Lecture 5:

Engine Cycles
By
Mahmoud A. Shouman
 Air standard cycles approximation

Otto cycle

Contents
Part open throttle & pressure
boosting

Example
 Real cycle Air-standard cycle

Working fluid Real gas mixture Ideal air

Real cycle Cycle Open Closed

approximation
to air-standard Combustion Chemical reaction Heat addition process
cycle
Exhaust blowdown Open system Closed system heat
process exhaust process rejection process

Processes Actual Ideal and reversible

 Air-standard cycle

Expansion at constant pressure process

Intake stroke
Main processes (atmospheric pressure)

in an air- Compression and

Isentropic processes
power stroke
standard cycle
(4 st., naturally Combustion
Heat addition process (constant volume,
constant pressure, or a combination)
aspirated with
WOT) Exhaust blowdown
process
Heat rejection at constant volume
process

Compression at constant pressure

Exhaust stroke
process (atmospheric pressure)
 𝑃𝑉 = 𝑚𝑅𝑇
Ideal gas
equation 𝑃𝑣 = 𝑅𝑇
of state 𝑃 = 𝜌𝑅𝑇
𝑅: gas constant = 0.287 kJ/kg.K (air)
𝑝𝑣 𝑘 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡.
Isentropic 𝑘−1
𝑣1 𝑘−1
process 𝑇2
𝑇1
=
𝑃2 𝑘
𝑃1
=
𝑣2
𝑐𝑝 𝑃2 𝑉2 −𝑃1 𝑉1
𝑘= ሶ
𝑊1−2 = = −𝑚𝑐
ሶ 𝑣 (𝑇2 − 𝑇1 )
𝑐𝑣 1−𝑘
𝑅 = 𝑐𝑝 − 𝑐𝑣
𝑘𝑅 𝑅 𝑄1−2 = 0
𝑐𝑝 = ,𝑐 =
𝑘−1 𝑣 𝑘−1
 𝑘 = 1.4
Atmospheric air
properties 𝑅 = 0.287 𝑘𝐽Τ𝑘𝑔. 𝐾
(outside the engine)
𝑐𝑝 = 1.005 𝑘𝐽Τ𝑘𝑔. 𝐾
𝑐𝑣 = 0.718 𝑘𝐽Τ𝑘𝑔. 𝐾
𝑘 = 1.35
Air properties
within the cycle 𝑅 = 0.287 𝑘𝐽Τ𝑘𝑔. 𝐾

(inside the engine) 𝑐𝑝 = 1.108 𝑘𝐽Τ𝑘𝑔. 𝐾

𝑐𝑣 = 0.821 𝑘𝐽Τ𝑘𝑔. 𝐾
Otto cycle
(4-St., SI,
Naturally
aspirated engine
with WOT)

Po

VTDC VBDC
Otto cycle
(4-St., SI, 3

Naturally
aspirated engine
with WOT)
2

Po 6 5 1

VTDC VBDC
Otto cycle 3

(4-St., SI,
Naturally 2

aspirated engine 4
with WOT) Po 6 5 1

VTDC VBDC
 Otto cycle
Process 6-1 constant-pressure intake of air at P0:
Intake valve open the exhaust valve closed:
𝑃1 = 𝑃6 = 𝑃𝑜
𝑤6−1 = 𝑅 𝑇1 − 𝑇6 = 𝑃𝑜 𝑣1 − 𝑣6

Process 1-2 isentropic compression stroke:

All valves closed:
𝑘−1
𝑘−1
𝑇2 𝑃2 𝑘 𝑣1
= = = 𝑟𝑐 𝑘−1
𝑇1 𝑃1 𝑣2
𝑃2
= 𝑟𝑐 𝑘
𝑃1
𝑃2 𝑣2 − 𝑃1 𝑣1
𝑤1−2 = − = 𝑐𝑣 (𝑇2 − 𝑇1 )
1−𝑘
𝑞1−2 = 0
 Otto cycle
Process 2-3 constant-volume heat input (combustion)
All valves closed:

𝑣3 = 𝑣2 = 𝑣𝑇𝐷𝐶
𝑇3 𝑃3
=
𝑇2 𝑃2
𝑇3 = 𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑃3 = 𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑤2−3 = 0
𝑞2−3 = 𝑞𝑖𝑛 = 𝑐𝑣 𝑇3 − 𝑇2
𝑄2−3 = 𝑄𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚𝑚 𝑐𝑣 𝑇3 − 𝑇2
= (𝑚𝑎 + 𝑚𝑓 )𝑐𝑣 𝑇3 − 𝑇2
= 𝑚𝑓 𝑄𝐻𝑉 𝜂𝑐
𝑄𝐻𝑉 𝜂𝑐 = (𝐴𝐹 + 1)𝑐𝑣 𝑇3 − 𝑇2
 Otto cycle
Process 3-4 isentropic power or expansion stroke.
All valves closed:
𝑘−1
𝑘−1
𝑇4 𝑃4 𝑘 𝑣3
= = = 1/𝑟𝑐 𝑘−1
𝑇3 𝑃3 𝑣4
𝑃4
= 1/𝑟𝑐 𝑘
𝑃3
𝑃4 𝑣4 − 𝑃3 𝑣3
𝑤3−4 = = 𝑐𝑣 (𝑇3 − 𝑇4 )
1−𝑘
𝑞3−4 = 0
 Otto cycle
Process 4-5-constant-volume heat rejection (exhaust blowdown).
Exhaust valve open and intake valve closed:
𝑣5 = 𝑣4 = 𝑣1 = 𝑣𝐵𝐷𝐶
𝑇4 𝑃4
=
𝑇5 = 𝑇1 𝑃5 = 𝑃1
𝑤4−5 = 0
𝑞4−5 = 𝑞𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑐𝑣 𝑇4 − (𝑇5 = 𝑇1 )
𝑄4−5 = 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑚𝑚 𝑐𝑣 𝑇4 − (𝑇5 = 𝑇1 )

Process 5-6-constant-pressure exhaust stroke at Po

Exhaust valve open and intake valve closed:

𝑃5 = 𝑃6 = 𝑃𝑜
𝑤5−6 = 𝑅 𝑇5 − 𝑇6 = 𝑃𝑜 𝑣5 − 𝑣6
Performance Indicated work

parameters 𝑊𝑖 = 𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑊3−4 − 𝑊1−2

𝑇2 𝑇3 = 𝑄2−3 − 𝑄4−5
= = 𝑟𝑐 𝑘−1
𝑇1 𝑇4
Rearranging; Indicated thermal efficiency
𝑇3 𝑇4
−1= −1 𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑄4−5
𝑇2 𝑇1 𝜂𝑡ℎ = = =1−
𝑄𝑖𝑛 𝑄2−3 𝑄2−3
𝑇3 − 𝑇2 𝑇4 − 𝑇1
= 𝑇4 −𝑇1
𝑇2 𝑇1 =1−
𝑇3 −𝑇2
𝑇4 − 𝑇1 𝑇1
∴ = = 1/𝑟𝑐 𝑘−1
𝑇3 − 𝑇2 𝑇2
𝜂𝑡ℎ )𝑎𝑐𝑡 ≈ 0.85𝜂𝑡ℎ )𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜
∴ 𝜂𝑡ℎ = 1 − 1/𝑟𝑐 𝑘−1
Otto cycle
(4-St., SI,
Naturally
aspirated engine
with part open
throttle)
Otto cycle
(4-St., SI, 3

Naturally
aspirated engine
with part open
throttle) 2

Po 6 5
(-)
6,a 1

VTDC VBDC
Otto cycle
(4-St., SI engine
with pressure
boosting)
Otto cycle
(4-St., SI, 3

Naturally
aspirated engine
with part open
throttle) 2

4
6,a
1
(+)
Po 6 5

VTDC VBDC
Pumping work Intake work

𝑊6−1 = 𝑃𝑖 𝑉1 − 𝑉6 = 𝑃𝑖 𝑉𝑑

Exhaust Work

𝑊5−6 = 𝑃𝑒𝑥 𝑉1 − 𝑉6 = 𝑃𝑒𝑥 𝑉𝑑

Pumping Work

𝑊𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 = (𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃𝑒𝑥 )𝑉𝑑

 Example

A four-cylinder, 2.5-liter, SI automobile engine operates at WOT on a four-

stroke air-standard Otto cycle at 3000 RPM. The engine has a compression
ratio of 8.6:1, a mechanical efficiency of 86%, and a stroke-to-bore ratio S/B
= 1.025. Fuel is isooctane with AF = 15, a heating value of 44,300kJ/kg, and
combustion efficiency ηc= 100%. At the start of the compression stroke,
conditions in the cylinder combustion chamber are 100 kPa and 60oC. It can
be assumed that there is a 4% exhaust residual left over from the previous
cycle.

Required:
Do a complete thermodynamic analysis of this engine.
 Solution
State (1):
𝑇1 = 60 ℃=333 K
𝑃1 = 100 kPa
𝑉1 = 𝑉𝑑 + 𝑉𝑐
For one cylinder, the displacement volume is
𝑉𝑑,𝑡𝑜𝑡 2.5
𝑉𝑑 = = = 0.625 𝐿 = 0.000625 𝑚3
𝑁𝑐 4
𝑉𝑑 0.000625
𝑉𝑐 = = = 0.0000822 𝑚3
𝑟𝑐 − 1 8.6 − 1
∴ 𝑉1 = 0.000707 𝑚3
Mass of gas mixture
𝑃1 𝑉1 100 × 0.000707
𝑚𝑚 = = = 0.00074 𝑘𝑔
𝑅𝑇1 0.287 × 333
 Solution
State (2):
𝑇2 = 𝑇1 𝑟𝑐𝑘−1 = 333 × 8.61.35−1 = 707 𝐾
𝑃2 = 𝑃1 𝑟𝑐𝑘 = 100 × 8.61.35 = 1826 kPa
𝑉2 = 𝑉𝑐 = 0.0000822 𝑚3
Process (1-2):
𝑄1−2 = 0
𝑊1−2 = 𝑚𝑚 𝑐𝑣 𝑇2 − 𝑇1
= 0.00074 × 0.821 707 − 333
= 0.227 kJ
 Solution
State (3):
𝑉3 = 𝑉2
𝑄2−3 = 𝑄𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚𝑚 𝑐𝑣 𝑇3 − 𝑇2 = 𝑚𝑓 𝑄𝐻𝑉 𝜂𝑐
𝑚𝑚 = 𝑚𝑎 + 𝑚𝑓 + 𝑚𝑒𝑥
𝑚𝑒𝑥 = 0.04𝑚𝑚 = 0.00003 𝑘𝑔
𝑚𝑎 = 𝐴𝐹 × 𝑚𝑓
𝑚𝑎 + 𝑚𝑓 = 1 + 𝐴𝐹 𝑚𝑓 = 0.96𝑚𝑚
0.96 × 0.00074
∴ 𝑚𝑓 = = 0.000044 𝑘𝑔
16
∴ 𝑄2−3 = 0.000044 × 44300 × 1 = 1.949 𝑘𝐽
= 0.00074 × 0.821 𝑇3 − 707
∴ 𝑇3 = 3915 𝐾
𝑇3 3915
𝑃3 = 𝑃2 = 1826 × = 10111 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑇2 707
 Solution
State (4):
𝑉4 = 𝑉1
1 1
𝑇4 = 𝑇3 = 3915 × = 1571 𝐾
𝑟𝑐𝑘−1 8.61.35−1
1 1
𝑃4 = 𝑃3 = 10111 × = 554 kPa
𝑟𝑐𝑘 8.61.35

Process (3-4):
𝑄3−4 = 0
𝑊3−4 = 𝑚𝑚 𝑐𝑣 𝑇3 − 𝑇4
= 0.00074 × 0.821 3915 − 1571
= 1.257 kJ
 Solution
Net indicated work
𝑊𝑖 = 𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑊3−4 − 𝑊1−2
= 1.257 − 0.227
= 1.03 𝑘𝐽

Indicated thermal efficiency

1
𝜂𝑡ℎ = 1 −
𝑟𝑐 𝑘−1
1
=1− = 0.529 = 52.9%
8.60.35
Thanks