2O3(s) (d) 2Mg(s) + O2(g) →2MgO(s)
Solution : (a) C3 H8 [44g(g)] + 502160g (g) → 3CO2 (g) + 4H2 O(l)
160
 1g of reactant = g of O2 consumed = 3.64g
44

(b) P4124g (s) + 502160g → P4 O10 (s)

160
 1g of reactant = 124 g of O2 consumed = 1.29 g

4Fe(s)2 30 (g)
(c) 244g + 96g → 2𝐹𝑒2 O3 (s)

96
 1g of reactant = 224 g of O2 consumed = 0.43g

2Mg(s) O2 (g)
(d) 48g
+
32g
→ 2MgO(s)

32
 1 g of reactant = g of O2 consumed=0.67g
48
So, minimum amount of O2 is consumed per gram of reactant (Fe) in reaction (c).

3. At 300K and l atmospheric pressure , 10ml of a hydrocarbon required 55ml of O2 for

complete combustion and 40ml of CO2 is formed. The formula of the hydrocarbon is
(2019 main,10AprilI)
(a) C4H7Cl (b) C4H6 (c) C4H10 (d) C4H8
y 300𝐾,1𝑎𝑡𝑚 y
Solution :In eudiometry, Cx Hy + (x + 4) O2 → x CO2 + 2 H2 O
y
1 mol (x + )mol
4
x mol
y
1ml (x + 4)ml x ml
y
10ml (x + )X10ml
4
10x ml

Given, (i) Vco 2 = 10x = 40mL => x = 4

y
(ii) V0 2 = 10 (x + 4) mL = 55ml
y
 10 (4 + 4) = 55 [bcz x = 4]

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 SOME BASIC CONCEPTS OF CHEMISTRY
y×10
 40 + = 55
4
10 4
 y × = 15 => y = 15 × 10 = 6
4

So, the hydrocarbon (Cx Hy ) is C4 H6 .

4. 10ml of 1mm surfactant solution form a monolayer covering 0.24cm2 on a polar

substrate. If the polar head is approximated as a cube, what is its edge length?
(2019 main, 9 April ll)
(a) 2.0pm (b) 0.1nm (c) 1.0pm (d) 2.0nm
Solution : Given, volume = 10 mL
Molarity = 1m, M = 10−3 M
∴ Number of millimoles = 10 mL × 10−3 M = 10−2
Number of moles=10−5
Now, number of molecules = number of moles x Avogadro’s number
= 10−5 × 6 × 1023 = 6 × 1018
Surface area occupied by 6 × 1023 molecules = 0.24cm2
0.24
∴ Surface area occupied by 1 molecule = 6 × 1018 = 0.04 × 10−18 cm2

As it is given that polar head is approximated as cube. Thus, surface area of cube = a2 ,
where, a = edge length
∴ a2 = 4 × 10−20 cm2
a = 2 × 10−10 cm = 2 pm

5. For a reaction, N2(g) + 3H2(g) → 2NH3(g), identify dihydrogen(H2 ) as a limiting reagent

in the following reaction mixtures. (2019 main, 9April I)
(a) 56g of N2+10g of H2 (b) 35g of N2+8g of H2
(c) 14g of N2+4g of H2 (d) 28g of N2+6g of H2
Solution :
The reactant which is present in the lesser amount,
KEY
i.e. which limits the amount of product formed is
IDEA
called limiting reagent.

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 SOME BASIC CONCEPTS OF CHEMISTRY

When 56g of N2 + 10 g of H2 is taken as a combination then dihydrogen (H2 ) act as a

limiting reagent in the reaction.
N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) → 2NH3 (g) …,(I)
2 × 14g 3 × 2g 2(14 + 3)g
28g 6g 34g
28g N2 requires 6g H2 gas.
6g
56g of N2 requires 28g × 56g = 12g of H2

12g H2 gas is required for 56g of N2 gas but only 10g of H2 gas is present in option (a)
Hence, H2 gas is the limiting reagent.
In option (b), i.e 35g of N2 + 8g of H2
As 28g N2 requires6g of H2
6g
35g of N2 requires 28g × 35g H2 => 7.5g of H2 .

Here, H2 gas does not act as limiting reagent since 7.5g of H2 gas is required for 35g of N2 and
8g of H2 is present in reaction mixture.
Mass of H2 left unreacted = 8g - 7.5g of H2 = 0.5g of H2
Similarly, in option (c) and (d), H2 does not act as limiting reagent.
For 14g of N2 + 4g of H2 , As we know 28g of N2 reacts with 6g of H2
6
14g of N2 reacts with 28 × 14g of H2 => 3g of H2

For 28g of N2 + 6g of H2 , i.e. 28g of N2 reacts with 6g of H2 (by equation 1)

6. The percentage composition of carbon by mole in methane is (2019 main,8April II)

(a) 75% (b) 20% (c) 25% (d) 80%
Solution :
KEY The percentage composition of a compound is given by the formula,
composition of a substance in a compound
IDEA % composition = × 100
Total composition total of compound

In CH4 , Mole of carbon=1

Mole of hydrogen =4
1
∴ % of carbon by mole in CH4 = 1+4 × 100 = 20%

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 SOME BASIC CONCEPTS OF CHEMISTRY

7. 8g of NAOH is dissolved in 18 g of H20. Mole fraction of NAOH in solution and molality

(in mol kg-1)of the solution respectively are (2019 main, 12 jan II)
(a) 16.8 (b) 22.4 (c) 11.35 (d) 5.6
number of moles of solute + number of moles solvent
Solution: Mole fraction of solute =
number of moles of solute
wsolute
nsolute Mwsolute
xsolute = = wsolute w
nsolute +nsolvent + solvent
Mwsolute Mwsolvent

Given, wsolute = wNaOH = 8g

Mwsolute = MwNaOH = 40g mol−1
wsolvent = wH2O = 18g
Mwsolvent = 18g mol−1
8/40 0.2 0.2
∴ Xsolute = XNaOH = 8 18 = = 1.2 = 0.167
+ 0.2+1
40 18

Moles of solute
Now, molality(m) = Mass of solvent (in kg)
wsolvent
Mwsolvent 8/40
× 1000 = × 1000
wsolvent (in g) 18

0.2
= × 1000 = 11.11 mol kg −1
18
Thus, mole fraction of NaOH in solution and molality of the solution respectively are 0.167
and 11.11 mol kg −1

8. The volume strength of 1M H2O2 is(molar mass of H2O2 = 34 gmol-1) (2019main,12 Jan II)
(a) 16.8 (b) 22.4 (c) 11.35 (d) 5.6
Solution: Concentration of H2 O2 is expressed in terms of volume strength, i.e. volume of O2
liberated by H2 O2 at NTP. Molarity is connected to volume strength as,
x
Molarity (M) = 11.2or x =Molarityx11.2

Where, x= volume strength

So, for 1 MH2 O2 , x=1x11.2=11.2
Among the given options, 11.35 is nearest to 11.2.

9. The amount sugar (C12H22O11)required to prepare 2L of its 0.1M aqueous solution is

(2019 main, 10Jan II)

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 SOME BASIC CONCEPTS OF CHEMISTRY

(a) 17.1g (b) 68.4g (c) 136.8g (d) 34.2g

Number of moles of solute(n) wB (g)
Solution: Molarity = Also, n=M −1
Volume of solution (in L) B (gmol )
WB /MB
∴ molarity = V

Given, WB = mass of solute (B)in g

MB = Gram molar mass of B(C12 H22 O11 ) = 342g mol−1
Molarity = 0.1 M
Volume (V) = 2 L
WB /342
 0.1 = => WB = 0.1 x 342 x 2g = 68.4g
2

10. For the following reaction , the mass of water produced from 445g of C57H10 O6 is:
2C57 H110 O6 (s) + 163O2 (g) → 114CO2 (g) + 110H2 O(l) (2019 main, Jan II)
(a) 490 g (b) 495g (c) 445g (d) 890g
Solution: 2C57 H110 O6 (S) + 163 O2 (g) → 110H2 O(l) + 114 CO2 (g)
Molecular mass of C57 H110 O6 = 2 x (12 x 57 + 1 x 110 + 16 x 6)g = 1780g
Molecular mass of 110 H2 O = 110(2 + 16) = 1980g
1980
1780g of C57 H110 O6 produced = 1780 × 445g of H2 O

= 495 of H2 O

11. A solution of sodium sulphate contains 92g of Na+ ions per kilogram of water. The
molality of Na+ ions in that solution in mol kg -1 is (2019 main,9Jan I)
(a) 16 (b) 4 (c) 132 (d) 8
Number of moles of solute
Solution :Molality(m) = × 1000
Mass of solvent(in g)

Mass of solute (in g) ×1000

= [Molecular weight of solute × mass of solvent (in g)]
w + × 1000 92 × 1000
= M Na = 23 × 1000 = 4 mol kg −1
Na+ × wH 2 o

12. The most abundant element by mass in the body of a healthy human adult are
oxygen(61.4%), carbon(22.9%), hydrogen(10.0%), and nitrogen(2.6%).The weight which
a 75kg person would gain if all 1H atoms are replaced by 2H atoms is (2017 JEE main)
(a)15kg (b) 37.5 kg (c) 7.5kg (d) 10kg

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 SOME BASIC CONCEPTS OF CHEMISTRY

Solution: Given, abundance of elements by mass, oxygen = 61.4%, carbon = 22.9%,

hydrogen = 10% and nitrogen = 2.6%
Total weight of person=75kg
75 X 10
Mass due to 1H = = 7.5 kg
100
1H atoms are replaced by 2H atoms, mass due to 2H = (7.5 × 2) kg
∴ Mass gain by person = 7.5 kg

13. 1 g of a carbonate (M2CO3) on treatment with excess HCL produces 0.01186 mole of CO2.
The molar mass of M2CO3 in g mol-1 is (2017 JEE main)
(a) 1186 (b) 84.3 (c) 118.6 (d) 11.86
Solution : M2 CO3(1g) + 2HC1 → 2MC1 + H2 O + CO2 (0.0118mole)

Number of moles of M2 CO3 reacted = number of moles CO2 evolved

1
= 0.01186 [M = molar mass of M2 CO3 ]
M
1
M = 0.01186 = 84.3 g mol−1

14. At 300K and 1 atm, 15 mL of a gaseous hydrocarbon required 375 mL air containing 20%
O2 by volume for complete combustion. After combustion, the gases occupy 330mL.
Assumingthat the water formed is in liquid form and the volume were measured at the
same temperature and pressure, the formula of the hydrocarbon is (2016 JEE main)
(a) C3H8 (b) C4H8 (c) C4H10 (d) C3H6
y y
(x + 4) xCO2 (g)30mL + 2 H2 O(l)
Solution :Cx Hy (g) + O2 (g) →
75mL
O2 used = 20% of 375 = 75 mL
Inert part of air = 80% of 375 = 300 mL
Total volume of gases = CO2 + inert part of air
= 30 + 300 = 330 mL
x 30
= 15 => x = 2
1
y
x+ 75 y
4
= 15 => x + 4 = 5
1

 x = 2, y = 12 => C2 H12

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 SOME BASIC CONCEPTS OF CHEMISTRY

15. The molecular formula of a commercial resin used for exchanging ions in the water
softening is C8 H7 SO3 Na (molecular weight = 206)
what would be the maximum uptake of Ca2+ ions by the resin when expressed in mole
per gram resin? (2015, JEE main)
(a) 1/103 (b) 1/206 (c) 2/309 (d) 1/412
Solution: We know the molecular weight of C8 H7 SO3 Na = 12 x 8 + 1 x 7 + 32 + 16 x 3 + 23 = 206
We have to find, mole per gram of resin.
weight of given resin 1
∴ 1g of C8 H7 SO3 Na has number of mole = Molecular,weight of resin = 206 mol

Now, reaction look like, 2C8 H7 SO3 Na + Ca2+ → (C8 H7 SO3 )2 Ca + 2Na
Bcz 2 moles of C8 H7 SO3 Na combines with 1 mol Ca2+
1
∴ 1mole of C8 H7 SO3Na will combine with 2 mol Ca2+
1 1 1 1
∴ 206mole of C8 H7 SO3 Na will combine with, 2 x 206 mol Ca2+ = 412 mol Ca2+

16. 3g of activated charcoal was added to 50mL of acetic acid solution (0.06N) in a flask.
After an hour it was filtered and the strength of the filtrate was found to be 0.042N. The
amount of acetic adsorbed (per gram of charcoal) is (2015 JEE main)
(a) 18mg (b) 36mg (c) 42mg (d) 54mg
Solution :Given, initial strength of acetic acid = 0.06N
Final strength = 0.042 N; volume = 50mL
∴ initial millimoles of CH3 COOH = 0.06 x 50 = 3
Final millimoles of CH3 COOH = 0.042 x 50 = 2.1
∴ millimoles of CH3 COOH adsorbed = 3 - 2.1 = 0.9mmol
= 0.9 x 60mg = 54 mg

17. The ratio mass of oxygen and nitrogen of a particular gaseous mixture is 1 : 4. The ratio
of number of their molecule is (2014 main)
(a) 1 : 4 (b) 7 : 32 (c) 1 : 8 (d) 3 : 16
(𝑚𝑜 2 )
𝑛𝑜 (𝑀𝑜 2 )
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 ∶ 2 = (𝑚𝑁 2 )
𝑛𝑁 2
(𝑀𝑁 2 )

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Where, mo 2 = given mass of O2 , mN 2 = given mass of N2 ,

MO 2 = molecular mass of o2 , MN 2 = molecular mass of N2 ,
no 2 = number of moles of O2 , nN 2 = number of moles of N2
m 28 1 28 7
= [m o 2 ] 32 = 4 X 32 = 32
N2

18. The molarity of a solution obtained by mixing 750 mL of 0.5M HCL with 250mL of 2M
HCL will be (2013 main)
(a) 0.875M (b) 1.00M (c) 1.75M (d) 0.0975M
𝑀1 𝑉1 +𝑀2 𝑉2
Solution: From the formula, 𝑀𝑓 = 𝑉1 +𝑉2

Given, 𝑉1 = 750𝑚𝐿, 𝑀1 = 0.5𝑀

𝑉2 = 250𝑚𝐿, 𝑀2 = 2𝑀
750×0.5+250×2 875
= = = 0.875𝑀
750+250 1000

19. Dissolving 120g of Urea (mol.wt.60) in 1000g of water gave a solution of density
1.15g/ml. The molarity of the solution is (2011)
(a) 1,78M (b) 2.00M (c) 2.05M (d) 2.22M
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
Solution: Molarity = 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝐿)
120
Moles of urea = =2
60

Weight of solution = Weight of solvent + weight of solute = 1000 + 120 = 1120g

1120𝑔 1
 Volume=1.15𝑔/𝑚𝐿 × 1000𝑚𝐿/𝐿 = 0.973𝐿
2.000
 Molarity=0.973 = 2.05𝑀

20. Given that the abundance of isotopes 54Fe, 56Fe and 57Fe are 5%, 90% and 5%,
respectively, the atomic mass of Fe is (2009)
(a) 55.85 (b) 55.95 (c) 55.75 (d) 56.05
Solution :From the given relative abundance, the average weight of Fe can be calculated as,
54×5+56×90+57×5
A= = 55.95
100

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21. Mixture of X = 0.02mole of [Co(NH3)5SO4]Br and 0.02 mole of [Co(NH3)5Br ]SO4 was
prepared in 2 L solution.
1L of mixture X + excess of AgNO3 solution → Y
1L of mixture X + excess of BaCl2 → Z (2003,1M)
Number of moles of Y and Z are??
(a) 0.01, 0.01 (b) 0.02,0.01 (c) 0.01,0.02 (d) 0.02,0.02
Solution: 1.0L of mixture X contain 0.01mole of each [Co(NH3 )5 SO4 ]Br and [Co(NH3 )5 Br]SO4
Also, with AgNO3, only [Co(NH3 )5 SO4 ]Br reacts to give AgBr precipitate as
[Co(NH3 )5 SO4 ]Br + AgNO3 → [Co(NH3 )5 SO4 ] NO3 + AgBr

1.0mol excess 1.0mol

With BaCI2 , only [Co(NH3 )5 Br]SO4 reacts giving BaSO4 precipitate as

[Co(NH3 )5 Br]SO4 + BaCI2 → [Co(NH3 )5 Br]CI2 + BaSO4
1.0mol excess 1.0mol

Hence, moles of Y and Z are 0.01 each.

22. Which has maximum number of atoms? (2003,1M)

(a) 24g 0f C (12) (b) 56g of Fe (56) (c) 27g of Al (27) (d) 108 g of Ag(108)
Solution :Number of atoms = Number of moles × Avogadro’s number(𝑁𝐴 )
24
Number of atoms in 24g C = 12 × 𝑁𝐴 = 2𝑁𝐴
56
Number of atoms in 56g of Fe = 56 × 𝑁𝐴 = 𝑁𝐴
27
Number of atoms in 27g of Al = 27 × 𝑁𝐴 = 𝑁𝐴
108
Number of atoms in 108g of Ag = 108 × 𝑁𝐴 = 𝑁𝐴

Hence, 24g of carbon has the maximum number of atoms.

23. How many moles of electron weighs 1 kg? (2002, 3M)

(a) 6.023×1023 1 6.023 1
(b) 9.108 × 103 (c) 9.108 × 1054 (𝑑) × 108
9.108 × 6.023
Solution : Mass of an electron = 9.108 × 10−31 𝑘𝑔
9.108x10−31 𝑘𝑔 = 1.0electron
1 1031 1 1
∴ 1 kg = 9.108𝑋10−31 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑠 = 9.108 × 6.023×1023 = 9.108×6.023 × 108 mole for electrons

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24. The normality of 0.3 M phosphorus acid (H3PO3) is (1999,2M)

(a)0.1 (b)0.9 (c)0.3 (d) 0.6
Solution : Phosphorus acid is a dibasic acid as:
With only two replaceable hydrogens
Therefore, normality = molarity × basicity = 0.3×2 = 0.60

25. In which mode of expression, the concentration of a solution remains independent of

temperature ? (1988,1M)
(a) Molarity (b) Normality (c)Formality (d) Molality
Solution : Molality is defined in terms of weight, hence independent of temperature.
Remaining three concentration units are defined in terms of volume of solution, they
depend on temperature.

26. A molal solution is one that contain one mole of solute in (1986,1M)
(a) 1000g of solvent (b) 1.0L of solvent (c) 1.0L of solution (d) 22.4L of solution
Solution : Molality of a solution is defined as number of moles of solute present in 1.0kg
(1000g) of solvent.

27. If 0.50 mole of BaCl2 is mixed with 0.20 mole of Na3PO4, the maximum number of moles
of Ba3(PO4)2 that can be formed is (1981,1M)
(a) 0.70 (b) 0.50 (c) 0.20 (d) 0.10
Solution : The balanced chemical reaction is
3BaCI2 + 2Na3 PO4 → Ba3 (PO4 )2 + 6NaCI
In this reaction, 3 moles of BaCI2 combines with 2 moles of Na3 PO4 . Hence, 0.5 mole of
2
BaCI2 requires = 3 × 0.5 = 0.33 mole of Na3 PO4

Since, available Na3 PO4 (0.2 mole)is less than required mole (0.33), it is the limiting
reactant and would determine the amount of product Ba3 (PO4 )
bcz 2 moles of 2𝑁𝑎3 𝑃𝑂4 gives 1 mole 𝐵𝑎3 (𝑃𝑂4 )2
1
∴ 0.2 moles of 2𝑁𝑎3 𝑃𝑂4would give × 0.2 = 0.1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝐵𝑎3 (𝑃𝑂4 )2
2

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28. 2.76 g of silver carbonate on being strongly heated yield a residue weighing (1979,1M)
(a)2.16g (b) 2.48g (c) 2.32g (d) 2.64g
Solution: Unlike other metal carbonates that usually decomposes into metal oxides
liberating carbon dioxide, silver carbonate on heating decomposes into elemental
silver liberating mixture of carbon dioxide and oxygen gas as:
heat 1
Ag 2 CO3 (s) → 2Ag(s) + CO2 (g) + O2 (g)
2
MW = 276g 2×108=216g
216
Hence, 2.76g of Ag2CO3 on heating will give 216 × 2.16g Ag as a residue.

29. When the same amount of zinc is treated separately with the excess of sulphuric acid
and excess of sodium hydroxide, the ratio of volume of hydrogen evolved is (1979,1M)
(a) 1:1 (b) 1:2 (c) 2:1 (d) 9:4
Solution :The balanced chemical reaction of zinc with sulphuric acid and NaOH are
Zn + H2 SO4 → ZnSO4 + H2 (g) ↑
Zn + 2NaOH + 2H2 O → Na2 [Zn(OH)4 ] + H2 (g) ↑
Since, one mole of 𝐻2 (𝑔) is produced per mole of zinc with both sulphuric acid and NaOH
respectively, hydrogen gas is produced in the molar ratio of 1 : 1 in the above reactions.

30. The largest number of molecules is in (1979,1M)

(a) 36g of water (b) 28 g of CO
(c) 46 g of ethyl alcohol (d) 54 g of nitrogen pentaoxide (N2O5)
36
Solution: Number of molecules present in 36 g of water = 18 × 𝑁𝐴 = 2𝑁𝐴
28
Number of molecules present in 28g of CO = 28 × 𝑁𝐴 = 𝑁𝐴
46
Number of molecules present in 46g of 𝐶2 𝐻2 𝑂𝐻 = 46 × 𝑁𝐴 = 𝑁𝐴
54
Number of molecules present in 54g of 𝑁2 𝑂5 = 108 × 𝑁𝐴 = 0.5𝑁𝐴

Hence, 36g of water contain the largest (2𝑁𝐴 ) number of molecules.

31. The total number of electrons in one molecule of carbon dioxide is (1979,1M)

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(a) 22 (b) 44 (c) 66 (d) 88

Solution: In a neutral atom, atomic number represents the number of protons inside the
nucleus and equal number of electrons around it. Therefore, the number of total
electrons in molecule of CO2 = (electrons present in one carbon atom + 2 × electrons
present in one oxygen atom)
= 6 + 8 × 2 = 22.

32. A gaseous mixture contain the oxygen and nitrogen in the ratio of 1 : 4 by weight.
Therefore, the ratio of their number of molecules is (1979,1M)
(a) 1 : 4 (b) 1 : 8 (c) 7 : 32 (d)3 : 16
weight of a compound in gram(w)
Solution: = number of moles (n)
molar mass (M)
number of molecules (N)
= Avogadro number(NA )
w(O2 ) N(O2 )
 = …..(i)
32 NA
w(N2 ) N(N2 )
and = ….(ii)
28 NA
Dividing Eq. (i) by Eq.(ii) gives
N(O2 ) w(O ) 28
= w(N2 ) × 32
N(N2 ) 2

1 28 7
= 4 × 32 = 32

Numerical Value Based Questions

33. Galena (an ore) is partially oxidized by passing air through it at high temperature. After
some times the passage of air is stopped, but the heating is continued in closed furnace
such that the content undergo self –reduction. The weight (in kg) of Pb produced per kg
of O2 consumed is………….
(Atomic weight in gmol-1: O = 16, S = 32, Pb = 207) (2018 ADV.)
Solution: The equations of chemical reactions occurring during the process are,
In the presence of oxygen, 2PbS + 3O2 → 2PbO + 2SO2 …..(i)
By self-reduction, 2Pbo + Pbs → 3Pb + SO2
Thus 3 moles of O2 produces 3 × 207 = 621g of Pb

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621
So 1000g (1kg) of oxygen will produce, 96
× 1000 = 6468.75g = 6.4687𝑘𝑔 ≅ 6.47𝑘𝑔

Alternate method
O2 Pb
From the equation, Pbs + → + SO2
32g 207g
So, 32g of 𝑂2gives 207g of Pb
207
1g of 𝑂2 will give g of Pb
32
207
1000g of 𝑂2 will give ×1000 = 6468.75g
32

= 6.46875kg ≅ 6.47 kg

34. To measure the quantity of MnCl2 dissolved in an aqueous solution, it was completely
converted to KMnO4 using the reaction,
MnCl2 + K2S2O8 → KMnO4 + H2SO4 + HCl (equation not balanced)
Few drops of concentrated HCl were added to this solution and gently warmed. Further,
oxalic-acid (225mg)was added in portion till color of the permanganate ions
disappeared. The quantity of MnCl2 (in mg) present in the initial solution is……..
(Atomic weight in gmol-1: Mn = 55, Cl = 35.5) (2018 ADV)
Solution : The balanced equations are
(1) 2MnC12 + 5k 2 S2 O8 + 8H2 O → 2KMnO4 + 4K 2 SO4 + 6H2 SO4 + 4HCI
(2) 2KMnO4 + 5H2 C2 O + 3H2 SO4 → K 2 SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 8H2 O + 10CO2
Given, mass of oxalic acid added=225mg
225
So, millimoles of oxalic acid added= 90 = 2.5

Now from equation 2

Millimoles of KMn𝑂4 used to react with oxalic acid=1 and millimoles of 𝑀𝑛𝐶𝐼2 required
initially =1
∴ Mass of MnCl2 required initially = 1 × (55+71)=126mg
Alternative method
m moles of MnC12 = m moles of KMnO4 = x(let) and Meq of KMnO4 = Meq of oxalic acid
225
so, x × 5 = ×2
90

Hence, x = 1 ∴ m moles of MnC12 = 1

Hence mass of MnCl2 = (55 + 71) ×1 = 126mg.

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35. In the following reaction sequence, the amount of D(in gram) formed from 10 moles of
aceto-phenone is…….
(Atomic weight in g mol-1: H = 1, C = 12, N = 14, O = 16, Br = 80. The yield (%) corresponding
to the product in each step is given in the parenthesis) (2018, adv)
H O

𝐻3 𝑂 + , NaOBr 𝑁𝐻3 ,∆ 𝐵𝑟2 /KOH 𝐵𝑟2 (3 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡),AcOH

A B C D
→ (60%)
→ (50%)
→ (50%)
→ (100%)

Solution :

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Fill in the Blanks

36. The weight of 1 X 1022 molecules of CuSO4. 5H2O is..….. (1991,1M)
Solution: Molar mass of CuSO4 . 5H2 O = 63.5 + 32 + 4 × 16 + 5×18 = 249.5g
Also, molar mass represents mass of Avogadro number of molecules in gram unit, therefore
6.023x1023 molecules of CuSO4 . 5H2 O weight 249.5g
249.5
∴ 1022 molecules will weight 6.023 X 1023 X 1022 = 4.14g

37. 3.0g of a salt of molecular weight 30 is dissolved in 250g water. The molarity of the
solution is …….. (1983,1M)
Number of moles of solute weight of solute 1000
Solution: Molarity = Volume of solution in litre = × Volume in mL
Molar mass

3 1000
= 30 × = 0.4 M
250

38. The total number of electrons present in 18mL of water is ……….. (1980,1M)
Solution: Considering density of water to be 1.0g/mL, 18 mL of water is 18g (1.0 mol) of
water and it contain Avogadro number of molecules. Also one molecule of water
contain = 2 × (one from each H-atom) + 8×(from oxygen atom) = 10 electrons.
 1.0 mole of H2 O contain =10x6.023x1023 = 6.023x1024 electrons

39. The modern atomic mass unite is based on the mass of ……….. (1980,1M)
Solution: Carbon-12 isotope. According to modern atomic mass unit, one atomic mass
unit (amu) is defined as one-twelth of mass of an atom of C-12 isotope,
1
i.e. 1 amu(u) = 12 × weight of an atom of C-12 isotope.

Integer Answer Type Questions

40. The mole fraction of a solute in a solution is 0.1. At 298K, molarity of this solution is the
same as its molality. Density of this solution at 298K is 2.0 gcm-3. The ratio of the
m solute
molecular weight of the solute and solvent, (m ) is ……. (2016, adv)
solvent
w w
Solution :Moles of solute, n1 = m1 ; Moles of solvent, n2 = m2
1 2

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x1 (solute) = 0.1 and x2 (solvent) = 0.9

x n w m 1
∴ x1 = n1 = m1 . w2 = 9
2 2 1 2

Solute (moles) w ×1000×2

Molarity = = m1 (w
Volume (L) 1 1 +w2 )

Total mass of solution w1 +w2

Note, volume = =( ) mL
Density 2
Solute(moles) w1 × 1000
Molality = =
Solvent (kg) m1 ×w2

Given, molarity = molality

2000w1 1000w1
Hence , m =
1 (w1 +w2 ) m1 w2
w2 1
∴w = 2 => w1 = w2 = 1
1 +w2

w m 1 m (solute)
∴ m1 w2 = 9 => m 1(solvent) = 9
1 2 2

41. A compound H2X with molar weight of 80 g is dissolved in a solvent having density of
0.4mL-1. Assuming no change in volume upon dissolution, the molality of a 3.2 molar
solution is (2014 ADV)
Solution:
This problem can be solved by using concept of
PLAN
conversion of molarity into molality

Molarity = 3.2 M
let volume of solution = 1000mL = volume of solvent
mass of solvent = 1000×0.4 = 400g
since, molarity of solution is 3.2 molar ∴ nsolute = 3.2mol
3.2
molality(m) = 400/1000 = 8 Hence, correct integer is (8).

42. 29.2% ( w/W ) HCl stock solution has density of 1.25g mL-1. The molecular weight of HCl
is 36.5gmol-1.The volume (mL) of stock solution required to prepare a 200mL solution
0.4M HCl is (2012)
29.2
Solution: Mass of HCI in 1.0 mL stock solution = 1.25 × 100 = 0.365g
200
Mass of HCI required for 200mL 0.4M HCI = 1000 ×0.4×36.5 = 0.08×36.5g

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∴0.365g of HCI is present in 1.0 mL stock solution.

0.08 × 36.5
0.08×36.5g HCI will be present in =8.0mL
0.365

Subjective Questions
43. 20% surface sites have adsorbed N2. On heating N2 gas evolved from sites and were
collected at 0.0001 atm and 298K in a container of volume is 2.46 cm3. Density of
surface sites is 6.023X1014/cm2 and surface area is 1000cm2, find out the number of
surface sites occupied per molecule of N2. (2005,3M)
Solution: Partial pressure of N2 = 0.001 atm, T = 298K, V = 2.46dm3
From ideal gas law: pV = nRT
pV 0.001×2.46
n(N2 ) = RT = = 10−7
0.082×298

 Number of molecules of N2 = 6.023 × 1023 × 10−7 = 6.023 × 1016

Now, total surface sites available = 6.023×1014×1000 = 6.023×1017
20
Surface sites used in adsorption = 100 × 6.023×1017 = 2×6.023×1016
Number of sites 2×6.023×1016
 Sites occupied per molecules = Number of molecules = =2
6.023×1016

44. In a solution of 100mL 0.5M acetic acid, one gram of active charcoal is added, which
adsorbs acetic acid. It is found that the concentration acetic acid becomes 0.49M. If
surface area of charcoal is 3.01 X 102 m2, calculate the area occupied by single acetic
molecule on surface of charcoal . (2003)
Solution: Initial millimole of CH3COOH = 100×0.5 = 50
Millimole of CH3COOH remaining after adsorption = 100×0.49 = 49
 Millimol of CH3COOH adsorbed = 50 – 49 = 1
1
 Number of molecules of CH3COOH adsorbed= 1000 × 6.023 × 1023 = 6.023 × 1020
3.01×102
 Area covered up by one molecule = 6.02×1020 = 5 × 10−19 𝑚2

45. Find the molarity of water. Given : ρ = 1000kg/m3 (2003)

Solution :Mass of 1.0 L water = 1000g
1000
 Molarity = = 55.56 mol L−1
18

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46. A plant virus is found to consists of uniform cylindrical particles of 150Å in diameter and
5000Å long. The specific volume of the virus is 0.75 cm3/g. If the virus is considered to be
a single particle, find its molar mass. (1999,3M)
Solution: Volume of one cylindrical plant virus = 𝜋𝑟 2 𝑙
=3.14(75×10-18)2×5000×10-8 cm3 = 8.83×10-17cm3
volume of a virus 8.83×10−17 cm3
 Mass of one virus = Specific volume = = 1.1773𝑐𝑚3 × 10−16 g
0.75 cm3 g−1

 Molar mass of virus = Mass of one virus × Avogadro’s number

= 1.1773×10-17× 6.023×1023g = 70.91×106g

47. 8.0575 X 10-2 kg of Glauber’s salt is dissolved in water to obtain 1dm3 of solution of
density 1077.2kgm-3. calculate the molality, molarity and mole fraction of Na2SO4 in
solution. (1994,3M)
Solution: Molar mass of Glauber’s salt (Na2 SO4 . 10H2 O) = 23×2+32+64+10×18 = 322g
80.575
 Mole of Na2 SO4 . 10H2 O in 1.0 L solution = = 0.25
322

 Molarity of solution = 0.25M

Also, weight of 1.0 L solution = 1077.2 g
Weight of Na2 SO4 in 1.0 L solution = 0.25×142 = 35.5g
 Weight of water in 1.0L solution=1077.2 - 35.5 = 1041.7g
0.25
 Molality = 1041.7 ×1000 = 0.24m
Mole of Na2 SO4 0.25
Mole fraction of Na2 SO4 = Mole of Na = 1041.7 = 4.3 × 10−3
2 SO4 +Mole of water 0.25+
18

48. A is binary compound of a univalent metal. 1.422g of A reacts completely with 0.321g of
Sulphur in an evacuated and sealed tube to give 1.743g of a white crystalline solid B,
that form a hydrated double salt, C with Al2(SO4)3. Identify A, B and C (1994,2M)
Solution: Compound B forms hydrated crystals with A12(SO4)3. Also, B is formed with
univalent metal on heating with Sulphur. Hence, compound B must have the molecular
formula M2SO4 and compound A must be an oxide of M which reacts with Sulphur to
give metal sulphate as,

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A + S → M2 SO4
0.321g sulphur gives 1.743g of M2 SO4
∴ 32.1g S (one mole) will give 174.3 g M2 SO4
Therefore, molar mass of M2 SO4 = 174.3 g
 174.3 = 2×Atomic weight of M + 32.1 + 64
 Atomic weight of M = 39, metal is potassium(K)
K 2 SO4 on treatment with aqueous A𝑙2 (SO4 )3 gives potash-alum
K 2 SO4 + A𝑙2 (SO4 )3 + 24H2 O → K 2 SO4 A12 (SO4 )3 . 24H2 O
If the metal oxide A has molecular formula MOx , two moles of it combine with one
mole of Sulphur to give one mole of metal sulphate as
2KOx + S → K 2 SO4
 x = 2, i. e. A is KO2

49. Upon mixing 45.0 mL 0.25 M lead nitrate solution with 25.0 mL of a 0.10M chromic
sulphate solution, precipitation of lead sulphate takes the place. How many moles of
lead sulphate are formed? Also calculate the molar concentration of species left behind
in the final solution. Assume that lead sulphate is completely insoluble. (1993,m)
Solution: The reaction involved is, 3𝑃𝑏(𝑁𝑂3 )2 + 𝐶𝑟2 (𝑆𝑂4 )3 → 3𝑃𝑏𝑆𝑂4 (𝑠) ↓ +2𝐶𝑟(𝑁𝑂3 )3
millimol of Pb(NO3 )2 taken = 45×0.25 = 11.25
millimol of Cr2 (SO4 )3 taken = 2.5
Here, chromic sulphate is the limiting reagent, it will determine the amount of product.
1 mole Cr2 (SO4 )3 produces 3 moles PbSO4 .
∴ 2.5 millimol Cr2 (SO4 )3will produce 7.5 millimol PbSO4 .
Hence, mole of PbSO4 precipitate formed = 7.5 × 10−3
Also, millimol of Pb(NO3 )2 remaining unreacted, 11.25 - 7.50 = 3.75
millimol of Pb(NO3 )2 3.75
➔ Molarity of Pb(NO3 )2 in final solution = = = 0.054M
Total volume 70

Also, millimol of Cr(NO3 )2 formed = 2×millimol of Cr2 (SO4 )3 reacted

5
 Molarity of Cr2 (𝑁O3 )2 = 70 = 0.071 M0\

50. Calculate the molality of 1.0L solution of 93% H2SO4, (weight/volume). The density of the

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solution is 1.84g/mL (1990, 1M)

Solution: 93% 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 solution weight by volume indicates that there is 93g 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4in
100mL of solution
If we consider 100mL solution, weight of solution = 184g
Weight of 𝐻2 𝑂 in 100mL solution = 184 – 93 = 91g
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
 Molality=𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡(𝑔) ×1000
93 1000
= 98 × = 10.42
91

51. A solid mixture (5.0g) consisting of lead nitrate and sodium nitrate was heated below
6000C until the weight of the residue was constant. If the loss in weight is 28.0 percent,
find the amount of lead nitrate and sodium nitrate in the mixture (1990,4M)
Solution :. Heating below 6000C converts Pb(𝑁𝑂3 )2 into PbO but to NaNO3 into NaNO2 as
∆ 1
Pb(NO3 )2 → PbO(s) +2NO2 ↑ + 2 O2 ↑
MW: 330 222
∆ 1
NaNO3 → NaNO2 (s) + O2 ↑
2
MW: 85 69
28
Weight loss = 5× 100 = 1.4g

 Weight of residue left = 5 - 1.4 = 3.6g

Now, let the original mixture contain xg of Pb(NO3 )2
330g Pb(NO3 )2 gives 222g PbO
222x
∴ x g Pb(NO3 )2 will give g PbO
330

Similarly, 85g NaNO2 gives 69g NaNO2

69(5−x)
 (5-x) g NaNO3 will give g NaNO2
85
222x 69(5−x)
 Residue: 330 + = 3.6g
85

Solving for x gives, x = 3.3g Pb(NO3 )2

 NaNO3 = 1.7g

52. n-butane is produced by monobromination of ethane followed by Wurtz’s reaction.

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Calculate volume of ethane at NTP required to produce 55g n-butane, if the bromination
takes place with 90% yield and Wurtz’s reaction with 85% yield. (1989,3M)
Solution : Reactions involved are, C3 H6 + Br2 → C2 H5 Br + HBr
2C2 H5 Br + 2Na → C4 H10 + 2NaBr
Actual yield of C4 H10=55g which is 85% of theoretical yield.
55×100
 Theoretical yield of C4 H10 = =64.70g
85

Also, 2 moles (218g )C2 H5 Br gives 58g of butane.

2
 64.70g of butane would be obtain from, 58 × 64.70 = 2.23 moles C2 H5 Br

Also, yield of bromination reaction is only 90%, in order to have 2.23 moles of C2 H5 Br,
2.23×100
theoretically, = 2.48 mole of C2 H5 Br required.
90
Therefore, moles of C2 H6 required = 2.48
 Volume of C2 H6 (NTP) required = 2.48 × 22.4 = 55.55L

53. A sugar syrup of weight 214.2g contain 34.2g of sugar (C12H22O11).

Calculate (i) Molal concentration
(ii) mole fraction of sugar in syrup. (1988,2M)
34.2
Solution: Moles of sugar = = 0.1
342

Moles of water in syrup = 214.2 - 34.2 = 180g

𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 0.1
Therefore, (i) Molality = 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡(𝑔) × 1000 = 180 × 1000 = 0.55
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑢𝑔𝑎𝑟 0.1
(ii) Mole fraction of sugar = 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑢𝑔𝑎𝑟+𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 0.1+10 = 9.9 × 10−3

54. An unknown compound of a carbon, hydrogen and oxygen contain 69.77% C and 11.63%
H and has a molecular weight of 86. It does not reduce Fehling’s Solution but forms a bi-
sulphate addition compound and gives a positive iodo-form test. What is the possible
structure(s) of unknown compound? (1987,3M)
Solution: From the given elemental composition, empirical formula can be derived as:
Element C H O
Weight % 69.77 11.63 18.60

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Mole % 5.81 11.63 1.1625(obtained by dividing from M)

Simple ratio 5 10 1
Hence, empirical formula is 𝐶5 𝐻10 𝑂 and empirical formula weight is 86
Since, empirical formula weight and molecular weight both are (86), empirical formula is
the molecular formula also.
Also, the compound does not reduce Fehling’s solution, therefore it is not an aldehyde,
but it forms bisulphite, it must be a ketone.
Also, it gives positive iodo-form test, it must be a methyl-1-ketone.
O
C3H7 – C – CH3
Based on the above information, the compound may be one of the following:
O CH3 O
CH3-CH2-CH2 – C – CH3 or CH3–CH – C – CH3

55. The density of a 3M sodium thiosulphate solution (Na2S2O3) is 1.25 g per ml.
Calculate (i) the percentage by weight of sodium thiosulphate
(ii) the mole fraction of sodium thiosulphate and
(iii) the molalities of Na+ and S2O32- (1983,5M)
Solution : (a) Let us consider 1.0 L solution for all the calculation.
(i) Weight of 1 L solution = 1250g
Weight of 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆2 𝑂3 =3 × 158 = 474g
474
 Weight percentage of 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆2 𝑂3 = 1250 × 100 = 37.92

(ii) weight of 𝐻2 𝑂 in 1 L solution = 1250 – 474 = 776g

3
Mole fraction of 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆2 𝑂3 = 776 = 0.065
3+
18

3×2
(iii) Molality of Na+ = 776 × 100 = 7.73 m

56. (a) 1.01 L of a mixture of CO and CO2 is taken. This mixture is passed through a tube
containing red hot charcoal. The volume now becomes 1.6L. The volume is measured
under the same conditions. Find the composition of mixture by volume.
(b) A compound contains 28 percent of nitrogen and 72 percent of a metal by weight.

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3 atoms of metal combine with 2 atoms of nitrogen. Find the atomic weight of metal.
(1980, 5M)
Solution : (a) After passing through red-hot charcoal, following reaction occurs
C(s) + CO2(g) → 2CO(g)
If the 1.0 L original mixture contain x litre of CO2, after passing from tube containing
red-hot charcoal, the new volumes would be:
2𝑥 (volume of CO obtained from CO2) + 1 - 𝑥 (original CO) = 1 + 𝑥 = 1.6(given)
➔ x = 0.6
Hence, original 1.0L mixture has 0.4L CO and 0.6L of CO2 , i.e. 40% CO, 60% CO2 by volume.
(b) According to the given information, molecular formula of the compound is M3 N2 .
Also, 1.0 mole of compound has 28g of nitrogen. If X is the molar mass of compound,
then:
28
X × 100 = 28

 X = 100 = 3 × Atomic weight of M + 28

72
 Atomic weight of M = = 24
3

57. 5.00mL of a gas containing only carbon and hydrogen were mixed with an excess of
oxygen (30mL) and mixture exploded by means of electric spark. After explosion, the
volume of the mixed gases remaining was 25 mL.
On adding a concentrated solution of KOH, the volume further diminished to 15 mL, the
residual gas being pure oxygen. All volumes have been reduced to NTP. Calculate the
molecular formula of the hydrocarbon gas.
(1979,3M)
Solution: In the present case, V ∝ n (bcz all the volume are measured under identical
condition of temperature and pressure.) Hence, the reaction stoichiometry can be
solved using volume as:
y y
CX Hy (g) + (x + ) 𝑂2 −→ xCO2 (g) + H2 O(l)
4 2
Volume of CO2 gas + O2(remains unreacted ) = 25
=> volume of CO2 (g)produced = 10mL (15 mL O2 remaining )
1mL Cx Hy produces 5𝑥mL of CO2 = 10 mL

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 x=2
y
Also, 1mL CxHy combines with (x + 4) mL of O2
y
5mL Cx Hy will combine with 5 (x + 4) mL of O2
y
 5(x + 4) = 15 (15 mL of O2 out of 30 mL)

 Y=4, here hydrocarbon is C2H4

58. In the analysis of 0.5 g sample of feldspar, a mixture of chlorides of sodium and
potassium is obtained, which weights 0.1180g. Subsequent treatment of the mixed
chlorides with silver nitrate gives 0.2451g silver chloride. What is the percentage of
sodium oxide and potassium oxide in the sample? (1979, 5M)
Solution : Oxides of sodium and potassium are converted into chlorides according to the
following reaction
Na2 O + 2HCl−→ 2NaCl + H2 O
K 2 O + 2HCl−→ 2KCl + H2 O
Finally, all the chlorides of Nacl and Kcl are converted into Agcl, hence
Moles of (NaCl + KCl) = moles of AgCl
(one moles of either NaCl or KCI gives one mole of AgCI.)
x 0.118−x 0.2451
=>58.5 + =
74.5 143.5

Solving for x = 0.0338 g (mass of NaCI)

=> Mass of KCI = 0.118 - 0.0338 = 0.0842
1
Also, moles of Na2O = 2 × moles of NaCI
1 0.0338
=>mass of N2 O = 2 × × 62 = 0.0179 g
58.5
1 0.0842
Similarly, mass of 𝐾2 O = 2 × × 94 = 0.053 g
74.5
0.0179
 Mass % of Na2 O = × 100 = 3.58%
0.5
0.053
 Mass % of K 2 O = × 100 = 10.6 %
0.5

59. The vapour density (hydrogen =1) of a mixture consisting of NO2 and N2O4 is 38.3 at
26.70C. Calculate the number of moles of NO2 in 100g of the mixture (1979, 5M)
Solution : From the vapour density information

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Molar mass = Vapour density × 2 ( bcz molar mass of 𝐻2 = 2)

= 38.3 × 2 = 76.6
Now, let us consider 1.0 mole of mixture and it contains x mole of NO2
 46x + 92(1 - x) = 76.6 => x = 0.3348
100
Also, in 100g mixture, number of moles = 76.6
100
 Moles of NO2 in mixture = 76.6 × 0.3348 = 0.437

60. Accounts for the following. Limit yours answer to two sentences, “Atomic weight of
most of the elements are fractional”. (1979,1M)
Solution : Most of the element found in nature exit as a mixture of isotopes whose atomic
weight are different. The atomic weight of an element is the average of atomic weight of
all its naturally isotopes.

61. Naturally occurring boron consists of two isotopes whose atomic weight are 10.01 and
11.01. The atomic weight of natural boron is 10.81. Calculate the percentage of each
isotope in natural boron. (1978,2M)
∑ Percentage of an isotopes × Atomic weight
Solution : Average atomic weight =
100
10.01𝑥 + 11.01(100−𝑥)
 10.8 = = 𝑥 = 20%
100
Therefore, natural boron contains 20% (10.01) isotopes and 80% other isotope.

Topic 2- Equivalent Concept, Neutralization and Redox Titration

Objective Question I (only one correct option)
1. An example of a disproportion reaction is (2019 main,12 April I)

(a) 2MnO-4 + 10I- + 16H+ → 2Mn2 + 5I2 + 8H2O

(b) 2NaBr + Cl2 → 2NaCl + Br2

(c) 2KMnO4 → K2MnO4 + MnO2 + O2
(d) 2CuBr → CuBr2 + Cu

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Solution : In disproportionation reaction, same elements undergoes oxidation as well as

reduction . For exp-
Reduction
+1 +2 0
2CuBr → CuBr2 + Cu
Oxidation

Here, CuBr get oxidized to CuBr2 and also it gets reduced to Cu. Other given reaction and
their types are given below.
Reduction
+7 +2 0
2MnO-4 + 10I + 16H+ → 2Mn+2 + 5I2 + 8H2O
Oxidation

In the given reaction, MnO-4 get oxidized to Mn2+ and I- get reduced to I2. It is an example of
redox reaction. The reaction takes place in acidic medium.
2KMnO4→ K2MnO4+MNO2+O2
The given reaction is an example of decomposition reaction. Here, one compound split
into two or more simpler compounds, at least one of which must be in elemental form.
2NaBr+CI2→ 2NaCI +Br2
The given reaction is an example of displacement reaction. In this reaction, an atom (or
ion)replaces the ion (or atom) of another element from a compound.

2. In an acid base titration, 0.1M HCL solution was added to the NaOH solution of unknown
strength. Which of the following correctly shown the change of pH of the titration
mixture in this experiment (2019 main, 9 April)

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(a) (D) (b) (A) (c) (B) (d) (C)

Solution : The graph that shown the correct change of pH of the titration mixture in the
experiment is

In this case, both titrants are completely ionized.

HCl + NaOH ↔ NaCl + H2O

AS H+ is added to a basic solution, [OH-] decreases and [H+] increases. Therefore, pH goes on

decreasing. As the equivalence point is reached, [OH-] is rapidly reduced. After this point
[OH-] decreases rapidly and pH of solution remains fairly constant. Thus, there is an
inflexion point at the equivelence point.
The difference in the volume of NaOH solution between the end point and the equivelence
point is not significant for most of the commonly used indicators as there is a large
change in the pH value around the equivalence point. Most of them change their colour
across this pH change.

3. 0.27 g of a long chain fatty acid was dissolved in 100cm3 of hexane.10 mL of this solution
was added dropwise to the surface of water in a round watch glass. Hexane evaporates
and a monolayer is formed. The distance from edge to center of the watch glass is 10cm.
What is the height of the monolayer?
[Density of fatty acid =0.9cm-3; π=3] (2019 main, 8April II)
(a) 10-6m (b) 10-4 m (c) 10-8m (d) 10-2m
Solution : 100ml(cm3) of hexane contains 0.27g of fatty acid.
0.27
In 10ml of solution, mass of fatty acid, m = × 10 = 0.027g
100

Density of fatty acid, d = 0.9cm-3

𝑚 0.027
∴ Volume of fatty acid over the watch glass, V = = = 0.03cm3.
𝑑 0.9

Let, height of the cylindrical monolayer = h cm

... Volume of the cylinder = Volume of fatty acid

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 V = 𝜋 r2 × h
𝑉 0.03𝑐𝑚3
 H = 𝜋 𝑟2 = = 1 × 10-4cm = 1 × 10-6 m
3 ×(10)2 𝑐𝑚2

4. To oxides a mixture of one mole of each of FeC2O4, Fe2(C2O4)3, FeSO4 and Fe2(SO4)3 in
acidic medium, the number of moles of KMnO4 required is (2019 main, 8April I)
(a) 2 (b) 1 (c)3 (d) 1.5
Solution : The oxidation of mixture of one mole of each FeC2O4, Fe2(C2O4)3, FeSO4 and
Fe2(SO4)3 in acidic medium with KMnO4 is as follows:
FeC2O4 + KMnO4 → Fe3+ + CO2 + Mn2+ ……..(i)
Fe2(C2O4)3 + KMnO4 → Fe3+ + CO2 + Mn2+……..(ii)
FeSO4 + KMnO4 → Fe3+ + SO2-4 + Mn2+ ……..(iii)
Change in oxidation number of Mn is 5. Change in oxidation number of Fe in (i), (ii), (iii) are
+3, +6, +1, respectively.
neq KMnO4 = neq[FeC2O4 + Fe2(C2O4)3 + FeSO4 ]
n × 5 = 1 × 3 +1 × 6 + 1× 1
n=2

5. 100mL of a water sample contains 0.81 g of calcium bicarbonate and 0.73 g of

magnesium bicarbonate. The hardness of this water sample expressed in term of
equivalent of CaCO3 is (molar mass of calcium bicarbonate is 162 gmol-1 and magnesium
bicarbonate is 146 g mol-1) (2019 main, 8 April l)
(a) 5,000ppm (b) 1,000ppm (c) 100ppm (d) 10,000ppm
Solution: Given, 𝑊Ca(HCO3)2 = 0.81g
𝑊Mg(HCO3)2 = 0.73g
𝑀Ca(HCO3)2 = 162 gmol-1
𝑀Mg(HCO3)2 = 146 mol-1

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𝑉H2O = 100ml
Now, neq(CaCO3) = neq [Ca(HCO3)2] + neq[Mg(HCO3 )2]
W 0.81 0.73
×2= ×2+ ×2
100 162 146
W
= 0.005 + 0.005
100
W = 0.01 × 0.01 = 1
1
Thus, hardness of water sample = 100 × 106 = 10,000ppm

6. 50 mL of 0.5M oxalic acid is needed to neutralize 25 mL of sodium hydroxide solution.

The amount of NaOH in 50 mL of the given NaOH solution is (2019 main, 12 Jan l)
(a) 40g (b) 80g (c) 20g (d) 10g
Solution: The reaction takes place as follows
H2C2O4 + 2NaOH → Na2C2O4 + 2H2O
Now, 50ml of 0.5M H2C2O4 is needed to neutralize the 25ml of NaOH.
∴ Meq of H2C2O4 = Meq of NaOH
50 × 0.5 × 2 = 25 × MNaOH × 1
MNaOH = 2M
weight
number of moles moleculer mass
Now, molarity = =
volume of solution in l volume of solution in l
WNaOH 1000
2= ×
40 50
2 × 40 × 50
WNaOH = = 4g
1000
Thus (∗) none option is correct.

7. 25mL of the given HCl solution requires 30 mL of 0.1M sodium carbonate solution. What
is the volume of this HCl solution required to titrate 30 mL of 0.2M aqueous NaOH
solution? (2019 main 11 Jan ll)
(a) 75mL (b) 25mL (c) 12.5mL (d) 50mL
Solution: The reaction of HCl with Na2CO3 is as follows;
2HCl + Na2CO3 → 2NaCl +H2O + CO2
We know that, Meq of HCl = Meq of Na2CO3

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25 30
× 1 × MHCl = × 0.1 × 2
1000 1000
30×0.2 6
MHCl = = M
25 25

As the reaction of HCl with NaOH as follows,

NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H2O
Also, Meq of HCl = Meq of NaOH
6 V 30
× 1 × 1000 = × 0.2 × 1
25 1000

V = 25mL

8. In the reaction of oxalate with permanganate in acidic medium, the number of electrons
involved in producing one molecule of CO2 is (2019 main, 10 Jan l)
(a) 2 (b) 5 (c) 1 (d) 10
Solution: Reaction of oxalate with permanganate in acidic medium.

5C2O4-2 + MnO4- → 10CO2 + 2Mn+2 + 8H2O

n- factor; (4 - 3) × 2 = 23 (7 - 2) = 5
Number of mole; 5 2 10
 5C2O4-2 ions transfer 10e- to produce 10 molecules of CO2 is 10. Thus,
number of electrons involved in producing 1 molecule of CO2 is 1.

9. The ratio of mass of percent of C and H of an organic compound ( Cx Hy Oz) is 6 : 1. If one

molecule of the above compound (Cx Hy Oz) contains half as much oxygen as required to
burn one molecule of compound Cx Hy completely to CO2 and H2O. The empirical formula
of compound Cx Hy Oz is……. (2018 main)
(a) C3H6O3 (b) C2H4O (c) C3H4O2 (d) C2H4O3
Solution: We can calculate the simplest whole number ratio of C and H from the data given,
as shown below,
Element Relative mass Molar mass Relative mole Simplest whole number ratio

C 6 12 6 0.5
= 0.5 =1
12 0.5

H 1 1 1 1
=1 =2
1 0.5

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Alternatively, this ratio can also be calculated directly in the terms of x and y as,
12x 6
y
= 1 (given and molar mass of C = 12, H = 1)

Now, after calculating this ratio look for condition 2given in the question. i.e. quantity of O2
is half of the quantity required to burn one molecule of compound CxHy completely to
CO2 and H2O. We can calculate number of oxygen atoms from this as consider the
equation.
y y
Cx Hy + [x + 4] O2 → xCO2 + H2 O
2
y y
Number of oxygen atoms required = 2 × [x + 4] = [2x + 2]
1 y y
Now given, z = [2x + 2] = [x + 4]
2

Here we consider x and y as simplest ratios for C and H so now putting the values of x and y
in the above equation.
y 2
z = [x + ] = [1 + ] = 1.5
4 4
Thus, the simplest ratio figures for x, y and z are x = 1, y = 2, z = 1.5
Now put these values in the formula given, i.e., Cx Hy Oz = C1 H2 O1.5
So empirical formula will be [C1 H2 O1.5 ] × 2 = C2 H4 O3

10. An alkali is titrate against an acid with methyl orange as indicator, which of the following
is a correct combination ? (2018 main)
Base Acid End point
(a) Weak Strong Colorless to pink
(b) Strong Strong Pinkish red to yellow
(c) Weak Strong Yellow to pinkish red
(d) Strong Strong Pink to colorless
Solution : Methyl range shows pinkish colour towards more acidic medium and yellow
orange towards the basic or less acidic medium. Its working pH range is
↔ 3.9 − 4.5→
𝑝𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑖𝑠ℎ 𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑦𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒

Weak base has the pH range greater than 7. When methyl orange is added to this weak base
solution it shows yellow orange its colour.

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Now when this solution is titrated against strong acid pH move towards more acidic range
and reached to end point near 3.9 where yellow orange colour of methyl orange colour
changes to pinkish red resulting to similar change in colour of solution as well.

11. From the following statement regarding H2O2 choose the incorrect statement (2015 main)
(a) It can only as an oxidizing agent (b) It decomposed on exposure to light
(c) It has to be stored in plastic or wax lined (d) It has to kept be away from dust
glass bottles in dark
Solution: H2O2 acts as an oxidizing as well as reducing agent, because oxidation number of
each oxygen in H2O2 is -1. So, it can be oxidized to oxidation state ‘0’ or reduced to
oxidation state -2.
H2O2 decomposes on exposure to light. So, it has to be stored in plastic or wax lined glass
bottles in dark for the prevention of exposure. It also had to be kept away from dust.

12. Consider a titration of potassium dichromate solution with acidified Mohr’s salt solution
using diphenylamine as indicator. The number of moles of Mohr’s salt required per mole
of dichromate is (2007,3M)
(a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) 6
Solution: n-factor of dichromate is 6. Also, n-factor of Mohr’s salt is 1 as :
O.A
FeSO4 (NH4 )2 SO4 . 6H2 O(𝐌𝐨𝐡𝐫 ′ 𝐬 𝐬𝐚𝐥𝐭) → Fe+3

One mole ofdichromate = 6 equivalent of dichromate

∴ 6 equivalents of Mohr’s salt would be required.
Since n − factor of Mohr ′ s salt is 1, 6 equivalent of it would also be equal to 6 moles.
Hence, one mole of dichromate will oxidize 6 moles of Mohr’s salt.

13. In the standardization of Na2S2O3 using K2Cr2O7 by iodometry, the equivalent weight of

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K2Cr2O7 is (2001,1M)
(a) (molecular weight)/2 (b) (molecular weight)/6
(c) (molecular weight)/3 (d) same as molecular weight
Solution: The following reaction occur between S2 O−2 −2
3 and Cr2 O7 ;

26H+ + 3S2 O−2 −2

3 + 4Cr2 O7 → 6SO−2 +3
4 + 8Cr + 13H2O

Change in oxidation number of Cr2 O−2 −2

7 per formula unit is 6 (it is always fixed for Cr2 O7 )
Moleculer weight
Hence, equivalent weight of K2Cr2O7 = 6

14. The reaction, 3ClO-(aq) → ClO3-(aq) + 2Cl-(aq) is an example of (2001)

(a) oxidation reaction (b) reduction reaction
(c) disproportionation reaction (d) decomposition reaction
Solution: It is an example of disproportionation reaction because the same species (ClO− )
Is being oxidized to ClO3− as well as reduced to Cl− .

15. An aqueous solution of 6.3 g oxalic acid dehydrate is made up to 250mL. The volume of
0.1n NaOH required to completely neutralize 10mL of this solution is (2001,1M)
(a) 40mL (b) 20mL (c) 10 mL (d) 4mL
Solution: Oxalic acid dihydrate H2C2O4.2H2O : mw = 126
It is a dibasic acid, hence equivalent weight = 63
6.3 1000
Normality = × = 0.4N
63 250

N 1V 1 = N 2V 2
0.1 × V1 = 0.4 × 10
Hence, V1 = 40ml.

16. Among the following, the species in the which the oxidation number of an element is + 6
(a) MnO-4 (b) Cr(CN)63- (c) NiF62- (d) CrO2Cl2 (2000)
Solution: In MnO−
4 , oxidation state Mn is +7

In Cr(CN)−3
6 , oxidation state of Cr is +3

In NiF6−2, Ni is in +4 oxidation sate.

In CrO2Cl2, oxidation sate of Cr is +6

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17. The oxidation number of Sulphur in S8, S2 F2, H2S respectively, are (1999)
(a) 0, +1 and -2 (b) +2, +1 and -2 (c) 0, +1 and +2 (d) -2, +1 and -2
Solution: In S8, oxidation number of S is 0, elemental state.
In S2F2, F is in -1 oxidation state, hence S is in +1 oxidation state.
In H2S, H is in +1 oxidation state, hence S is in -2 oxidation state

18. The number of moles of KMnO4 that will be needed to react completely with one moles
of ferrous oxalate in acidic medium is (1997)
(a) 2/5 (b) 3/5 (c) 4/5 (d) 1
Solution: The balanced redox reaction is:
3MnO− +
4 + 5𝐹𝑒𝐶2 𝑂4 + 24𝐻 → 𝑀𝑛+2 + 5𝐹𝑒 2+ + 10𝐶𝑂2 + 10H2O
Here 5 moles of 𝐹𝑒𝐶2 𝑂4 requires 3 moles of KMnO4.
3
Therefore, 1 mole of 𝐹𝑒𝐶2 𝑂4 will require 5 mole of KMnO4.

19. The number of moles of KMnO4 that will be needed to react with one mole of sulphite
ion in acidic solution is (1997)
(a) 2/5 (b) 3/5 (c) 4/5 (d) 1
Solution: The balanced chemical reaction is:
2MnO− −2 +
4 + 5SO3 + 6𝐻 → 2Mn+2 + 5SO−2
4 +3 H2O

Here, 5moles of SO−2

3 reacts with 2 moles of KMnO4
2
Therefore, 1 moles of SO−2
3 will reacts with 5 mole of KMnO4.

20. For the redox reaction; MnO-4 + C2O2-4 + H+ → Mn2+ + CO2 + H2O
The correct coefficient of the reactants for the balanced reaction are (1992)
MnO4- C2O42- H+
(a) 2 5 16
(b) 16 5 2
(c) 5 16 2
(d) 2 16 5

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Solution: The balanced redox reaction is:

2MnO− −2 +
4 + 5𝐶2 𝑂4 + 16𝐻 → 2Mn+2 + 10CO2 + 16H2O
Hence, the coefficients of the reactants in balanced reaction are 2, 5 and 16 respectively.

21. The volume strength of 1.5N H2O2 is (1990, 1M)

(a) 4.8 (b) 8.4 (c) 3.0 (d) 8.0
Solution: Volume strength of H2O2 = Normality × 5.6 = 1.5 × 5.6 = 8.4V

22. The oxidation number of phosphorus in Ba(H2PO2)2 is (1988, 1M)

(a) +3 (b) +2 (c) +1 (d) -1
Solution: Ba(H2PO2)2, oxidation number of Ba is +2. Therefore,
H2P𝑂2− : 2 × (+1) + x + 2 × (−2) = −1
x = +1

23. Equivalent weight of MnSO4 is half of its molecular weight, when it convert to(1988,1M)
(a) Mn2O3 (b) MnO2 (c) MnO-4 (d) MnO42-
molar mass
Solution: Equivalent weight in redox system is defined as; E = n−factor

Here n-factor is the net change in oxidation number per formula unit of oxidizing or reducing
agent. In the present case, n-factor is 2 because equivalent weight is half of molecular
weight. Also,
1
n-factor MnSO4 → Mn2O3 1(+2→ + 3)
2

MnSO4 → MnO2 2(+2→ + 4)

MnSO4 → Mn𝑂4− 5(+2→ + 7)
MnSO4 → Mn𝑂42− 4(+2→ + 6)
Therefore MnSO4 converts to MnO2.

Objective Questions II (more than one correct option)

24. For the reaction, I- + ClO-3 + H2SO4 → Cl- + HSO-4 + I2
The correct statement(s) in the balanced equation is /are (2014 Adv)
(a) stoichiometric coefficient of HSO-4 is 6 (b) iodide is oxidized

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(c) Sulphur is reduced (d) H2 is one of the products

Solution:
This problem includes concept of redox reaction consists of oxidation half-
cell reaction and reduction half-cell reaction. Write both half-cell reactions.
PLAN
i.e., oxidation half-cell reaction and reduction half-cell reaction. Then
balance both the equations
Now determine the correct value of stoichiometry of H2SO4.
▪ Oxidation half-cell reaction, 2𝐼 − → 𝐼2 + 2𝑒 − ….(i)
Here 𝐼 − is converted into I2. Oxidation number of I is increasing from –1 to 0. Hence , this is
a type of oxidation reaction.
▪ Reduction half-cell reaction, 6H+ + Cl𝑂3− + 6𝑒 − → 𝐶𝑙 − + 3𝐻2 𝑂 …….(ii)
➢ Here H2O releses as a product. Hence option D is correct.
Multiplying eq.(i), by 3 and adding in eq.(ii),
6𝐼 − + Cl𝑂3− + 6𝐻 + → 𝐶𝑙 − + 3𝐼2 + 3𝐻2 𝑂
6𝐼 − + Cl𝑂3− + 6𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 → 𝐶𝑙 − + 3𝐼2 + 3𝐻2 𝑂 + 6𝐻𝑆𝑂4−
➢ Stoichiometric coefficient of 𝐻𝑆𝑂4− is 6.
Hence option (a), (b), (d) are correct.

Numerical Value Based Questions

25. The ammonia prepared by treating ammonium sulphate with calcium hydroxide is
completely used by NiCl2.6H2O to form a stable coordination compound. Assume that
both reactions are 100% complete. If 1584 g of ammonium sulphate and 952 g of
NiCl2.6H2O are used in the preparation, the combined weight (in grams) of gypsum and
the nickel-ammonia coordination compound thus produced is ____
(Atomic weight in g mol-1:H = 1, N = 14, O = 16, S = 32, Cl = 35.5, Ca = 40, N I = 59)
(2018 Adv.)
Solution: Balanced equations of reactions used in the problem are as follows
(i) (𝑁𝐻4 )2 𝑆𝑂4 + 𝐶𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2 → 𝐶𝑎𝑆𝑂4 . 2𝐻2 𝑂 + 𝑁𝐻3
1mol 1mol 2mol
132g 172g (2×7)=34g

(ii) NiCl2.6H2O + 6NH3 → [Ni(NH3)6]Cl2 + 6H2O

1mol 6mol 2mol

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238g 102g 232g

Now in eq (i), , if 1584g of ammonium sulphate is used

1584
i.e., 1584g (𝑁𝐻4 )2 𝑆𝑂4 = = 12𝑚𝑜𝑙
132

So according to eq(i), given above 12moles of (𝑁𝐻4 )2 𝑆𝑂4 produces

(a) 12 moles of gypsum
(b) 24 moles of ammonia
Here, 12 moles of gypsum = 12 × 172 = 2064g and 24 moles if NH3 = 24 × 17 = 408g
Further, as given in equation, 24 moles of NH3 produced in reaction (i) is completely utilized
by 952g of 4 moles of NiCl2.6H2O to produce 4 moles of [Ni(NH3)6]Cl2 .
So, 4 moles of [Ni(NH3)6]Cl2 = 4 × 232 = 928gms
Hence, total mass of gypsum and nickel ammonia coordination compound [Ni(NH3)6]Cl2 =
= 2064 + 928 = 2992

Assertion and Reason

Read the following questions and answer as per the direction given below:
(a) Statement I is true. Statement II is true: Statement II is the correct explanation of
Statement I.
(b) Statement I is true. Statement II is true:Statement II is not correct explanation of
Statement I.
(c) Statement I is true. Statement II is false.
(d) Statement I is false. Statement II is true.
26. Statement-I in the titration of Na2CO3 with HCl using methyl orange indicator, the
volume required at the equivalent point is twice that of the acid required
using phenolphthalein indicator.
Statement II Two moles of HCl required for the complete neutralization of one mole
of Na2CO3. (1991,2M)
Solution: Both assertion and reason are factually true but the reason does not exactly
explain the assertion. The correct explanation is methyl orange and phenolphthalein
change their colour at different pH.

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Fill in the Blank
27. The compound YBa2Cu3O7, which shows super conductivity, has copper in oxidation
state……………Assume that the rare earth element yttrium is in its usual +3 oxidation
state. (1994,1M)
7
Solution: If x is the oxidation state of Cu then: 3 + 2 × 2 + 3x + 7 × (-2) = 0, 𝑥 = 3

Integer Answer Type Questions

28. The difference in the oxidation of the 2 type of Sulphur atoms in Na2S4O6 is (2011)
Solution: Na2S4O6 is a salt of H2S4O6 which has the following structure.
O O
HO – S – S(0) – S(0) – S – OH
O O
O.S of terminal S atom is +5. So, dfference in oxidation number of two types of S= 5

29. Among the following, the number of elements showing only one non -zero oxidation
state is O, CI, F, N, P, Sn, TI, Na, Ti (2010)
Solution: Only F and Na shows only one non-zero oxidation state.
O = 𝑂− , 𝑂−2 , 𝑂+2
Cl = -1 to +7
N = -3 to +5
P = -3 to +5
Sn = +2, +4
Tl = +1, +3(rare but does exis)
Ti = +2, +3, +4

30. A student performs a titration with different burettes and finds titrate values of
25.2mL, 25.25mL and 25.0mL. The number of significant figures in the average
titrate value is (2010)
Solution: Average titrate value is 25.15, but the number of significant figure cannot be
greater than the same in either of them being manipulated.

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Subjective Questions
31. Calculate the amount of calcium oxide required when it reacts with 852g of P4O10.
(2005,2M)
Solution: The balanced reaction is, 6𝐶𝑎𝑂 + 𝑃4 𝑂10 → 2𝐶𝑎3 (𝑃𝑂4 )2
852
Moles of P4O10 = 284 = 3

Moles of CaO required = 3 × 6 = 18

Mass of CaO required = 18 × 56 = 1008g

32. H2O2 solution (20mL) reacts quantitatively with the solution of KMnO4(20mL)
acidified with dilute H2SO4. The same volume of the KMnO4 solution is just
decolorized by 10mL of MnSO4 in neutral medium simultaneously forming a dark
brown precipitate of hydrated MnO2. The brown precipitate is dissolved in 10mL of
0.2M sodium oxalate under b-p condition in the presence of dil,H2SO4. Write the
balanced equation of the reactions & calculate the molarity of H2O2. (2001)
Solution: Meq of oxalate = 10 × 0.2 × 2 = 4
Meq of MnO2 formed = Meq of oxalate = 4
Meq of KMnO4 in 20ml = 4
Normality of H2O2 × 20 = 4
Normality of H2O2 = 0.20N
0.20
Molarity of H2O2 = = 0.10𝑀
2

The balanced reactions are,

2KMnO4 + 5H2O2 + 3H2SO4 → 2MnSO4 + 5O2 + K2SO4 + 8H2O
MnO2 + Na2C2O4 + 2H2SO4 → MnSO4 + Na2SO4 + 2CO2 + 2H2O

33. How many milliliters of 0.5M H2SO4 are needed to dissolve 0.5 g of copper(II)
carbonate ? (1999,3M)
Solution :The balanced chemical reaction is
CuCO3 + 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 −→ 𝐶𝑢𝑆𝑜4 + 𝐻2 𝑂 + 𝐶𝑂2
0.5×1000
millimol of CuCO3 = = 4.048
123.5

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 millimole of 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 required = 4.048

millimol = Molarity × volume (in mL)
4.048
Volume = = 8.096𝑚𝐿
0.50

34. An aqueous solution containing 0.10g KIO3(formula weight = 214.0)was treated

with an excess of KI solution. The solution was acidified with HCl. The liberated I2
consumed 45.0 mL of thiosulphate solution decolorize the blue starch-iodine
complex. Calculate the molarity of the sodium thiosulphate solution. (1998,5M)
Solution: The redox reaction involved are
𝐼𝑂3− + 5𝐼 − + 6𝐻 + −→ 3𝐼2 + 3𝐻2 𝑂
𝐼2 + 2𝑆2 𝑂3−2 −→ 2𝐼 − + 𝑆4 𝑂2− 6
0.1
millimol of KIO3 used = × 1000 = 0.467
214
 millimol of I2 formed =3 × 0.467 = 1.4
 millimol of Na2S2O3 consumed = 2×1.4 = 2.8
2.8
 Molarity of Na2S2O3 = 45 = 0.062 𝑀

35. To a 25mL H2O2 solution, excess of acidified solution of potassium iodide was
added. The iodine liberated required 20mL of 0.3N sodium-thiosulphate solution.
Calculate the volume strength of H2O2 solution. (1997,5M)
Solution :Meq of 𝐻2 𝑂2 = 𝑀𝑒𝑞 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆2 𝑂3 = Meq of I2
If N is normality of 𝐻2 𝑂2 , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛
𝑁 × 25 = 0.3 𝑋20
𝑁 = 0.24
=> 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ = 𝑁 × 5.6 = 1.334 𝑉

36. A 3.00g sample containing Fe3O4, Fe2O3 and an inert impure substance, is treated
with excess of KI solution in presence of dilute H2S04.The entire iron is converted
into Fe2+ along with the liberation of iodine. The resulting solution is dilute to
100mL. A 20 mL of the dilute solution is requiring 11.0mL of 0.5M Na2S2O3 solution
to reduce the iodine present. A 50mL of the dilute solution, after complete

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extraction of the iodine required 12.80mL of 0.25 M KMNO4 solution in dilute H2SO4
medium for the oxidation of Fe2+. Calculate the percentage of Fe2O3 and Fe3O4 in
the original sample. (1996,5M)
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
∶ Let the riginal sample contain 𝑥 millimol of Fe3 O4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 y millimol of Fe2 O34 .
In the first phase of reaction ,
Fe3 O4 + I− −→ 3Fe2 + I2 (n factor of Fe3 O4 = 2)
Fe2 O3 + I− −→ 2Fe2 + I2 (n factor of Fe2 O3 = 2)
 Meq of I2 formed = Meq (Fe3O4 + Fe2O3) = Meq of hypo required
=> 2x + 2y = 11×0.5×5 = 27.5 ……..(i)
Now, total millimol of Fe2+ formed = 3x + 2y.
+ + +
In the reaction, Fe2 + Mn𝑂4− + 𝐻 + −→ F𝑒 3 + 𝑀𝑛2
+
n − factor of Fe2 = 1

 Meq of MnO4- = Meq of Fe 2+

 3x + 2y = 12.8 × 0.25 × 5 × 2 = 32 …… (ii)

Solving equation (i) and (ii) we get, x = 4.5, y = 9.25
4.5
Mass of Fe3 O4 = 1000 × 232 = 1.044g
1.044
% mass of Fe3 O4 = × 100 = 34.80%
3
9.25
Mass of Fe3 O4 = 1000 × 160 = 1.48
1.48
% mass of Fe3 O4 = × 100 = 49.33%
3

37. A 20.0 cm3 mixture of CO, CH4 and He gas is exploded by an electric discharge at
room temperature with excess of oxygen. The volume contraction is found to be
13.0cm3. A further contraction of 14.0cm3 occurs when the residual gas is treated
with KOH solution. Find out the composition of gaseous mixture in terms of volume
percentage, (1995,4M)
Solution: The reaction involved in the explosion process is
1
CO(g)xmL + O2x mL (g)−→ CO2 (g)xmL
2 2
CH4 (g)ymL + 2O2 (g)2ymL −→ CO2 (g)ymL + 2H2 O(I)

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x
The 1st step volume contraction can be calculated as (x + 2 + y + 2y) − (x + y) = 13

=> x + 4y = 26 … . . (i)
=> The second volume contraction is due to absorbtion of CO2 ,
Hence, x + y = 14 … … (ii)
Now, solving equation (i)and (ii)
x = 10mL, y = 4mL and volume of He = 20 − 14 = 6 mL
10
=> vol % of CO = × 100 = 50%
20
4
Vol % of CH4 = × 100 = 20%
20
Vol % of He = 30%

38. A 5.0 cm3 solution of H2O2 liberates 0.508 g of iodine from an acidified KI solution.
Calculate the strength of H2O2 solution in terms of volume strength at STP.
(1995,3M)
Solution :The redox reaction involved is :
𝐻2 𝑂2 + 2𝐼 − + 2𝐻 + −→ 2𝐻2 𝑂 + 𝐼2
If the M is molarity of H2 O2 solution, then,
0.508 ×1000
5M = (bcz 1 mole H2 O2 ≡ 1 mole I2 )
254

 M = 0.4
Also, n-factor of 𝐻2 𝑂2 is 2, therefore normality of 𝐻2 𝑂2 solution is 0.8N.
Volume strength = Normality × 5.6 = 0.8 × 5.6 = 4.48V

39. One gram of commercial AgNO3 is dissolved in 50mL of water. It is treated with
50mL of a KI solution. The silver iodide thus precipitated is filtered off. Excess of KI in
the filtrate is titrated with (M/10) KIO3 solution in presence of 6M HCl till I- ions are
converted into ICI. It requires 50mL of (M/10)KIO3 solution, 20mL of same stock
solution of KI requires 30mL of (M/10)KIO3 under similar conditions. Calculate the
percentage of AgNO3 in the sample. (1992,4M)
Reaction KIO3 + 2KI + 6HCI → 3ICI + 3KCI + 3H2O
Solution: The reaction is, KIO3 + 2KI + 6HCI → 3ICI + 3KCI + 3H2 O

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𝐾𝐼𝑂3required for 20mL original KI solution = 3 millimol

 7.5 millimol 𝐾𝐼𝑂3 would be required for original 50 mL KI.
 𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 50mL KI solution contain 15 millimol of KI.
After AgNO3 treatment 5 millimol of KIO3 is required, i.e. 10millimol KI is remaining.
 5 millimol KI reacted with 5 millimol of 𝐴𝑔𝑁𝑂3 .
5
 Mass of 𝐴𝑔𝑁𝑂3 = 1000 × 170 = 0.85g

Mass percentage of 𝐴𝑔𝑁𝑂3 = 85%

40. A 2.0g sample of a mixture containing sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate and
sulphate is gently heated till the evolution of CO2 ceases. The volume of CO2 at
750mm Hg pressure and at 298 K is measured to be 123.9mL A 1.5g complete
neutralization. Calculate the percentage composition of the components of the
mixture. (1992,5M)
Solution : CO2 is evolved due to following reaction:
2NaHCO3 → Na2 CO3 + H2 O + CO2
pV 750 123.9 1
moles of CO2 produced = RT = 760 × 1000 × 0.082×298 = 5 × 10-3

 moles of NaHCO3 in 2g sample = 2 × 5 × 10−3 = 0.01

0.01
 Millimol of NaHCO3 in 1.5g sample = × 1.5 × 1000 = 7.5
2

Let the 1.5g sample contain x millimol Na2 CO3, then

2x + 7.5 = millimol of HCI = 15
 X = 3.75
7.5×84
 Mass of NaHCO3 = = 0.63g
1000
3.75×106
 Mass of Na2 CO3 = = 0.3975g
1000
0.63
 % mass of NaHCO3 = 1.50 × 100 = 42%
0.3975
 % mass of Na2 CO3 = × 100 = 26.5%
1.5

41. A 1.0 g sample of Fe2O3 solid of 55. 2% purity is dissolved in acid and reduced by
heating the solution with zinc dust. The resultant solution is cooled and made up to
100.0mL. An aliquot of 25.0mL of this solution requires for titration. Calculate the

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number of electrons taken up by the oxidant the reaction of the above titration.
(1991,4M)
Solution: Mass of F e2 O3 =0.552g
0.552
Millimol of Fe2 O3 = × 1000 = 3.45
160

During treatment with Zn-dust, all Fe3+ is reduced to Fe2+ ,

Hence, millimol of Fe2+ (in 100mL) = 3.45×2 = 6.90
6.90
 In 25mL aliquot, = 1.725 millimol Fe2+ ion.
4

Finally, Fe2+ is oxidised to Fe3+ , liberating one electron per Fe2+ ion. Therefore, total
electrons taken up by oxidant: = 1.725 × 10−3 × 6.023 × 1023 = 1.04 × 1021

42. A solution of 0.2 g of a compound containing Cu2+ and C2O2-4 ions on titration
with 0.02 M KMnO4 in the presence of H2SO4 consumes 22.6 mL of the oxidant. The
solution is neutralized with Na2CO3, acidified with the dilute acetic acid and with
excess KI. The liberated iodine requires 11.3 mL of 0.05 M Na2S2O3 solution for
complete reduction. Find the out the mole ratio of cu2+ to C202-4 in the compound.
Write down the balanced redox reactions involved in the above titrations. (1991,5M)
Solution: With 𝐾𝑀𝑛𝑂4 , oxalate ion is oxidized only as:
5C2 O2− − + 2+
4 + 2MnO4 + 16H → 2Mn 10CO2 + 8H2 O

Let, in the given mass of compound, x millimol of C2 O2−

4 ion is present, then

Meq of C2 O2− −
4 = Meq of MnO4

 2x = 0.02×5×22.6 => x = 1.13

At the later stage, with I− , Cu2+ is reduced as:
2Cu2+ + 4I − → 2CuI + I2
and I2 + 2S2 O2− − 2−
3 → 2I + S4 O6

Let there be x millimol of Cu2+

 Meq of Cu2+ = Meq of I2 = meq of hypo
 x = 11.3 X 0.05 = 0.565
 Moles of Cu2+ : moles of C2 O2−
4 = 0.565 ∶ 1.13 = 1 ∶ 2

43. A mixture of H2C2O4 (oxalic acid) and NaHC2O4 weighing 0.02 gas was dissolved in
water and solution made up to one liter. Ten milliliters of the solution required

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3.0mL of 0.1 N sodium hydroxide solution for complete the neutralization. In another
experiment, 10.0mL of the same solution, in hot dilute Sulphuric acid medium,
required 4.0 mL of 0.1N potassium permanganate solution for example reaction.
Calculate the amount of H2C2O4 and NaHC2O4 in the mixture. (1990,5M)
Solution: Let us consider 10mL of the stock solution contain x millimol oxalic and
H2 C2 O4 and y millimol of NaHC2 O4
When titrated against NaOH, basicity of oxalic acid is 2 while that of 𝑁𝑎𝐻𝐶2 𝑂4 𝑖𝑠 1.
 2𝑥 + y = 3 X 0.1 = 0.3 …(i)
When titrated against acidic KMnO4 , n −factors of both oxalic acid and 𝑁𝑎𝐻𝐶2 𝑂4
would be 2.
 2𝑥 + 2y = 4 X 0.1 = 0.4 …(ii)
Solving equations (i) and (ii) gives
Y = 0.1, x = 0.1
0.1
In 1.0L solution, mole of 𝐻2 𝐶2 𝑂4 = 1000 × 100 = 0.01
0.1
Mole of 𝑁𝑎𝐻𝐶2 𝑂4 = 1000 × 100 = 0.01

 Mass of 𝐻2 𝐶2 𝑂4= 90 × 0.01=0.9g

 Mass of 𝑁𝑎𝐻𝐶2 𝑂4 =112 × 0.01=1.12g

44. An organic compound X on analysis gives 24.24 percent carbon and 4.04 percent
hydrogen. Further, sodium extract of 1.0g of X gives 2.90g of silver chloride with
acidified silver nitrate solution. The compound X may be represented by two
isomeric structure Y and Z. Y on treatment with aqueous potassium hydroxide
solution gives a dihydroxy compound while Z on similar treatment gives ethanal. Find
out the molecular formula of X and gives the structure of Y and Z. (1989, 5M)
35.5
Solution :Mass of chlorine in 1.0gx =143.5 × 2.9 = 0.717g

Now, the empirical formula can be derived as:

C H Cl
% Wt 24.24 4.04 71.72
Mole 2 4 2
Simple ratio 1 2 1
 Empirical formula=CH2 CI
Because X can be represented by two formula of which one gives a dihydroxy

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 SOME BASIC CONCEPTS OF CHEMISTRY

compound with KOH indicates that X has two chlorine atoms per molecule.
 X = C2 H4 CI2 with two of its structural isomers.
CI − CH2 − CH2 − CI and CH3 − ChCI2
I II
On treatment with KOH, I will give ethane-1,2-diol, hence it is Y,Z on treatment with KOH
will give ethanol as, CICH2 CH2 CI + OH − → C H2 − C H2 (Y)
| |
OH OH
−H2 O
CH3 CHCI2 + KOH → CH3 CH (OH)2 → CH3 CHO (Z)
unstable

45. An equal volume of reducing agent is treated separately with 1M KMnO4 in acid,
neutral and alkaline medium. The volume of KMnO4 required are 20mL in acid, 33.3
mL in neutral and 100mL in alkaline media. Find out the oxidation state of
manganese in each reduction product. Give the balanced equation for all the three-
half reaction. Find out the volume of 1M K2Cr2O7 consumed, if the same volume of
the reducing agent is titrated in acid medium (1989,5M)
Solution: Let the n-factor of 𝐾𝑀𝑛𝑂4 in acid, neutral and alkaline media are N1 , N2 and N3
respectively. Also, same volumes of reducing agent is used every time, same number
of equivalents of 𝐾𝑀𝑛𝑂4 would be required every time.
100 5
 20N1 = N2 = 100N3 => N1 = 3 N2 = 5N3
3

Also, n-factors are all integer and greater than or equal to one but less than6,
𝑁3 must be 1.
 𝑁1 = 5, 𝑁2 = 3
In acid medium 𝑀𝑛𝑂4− → 𝑀𝑛2+
In neutral medium 𝑀𝑛𝑂4− → 𝑀𝑛4+
In alkaline medium 𝑀𝑛𝑂4− → 𝑀𝑛6+
 Meq of 𝐾2 𝐶𝑟2 𝑂7 required =100
 100 = 1×6×V (n-factor =6)
 V = 100/6 = 16.67 mL

46. A sample of hydrazine sulphate (N2H6SO4) was dissolved in 100mL of water , 10mL
of this solution was reacted with excess of ferric chloride solution and warmed to
completed the reaction .Ferrous ion formed was estimated and it required 20 mL of

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M/50 potassium permanganate solution. Estimate the amount of hydrazine sulphate

in one liter of the solution.
Reaction 4Fe3+ + N2H4 → N2 + 4Fe2+ + 4H+

MnO4-+ 5 Fe2+ + 8H+ → Mn2+ + 5Fe3+ + 4H2O (1988,3M)

1
Solution :Meq of 𝑀𝑛𝑂4− required = 20 × 5 × 5 = 2

 Meq of 𝐹𝑒 2+ present in solution = 2

 Millimol of 𝐹𝑒 2+ present in solution = 2 (n-factor=1)
Also,
4 millimol of 𝐹𝑒 2+ are formed from 1 millimol𝑁2 𝐻4
1 1
∴ 2millimol 𝐹𝑒 2+ 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 4 × 2 = 2 millimol 𝑁2 𝐻4
1 1 1
Therefore, molarity of hydrazine sulphate solution= 2 𝑋 10 = 20
1
 In 1 L solution 20 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁2 𝐻6 𝑆𝑂4 is present.
1
 Amount of 𝑁2 𝐻6 𝑆𝑂4 = 20 × 130 = 6.5 𝑔𝐿−1

47. 5mL of 8N nitric acid, 4.8mL of 5N hydrochloric acid and a certain volume of 1 M
sulphuric acid and made up to 2L. 30mL of this acid mixture exactly neutralize
42.9mL of sodium carbonate solution containing one gram of Na2CO3.10H2O in
100mL of water. Calculate the amount in gram of the sulphate ions in solution
(1958,4M)
Solution: Molecular weight of 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3 . 10𝐻2 𝑂 = 286
1 1000
 Molarity of carbonate solution =286 × = 0.035
100

 Normality of carbonate solution = 2 × 0.035 = 0.07 N

8×5
In acid solution : Normality of 𝐻𝑁𝑂3 = 2000 = 0.02
5×4.8
Normality of HCI = = 0.012
2000

Let normality of 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 in final solution be N.

 (N + 0.02 + 0.012) × 30 = 0.07 × 42.9
 N = 0.0681
 Gram equivalent of 𝑆𝑂42− in 2 L solution = 2 × 0.0681
=0.1362
96
 Mass of 𝑆𝑂42− in solution =0.1362 × 2
= 6.5376g

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48. 2.68 X 10-3 moles of solution containing an ions An+ requires 1.61 X 10-3 moles of
MnO-4 for the oxidation of An+ to AO3- in acidic medium. What is the value of n?
(1984,2 m)
Solution: For the oxidation of 𝐴𝑛+ as:
𝐴𝑛+ → 𝐴𝑂3− n-factor = 5 - n
 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝑛+ = 2.68 × 10−3 (5 − 𝑛)
Now equating the above gram equivalent with gram equivalent of 𝐾𝑀𝑛𝑂4 :
= 2.68 × 10−3 (5 − 𝑛) = 1.61 × 10−3 × 5
➔ n = +2

49. 4.08 g of a mixture of BaO and unknown carbonate MCO3 was heated strongly. The
residue weight 3.64 g. This was dissolved in 100mL of 1N HCl. The excess acid required
16 mL of 2.5 N NaoH solution for complete neutralization. Identify the metal M.
(1983,4M)
Solution: During heating 𝑀𝐶𝑂3 is converted into MO liberating 𝐶𝑂2 while BaO is
remaining unreacted:
heat
MCO3(S) → MO(S) + CO2 (g) ↑ 0.44g = 0.01 mol
BaO(s) BaO(s)
4.08g 3.64g
From the decomposition information, it can be deduced that the original mixture
contained 0.01 mole of MCO3 and the solid residue, obtained after hearing,
contain 0.01 mole (10 millimol) of MO.
Also, millimol of HCI taken initially = 100
Millimol of NaOH used in back-titration = 16 × 2.5 = 40
 Millimol of HCI reacted with Oxide residue = 60
HCI reacts with oxides as:
MO + 2HCI → MCI2 + H2 O
10 millimol 20 millimol

BaO + 2HCI → BaCI2 + H2 O

60 – 20 = 40 millimol
Therefore, the residue contain 20 millimol of BaO
Also, molar mass of BaO = 138 + 16 = 154
154×20
 Mass of BaO = = 3.08g
1000

 Mass of MCO3 = 4.08 - 3.08 = 1.0g

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0.01 mole of MCO3 weight 1.0g

1mole of MCO3 = 100g
 100 = (Atomic weight of metal) + (12 + 3 x 16)
Atomic weight of metal = 40, i.e. Ca

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