HYDRAULICS AND GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING REVIEW

6. Compute the factor of safety of the infinite slope of sand layer when
SLOPE STABILITY
subjected to partial seepage parallel to the slope with water at a vertical
A. INFINITE SLOPES depth of 3 m above the interface.
NORMAL AND SHEARING STRESSES 7. Factor of safety if subjected to full seepage.
𝝈 = 𝜸𝑯𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝜷
SITUATION. A cut slope was excavated in saturated clay as shown.
𝝉 = 𝜸𝑯𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜷𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜷 The slope made an angle of 60° with the horizontal. When the slope of
𝒄 + 𝝈𝒕𝒂𝒏𝝋 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝝋 𝒄 failure occurs, BC = 8 m. Given the following: m = 0.185, γ = 18 kN/m3,
𝑭𝑺 = = =
𝒄𝒅 + 𝝈𝒕𝒂𝒏𝝋𝒅 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝝋𝒅 𝒄𝒅 cU = 20 kPa.
FACTOR OF SAFETY AGAINST SLIDING:
No pore water pressure:
𝒄 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝝋
𝑭𝑺 = +
𝜸𝑯𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝜷𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜷 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜷

8. Determine the stability factor for the critical height.

9. Critical depth of cut.
𝒄
𝑯𝒄𝒓 = 10. Angle of failure plane.
𝜸 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝜷(𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜷 − 𝒕𝒂𝒏∅)
Seepage is present on the soil: SITUATION. A cut slope was excavated in saturated clay as shown.
𝒄 (𝜸𝒔𝒂𝒕 − 𝜸𝒘 )𝒕𝒂𝒏𝝋 The soil has a unit weight of 18 kN/m3 and Ø = 20°. The soil has cohesion
𝑭𝑺 = +
𝜸𝒔𝒂𝒕 𝑯𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝜷𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜷 𝜸𝒔𝒂𝒕 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜷
of 30 kPa. The slope makes an angle of 30° with the horizontal and a
height of 10m. The trial failure plane is 20° from the horizontal.

Where:
FS = Factor of safety against sliding
c = Cohesion of soil
11. Cohesive strength along the failure plane in kN.
γ = Unit weight of soil 12. Frictional strength along the failure plane in kN.
γSAT = Saturated unit weight of soil 13. Sliding force along the failure plane.
H = Height of soil above the interface of rock and soil 14. Factor of safety against sliding.
β = Angle of backfill from horizontal
Φ = Angle of friction
SITUATION. A cut is to be made in a soil that has γ = 17 kN/m3, c = 40
kPa and Ø = 30°. The side of the slope will make an angle of 30°. What
B. FINITE SLOPES depth of the cut slope will have a factor of safety of 2.5?
15. Find the value of the critical angle along which the maximum
developed cohesion occurs.
16. Determine the depth of cut.

TERZAGHI’S BEARING CAPACITY

ULTIMATE BEARING CAPACITY - GENERAL SHEAR FAILURE
SQUARE FOOTING
𝒒𝒖 = 𝟏. 𝟑𝒄𝑵𝑪 + 𝒒𝑵𝒒 + 𝟎. 𝟒𝜸𝑩𝑵𝜸
𝑭𝒇 + 𝑭𝑪
𝑭𝑺 = CIRCULAR FOOTING
𝑾𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽
𝟒𝒄𝒅 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜷𝒄𝒐𝒔∅𝒅 𝒒𝒖 = 𝟏. 𝟑𝒄𝑵𝑪 + 𝒒𝑵𝒒 + 𝟎. 𝟑𝜸𝑩𝑵𝜸
𝑯= : <
𝜸 𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨 𝐬(𝜷 − ∅𝒅)
𝒄𝒅 RECTANGULAR FOOTING
𝒎=
𝜸𝑯
= 𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒃𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝟎. 𝟑𝑩 𝟎. 𝟐𝑩
𝟏
𝒒𝒖 = 𝒄𝑵𝑪 :𝟏 + < + 𝒒𝑵𝒒 + 𝟎. 𝟓𝜸𝑩𝑵𝜸 :𝟏 − <
= 𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒃𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝑳 𝑳
𝒎 STRIP FOOTING
SITUATION. An infinite slope has shear strength parameters at the 𝒒𝒖 = 𝒄𝑵𝑪 + 𝒒𝑵𝒒 + 𝟎. 𝟓𝜸𝑩𝑵𝜸
interface of soil and rock as follows: c = 20 kPa, ρ = 1900 kg/m3, Ø = ULTIMATE BEARING CAPACITY - LOCAL SHEAR FAILURE
20°. 𝟐
1. If H = 10 m and β = 25°, find the normal and shearing stress at the 𝒄F =
𝒄
𝟑
interface.
𝟐
2. If H = 10 m and β = 25°, find the factor of safety against sliding. 𝒕𝒂𝒏∅F = 𝒕𝒂𝒏∅
3. If β = 25°, find the critical height. 𝟑
4. If the height at the verge of failure is 7m, find the minimum angle β BEARING CAPACITY FACTORS (EMPIRICAL FORMULAS)
so that the slope if stable. 𝒆(𝟏.𝟓𝝅,∅)(𝒕𝒂𝒏∅)
𝑵𝒒 =
SITUATION. An infinite slope of granular soil has a slope of 23°. The ∅
𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 :𝟒𝟓 + <
saturated unit weight of sand is 21.5 kN/m3 and the angle of friction is 𝟐
35°. The sand has a depth of 5 m. 𝑵𝑪 = E𝑵𝒒 − 𝟏F(𝒄𝒐𝒕∅)
5. Compute the factor of safety of the infinite slope without seepage.
𝑵𝜸 = 𝟏. 𝟏E𝑵𝒒 − 𝟏F 𝒕𝒂𝒏(𝟏. 𝟑∅)

MODULE 5
 HYDRAULICS AND GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING REVIEW

MODIFICATION OF BEARING CAPACITY EQUATION DUE TO SITUATION 4

THE PRESENCE OF GROUNDWATER TABLE A square footing carries an allowable axial load of 122405 kg with its
CASE 1: The water tale is located above the bottom of the foundation bottom resting on a ground water table at a depth of 2 m below the
ground surface. (Nc = 35, Nq = 22, Nγ = 19). Take 𝜌𝑑𝑟𝑦 = 1846 kg/m3 and
𝜌𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 1965 kg/m3, C = 1605 kg/m2)
1. Determine the dimension of the footing using a factor of safety of 3.
2. Compute the ultimate bearing capacity of the soil.
3. Compute the net soil pressure at the bottom of the footing.

SITUATION 5
A square footing 4 m on a side is founded 1.2 m below the ground
𝜸 = 𝜸𝒔𝒂𝒕 − 𝜸𝒘
surface for which the bulk unit weight of the soil is 20 kN/m3, the
CASE 2: The water table is located at the bottom of the foundation
cohesion strength is 10 kPa, and the angle of internal friction is 20°.
Under the condition of general shear failure, evaluate the contribution
of the following to the ultimate soil bearing capacity, in kPa. The
ground water table is at a level at a that does not affect the unit weight
of the soil and Ø = 35°. Using table below, determine the following:
1. Cohesion Strength
A. 167.18 B. 326.69 C. 684.32 D. 263.51
𝜸 = 𝜸𝒔𝒂𝒕 − 𝜸𝒘 2. Soil Overburden
CASE 3: The water table is located so that d < B A. 245.52 B. 405.60 C. 130.80 D. 305.28
3. Footing Dimension
A. 400.00 B. 266.88 C. 192.00 D. 82.88

𝟏
𝜸= J𝜸 (𝒅) + 𝜸6 (𝑩 − 𝒅)L
𝑩 𝒅𝒓𝒚
𝜸′ = 𝜸𝒔𝒂𝒕 − 𝜸𝒘

CASE 4: The water table is located so that d > B

𝜸 = 𝜸𝒅𝒓𝒚

SITUATION 1
A square footing has a dimension of 1.10 m has its bottom 1.0 m below
the ground surface. Determine the Ultimate Bearing Capacity of the
foundation if: γ =19.5 kN/m3, c = 20 kPa, γsat = 20 kN/m3 and the water
table is: (Nc = 35, Nq = 22, Nγ = 19)
1. 1.3 m below the ground surface.
2. At the bottom of the footing.
3. 0.5 m below the ground surface.

SITUATION 2
A square footing of 2m carries a total load including its own weight of
1MN. The base of the footing is at a depth of 1.5 m below the ground
surface. The soil has a unit weight of 17 kN/m3 and cohesion of 50 kPa.
(Nc = 8.02, Nq = 1.94, Nγ = 0.24)
1. Determine the gross foundation pressure.
2. Determine the net foundation pressure.
3. Determine the factor of safety (both gross and net)

SITUATION 3
For a certain soil, the cohesion is 50 kPa; the unit weight is 20 kN/m3.
Assuming local shear failure: (Nc = 7.5, Nq = 1.80, Nγ = 0.48) for local
shear failure (Nc = 9, Nq = 2.50, Nγ = 1.20) for general shear failure.
1. Calculate the net ultimate bearing capacity for a strip footing of width
1.25 m and depth of 2m.
2. Calculate the safe bearing capacity on a footing 6m long and 1.25m
𝒒𝒖𝒏𝒆𝒕
wide, with FS=2.5. Use 𝒒𝒔 = + 𝜸𝑫𝒇 and consider general shear
𝑭𝑺
failure.
3. Calculate the safe load that the rectangular footing could carry.
MODULE 5