Lecture 5

Homogeneous Differential Equations

A first order Differential Equation is Homogeneous when it can be in this form:

𝑑𝑦 𝑦
= 𝐹( )
𝑑𝑥 𝑥

We can solve it using Separation of Variables but first we

𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑣
= (𝑣𝑥) = 𝑣 + 𝑥 (by the Product Rule)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Which can be simplified to

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
= 𝑣+ 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
Using 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥 and = 𝑣+ 𝑥 we can solve the Differential Equation.
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Question: Solve the homogeneous DE (𝟐𝒙𝒚 + 𝒙𝟐 )𝒅𝒚 = (𝟑𝒚𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙𝒚)𝒅𝒙.

Solution: Given that,

(2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑦 = (3𝑦 2 + 2𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 3𝑦 2 +2𝑥𝑦
=> = …………………….(i)
𝑑𝑥 2𝑥𝑦+𝑥 2

This is homogeneous differential equation.

Let,𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥
Differentiating with respect to 𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑣
= (𝑣𝑥) = 𝑣 + 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
=> = 𝑣+ 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Hence, equation (i) becomes

𝑑𝑣 3(𝑣𝑥)2 + 2𝑥. 𝑣𝑥
𝑣+ 𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 2𝑥. 𝑣𝑥 + 𝑥 2

𝑑𝑣 3𝑥 2 𝑣 2 + 2𝑥 2 𝑣
=> 𝑣 + 𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 2𝑥 2 𝑣 + 𝑥 2
𝑑𝑣 𝑥 2 (3𝑣 2 + 2𝑣)
=> 𝑣 + 𝑥 = 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 (2𝑣 + 1)

𝑑𝑣 3𝑣 2 + 2𝑣
=> 𝑣 + 𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 2𝑣 + 1
𝑑𝑣 3𝑣 2 + 2𝑣
=> 𝑥 = −𝑣
𝑑𝑥 2𝑣 + 1
𝑑𝑣 3𝑣 2 + 2𝑣 − 2𝑣 2 − 𝑣
=> 𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 2𝑣 + 1
𝑑𝑣 𝑣 2 + 𝑣
=> 𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 2𝑣 + 1
2𝑣 + 1 1
=> 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑣2 + 𝑣 𝑥
Which is separable DE.

By integrating on both sides

2𝑣 + 1 1
∫ 𝑑𝑣 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑣2 + 𝑣 𝑥
 => 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑣 2 + 𝑣) = log 𝑥 + log 𝑐

=> 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑣 2 + 𝑣) −log 𝑥 = log 𝑐

𝑣2 + 𝑣
=> 𝑙𝑜𝑔 = log 𝑐
𝑥
𝑣2 + 𝑣
=> =𝑐
𝑥
𝑦2 𝑦
+
𝑥2 𝑥
=> =𝑐
𝑥
𝑦 2 +𝑥𝑦
𝑥2
=> =𝑐
𝑥
𝑦(𝑦 + 𝑥)
=> =𝑐
𝑥3
Which is required solution.

Question: Solve the DE (𝒙𝟑 + 𝒚𝟐 √𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 ) 𝒅𝒙 − 𝒙𝒚√𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎.

Solution: Given that,

(𝑥 3 + 𝑦 2 √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦√𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0

𝑑𝑦 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 2 √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
=> =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥𝑦√𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2

This is homogeneous differential equation.

Let,𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥

Differentiating with respect to 𝑥

 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑣
= (𝑣𝑥) = 𝑣 + 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
=> = 𝑣+ 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Hence, the equation (i) becomes

𝑑𝑣 𝑥 3 + (𝑣𝑥)2 √𝑥 2 + (𝑣𝑥)2
𝑣+ 𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥. 𝑣𝑥√𝑥 2 + (𝑣𝑥)2

𝑑𝑣 𝑥 3 + 𝑣 2 𝑥 2 √𝑥 2 + 𝑣 2 𝑥 2
=> 𝑣 + 𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑣𝑥 2 √𝑥 2 + 𝑣 2 𝑥 2

𝑑𝑣 𝑥 3 + 𝑣 2 𝑥 3 √1 + 𝑣 2
=> 𝑣 + 𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑣𝑥 3 √1 + 𝑣 2

𝑑𝑣 𝑥 3 {1 + 𝑣 2 √1 + 𝑣 2 }
=> 𝑣 + 𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑣𝑥 3 √1 + 𝑣 2

𝑑𝑣 1 + 𝑣 2 √1 + 𝑣 2
=> 𝑣 + 𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑣√1 + 𝑣 2

𝑑𝑣 1 + 𝑣 2 √1 + 𝑣 2
=> 𝑥 = −𝑣
𝑑𝑥 𝑣√1 + 𝑣 2

𝑑𝑣 1 + 𝑣 2 √1 + 𝑣 2 − 𝑣 2 √1 + 𝑣 2
=> 𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑣√1 + 𝑣 2

𝑑𝑣 1
=> 𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑣√1 + 𝑣 2
 1
=> 𝑣√1 + 𝑣 2 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑥

Which is separable DE.

By integrating on both sides

1
∫ 𝑣√1 + 𝑣 2 𝑑𝑣 = ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Let, 𝑧 = 1 + 𝑣 2

1 1
=> ∫ √𝑧𝑑𝑧 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 => 𝑑𝑧 = 2𝑣𝑑𝑣
2 𝑥

3
1 𝑧2 1
=> 3 = log 𝑥 + log 𝑐 => 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑣𝑑𝑣
2 2
2

1 2 3
=> . 𝑧 2 = log(𝑥𝑐)
2 3

1 3
=> . 𝑧 2 = log(𝑥𝑐)
3

1 3
=> . (1 + 𝑣 2 )2 = log(𝑥𝑐)
3

3
1 𝑦2 2
=> . (1 + 2 ) = log(𝑥𝑐)
3 𝑥

3
2
1 𝑥 + 𝑦2 2
=> . ( ) = log(𝑥𝑐)
3 𝑥2

3
1 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )2
=> . = log(𝑥𝑐)
3 𝑥3
Which is required solution.

H.W

𝒅𝒚 𝒚 𝒚
Question: Solve the DE = + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 .
𝒅𝒙 𝒙 𝒙