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Elements of Electronics Engineering

The document is a laboratory manual for the 'Elements of Electronics' course, aimed at developing industry-relevant competencies and skills in students through practical work. It outlines the course objectives, practical outcomes, and guidelines for both teachers and students to ensure effective learning and application of electronic components and circuits. The manual emphasizes hands-on experience and understanding of theoretical concepts to prepare students for real-world electrical engineering challenges.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)

49 views144 pages

Elements of Electronics Engineering

Uploaded by

abachche75

We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.

Available Formats

Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

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A Laboratory Manual for

Elements of Electronics

(22213)
Semester-II

(EE/EP/EU)

Maharashtra State
Board of Technical Education, Mumbai
(Autonomous) (ISO 9001:2015) (ISO/IEC 27001:2013)
MAHARASHTRA STATE
BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
Certificate
This is to certify that Mr. / Ms. …………………………………………… Roll
No. ………., of First Semester of Diploma in…………………..
………………………………… of Institute,……………..…………………….
……………… (Code: …………...) has completed the term work satisfactorily
in Subject Elements of Electronic Engineering (22213) for the
academic year 20…….. to 20…….. as prescribed in the curriculum.

Place: …………… Enrollment No:.……………

Date: …………… Exam. Seat No: ……………

Subject Teacher Head of the Department Principal

Seal of
Institution
Elements of Electronics (22213)

Preface
The primary focus of any engineering laboratory/field work in the technical education
system is to develop the much needed industry relevant competencies and skills. With this in
view, MSBTE embarked on this innovative ‘I’ Scheme curricula for engineering diploma
programmes with outcome-based education as the focus and accordingly, relatively large
amount of time is allotted for the practical work. This displays the great importance of
laboratory work making each teacher; instructor and student to realize that every minute of
the laboratory time need to be effectively utilized to develop these outcomes, rather than
doing other mundane activities. Therefore, for the successful implementation of this outcome-
based curriculum, every practical has been designed to serve as a ‘vehicle’ to develop this
industry identified competency in every student. The practical skills are difficult to develop
through ‘chalk and duster’ activity in the classroom situation. Accordingly, the ‘I’ scheme
laboratory manual development team designed the practical to focus on the outcomes, rather
than the traditional age old practice of conducting practical to ‘verify the theory’ (which may
become a byproduct along the way).
This laboratory manual is designed to help all stakeholders, especially the students,
teachers and instructors to develop in the student the pre-determined outcomes. It is expected
from each student that at least a day in advance, they have to thoroughly read through the
concerned practical procedure that they will do the next day and understand the minimum
theoretical background associated with the practical. Every practical in this manual begins by
identifying the competency, industry relevant skills, course outcomes and practical outcomes
which serve as a key focal point for doing the practical. The students will then become aware
about the skills they will achieve through procedure shown there and necessary precautions to
be taken, which will help them to apply in solving real-world problems in their professional
life.

This manual also provides guidelines to teachers and instructors to effectively

facilitate student-centered lab activities through each practical exercise by arranging and
managing necessary resources in order that the students follow the procedures and precautions
systematically ensuring the achievement of outcomes in the students.

Elements of Electronics course provides a platform for students to understand

working of active components such as Diode, BJT, MOSFET, JFET and circuits like
rectifier, oscillator , regulators and digital electronics circuits. It is one of the foundation
course, which is required for students to understand working of complex electronic circuits
and systems suitable in electrical engineering applications. It also gives information about
rectifiers, filters, different oscillator circuits, voltage regulator and digital circuits with their
applications for effective functioning in the field of electrical engineering.
Although best possible care has been taken to check for errors (if any) in this
laboratory manual, perfection may elude us as this is the first edition of this manual. Any
errors and suggestions for improvement are solicited and highly welcome.

Maharashtra state Board of Technical Education i

Elements of Electronics (22213)

Programme Outcomes (POs) to be achieved through Practical of this Course

Following programme outcomes are expected to be achieved through the practical of the
course:

PO1. Basic knowledge: Apply knowledge of basic mathematics, sciences and basic
engineering to solve the broad-based Electrical engineering problems.

PO2. Discipline knowledge: Apply Electrical engineering knowledge to solve broad-based

electrical engineering related problems.

PO3. Experiments and practice: Plan to perform experiments and practices to use the results
to solve broad-based Electrical engineering problems.

PO4. Engineering tools: Apply relevant Electrical technologies and tools with an
understanding of the limitations.

PO5. The engineer and society: Assess social, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and
the consequent responsibilities relevant to practice in the field of Electrical engineering.

PO6. Environment and sustainability: Apply Electrical engineering solutions also for
sustainable development practices in social and environmental contexts.

PO7. Ethics: Apply ethical principles for commitment to professional ethics, responsibilities
and norms of the practice also in the field of Electrical engineering.

PO8. Individual and team work: Function effectively as a leader and team member in
diverse/ multidisciplinary teams.

PO9. Communication: Communicate effectively in oral and written form.

PO10. Life-long learning: Engage in independent and life-long learning activities in the
context of technological changes also in the Electrical engineering and allied industry.

Maharashtra state Board of Technical Education ii

Elements of Electronics (22213)

Practical- Course Outcome matrix

Course Outcomes (COs):
a. Use relevant diode in different electronics circuits.
b. Use diode in rectifiers and filters.
c. Use BJT and FET in electronics circuits.
d. Use DC regulated power supply.
e. Use Transistor as an oscillator.
f. Use of logic gates in electronics circuits.
S. No. CO CO CO CO CO CO
Practical Outcome
a. b. c. d. e. f.
1. Test the performance of PN junction diode. √ - - - - -

2. Test the performance of Zener diode. √ - - - - -

Test the performance of photo diode by -

3. varying the light intensity as well as √ - - - -
distance of the light source.
4. Build/test half wave rectifier on √ - - - -
-
breadboard.
Build/test full wave rectifier on breadboard -
5. - √ - - -
using two diodes.
Build/test full wave rectifier on breadboard -
6. - √ - - -
using four diodes.
7. Use LC filter for getting minimum ripples -
using two diodes. - √ - - -
8. Use π filter for getting minimum ripple -
- √ - - -
using four diodes.
Identify the terminals of the PNP and NPN -
9. - - √ - -
transistor
Build and test zener voltage regulator for -
10. - - - √ -
the given voltage.
Test the various blocks of regulated DC -
11. - - - √ -
power supply.
Find out faults at different stages of -
12. - - - √ -
regulated DC power supply.
Troubleshoot given DC regulated power -
13. - - - √ -
supply.
Test the performance of Regulator IC’s: -
14. - - - √ -
IC’s 78XX, 79XX.
Test the performance of IC 723 as -
15. - - - √ -
Regulator.
Test the performance of given logic gate -
16. - - - - √
ICs.
-
17. Test the performance of given flip flop ICs. - - - - √

Maharashtra state Board of Technical Education iii

Elements of Electronics (22213)

List of Industry Relevant Skills

The following industry relevant skills of the competency “Use electronic components
and circuits in electrical equipment” are expected to be developed in the student by
undertaking the practical of this laboratory manual.

1. Identify the electronic component.

2. Test electronic component
3. Select the electronic component of proper value as per the requirement.
4. Mount the electronic component on breadboard as per circuit diagram.
5. Test the circuit for the given application.
6. Compare the observed output with the expected output.
7. Find faults and trouble shoot the given circuit.

Guidelines to Teachers

1. Teacher should provide the guideline with demonstration of practical to the

students with all features.
2. Teacher shall explain prior concepts to the students before starting of each practical
3. Involve students in performance of each experiment.
4. Teacher should ensure that the respective skills and competencies are developed in
the students after the completion of the practical exercise.
5. Teachers should give opportunity to students for hands on experience after the
demonstration.
6. Teacher is expected to share the skills and competencies to be developed in the
students.
7. Teacher may provide additional knowledge and skills to the students even though
not covered in the manual but are expected the students by the industry.
8. Finally give practical assignment and assess the performance of students based on
task assigned to check whether it is as per the instructions.
9. If practical is in two parts -Part I and Part II it should be conducted in two weeks.
10. Teacher is expected to refer complete curriculum document and follow guidelines
for implementation

Maharashtra state Board of Technical Education iv

Elements of Electronics (22213)

Instructions for Students

1. Listen carefully the lecture given by teacher about course, curriculum, learning
structure, skills to be developed.
2. Organize the work in the group and make record of all observations.
3. Students shall develop maintenance skill as expected by industries.
4. Student shall attempt to develop related hand-on skills and gain confidence.
5. Student shall develop the habits of evolving more ideas, innovations, skills etc. those
included in scope of manual
6. Student shall refer technical magazines, IS codes and data books.
7. Student should develop habit to submit the practical on date and time.
8. Student should well prepare while submitting write-up of exercise.

Maharashtra state Board of Technical Education v

Elements of Electronics (22213)

Content Page
List of Practicals and Progressive Assessment Sheet

Date of Date of Assess Dated Rema

S. Page
Practical Outcome perfor submi ment sign. of rks (if
No No.
mance ssion marks(25) teacher any)
1. Test the performance of PN junction diode. 1

2. Test the performance of Zener diode. 8

Test the performance of photo diode by
3. varying the light intensity as well as distance 16
of the light source.
4. Build/test half wave rectifier on breadboard. 24
Build/test full wave rectifier on breadboard
5. 32
using two diodes.
Build/test full wave rectifier on breadboard
6. 39
using four diodes.
Use LC filter for getting minimum ripples
7. 46
using two diodes.
Use π filter for getting minimum ripple using
8. 53
four diodes.
Identify the terminals of the PNP and NPN
9. 60
transistor
Build and test zener voltage regulator for the
10. 69
given voltage.
Test the various blocks of regulated DC
11. 78
power supply.
Find out faults at different stages of regulated
12. 85
DC power supply.
Troubleshoot given DC regulated power
13. 91
supply.
Test the performance of Regulator IC’s: IC’s
14. 100
78XX, 79XX.

15. Test the performance of IC 723 as Regulator. 107

16. Test the performance of given logic gate ICs. 115
17. Test the performance of given flip flop ICs 122
Total
• To be transferred to Proforma of CIAAN-2017.

Maharashtra state Board of Technical Education vi

Elements of Electronics (22213)

Practical No.1: Test the Performance of PN Junction Diode.

I Practical Significance:
PN Junction diode is used in industries as well as in domestic applications such
asdetector circuits,wave shaping circuits and in rectifier of DC Power Supplies. For these
applications diode selection plays vital role. In this practical students will draw V-I
characteristics of the given diode to understand diode behavior with respect to change in
voltage.

II Relevant Program Outcomes (POs)

1. Discipline knowledge: Apply Electrical engineering knowledge to solve broad-
based electrical engineering related problems.
2. Experiments and practice: Plan to perform experiments and practices to use the
results to solve broad-based Electrical engineering problems.
3. Engineering tools: Apply relevant Electrical technologies and tools with an
understanding of the limitations.

III Competency and Practical Skills

This practical isexpected to develop the following skills for the industry-identified
competency: ‘Use electronic components and circuits in electrical equipment.’
1. Component identification skills.
2. Component mounting skills.
3. Use DC Power supply to give different voltages.
4. Use Digital multimeter to measure the voltage and current.

IV Relevant Course Outcomes

Use relevant diode in different electronics circuits.

V Practical Outcome
Test V-I characteristics of PN Junction diode to:
1. Measure static resistance of a given diode.
2. Measure dynamic resistance of a given diode.
3. Determine knee voltage of a given diode.

VI Relevant Affective domain unrelated Outcome(s)

Handle components and equipment carefully.

VII Minimum Theoretical Background

A PN Junction Diode is one of the simplest semiconductor devices, and it has the
characteristic of passing current in one direction only. If a suitable positivevoltage
(forward bias) is applied between the two ends of the PN junction, it can supply free
electrons and holes with the extra energy they require to cross the junction as the width
of the depletion layer around the PN junction is decreased.
Static resistance (Rstatic) of a PN junction diode is a ratio of forward voltage (VF) to the
forward current (IF).
Rstatic = VF/IF
Dynamic resistance (Rdynamic) of a PN junction diode is a ratio of small change in
forward voltage (∆VF) to small change the forward current (∆IF).

Rdynamic = ∆VF/ ∆IF

Maharashtra state Board of Technical Education 1

Elements of Electronics (22213)

Figure 1: Diode and its symbol

Courtesy: (https://www.google.co.in/search?q=image+of++1n4007+diode&)

VIII Practical Circuit Diagram :

a) Sample

Figure 2: Circuit diagram of diode in forward bias

b) Actual Circuit used in laboratory

c) Actual Experimental set up used in laboratory

Maharashtra state Board of Technical Education 2

Elements of Electronics (22213)

IX Resources required

S. Instrument
Specification Quantity Remarks
No. /Components
1. Digital
Multimeterwith diode
testing facilities.
Digital Digital Multimeter: 3 1/2 digit
1. 2 2. In place of Digital
Multimeter display.
Multimeter,
DCVoltmeter and DC
ammeter can be used.
Variable DC power supply 0-
DC Regulated 30V, 2A, SC protection,
2. 1
power supply display for voltage and
current.
3. Voltmeter 0-20 V 1
4. Ammeter 0 - 200 mA, 0 - 200 µA 1
5. Bread board 5.5 CM X 17CM 1
Diode IN4001 ( or any
6. 1
other equivalent diode)
7. Resistor 1KΩ(0.5watts/0.25watts) 1
As per
Connecting Single strand Teflon coating
8. requireme
wires (0.6mm diameter)
nt

X Precautions
1. Do not switch ON the power supply unless you have checked the circuit connections
as per the circuit diagram.
2. While doing the experiment do not exceed the input voltage of the diode beyond the
rated voltage of diode. This may lead to damaging of the diode.
3. Connect voltmeter and ammeter in correct polarities as shown in the circuit diagram.

XI Procedure
1. Connect the electrical circuit as in figure 2.
2. Switch ON the power supply.
3. Record the voltage VF and current IF in the observation table.
4. Increase the input voltage in step of 0.1 V
5. Record the voltage VF and current IF in the observation table.
6. Repeat steps 4 to 5 till 1 V is reached.
7. Plot the graph for the forward bias characteristics of diode bytaking VF on X- axis
and IFon Y- axis.
8. Calculate the static resistance at a particular point.
9. Considering two points on the plotted graph, calculate dynamic resistance.

XII Resources used (with major specifications)

S. No. Instrument /Components Specification Quantity

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Maharashtra state Board of Technical Education 3

Elements of Electronics (22213)

XIII Actual procedure followed

…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………

XIV Precautions followed

……………………………………………………………….………………………………
…………………………………………………………….………………………………….
…………………………………………………………….………………………………….

XV Observations and Calculations:

Table 1: Measurement of VF and IF

Sr. No. VF(volts) IF(mA)

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Calculations:
Calculate static resistance at particular point
Rstatic = VF / IF
Calculate dynamic resistance:
Rdynamic = ∆VF / ∆IF

XVI Results
1. Static resistance of given diode = ……….……………….
2. Dynamic Resistance of given diode = …………………….
3. Knee Voltage of given diode= …………………………..

XVII Interpretation of results

……………………………………..…………………………………………………………..
…...............................................................................................................................................

XVIII Conclusions & Recommendation

………………………………………………..……………………………………………
….………………………………………………..…………………………………………
.………………………………………………………………………………………….

XIX Practical related Questions

Repeat the above experiment for germanium diode and find its knee voltage.

Maharashtra state Board of Technical Education 4

Elements of Electronics (22213)

[Space for Answers]

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………......

Maharashtra state Board of Technical Education 5

Elements of Electronics (22213)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………......

XX References / Suggestions for further Reading

1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_vKeaPHXF9U
2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7U8NzRAvy-I
3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UqJ258EPTkI
4. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Coy-WRCfems
5. http://www.mouser.com/ds/2/149/1N4007-888322.pdf

XXI Assessment Scheme

Performance indicators Weightage

Process related (15 Marks) 60%
1 Handling of the components 10 %
2 Identification of component 20 %
3 Measuring value using suitable instrument 20 %
4 Working in team 10 %
Product related (10 Marks) 40%
5 Calculate theoretical values of given component 10 %
6 Interpretation of result 05 %
7 Conclusions 05 %
8 Practical related questions 15 %
9 Submitting the journal in time 05%
100 %

Names of Student Team Members

1. …………………………
2. …………………………
3. …………………………
4. …………………………

Dated signature of
Marks Obtained
Teacher
Process Product Total
Related(15) Related(10) (25)

Maharashtra state Board of Technical Education 6

Elements of Electronics (22213)

Maharashtra state Board of Technical Education 7

Elements of Electronics (22213)

Practical No. 2: Test the Performance of Zener Diode.

I Practical Significance:
In industries Zener diodes are widely used as voltage references and shunt
regulators to regulate the voltage across circuits. Zener diodes are also used in over
voltage protection circuits and switching applications. Zener are suitable for
surge suppression circuits, for device protection, for clipping, clamping circuits and
especially as peak clippers.

II Relevant Program Outcomes (POs)

III Competency and Practical Skills

This practical is expected to develop the following skills for the industry-identified
competency: ‘Use electronic components and circuits in electrical equipment.’
1. Component identification skills.
2. Component mounting skills.
3. Use DC Power supply to give different voltages.
4. Use Digital multimeter to measure the voltage and current.

IV Relevant Course Outcomes

Use relevant diode in different electronic circuits.

V Practical Outcome
1. Component identification skills
2. Component mounting skills
3. Use DC Power supply to give different voltages.
4. Use Digital multimeter to measure the voltage and current.

VI Relevant Affective domain related Outcome(s)

Handle components and equipment carefully.

VII Minimum Theoretical Background

Zener diode is formed by combining highly doped P and N semiconductor
materials. It works on the principle of Zener breakdown and is normally operated in
reverse breakdown region. In reverse breakdown region, high current flow through the
diode leading to high power dissipation.
The Zener breakdown occurs when the electric field across the junction produced due to
the reverse voltage is sufficiently high, this breaks covalent bonds. Thus a large numbers
of carriers are generated which causes a more current to flow. This mechanism is called
as Zener breakdown. After Zener breakdown the reverse current increases sharply.
Zener resistance of a Zener diode is a ratio of reverse Zener voltage to the reverse Zener
current.

Figure 1: Symbol of Zener diode

Maharashtra state Board of Technical Education 8

Elements of Electronics (22213)

VIII Practical Circuit Diagram :

a) Sample

Figure 2: Zener diode in forward bias

Figure 3: Zener diode in reverse bias

b) Actual Circuit used in laboratory

c) Actual Experimental set up used in laboratory

Maharashtra state Board of Technical Education 9

Elements of Electronics (22213)

IX Resources required

S. Instrument
Specification Quantity Remarks
No. /Components
1. Digital Digital Multimeter : 3 1. Digital Multimeter with
Multimeter 1/2 digit display. diode testing facilities will be
preferred.
2
2. In place of Digital
Multimeter, DC Voltmeter
and DC ammeter can be used.
2. DC Regulated Variable DC power
power supply supply 0- 30V, 2A, SC
1.
protection, display for
voltage and current.
3. Voltmeter 0-20 V 1
4. Ammeter ( 0 - 200 mA, 0 - 200
1
µA)
5. Bread board 5.5 CM X 17CM 1
6. Zener Diode IN4735 (
or any other equivalent 1
diode)
7. Resistor 1KΩ(0.5watts/0.25watts
1
)
8. Connecting Single strand Teflon As per
wires coating (0.6mm requireme
diameter) nt

X Precautions
1. Do not switch ON the power supply unless you have checked the circuit connections
as per the circuit diagram.
2. While doing the experiment do not exceed the input voltage of the Zener diode
beyond the rated voltage of diode. This may lead to damaging of the diode.
3. Connect voltmeter and ammeter in correct polarities as shown in the circuit diagram.

XI Procedure
1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure 2.
2. Switch ON the power supply.
3. Increase the input voltage in step of 0.1 V
4. Record the voltage VF and current IF in the observation table no1.
5. Repeat steps 3 to 4 till 1 V is reached.
6. Plot the graph for the forward bias characteristics of Zener diode by taking VF on X-
axis and IF on Y-axis.
7. Connect the circuit as shown in figure 3.
8. Vary input voltage gradually in steps of 1V up to 12V.
9. Record the corresponding readings of VR and IR.in the observation table no 2.
10. Plot the graph for the reverse bias characteristics of Zener diode by taking VF on X-
axis and IF on Y-axis.

Maharashtra state Board of Technical Education 10

Elements of Electronics (22213)

XII Resources used (with major specifications)

S. No. Instrument /Components Specification Quantity

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

XIII Actual procedure followed

…………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………..……………………..

XIV Precautions followed

………………………………………………………………………….……………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………..……………………..

XV Observations and Calculations:

Table 1: Measurement of VF and IF

S.No. VF(V) IF(mA)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Table 2: Measurement of VR and IR

S.No. VR(V) IR(mA)

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Maharashtra state Board of Technical Education 11

Elements of Electronics (22213)

Calculations:

RZ= VF/IF

RZ= VR /IR

XVI Results
1. Zener breakdown voltage = …………………………..
2. Forward resistance of zener diode = ………………….

XVII Interpretation of result

……………………………………………………….…………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………….

XVIII Conclusions
.…………………………………………………………………………………………
.…………………………………………………………………………………………

XVIII Practical related Questions

1. What is the value of zener voltage for given zener diode?
2. What is the maximum value of reverse current forgiven zenerdiode.
3. What is the effect on voltage across zener diode and current flowing through it,
when reverse voltage across it is more than breakdown voltage?.
4. Which portion of zener diode characteristics is most useful for voltage regulator
applications?

[Space for Answers]

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………......

Maharashtra state Board of Technical Education 12

Elements of Electronics (22213)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………......

Maharashtra state Board of Technical Education 13

Elements of Electronics (22213)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………......

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….....

XIX References / Suggestions for further Reading

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=itzPT3UbClI

XXI Assessment Scheme

Performance indicators Weightage

Process related (15 Marks) 60%
1 Handling of the components 10 %
2 Identification of component 20 %
3 Measuring value using suitable instrument 20 %
4 Working in team 10 %
Product related (10 Marks) 40%
5 Interpretation of result 15 %
6 Conclusions 05 %
7 Practical related questions 15 %
8 Submitting the journal in time 05%
100 %

Names of Student Team Members

1. …………………………
2. …………………………
3. …………………………
4. …………………………

Dated signature of
Marks Obtained
Teacher
Process Product Total
Related(15) Related(10) (25)

Maharashtra state Board of Technical Education 14

Elements of Electronics (22213)

Maharashtra state Board of Technical Education 15

Elements of Electronics (22213)

Practical No. 3: Test the Performance of Photo Diode by Varying the

Light Intensity As Well As Distance of the Light Source.

I Practical Significance:
In industry and domestic applications, photodiodes are used in applications of photo
detectors like charge-coupled devices, photoconductors, and photomultiplier tubes.
These diodes are used in consumer electronics applications like smoke detectors,
compact disc players, and televisions remote controls. Photodiodes are frequently used
for exact measurement of the intensity of light in scientific and industry applications.
Generally, they have an enhanced, more linear response than photoconductors. These
diodes are much faster and more complex than normal PN junction diodes and hence are
frequently used for lighting regulation and in optical communications.

II Relevant Program Outcomes (POs)

1. Discipline knowledge: Apply Electrical engineering knowledge to solve broad-based
electrical engineering related problems.
2. Experiments and practice: Plan to perform experiments and practices to use the
results to solve broad-based Electrical engineering problems.
3. Engineering tools: Apply relevant Electrical technologies and tools with an
understanding of the limitations

III Competency and Practical Skills

This practical is expected to develop the following skills for the industry-identified
competency: ‘Use electronic components and circuits in electrical equipment.’
1. Component identification skills.
2. Component mounting skills.
3. Use DC Power supply to give different voltages.
4. Use Digital multimeter to measure the voltage and current.

IV Relevant Course Outcomes

Use relevant diode in different electronics circuits.

V Practical Outcome
Test the performance of Photodiode by varying the light intensity and distance of the light
source.

VI Relevant Affective domain related Outcome(s)

1. Handle components and equipment carefully.
2. Select instruments of required range.

VII Minimum Theoretical Background

A photodiode is a two terminal PN-junction diode that is operated by first reverse
biasing the junction and then illuminating it by light energy to produce electric current. It
is also called as photo-detector/light detector/photo-sensor. These diodes are designed to
work in reverse bias condition, it means that the P-side of the photodiode is associated
with the negative terminal of the battery and N-side is connected to the positive terminal
of the battery. This diode is very sensitive to light so when light falls on the diode it
changes light into electric current.

Figure 1: Symbol of Photo Diode

Maharashtra state Board of Technical Education 16

Elements of Electronics (22213)

Figure 2: Photo Diode

Photo Current (Iλ): It is the reverse current produced due to thermally generated electron-
hole pairs in depletion region due to incident light. Photo current is proportional to light
intensity as light intensity increases photocurrent increases.

Dark Current: A reverse current flows when no light is incident on the device.

Figure 3: Plot of VR versus VF

VIII Practical Circuit Diagram :

a. Sample

Figure 4: Experimental setup

b. Actual Circuit used in laboratory

Maharashtra state Board of Technical Education 17

Elements of Electronics (22213)

c. Actual Experimental Set up used in laboratory

IX Resources required

S. Instrument
Specification Quantity Remarks
No. /Components
840 -1000 contact points:
Experimental Positive and Negative power
1. 1
kit/ breadboard rails on opposite side of the
board 5.5 CM X 17CM
BPW 34 or equivalent any other
2. Photo diode 1
photodiode
Connecting Single strand Teflon
3.
wires coating(0.6mm diameter)
Resistor
4. 2.2KΩ 0.5Watt 1
Digital
5. 3 1/2 digit display 1
Multimeter
DC Power 0-30V,2A,SC protection,
6. 1
supply display for voltage and current
Lux
3000 Lumen, Battery operated
7. meter/Optical 1
hand held type
power meter,
Portable Lamp mounted on
8. Light source. 1
stand

XI Procedure
Test performance of photo diode by varying the light intensity.
1. Select the component as per circuit diagram.
2. Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
3. Apply the reverse voltage, and measure the current when light is not incident.
4. Increase the reverse voltage and light intensity in step and note down the
photocurrent.
5. Change the light intensity and repeat the steps.
6. Plot the graph of reverse voltage (negative X-Axis) VS reverse photo current
(negative Y-Axis) for various light intensity.
Maharashtra state Board of Technical Education 18
Elements of Electronics (22213)

Test performance of photo diode by varying distance of the light source.

1. Select the component as per circuit diagram.
2. Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
3. Apply the reverse voltage, and measure the current when light is not incident.
4. Keep the input voltage constant at which we get sufficient light intensity and vary the
distance of light source from photo diode in step and note down the photocurrent.
5. Plot the graph of reverse voltage (negative X-Axis) VS reverse photo current (negative
Y-Axis) for various light intensity.

XII Resources used (with major specifications)

S. No. Instrument /Components Specification Quantity

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

XIII Actual procedure followed

……………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
XIV Precautions followed
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………….

XV Observations and Calculations:

Table 1: Measurement of Photodiode current when light intensity is varied

No light Low Light High Light

Light Condition Condition condition
Intensity ( Lux meter ( Lux meter ( Lux meter
reading ----) reading ---- ) reading ----)
Sr. VR Ip VR Ip VR Ip
No. Volts (µA) Volts (µA) Volts (µA)
1 2
2 4
3 6
4 8
5 10
6 12
7 14
8 16
Maharashtra state Board of Technical Education 19
Elements of Electronics (22213)

Table 2Measurement of Photodiode current when distance is varied

Position I
No light Position II Position III
Light condition ( Distance of ( Distance of
Intensity ( Distance of light source in light source in
light source in cm ----) cm ----)
cm ----)
Sr. VR Ip VR Ip VR Ip
No. Volts (µA) Volts (µA) Volts (µA)
1 2
2 4
3 6
4 8
5 10
6 12
7 14
8 16

Calculations:

XVI Results
Dark Current: ____________

XVII Interpretation of results

……………………………………………………………………………………………
..…........................................................................................................................................

XVIII Conclusions
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………

XIX Practical related Questions

Write specification of photodiode used in above performance.

[Space for Answers]

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………......

Maharashtra state Board of Technical Education 20

Elements of Electronics (22213)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………......

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…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………......

XX References / Suggestions for further Reading

1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SFc673lEyQA
2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yMmXHg0hRok
3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BtQ7qY-uqs8
4. https://www.electronics-
notes.com/articles/electronic_components/diode/photodiode-detector-technology.php
5. http://silas.psfc.mit.edu/22.071j/photodiode.pdf
6. http://www.osioptoelectronics.com/application-notes/an-photodiode-parameters-
characteristics.pdf

XXI Assessment Scheme

Performance indicators Weightage

Process related (15 Marks) 60%
1 Handling of the components 10 %
2 Identification of component 20 %
3 Measuring value using suitable instrument 20 %
4 Working in team 10 %
Product related (10 Marks) 40%
5 Interpretation of result 15 %
6 Conclusions 05 %
7 Practical related questions 15 %
8 Submitting the journal in time 05%
100 %

Names of Student Team Members

1. …………………..……..
2. …………………….…...
3. …………………………
4. …………………………

Marks Obtained Dated signature of

Teacher
Process Product Total
Related(15) Related(10) (25)

Maharashtra state Board of Technical Education 22

Elements of Electronics (22213)

Maharashtra state Board of Technical Education 23

Elements of Electronics (22213)

Practical No.4: Build and Test Half Wave Rectifier on Breadboard.

I Practical Significance:
AC power is more efficiently and economically transmitted. The majority of
electronic equipment, devices work on DC power. It becomes necessary to convert AC
power into DC power. In half wave rectifier single diode is used. The current flows in
only one direction through diode. So it is unidirectional device.

II Relevant Program Outcomes (POs)

III Competency and Skills

This practical is expected to develop the following skills for the industry-
identified competency: ‘Use electronic components and circuits in electrical
equipment.’
1. Component identification skills.
2. Component mounting skills.
3. Use CRO to observe input output waveforms.
4. Use Digital multimeter to measure the voltage and current.

IV Relevant Course Outcomes

Use diode in rectifiers and filters.

V Practical Outcome
Test half wave rectifier on Breadboard:
1. Observe output Waveform on CRO.
2. Use of DMM to measure the output voltage.

VI Relevant Affective domain related Outcome(s)

Handle components and equipment carefully.

VII Minimum Theoretical Background

Rectifier: - It is a circuit, which converts AC signal into the Pulsating DC signal.

Rectifier

Half wave Rectifier Full wave Rectifier

(Requires onlyone diode)

Centre VIII
tapped Bridge type
IX
(Requires two diode) (Requires four diodes)

Half wave Rectifier: DC or average output voltage of half wave rectifier is Vm/π as the
output current flows only for half the cycle of input signal.

Maharashtra state Board of Technical Education 24

Elements of Electronics (22213)

Figure 1: Half Wave rectifier.

Courtesy: (www.Circuit.Today.com)

VIII Practical Circuit Diagram :

a. Sample

Figure 2: Circuit diagram of Half Wave rectifier.

b. Actual Circuit used in laboratory

c. Actual Experimental Set up used in laboratory

Maharashtra state Board of Technical Education 25

Elements of Electronics (22213)

IX Resources required

S. Instrument
Specification Quantity Remarks
No. /Components
1. Transformer Step down 9-0-9 V 500mA 1
2. Digital Digital Multimeter: 3 1/2-digit 2 1. Digital Multimeter
Multimeter display. with diode testing
facilities will be
preferred.
3. CRO 25 MHz ,dual scope 1
4. Bread board 5.5 CM X 17CM 1
5. Diode IN4007 ( or any other 1
equivalent diode)
6. Resistor 1KΩ/10KΩ(0.5watts/0.25watts) 1
7. Connecting Single strand Teflon As per
wires coating(0.6mm diameter) requirement

XI Procedure
1. Make the connection as per the circuit diagram shown in figure 2.
2. Connect the CRO probe across the Secondary and measure the Vp-p appearing
across the diodes.
3. Now connect the CRO probes across the resistance RL and Measure the peak value of
output voltage (Vm).
4. Observe the waveform on CRO and draw it on graph paper.
5. From the measure the peak value of output voltage (Vm), calculate the average or dc
value of output voltage(Vdc).
6. Connect the DMM across the RL and measure the dc voltage.
7. Compare the value calculated in step 5 with the value measured in step 6.
8. Tabulate the readings in Table1.

XII Resources used (with major specifications)

S. No. Instrument /Components Specification Quantity

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

XIII Actual procedure followed

……………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………….……

Maharashtra state Board of Technical Education 26

Elements of Electronics (22213)

XIV Precautions followed

……………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………….

XV Observations and Calculations:

Table 1

Type of Rectifier Vdc Calculated Vdc Measured Comment

rectifier Output (using Formula (using DMM)
on CRO (Vm) Vdc = ( Vm/ π )

Calculations: Calculate Vdcusing Formula:

Vdc = ( Vm/π )

XVI Results
DC output voltage of Half wave rectifier
1. Calculated Vdc(CRO)= …………… V
2. Measured Vdc(DMM)= ………….. .V

XVII Interpretation of results

…………………..……………………………………………………………………….
………..………………………………………………………………………………….

XVIII Conclusions
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………..

XIX Practical related Questions

Repeat the above experiment for silicon diode of different specification.

[Space for Answers]

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………......

Maharashtra state Board of Technical Education 27

Elements of Electronics (22213)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………......

Maharashtra state Board of Technical Education 28

Elements of Electronics (22213)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………......

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………......

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Maharashtra state Board of Technical Education 29

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XX References / Suggestions for further Reading

1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_vKeaPHXF9U
2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7U8NzRAvy
3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UqJ258EPTkI
4. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Coy-WRCfems
5. http://www.mouser.com/ds/2/149/1N4007-888322.pdf

XXI Assessment Scheme

Performance indicators Weightage

Process related (15 Marks) 60%
1 Handling of the components 10 %
2 Identification of component 20 %
3 Measuring value using suitable instrument 20 %
4 Working in team 10 %
Product related (10 Marks) 40%
5 Calculation of theoretical values 10 %
6 Interpretation of result 05 %
7 Conclusions 05 %
8 Practical related questions 15 %
9 Submitting the journal in time 05%
100 %

Names of Student Team Members

1. …………………………
2. …………………………
3. …………………………
4. …………………………

Marks Obtained Dated signature of

Teacher
Process Product Total
Related(15) Related(10) (25)

Maharashtra state Board of Technical Education 30

Elements of Electronics (22213)

Maharashtra state Board of Technical Education 31

Elements of Electronics (22213)

Practical No. 5: Build/ Test Full Wave Rectifier on Breadboard

Using Two Diodes.

I Practical Significance
Electric power is usually transmitted in AC form. However certain applications
needs DC power supply such as electronic appliances. Hence, AC mains need to be
rectified using rectifier when DC power is required.

II Relevant Program Outcomes (POs)

III Competency and Practical Skills

This practical is expected to develop the following skills for the industry-identified
competency: ‘Use electronic components and circuits in electrical equipment.’
1. Component identification skills.
2. Component mounting skills.
3. Use Digital multimeter to measure the voltage and current.

IV Relevant Course Outcomes

Use diode in rectifiers and filters.

V Practical Outcome
Convert AC signal into DC signal using Half wave rectifier:
1. Sketch circuit diagram of Half Wave Rectifier and label components.
2. Observe the waveform of Half Wave Rectifier on CRO at various test points.

VI Relevant Affective domain related Outcome(s)

Handle components and equipment carefully

VII Minimum Theoretical Background

Rectifier is an electronic device used for converting AC into pulsating DC and
this process is known as Rectification. Like the half wave circuit, a full wave rectifier
circuit produces an output voltage or current which is pulsating DC Full wave rectifier
utilizes both the cycle of input AC voltage. Two diodes are used in full wave center
tapped rectifier. Center Tapped Full wave rectifier using two diodes is shown in the
figure 1. Center tapped transformer is used in this full wave rectifier. During the positive
cycle diode D1 conducts and D2 remains OFF. During negative cycle diode D1 remains
OFF but diode D2 is ON. Note that direction of current in the load resistance is same
during both the cycles hence output consists of only positive cycles.

Maharashtra state Board of Technical Education 32

Elements of Electronics (22213)

VIII Circuit diagram:

(a) Sample

Figure 1:Full wave rectifier without filter.

(b) Actual Circuit used in laboratory

(c) Actual Experimental set up used in laboratory

IX Resources required

S. No. Instrument /Object Specification Quantity

1. Transformer (center tapped) 12-0-12 V AC, 500 mA 1
2. Resistor 10K Ω,0.5 Watt 1
3. Diode Silicon 1N4007 2
4. Digital Multimeter Digital Multimeter: 3 1/2 digit 1
display.
5. Bread board 5.5 CM X 17CM 1
6. CRO 25 MHz Dual trace 1

7. Connecting wires Single strand Teflon coating 1

(0.6mm diameter)

Maharashtra state Board of Technical Education 33

Elements of Electronics (22213)

X Precautions to be Followed
1. Do not switch ON the power supply unless you have checked the circuit connections
as per the circuit diagram.
2. While doing the practical do not exceed the input voltage of the diode beyond the
rated voltage of diode. This may lead to damaging of the diode.

XI Procedure
1. Connect the circuit for Center Tapped Full wave rectifier on breadboard as shown in
Figure 1.
2. Connect the primary side of the transformer to AC mains. Connect the CRO probe
across the secondary and measure the Vsp-p appearing across diode.
3. Measure the peak value of output voltage (Vm) across the resistance RL.
4. Draw input and output waveforms of full wave rectifier.
5. Calculate the average or dc value of output voltage.
6. Using DMM measure the DC voltage at the load resistance RL.
7. Compare the value calculated in step 5 with the value measured in step 6.
8. Tabulate the readings in Table1.

XII Resources Used

S. Name of Broad Specifications

Quantity Remarks (If any)
No. Resource Make Details
1.
2.
3.

XIII Actual Procedure Followed

…………………………………………………………………………………………...
…………………………………………………………………………………………..

XIV Precautions Followed

…………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………..

XV Observations and Calculations

Table 1.

Type of Rectifier Vdc Calculated Vdc Measured Comment

rectifier Output (using Formula (using DMM)
on CRO (Vm) Vdc = ( 2Vm/ π )

Calculations:
Vdc=2Vm/π

XVI Results

Vdc calculated = ……..……. V

Maharashtra state Board of Technical Education 34

Elements of Electronics (22213)

XVII Interpretation of results

……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………

XVIII Conclusions
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………

XIX Practical related Questions

1. Calculate frequency of waveform obtained at the output of full wave rectifier
2. Compare half wave and Full wave rectifier based on output waveforms obtained in
Laboratory.

[Space for Answers]

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………......

Maharashtra state Board of Technical Education 35

Elements of Electronics (22213)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………......

XX References / Suggestions for further Reading

1. http://nptel.ac.in/courses/
2. www.electronics-tutorials.ws › Diodes

XXI Assessment Scheme

Performance indicators Weightage

Names of Student Team Members

1. …………………………
2. …………………………
3. …………………………
4. …………………………

Dated signature of
Marks Obtained
Teacher
Process Product Total
Related(15) Related(10) (25)

Maharashtra state Board of Technical Education 36

Elements of Electronics (22213)

Maharashtra state Board of Technical Education 37

Elements of Electronics (22213)

Maharashtra state Board of Technical Education 38

Elements of Electronics (22213)

Practical No.6: Build and Test Full Wave Rectifier On

Breadboard Using Four Diodes.

I Practical Significance
A bridge rectifier is an arrangement of four diodes in a bridge configuration,
which provides the same output polarity for either input polarity. It is used for
converting an alternating current (AC) input into a direct current (DC) output. Bridge
rectifier are widely used in power supply circuit.

II Relevant Program Outcomes (POs)

III Competency and Practical Skills

This practical is expected to develop the following skills for the industry-identified
competency:‘Use electronic components and circuits in electrical equipment.’
1. Component identification skills.
2. Component mounting skills.
3. Use Digital multimeter to measure the voltages.

IV Relevant Course Outcomes

Use diode in rectifiers and filters.

V Practical Outcome
Convert AC signal into DC signal using Full wave rectifier:
1. Build circuit of Full Wave bridge Rectifier on breadboard.
2. Observe the waveform of Full Wave Rectifier on CRO at various test points.

VI Relevant Affective domain related Outcome(s)

Handle components and equipment carefully.

VII Minimum Theoretical Background

The circuit diagram of the full wave bridge rectifier is shown in figure1. During
positive half cycle diode D1 and D4 becomes forward bias and diode D2 and D3
becomes Reverse bias. Currents starts flowing through D1 and D4 which produces
output voltage across Load Resistor R.
During negative half cycle diode D2 and D3 becomes forward bias and diode D1 and D4
becomes Reverse bias. Currents starts flowing through D2 and D3 which produces
output voltage across Load Resistor R.

Maharashtra state Board of Technical Education 39

Elements of Electronics (22213)

VIII Circuit diagram:

(a) Sample

Figure 1.Full wave bridge rectifier

(b) Actual Circuit used in laboratory

(c) Actual Experimental set up used in laboratory

IX Resources required

S. No. Instrument /Object Specification Quantity

1. Transformer 9-0-9VAC, 500 mA 1
2. Resistor 10KΩ 0.5 Watt 1
3. Diode Silicon 1N4007 4
4. CRO 25MHz 1
5. Bread board 5.5 CM X 17CM
6. Connecting wires Single strand Teflon coating (0.6mm As per requirement
diameter)

Maharashtra state Board of Technical Education 40

Elements of Electronics (22213)

XI Procedure
1. Connect the circuit for full wave bridge rectifier on bread board as shown in circuit
diagram.
2. Connect the primary side of the transformer to AC mains and the secondary side to
rectifier input.
3. Before switching ON power supply, check the connection.
4. Switch ON the power supply and connect the CRO to the load resistor.
5. Measure the peak voltage Vm(peak voltage) across load resistor.

XII Resources Used

S. Name of Broad Specifications Quantity Remarks (If any)

No. Resource Make Details
1.
2.
3.

XIII Actual Procedure Followed

……………………………………………………………………………………….......
…………………………………………………………………………………………...

XIV Precautions Followed

……………………………………………………………………………………..…….
…………………………………………………………………………………………...

XV Observations and Calculations

Table 1
Rectified output
Sr.
across R
No.
(Vm)
1
2

Calculations: NA

XVI Results
………………………………………………………………………………………….…
….………...………………………………………………………………………………
… …………………………………………………………………………………………

XVII Interpretation of results

..……………………………………………………………………………………………
…..…………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………..

Maharashtra state Board of Technical Education 41

Elements of Electronics (22213)

XVIII Conclusions
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………….

XIX Practical related Questions

Sketch DC output voltage of Half wave, Centre tapped Full waveRectifier
and Full wave Bridge rectifier for the same AC input and comment on it .

[Space for Answers]

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………......

Maharashtra state Board of Technical Education 42

Elements of Electronics (22213)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………......

Maharashtra state Board of Technical Education 43

Elements of Electronics (22213)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………......

XX References / Suggestions for further Reading

1. http://nptel.ac.in/courses/
2. http://www.circuitstoday.com/full-wave-bridge-rectifier.
3. https://www.electrical4u.com/bridge-rectifiers/

XXI Assessment Scheme

Performance indicators Weightage

Process related (15 Marks) 60%
1 Handling of the components 10 %
2 Identification of component 20 %
3 Measuring value using suitable instrument 20 %
4 Working in team 10 %
Product related (10 Marks) 40%
5 Interpretation of result 15 %
6 Conclusions 05 %
7 Practical related questions 15 %
8 Submitting the journal in time 05%
100 %

Names of Student Team Members

1. ………………………...
2. ………………………...
3. …………………………
4. …………………………

Dated signature of
Marks Obtained
Teacher
Process Product Total
Related(15) Related(10) (25)

Maharashtra state Board of Technical Education 44

Elements of Electronics (22213)

Maharashtra state Board of Technical Education 45

Elements of Electronics (22213)

Practical No.7: Use LC Filter for Getting Minimum Ripples

Using Two Diodes

I Practical Significance
The filter converts the pulsating DC into pure DC. The electronic reactive
elements like capacitor and inductors are used for filtering.

II Relevant Program Outcomes (POs)

III Competency and Practical Skills

This practical is expected to develop the following skills for the industry-identified
competency :‘Use electronic components and circuits in electrical equipment.’
1. Component identification skills.
2. Component mounting skills.
3. Use Digital multimeter to measure the voltage and current.

IV Relevant Course Outcomes

• Use diode in rectifiers and filters.

V Practical Outcome
Use LC filter to remove the ripples at the output of full wave rectifier:
1. Build circuit of Full Wave Rectifier with LC filter on bread board.
2. Observe the waveform at output of Full Wave Rectifier and LC filter.

VI Relevant Affective domain related Outcome(s)

Handle components and equipment carefully

VII Minimum Theoretical Background

The capacitor used in “C” filter reduces the ripple voltage, but causes the diode
current to increase. This large current may damage the diode and will further cause
heating problem and decrease the efficiency of the filter. On the other hand, a simple
series inductor reduces both the peak and effective values of the output current and
output voltage. So the combination of both the filter (L and C), forms a new filter called
the L-C filter which will have a good efficiency, with controlled diode current and
enough ripple removal factor. The voltage stabilizing action of shunt capacitor and the
current smoothing action of series inductor filter can be combined to form a perfect
practical filter circuit.

Maharashtra state Board of Technical Education 46

Elements of Electronics (22213)

VIII Circuit diagram:

a. Sample

Figure 1:Full wave rectifier with LC filter.

b. Actual Circuit used in laboratory

c. Actual Experimental Set up used in laboratory

IX Resources required

S. No. Instrument /Object Specification Quantity

1. Transformer (center 12-0-12 V AC, 500 mA 1
tapped)
2. Resistor 10K Ω 0.5 Watt. 1
3. Diode Silicon 1N4007 2
4. Digital Multimeter Digital Multimeter: 3 1/2 digit display. 1
5. Capacitor, Suitable rating 1
Inductor
6. C.R.O. 25MHz 1
7. Bread board 5.5 CM X 17CM
8. Connecting wires Single strand Teflon coating (0.6mm As per
diameter) requirement

Maharashtra state Board of Technical Education 47

Elements of Electronics (22213)

XI Procedure
1. Connect the circuit of rectifier with LC Filter on bread board as shown in Figure 1.
2. Connect the primary side of the transformer to AC mains and the secondary side to
rectifier input.
3. Before switching ON power supply, check the connection.
4. Record peak voltage across load resistor using CRO.
5. Calculate the DC output voltage and peak to peak ripple voltage.
6. Calculate the ripple factor.
7. Observe and draw the waveforms across LC filter on graph paper.

XII Resources Used

S. Name of Broad Specifications

Quantity Remarks (If any)
No. Resource Make Details
1.
2.
3.

XIII Actual Procedure Followed

…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
XIV Precautions Followed
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………

XV Observations and Calculations

Table 1
Peak Vdc= Peak to Ripple
Voltage 2Vm/π peak factor=
Type of
Vm (volts) ripple Vr/Vdc
Rectifier
(volts) voltage
Vr(volts)
Full wave
rectifier

XVI Results
…………………..…………………………………………………………………………
……………..………………………………………………………………………………

XVII Interpretation of results

…………………………………………………………………………………………………
..…………………………………………………………………………………………..

XVIII Conclusions
……………………………………………………………….…………………………
………………………………………………………………..…………………………
Maharashtra state Board of Technical Education 48
Elements of Electronics (22213)

XIX Practical related Questions

Repeat the above experiment using C filter and comment on ripple factor.

[Space for Answers]

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………......

Maharashtra state Board of Technical Education 49

Elements of Electronics (22213)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………......

Maharashtra state Board of Technical Education 50

Elements of Electronics (22213)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………......

XX References / Suggestions for further Reading

1. http://www.physics-and-radio-electronics.com/electronic-devices-and-
circuits/rectifier/halfwaverectifierwithfilter.htmlhttp://nptel.ac.in/courses
/117103063/4
2. https://www.elprocus.com/half-wave-rectifier-circuit-working-principle-and-
characteristics-2/
3. http://www.physics-and-radio-electronics.com/electronic-devices-and-
circuits/rectifier/halfwaverectifierwithfilter.html

XXI Assessment Scheme

Performance indicators Weightage

Process related (15 Marks) 60%
1 Handling of the components 10 %
2 Identification of component 20 %
3 Measuring value using suitable instrument 20 %
4 Working in team 10 %
Product related (10 Marks) 40%
5 Interpretation of result 15 %
6 Conclusions 05 %
7 Practical related questions 15 %
8 Submitting the journal in time 05%
100 %

Names of Student Team Members

1. …………………………
2. …………………………
3. …………………………
4. …………………………

Marks Obtained Dated signature of

Teacher
Process Product Total
Related(15) Related(10) (25)

Maharashtra state Board of Technical Education 51

Elements of Electronics (22213)

Maharashtra state Board of Technical Education 52

Elements of Electronics (22213)

Practical No. 8: Use Π Filter For Getting Minimum Ripple

Using Four Diodes.

I Practical Significance
The filter converts the pulsating DC into pure DC. The electronic reactive elements like
capacitor and inductors are used for filtering.

II Relevant Program Outcomes (POs)

III Competency and Practical Skills

This practical is expected to develop the following skills for the industry-identified
competency: ‘Use electronic components and circuits in electrical equipment.’
1. Component identification skills.
2. Component mounting skills.
3. Use Digital multimeter to measure the voltage and current.

IV Relevant Course Outcomes

Use diode in rectifiers and filters.

V Practical Outcome
Use π filter to remove the ripples at the output of bridge rectifier:
1. Build the circuit of bridge rectifier with π filter.
2. Observe the waveform at output of bridge rectifier with π filter.

VI Relevant Affective domain related Outcome(s)

Handle components and equipment carefully

VII Minimum Theoretical Background

This filter is basically a capacitor filter followed by an LC filter. Since its shape
(C-L- C) is like the letter π it is called π – filter. It is also called capacitor input filter
because the rectifier feeds directly into the capacitor C. Here the first capacitor C offers a
low reactance to AC. component of rectifier output but provide more reactance to DC
components. Therefore most of the AC components will bypass through C and the DC
component flows through chock L. The choke offers very high reactance to the AC
component. Thus it blocks AC components while pass the DC. The capacitor Cf
bypasses any other AC component appears across the load.

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VIII Circuit diagram:

a. Sample

Figure1: Full wave bridge rectifier with π filter

b. Actual Circuit used in laboratory

c. Actual Experimental Set up used in laboratory

IX Resources required

S. No. Instrument /Object Specification Quantity

1. Transformer 0-12 V AC, 500 mA 1
2. Resistor 10K Ω 0.5 Watt 1
3. Diode Silicon Diode 1N4007 4
4. Digital Multimeter Digital Multimeter: 3 1/2 digit 1
display.
5. Capacitor, inductor Suitable rating 2 Capacitor
1 Inductor
6. C.R.O. 20MHz 1
7. Bread board 5.5 CM X 17CM
8. Connecting wires Single strand Teflon coating As per
(0.6mm diameter) requirement

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XI Procedure
1. Connect the circuit of rectifier with π Filter on bread board as shown in Figure 1.
2. Connect the primary side of the transformer to AC mains and the secondary side to
rectifier input.
3. Before switching ON power supply, check the connection.
4. Record peak voltage across load resistor using CRO.
5. Calculate the DC output voltage and peak to peak ripple voltage.
6. Calculate the ripple factor.
7. Observe and draw the waveforms across π filter on graph paper.

XII Resources Used

S. Name of Broad Specifications Remarks

Quantity
No. Resource Make Details (If any)
1.
2.
3.

XIII Actual Procedure Followed

…………………………………………………………..……………………………….
…………………………………………………………..……………………………….

XIV Precautions Followed

…………………………………………………………..………………………………
..…………………………………………………………………………………………

XV Observations and Calculations

Table 1
Peak Vdc= Peak to peak Ripple
Type of Voltage 2Vm/π ripple voltage factor=
Rectifier Vm (volts) Vr(volts) Vr/Vdc
(volts)
Full wave
rectifier

Calculations

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XVI Results
……..………………………………………..……………………….……………………
…………………..…………………………………………………….……........................

XVII Interpretation of results

XVIII Conclusions
….….…………………………………………………………………..…………………
…….……………………………………………………………………...………………

XIX Practical related Questions

Repeat the above experiment using different value of Cf.

[Space for Answers]

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………......

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…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………......

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…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………......

XX References / Suggestions for further Reading

1. http://www.physics-and-radio-electronics.com/electronic-devices-and-
circuits/rectifier/halfwaverectifierwithfilter.htmlhttp://nptel.ac.in/courses
/117103063/4
2. https://www.elprocus.com/full-wave-rectifier-circuit-working-principle-and-
characteristics-2/
3. http://www.physics-and-radio-electronics.com/electronic-devices-and-
circuits/rectifier/full waverectifierwithfilter.html

XXI Assessment Scheme

Performance indicators Weightage

Names of Student Team Members

1. …………………………
2. …………………………
3. …………………………
4. …………………………

Marks Obtained Dated signature of

Teacher
Process Product Total
Related(15) Related(10) (25)

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Maharashtra state Board of Technical Education 59

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Practical No.9: Identify the Terminals ofthe PNPand NPN

Transistor

I Practical Significance
In industry, transistor has wide range of applications. Transistors are semiconductor
devices used for applications like amplification of voltages, current and are also used in
oscillator circuits and switches. In digital circuits they are used as switches. It is used in
electronic equipment, computers, televisions, mobile phones, audio amplifiers, industrial
control, and radio transmitters.

II Relevant Program Outcomes (POs)

III Competency and Practical Skills

This practical is expected to develop the following skills for the industry-identified
competency: ‘Use electronic components and circuits in electrical equipment.’
1. Testing of transistor
2. Identifications of terminals of BJT

IV Relevant Course Outcomes

Use BJT and FET in electronics circuits.

V Practical Outcome
Identify the terminals of the PNP and NPN transistor using Digital Multimeter and CRO
1. Measure the resistance between base and emitter.
2. Measure the resistance between base and collector.
3. Measure the resistance between emitter and collector.
4. Operate CRO in component testing mode.

VI Practical Skills
1. Identify type of transistor.
2. Test Different terminals of transistor.
3. Measurement Skills.

VII Relevant Affective domain related Outcomes

a. Handle components and equipment carefully.
b. Select instruments of required range.

VIII Minimum Theoretical Background

A transistor has two PN junctions, (a combination of two diodes connected back to back)
one junction is forward biased and the other is reverse biased. The forward biased
junction has a low resistance path whereas a reverse biased junction has a high resistance
path. The weak signal is introduced in the low resistance circuit and output is taken from
the high resistance circuit. Transistor has two junctions and 3 terminals, made of three

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layers of N and P type materials. The three regions are emitter, base and collector. They
are of 2 types of BJT (i) PNP and (ii) NPN.
An NPN transistor is composed of two N-type semiconductors separated by a thin
section of P type. However, a PNP transistor is formed by two P-sections separated by a
thin section of N-type as shown in Figure 1.
.

Figure 1: NPN,PNP Transistor construction and symbol

Identifying Transistor Terminals:

The transistors are available with various packages in the market. Consider about the
TO-92 package. Keep the transistor such that the flat surface facing towards you as
shown in the below figure:

Figure 2: TO-92 package of transistor and its terminals

Now starting from left, mark like 1, 2 and 3. They are respectively

1. Emitter (E)
2. Base (B)
3. Collector(C)

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Figure 3: Emitter, base and collector leads for some case styles.

Both NPN and PNP transistor looks similar in physical appearance. We cannot
differentiate by seeing them. We need a multimeter or CRO to identify the type of BJT.

Remember the following points:

1. The transistor internally has two diodes (NPN ≡ N - P - N ≡ NP Junction + PN Junction

and PNP ≡ P - N - P ≡ PN Junction + NP Junction) i.e, Emitter to base is one PN
junction (diode) and Base to collector another PN junction (diode).
2. In the diode mode, the multimeter will show the voltage when we connect the positive
probe of the multimeter to the anode of the diode and negative probe to the cathode.
3. If the multimeter positive probe is connected to the cathode of the diode and the negative
probe to the anode, then it will not give any voltage (showing zero).

Steps to identify the PNP type transistor:

1. Keep the DMM in the Diode mode.

2. Keep the positive probe to the pin-1 (Emitter) of the transistor and connect the negative
probe to the center pin (Base). You will see some voltage in the DMM.
3. Similarly connect the negative probe to the center pin (Base) with respect to the pin-3
(collector). You will see some voltage in the DMM.
4. It will ensure that it is a PNP transistor. The logic behind this is, in PNP transistor
Emitter (E) - P type material - Equivalent to anode of the diode
Base (B) - N type material - Equivalent to cathode of the diode
Collector(C) - P type material - Equivalent to anode of the diode
5. If the multimeter positive probe is connected to anode and negative probe is connected to
cathode, then it will show voltage. If the connections are interchanged it will not show
any value.
6. By operating CRO in component testing mode resistance between various terminals can
be measured.

Steps to identify the NPN/PNP type transistor using Digital Multimeter: Method -1I

We can use this analogy to determine whether a transistor is of the PNP type or NPN type by
testing its Resistance between the three different leads, Emitter, Base and Collector. By testing
each pair of transistor leads in both directions with a multimeter will result in six tests in total
with the expected resistance values in Ohm’s given below.

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1. Emitter-Base Terminals – The Emitter to Base should act like a normal diode and conduct
one way only.
2. Collector-Base Terminals – The Collector-Base junction should act like a normal diode and
conduct one way only.
3. Emitter-Collector Terminals – The Emitter-Collector should not conduct in either direction.

IX Circuit diagram

Figure 4: PNP transistor meter check: (a) forward B-E, B-C, resistance is low;
(b) reverse B-E, B-C, resistance is ∞.

X Resources required
S. Instrument
Specification Quantity Remarks
No. /Components
1 Digital 3 1/2 digit display, 9999
Multimeter counts digital multimeter
measures: Vac, Vdc (1000V
1
max) , Adc, Aac(10 amp
max), Resistance ( 0 - 100
MΩ)
2 CRO 20 MHz with component
1
testing facility
3 Transistors Small Signal Transistor (TO-
92 Package) 1 of each
BC547(NPN) type
BC557(PNP)
4 Transistors Power Transistors 1 of each
2N2955(NPN) type
2N3055(PNP)

XI Procedure
Using Multimeter
1. Set the multimeter to its ohms range.
2. Measured the resistance between base and emitter.
3. Measured the resistance between base and collector.
4. Measured the resistance between emitter and collector.
5. Verify the above steps with following chart.

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Between Transistor Terminals PNP NPN

Collector Emitter RHIGH RHIGH
Collector Base RLOW RHIGH
Emitter Collector RHIGH RHIGH
Emitter Base RLOW RHIGH
Base Collector RHIGH RLOW
Base Emitter RHIGH RLOW

XII Precautions
Select proper range in Digital Multimeter.

XIII Resources used (with major specifications)

S. Instrument /Components Specification Quantity
No.
1.
2.
3.

XIV Actual procedure followed

……………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………...
…………………………………………………………………………………………...

XV Precautions followed
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
.……………………………………………………………………………………….....

XVI Observations and Calculations:

Testing using Multimeter and CRO

1. Resistance between emitter and base

RBE = ---------------
2. Resistance between Collector and base
RCB = ---------------
3. Resistance between Collector and
Emitter RCE = -----------

Calculations:

XVII Results
1. RBE = ………………….
2. RCB = ………………….
3. RCE = .…………………

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XVIII Interpretation of results

XIX Conclusions
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………

XX Practical related Questions

Note: Below given are few sample questions for reference. Teachers must design more
such questions so as to ensure the achievement of identified CO.
1. List the specification of transistor.
2. Why transistor is called bipolar device?
3. Why some transistors required heat sink?

[Space for Answers]

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………......

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…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………......

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…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………......

XXI References / Suggestions for further Reading

1. http://www.electricalbasicprojects.com/how-to-identify-npn-and-pnp-transistor-
using-multimeter/
2. http://www.nptel.ac.in/courses/117107095/lecturers/lecture_10/lecture10_page1.htm
3. https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/textbook/semiconductors/chpt-4/meter-check-
transistor-bjt/
4. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ojdNj1lUJFE
5. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X7BT73KIHPk
6. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WmIgusHZyPc

XXII Assessment Scheme

Performance indicators Weightage

Process related (15 Marks) 60%
1 Handling of the components 10 %
2 Identification of component 20 %
3 Measuring value using suitable instrument 20 %
4 Working in team 10 %
Product related (10 Marks) 40%
5 Interpretation of result 15 %
6 Conclusions 05 %
7 Practical related questions 15 %
8 Submitting the journal in time 05%
100 %

List of student Team Members

1. ……………………….
2. ……………………….
3. ……………………….
4. ……………………….

Dated signature of
Marks Obtained
Teacher
Process Product Total
Related(15) Related(10) (25)

Maharashtra state Board of Technical Education 67

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OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS

Scale

X‐axis ‐

Y‐axis ‐

Maharashtra state Board of Technical Education 68

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Practical No. 10: Build and Test Zener Voltage Regulator

for the given Voltage.

I Practical Significance:
The Zener diode is like a general-purpose PN junction diode. When biased in the
forward direction it behaves just like a normal PN junction diode, but when a reverse
voltage is applied to it, the voltage remains constant for a wide range of currents.
Zener Breakdown: There is a limit for the reverse biasing voltage. Reverse biasing
voltage can increase until the diode breakdown voltage reaches. This reverse biased
voltage is called Zener Breakdown voltage. At this stage, maximum current will flow
through the Zener diode.
The fact that the voltage across the diode in the breakdown region is almost constant
turns out to be an important application of the Zener diode as a voltage regulator

II Relevant Program Outcomes (POs)

III Competency and Practical Skills

This practical is expected to develop the following skills for the industry-identified
competency: ‘Use electronic components and circuits in electrical equipment.’
1. Component identification skills.
2. Component mounting skills.
3. Use DC Power supply to give different voltages.
4. Use Digital multimeter to measure the voltage and current.

IV Relevant Course Outcomes

Use DC regulated power supply.

V Practical Outcome
1. Test Zener voltage regulator for the given voltage.
2. Selection of Zener diode.
3. Determine load regulation and line regulation of a given Zener diode

VI Relevant Affective domain related Outcomes

Handle components and equipment carefully.

VII Minimum Theoretical Background

a) Line Regulation
In line regulation, series resistance and load resistance are fixed, only input voltage is
changing. Output voltage remains the same as long as the input voltage is maintained
above a minimum value.
Percentage of line regulation can be calculated by =

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where V0 is the output voltage and VIN is the input voltage and ΔV0 is the change in
output voltage for a particular change in input voltage ΔVIN.

b) Load Regulation

In this type of regulation, input voltage is fixed and the load resistance is varying. Output
volt remains same, as long as the load resistance is maintained above a minimum value.
Percentage of load regulation =

where VNL is the null load resistor voltage (ie. remove the load resistance and measure
the voltage across the Zener Diode) and V FL is the full load voltage.

VIII Practical Circuit Diagram :

Figure 1: Zener Diode shunt regulator

Figure 2: Zener Diode and its symbol

Courtesy: (https://www.google.co.in/search?biw=998&bih=617&tbm=isch&sa=1&q=Zener+Diode)

b. Actual Circuit used in laboratory

c. Actual Experimental set up used in laboratory

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IX Resources required

S. Instrument Specification Quantity Remarks

No. /Components
1. Digital Digital Multimeter : 3 1/2 2 No. 1. Digital Multimeter with
Multimeter digit display. diode testing facilities will
be preferred.
2. In place of Digital
Multimeter, DC Voltmeter
and DC ammeter can be
used.
2. DC Regulated Variable DC power supply 1 No.
power supply 0- 30V, 2A, SC protection,
display for voltage and
current.
3. Voltmeter 0-20 V 1 No.
4. Ammeter ( 0 - 200 mA, 0- 2 No.
200 µA)
5. Bread board 5.5 CM X 17CM 1 No.
6. Diode 1N4733 (or any other 1 No.
equivalent Zener diode)
7. Variable Load 1 No.
Resistor
8. Resistor 1KΩ(0.5watts/0.25watts) 1 No.

XI Procedure
A) Line Regulation:
1. Connect the circuit as in figure 1.
2. Keep load resistance fixed value; vary DC input voltage from 5V to 15V.
3. Record the output voltage as a load voltage with high line voltage ‘V HL’ and as a
load voltage with low line voltage ‘V LL’ in the observation table.
B) Load Regulation:
1. Keep input voltage constant say 10V, vary load resistance value.
2. Record no load voltage ‘V NL’ for maximum load resistance value and full load
voltage ‘V FL’ for minimum load resistance value.
3. Calculate load regulation as per formula.
4. Sketch the graph for recorded readings.

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XII Resources used (with major specifications)

S. No. Equipment’s /Components Specification Quantity

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

XIII Actual procedure followed

…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………….…………………………………………………………..
…………………………….…………………………………………………………………..

XIV Precautions followed

……………………….………………………………………………………………………..
……………………….………………………………………………………………………..

XV Observations and Calculations:

Table 1: Measurement of Vin and Vz

Line Regulation Load Regulation
(RLconstant) (Vinconstant)
S. IL=10(mA) Vin=10(V)
No. Input Output Load Output
voltage voltage current voltage
Vin(VOLTS) Vz(VOLTS) IL(mA) Vz(VOLTS)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Calculations:

Percentage of line regulation=

Percentage of load regulation=

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XVI Results
Load Resistance Output voltage Load current
Vz(VOLTS) IL(mA)
RL minimum
RL maximum

XVII Interpretation of results

………………………………………………………………………………………….........
….............................................................................................................................................
….............................................................................................................................................

XVIII Conclusions
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
…...........................................................................................................................................

XIX Practical related Questions

Repeat the above experiment different Zener diode.

[Space for Answers]

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………......

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…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………......

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…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………......

XX References / Suggestions for further Reading

1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n5_6b6-j0r4
2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jG2YAtTWxv
3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mfGEODPzTmc

XXI Assessment Scheme

Performance indicators Weightage

Names of Student Team Members

1. …………………………
2. …………………………
3. …………………………
4. …………………………

Dated signature of
Marks Obtained
Teacher
Process Product Total
Related(15) Related(10) (25)

Maharashtra state Board of Technical Education 75

Elements of Electronics (22213)

Maharashtra state Board of Technical Education 76

Elements of Electronics (22213)

Maharashtra state Board of Technical Education 77

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Practical No.11: Test The Various Blocks Of Regulated Dc Power Supply.

I Practical Significance
AC power is generated and transmitted from power plants. But the integrated
circuits and electronic components used inside office automation equipment, factory
automation equipment, and other electronics appliances cannot be operated with the AC
voltage and they will be damaged by the high voltages. Stable DC voltage is required to
operate these integrated circuits and electronic components. The device that converts
commercial AC power to regulated DC power is called a regulated DC Power Supply.
A regulated power supply converts unregulated AC into a constant DC. With the help of
a rectifier it converts AC supply into DC. The output from the regulated power supply
may be constant or variable, but is always DC. (Direct Current). The testing of regulated
DC power supply is carried out to check whether the expected output is obtained at the
output stage, else this will conclude that there is fault at the particular stage.

II Relevant Program Outcomes (POs)

III Competency and Practical Skills

This practical is expected to develop the following skills for the industry-identified
competency: ‘Use electronic components and circuits in electrical equipment.’
1. Component identification skills.
2. Use Digital multimeter to measure the voltage at output of each block.
3. Visual circuit inspection skill

IV Relevant Course Outcome(s)

Use DC regulated power supply.

V Practical Outcome
1. Component identification skills
2. Use Digital multimeter to measure the voltages.
3. Tracing actual circuit as per diagram.

VI Relevant Affective domain related Outcome(s)

1. Handle components and equipment carefully.
2. Select instruments of required range.

VII Minimum Theoretical Background

Testing of regulated DC power supply is used to troubleshoot the power supply. Testing
is use to solve and eliminate the causes of fault. These faults cause voltage and current
instability. Which can have a significant impact on equipment. The aim of a DC power
supply is to provide the required level of DC power to the load using an AC supply at the
input. The DC power supplies, consists of following major components /circuits:

• Input transformer: The input transformer is a step down transformer of required

voltage and current rating.

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• Rectifier: The rectifier converts AC to pulsating DC.

• Filter: It removes ripples.
• Voltage Regulator: It provides a constant output voltage irrespective of change in
line voltage and load current.

VIII Block diagram:

a. Sample

Figure1:Regulated power supply Block diagram

Courtesy: (http://www.circuitstoday.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/10/Regulated-Power-Suppley-Block-Digram.jpg)

b. Actual Circuit used in laboratory

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c. Actual Experimental Set up used in laboratory

IX Resources required

S. Instrument
Specification Quantity Remarks
No. /Components
1. Digital Digital Multimeter: 3 1/2 2 1. Digital Multimeter with
Multimeter digit display. diode testing facilities will
be preferred.
2. In place of Digital
Multimeter, Voltmeter and
ammeter can be used.
2. CRO 25MHz Dual scope 1

DC regulated 2
3. Power supply
Trainer Kit
4 Electric Tester 1

X Precautions to be Followed
1. Before connecting the plug to the mains check, check the wires insulation.

XI Procedure
1. Use trainer kit of regulated DC power supply.
2. ON the AC supply.
3. Check and Sketch the nature of waveform using CRO:
• at primary of the Transformer on CRO
• at secondary of the Transformer on CRO
• at output of rectifier.
• at output of filter .
• at output of regulator.
4. Draw all waveforms nature in the observation table.
5. Draw all waveforms nature on graph paper.

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XII Resources Used

S. Name of Broad Specifications Quantity Remarks (If any)

No. Resource Make Details
1.
2.
3.

XIII Actual Procedure Followed

……………………………………………………………………………………………...
……………………………………………………………………………………………...
XIV Precautions Followed
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………...

XV Observations and Calculations

Table 1: Output voltage and Output waveform.

S.No. Stage Output voltage (V) Output waveform

Primary of
1
Transformer

Secondary of
2
Transformer

Output of
3
Rectifier

Output of
4
Filter

Output of
5
Regulator

Calculations: Not Applicable

XVI Results
…………………………………………………………………………………………....
………………………………………………………………………………………........
............................................................................................................................................

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XVII Interpretation of results

……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………

XVIII Conclusions
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
…........................................................................................................................................

XIX Practical related Questions

Measure the voltages at given different stages given in observation table using DMM.

[Space for Answers]

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………......

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…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………......

XX References / Suggestions for further Reading

1. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Practical_Regulated_Power_Supply_Com
ponents.jpg#/media/File:Practical_Regulated_Power_Supply_Components.jpg
2. https://www.electrical4u.com/regulated-power-supply/
3. http://www.circuitstoday.com/regulated-power-supply

XXI Assessment Scheme

Performance indicators Weightage

Process related (15 Marks) 60%
1 Handling of the components 10 %
2 Identification of component 20 %
3 Measuring value using suitable instrument 20 %
4 Working in team 10 %
Product related (10 Marks) 40%
5 Interpretation of result 15 %
6 Conclusions 05 %
7 Practical related questions 15 %
8 Submitting the journal in time 05%
100 %

Names of Student Team Members

1. …………………………
2. …………………………
3. …………………………
4. …………………………

Dated signature of
Marks Obtained
Teacher
Process Product Total
Related(15) Related(10) (25)

Maharashtra state Board of Technical Education 83

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Practical No.12:Find Out Faults at Different Stages of

Regulated DC Power Supply.

I Practical Significance
AC power is generated and transmitted from power plants. AC power generation
and transmission is easier and cheaper than DC supply transmission. But the integrated
circuits and electronic components used inside office automation equipment, factory
automation equipment, and other electronics appliances cannot be operated with the AC
voltage and they will be damaged by the high voltages. Stable DC voltages are required
to operate these integrated circuits and electronic components. The device that converts
commercial AC power to regulated DC power is called a regulated DC Power Supply.
A regulated power supply converts unregulated AC into a constant DC. With the help of
a rectifier it converts AC supply into DC. The output from the regulated power supply
may be constant or variable, but is always DC (Direct Current). The testing of regulated
DC power supply is carried out to check whether the expected output is obtained at the
output stage, else this will conclude that there is fault at the particular stage.

II Relevant Program Outcomes (POs)

• Discipline knowledge: Apply Electrical engineering knowledge to solve broad-
based electrical engineering related problems.
• Experiments and practice: Plan to perform experiments and practices to use the
results to solve broad-based Electrical engineering problems.
• Engineering tools: Apply relevant Electrical technologies and tools with an
understanding of the limitations.

III Competency and Practical Skills

This practical is expected to develop the following skills for the industry-identified
competency : ‘Use electronic components and circuits in electrical equipment.’
1. Component identification skills.
2. Use Digital multimeter to measure the voltage at output of each block
3. Fault finding skills.

IV Relevant Course Outcome(s)

• Use DC regulated power supply.

V Practical Outcome
1. Component identification skills
2. Use Digital multimeter to measure the voltages.
3. Circuit troubleshooting skills.

VI Relevant Affective domain related Outcome(s)

1. Handle components and equipment carefully.
2. Select instruments of required range.

VII Minimum Theoretical Background

Testing of regulated DC power supply is used to troubleshoot the power supply.
Testing is use to solve and eliminate the causes of fault. These faults cause voltage and
current instability. Which can have a significant impact on equipment. The aim of a DC
power supply is to provide the required level of DC power to the load using an AC
supply at the input. The DC power supply consists of following major
components/circuits:

• Input transformer: The input transformer is a step down transformer.

Maharashtra state Board of Technical Education 85
Elements of Electronics (22213)

• Rectifier: The rectifier converts AC to pulsating DC.

• Filter: It removes ripples.
• Voltage Regulator: It provides a constant output voltage irrespective of change in
line and load voltage.

VIII Block diagram:

a. Sample

Figure1:Regulated power supply Block diagram

Courtesy: (http://www.circuitstoday.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/10/Regulated-Power-Suppley-Block-Digram.jpg)
)

b. Actual Circuit used in laboratory

c. Actual Experimental Set up used in laboratory

Maharashtra state Board of Technical Education 86

Elements of Electronics (22213)

IX Resources required

DC regulated 2
3. Power supply
Trainer Kit

X Precautions to be Followed
Before connecting the plug to the mains check, the insulation of wires.

XI Procedure
1. Use trainer kit of regulated DC power supply.
2. ON the AC supply.
3. Create faults at different stages, compare the observed output voltage with the
expected output voltage at that stage and comment on the values.

XII Resources Used

S. Name of Broad Specifications

Quantity Remarks (If any)
No. Resource Make Details
1.
2.
3.

XIII Actual Procedure Followed

……………………………………..……………………………………………………
……………………………………..……………………………………………………
….........................................................................................................................................
….........................................................................................................................................

XIV Precautions Followed

………………………………………..…………………………………………………
………………………………………..…………………………………………………
…........................................................................................................................................
….........................................................................................................................................
….........................................................................................................................................

Maharashtra state Board of Technical Education 87

Elements of Electronics (22213)

XV Observations and Calculations

Table 1: Observe output voltage and fault.

S. Expected Observed Comment Related to

Create fault at
No. Output Output Observed fault
Stage
Voltage Voltage

Calculations: Not Applicable

XVI Results

……………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………........

XVII Interpretation of results

……………………………………………………………………………………………
…........................................................................................................................................
…........................................................................................................................................

XVIII Conclusions
…........................................................................................................................................
…........................................................................................................................................
…........................................................................................................................................

XIX Practical related Questions

Measure the voltages at given different stages given in observation table using DMM.

Maharashtra state Board of Technical Education 88

Elements of Electronics (22213)

[Space for Answers]

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………......

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Elements of Electronics (22213)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………......

XX References / Suggestions for further Reading

XX I Assessment Scheme

Performance indicators Weightage

Process related (15 Marks) 60%
1 Handling of the components 10 %
2 Identification of component 20 %
3 Measuring value using suitable instrument 20 %
4 Working in team 10 %
Product related (10 Marks) 40%
5 Interpretation of result 15 %
6 Conclusions 05 %
7 Practical related questions 15 %
8 Submitting the journal in time 05%
100 %

Names of Student Team Members

1. …………………………
2. ………………………....
3. …………………………
4. …………………………

Dated signature of
Marks Obtained
Teacher
Process Product Total
Related(15) Related(10) (25)

Maharashtra state Board of Technical Education 90

Elements of Electronics (22213)

Practical No. 13: Troubleshoot given DC Regulated Power Supply.

I Practical Significance
Troubleshooting of an electronic circuit is a process of having a special outlook on
components that comes out with remedies to repair it. The unexpected behavior
exhibited by the circuit is due to improper locating or soldering of components,
component damage due to aging, faults, overheat, and so on.

II Relevant Program Outcomes (POs)

III Competency and Practical Skills

This practical is expected to develop the following skills for the industry-identified
competency: ‘Use electronic components and circuits in electrical equipment.’
1. Component identification skills.
2. Use Digital multimeter to measure the voltage at output of each block.

IV Relevant Course Outcome(s)

• Use DC regulated power supply.

V Practical Outcome
1. Component identification skills
2. Use Digital multimeter to measure the voltages.

VI Relevant Affective domain related Outcome(s)

1. Handle components and equipment carefully.
2. Select instruments of required range.

VII Minimum Theoretical Background

Troubleshooting is a form of problem solving, often applied to repair failed products or
processes on a machine or a system. It is a logical, systematic search for the source of a
problem in order to solve it, and make the product or process operational again.
Troubleshooting approach consists of the following:
Step 1 -Physical Observation
(Locating different electronic components in different section)
Step 2 -Define Problem Area
Step 3 -Identify Possible Causes
Step 4 -Determine Most Probable Cause
Step 5-Test and Repair.

Maharashtra state Board of Technical Education 91

Elements of Electronics (22213)

VIII Circuit diagram:

a. Sample

Figure1: Regulated power supply

Note: This circuit is just a sample you can have any regulated power supply

b. Actual Circuit used in laboratory

c. Actual Experimental Set up used in laboratory

Maharashtra state Board of Technical Education 92

Elements of Electronics (22213)

IX Resources required

DC regulated 2
3. Power supply
Trainer Kit

X Precautions to be Followed
Before connecting the plug to the mains check, the wires are properly insulated.

XI Procedure
For trouble shooting of given power supply follow the given flow chart:
Follow the given flow chart for troubling shooting the given power supply.
1. Do the physical observations of different section of the given power supply.
2. Draw the circuit diagram of the given power supply and mark test point as per the
flow chart.
3. Go on testing each section of given circuit from input side to output side and test
output.
4. Record the voltage and sketch waveforms at all check points in the table.
5. Compare the voltage value at given point with expected value, check waveform at
given point and then identify the fault in given supply.

Maharashtra state Board of Technical Education 93

Elements of Electronics (22213)

Maharashtra state Board of Technical Education 94

Elements of Electronics (22213)

XII Resources Used

S. Name of Broad Specifications

Quantity Remarks (If any)
No. Resource Make Details
1.
2.
3.

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XIII Actual Procedure Followed

…………………………………………………………………………………………..
..……………………………………………………..…………………………………..
XIV Precautions Followed
………………………….……………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………….…………………………………………….

XV Observations and Calculations

Table 1: Observed waveforms.

Standard Measured
S.No. Test Points Observed waveform
value value

Calculations: Not Applicable

XVI Results
…………………………………………………………………………………...……....
..……………………………………………………………………………………........

XVII Interpretation of results

……………………………………………………………………………………………
…..........................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................

XVIII Conclusions

……………………………………………………………………………………………
…..........................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................

Maharashtra state Board of Technical Education 96

Elements of Electronics (22213)

XIX Practical related Questions

Repeat the experiment with different faults.

[Space for Answers]

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………......

Maharashtra state Board of Technical Education 97

Elements of Electronics (22213)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………......

Maharashtra state Board of Technical Education 98

Elements of Electronics (22213)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………......

XX References / Suggestions for further Reading

XXI Assessment Scheme

Performance indicators Weightage

Process related (15 Marks) 60%
1 Handling of the components 10 %
2 Identification of component 20 %
3 Measuring value using suitable instrument 20 %
4 Working in team 10 %
Product related (10 Marks) 40%
5 Interpretation of result 15 %
6 Conclusions 05 %
7 Practical related questions 15 %
8 Submitting the journal in time 05%
100 %

Names of Student Team Members

1. ………………………...
2. …………………………
3. …………………………
4. …………………………

Dated signature of
Marks Obtained
Teacher
Process Product Total
Related(15) Related(10) (25)

Maharashtra state Board of Technical Education 99

Elements of Electronics (22213)

Practical No. 14: Test the Performance of Regulator IC’S: IC’S

78XX, 79XX.

I Practical Significance
In the industry and home appliances three terminal regulators are used. They give
fixed output voltages making them useful in a wide range of applications. One of these is
local on card regulation, eliminating the distribution problems associated with single
point regulation. Use of 78xx and 79xx will help students to acquire necessary practical
skills related to regulators.

II Relevant Program Outcomes (POs)

1. PO 1. Basic knowledge: Apply knowledge of basic mathematics, sciences and basic
engineering to solve the broad-based Electrical engineering problems.
2. PO3 - Experiments and practice:Plan to perform experiments and practices to use
the results to solve broad-based Electrical engineering problems.

III Competency and Practical Skills

This practical is expected to develop the following skills for the industry identified
competency:‘Use electronic components and circuits in electrical
equipment.’
1. Select relevant IC for regulation
2. Measure and record the practical data.
3. Identify various electronic elements

IV Relevant Course Outcome(s)

Use DC regulated power supply

V Practical Outcome
1. Test the performance of Ic 78xx, 79xx:
2. Measure output voltage for 78xx.
3. Measure output voltage for 79xx

VI Minimum Theoretical Background

IC 78XX is positive series of regulators. For ICs within the 78xx family, the xx is
replaced with two digits, indicating the output voltage for example, the 7805 has a 5-volt
output, while the 7812 produces 12 volts. The LM78XX series of three terminal
regulators is available with several fixed output voltages making them useful in a wide
range of applications. The LM78XX series is available in an aluminum TO-3 package
which will allow over 1.0A load current if adequate heat sinking is provided. Current
limiting is included to limit the peak output current to a safe value. Safe area protection
for the output transistor is provided to limit internal power dissipation. If internal power
dissipation becomes too high for the heat sinking provided, the thermal shutdown circuit
takes over preventing the IC from overheating. Voltage Range are LM7805C 5V;
LM7812C 12V ; LM7815C 15V.
The LM79XX series of 3-terminal regulators is available with fixed output
voltages of 5V, 8V, 12V, and 15V. These devices need only one external component, i.e.
compensation capacitor at the output. The LM79XX series is packaged in the TO-220
power package and is capable of supplying 1.5A of output current.

Maharashtra state Board of Technical Education 100

Elements of Electronics (22213)

VII Practical set-up / Circuit diagram

1) Positive voltage regulator

Figure 1: Pin Diagram of IC 78xx

Figure 2: IC 78xx as Positive voltage regulator

2) Negative voltage regulator

Figure 3: Pin Diagram of IC 79xx

Figure 4: IC 79xx as Negative voltage regulator

Maharashtra state Board of Technical Education 101

Elements of Electronics (22213)

VIII Resources Required

S. No. Name of Resource Suggested Broad Specification Quantity

1. IC 7805, 7812, 7815 LM78L05 in micro SMD package n 2 Each
Output voltage tolerances of ±5% over
the temperature range
Output current of 100mA
Internal thermal overload protection
2. IC 7905, 7912, 7915 Thermal, short circuit and safe area 2 Each
protection, High ripple rejection, 1.5A
output current, 4% tolerance on preset
output voltage
3. Digital Multimeter Digital Multimeter: 3 1/2 digit display. 2
4. Voltmeter 0-20 V 1
5. Breadboards General Purpose Breadboards 1
6. Capacitors 0.01µF, 0.33 µF, 2.2 µF, 1 µF 1

IX Precautions to be Followed
1. Do not switch ON the power supply unless you have checked the circuit connections
as per the circuit diagram.
2. While doing the experiment do not exceed the input voltage of the diode beyond the
rated voltage of diode. This may lead to damaging of the diode
3. Connect voltmeter and ammeter in correct polarities as shown in the circuit diagram.

X Procedure
1. Connect circuit on General Purpose Breadboards
2. Apply unregulated DC power supply.
3. Measure input voltage with voltmeter or Multimeter
4. Measure output voltage with voltmeter or Multimeter

XI Resources Used

S. Name of Resource Broad Specifications Qua Remarks

No. Make Details ntity (If any)
1.
2.
3.

XII Actual Procedure Followed (use blank sheet provided if space not sufficient)
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………….

XIII Precautions Followed

……………………………………………………………………………………………
…..........................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................

Maharashtra state Board of Technical Education 102

Elements of Electronics (22213)

XIV Observations and Calculations (use blank sheet provided if space not sufficient)

1) Positive voltage regulator

Sr. No IC Used Input DC Voltage Output DC Voltage

1 7805
2 7805
3 7805
4 7812
5 7812
6 7812
7 7815

8 7815

9 7815

1) Negative voltage regulator

Sr. No IC Used Input DC Voltage Output DC Voltage

1 7905
2 7905
3 7905
4 7912
5 7912
6 7912
7 7915

8 7915

9 7915

XV Results
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………

XVI Interpretation of Results (Give meaning of the above obtained results)

……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………….

XVII Conclusions and recommendations (Actions/decisions to be taken based on the

interpretation of results).
……………………………………………………………………………………………
…..……………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………
…..........................................................................................................................................

Maharashtra state Board of Technical Education 103

Elements of Electronics (22213)

XVIII Practical Related Questions

Note: Below given are few sample questions for reference. Teachers must design more
such questionsso as to ensure the achievement of identified CO.
1. Draw circuit sketch that will give positive output equals to 5V, !2, 15 if input voltage
source is around 20V?
2. Can we give AC input to IC 79xx
3. ………………………………………………………………………………?
4. ………………………………………………………………………………?

[Space for Answers]

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………......

Maharashtra state Board of Technical Education 104

Elements of Electronics (22213)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………......

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………......…

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………......

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………......

Maharashtra state Board of Technical Education 105

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…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………......

XIX References / Suggestions for further reading

1. www.alldatasheet.com/datasheet-pdf/pdf/9037/NSC/LM78XX.html
2. www.cedmagic.com/tech-info/data/lm78xx.pdf
3. https://www.youtube.com

XX Suggested Assessment Scheme

The given performance indicators should serve as a guideline for assessment regarding
process and product related marks:

Performance indicators Weightage

Process related: 15 Marks 60%
1 Handling of the components 10 %
2 Identification of component 20 %
3 Measuring value using suitable instrument 20 %
4 Working in team 10 %
Product related: 10 Marks 40%
5 Calculate theoretical values of given component 10 %
6 Interpretation of result 05 %
7 Conclusions 05 %
8 Practical related questions 15 %
9 Submitting the journal in time 05%
100 %

Names of Student Team Members

1. ………………………...
2. ………………………....
3. …………………………
4. …………………………

Marks Obtained Dated signature of

Teacher
Process Product Total
Related(15) Related(10) (25)

Maharashtra state Board of Technical Education 106

Elements of Electronics (22213)

Practical No. 15: Test the Performance of IC 723 as Regulator.

I Practical Significance:

Voltage regulators are used to compensate for voltage fluctuations in main power as well
as load current variation. Voltage regulators are used in industries as well as in domestic
applications such as Air Condition, TV, and Refrigerators in order to protect them from
fluctuating input voltage. In this practical students will sketch line regulation
characteristics of given IC 723.

II Relevant Program Outcomes (POs)

III Competency and Practical Skills

This practical is expected to develop the following skills for the industry-identified
competency: ‘Use electronic components and circuits in electrical equipment ’
1. Component identificationskills.
2. Component mountingskills.
3. Use DC Power supply to give different voltages.
4. Use Digital multimeter to measure the voltage and current.

IV Relevant Course Outcomes

• Use DC regulated power supply.

V Practical Outcome
1. Test the performance of IC 723 as Regulator.
2. Measure line regulation.

VI Relevant Affective domain related Outcome(s)

• Handle components and equipment carefully.

VII Minimum Theoretical Background

The 723 voltage regulator is commonly used for series voltage regulator
applications. It can be used as both positive and negative voltage regulator. LM723 IC
can also be used as a temperature controller, current regulator or shunt regulator and it is
available in both Dual-In-Line and Metal Can packages.

Features of 723 Voltage Regulator

• 150 mA output current without external pass transistor

• Output currents in excess of 10A possible by adding external transistors
• Input voltage ranges from 9.5 to 40V.
• Output voltage adjustable from 2V to 37V
• Can be used as either a linear or a switching regulator
• Reference voltage Vref = 6.8V to 7.5V.
• Line regulation = 0.5% Vo = 0.001%Vo.

Maharashtra state Board of Technical Education 107

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• Load regulation 0.6% Vo = 0.003% Vo.

• Short circuit current limit Isc = 65mA at Rsc = 10Ω and Vo = 0.
• Quiescent current drain is 3.5mA, typically 1.3mA.

Figure 1: Pin configuration of IC LM723

Courtesy: https://electrosome.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/723-Voltage-Regulator-Pin-Diagram.jpg

Block diagram of IC 723.

Includes, voltage reference source, error amplifier, a series pass transistor and a current
limit transistor all are included in 14 pin DIP package. It has temperature compensated
6.2 V Zener, which is biased with constant current source. A reference voltage amplifier
generates the precise reference voltage in between 6.8 to 7.5 V. The output of error
amplifier drives the series pass transistor Q1 to give output voltage. Transistor Q2 is
connected internally to provide short circuit current limiting.

Figure 2: Block diagram of IC LM723

Courtesy: https://electrosome.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/723-Voltage-Regulator-Pin-Diagram.jpg

Maharashtra state Board of Technical Education 108

Elements of Electronics (22213)

VIII Practical Circuit Diagram :

a) Sample

Figure 2: Circuit diagram of 723

b) Actual Circuit used in laboratory

c) Actual Experimental set up used in laboratory

Maharashtra state Board of Technical Education 109

Elements of Electronics (22213)

IX Resources required

S. Instrument
Specification Quantity Remarks
No. /Components
1. Digital Digital Multimeter: 3 1/2 2 In place of digital
Multimeter digit display. multimeter we can use
analog voltmeter.
2. DC Variable DC power supply 1
Regulated 0- 30V, 2A, SC protection,
power supply display for voltage and
current.
3. Bread board 5.5 CM X 17CM 1
4. IC 723 LM 723 1

5. Resistor 1.2KΩ, 560 Ω,3.9 KΩ, 6

15 KΩ,0.15Ω/5W,10KΩ
variable resistor
6. Capacitor 100 pF,100 Nf,100 4
µF,2200 µF.
7. Transistor 2N3055, BD135 2
8. Connecting Single strand Teflon As per
wires coating (0.6mm diameter) requirement.

X Precautions
1. Do not switch ON the power supply unless you have checked the circuit connections
as per the circuit diagram.
2. Connect digital multimeter in correct polarities as shown in the circuit diagram.

XI Procedure
1. Select components and test it with multimeter.
2. Mount components on breadboard as per circuit diagram.
3. Connect dc power supply at the input.
4. Connect multimeter at the output.
5. Vary input voltage by varying dc supply till constant output voltage is obtained.
6. Note down the corresponding output voltage.
7. Tabulate input and output voltage in observation table.
8. Plot a graph of input dc voltage versus output voltage.

XII Resources used (with major specifications)

S. No. Instrument /Components Specification Quantity

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Maharashtra state Board of Technical Education 110

Elements of Electronics (22213)

XIII Actual procedure followed

XIV Precautions followed

……………….……………………………………………………………………………
……………….……………………………………………………………………………

XV Observations and Calculations:

Table 1: Measurement of Vin and Vo for Line Regulation

S.No. Input Voltage Output Voltage

(Vin) (Vo)

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Calculations: Line Regulation =∆Vout/∆Vin

XVI Results
……………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………….

XVII Interpretation of results

..…………………………………………………………………………………………
...........................................................................................................................................

XVIII Conclusions
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………….

XIX Practical related Questions

1. State the difference between low voltage and high voltage regulator?
2. What are various protection circuits used in regulator
3. What is foldback current limiting?

Maharashtra state Board of Technical Education 111

Elements of Electronics (22213)

[Space for Answers]

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………......

Maharashtra state Board of Technical Education 112

Elements of Electronics (22213)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………......

XX References / Suggestions for further Reading

1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=veXShWaCliA
2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tNqT7vCDswk

XXI Assessment Scheme

Performance indicators Weightage

Names of Student Team Members

1. …………………..……..
2. ……………………...….
3. …………………………
4. …………………………

Marks Obtained Dated signature of

Teacher
Process Product Total
Related(15) Related(10) (25)

Maharashtra state Board of Technical Education 113

Elements of Electronics (22213)

Maharashtra state Board of Technical Education 114

Elements of Electronics (22213)

Practical No. 16: Test the Performance of Given Logic Gate ICS

I Practical Significance
Digital IC gates are used in various electronics circuits, such as in DC drives or
AC drives controlling cards. Study of basic gates is essential. Basic logic gates are
implemented as small-scale integrated circuits (SSICs) or as part of more complex
medium scale (MSI) or very large-scale (VLSI) integrated circuits.

II Relevant Program Outcomes (POs)

III Competency and Practical Skills

This practical is expected to develop the following skills for the industry-identified
competency: ‘Use electronic components and circuits in electrical equipment.’
1. Measure and record the practical data.
2. Identify various electronic elements
3. Identify logic gates in electronics circuits

IV Relevant Course Outcome(s)

Use of logic gates in electronics circuits

V Practical Outcome
Test the performance of logic gates

VI Minimum Theoretical Background

A logic gate is a basic building block of a digital circuit. Most logic gates have two
inputs and one output. At any given moment, every terminal is in one of the two binary
conditions low (0) or high (1), represented by different voltage levels. The logic state of
a terminal can, and generally does, change often, as the circuit processes data. In most
logic gates, the low state is approximately zero volts (0 V), while the high state is
approximately five volts positive (+5 V). IC 74XX series is digital logic integrated
circuits. They are TTL (Transistor-Transistor logic) integrated circuits.

1 OR Gate: OR gate produces an output as one or high, when any one or all its inputs
are equals to one; otherwise the output is zero. This gate can have minimum two
inputs but output is always one. Its output is zero when only all input are zero.
2 AND Gate: AND gate produces an output as one, when all its inputs are equals to
one; otherwise the output is zero. This gate can have minimum 2 inputs but output is
always one. Its output is zero when any input is zero.
3 NOT Gate: NOT gate produces the complement of its input. This gate is also called
an Inverter. It always has one input and one output. Its output is zero when input is
one and output is one when input is zero.
4 NAND Gate: NAND gate is actually a series connection of AND gate with NOT
gate. If we connect the output of an AND gate to the input of a NOT gate, this
combination will work as NOT-AND or NAND gate. Its output is one when any or
all inputs are zero, otherwise output is one.

Maharashtra state Board of Technical Education 115

Elements of Electronics (22213)

5 NOR Gate: NOR gate is actually a series connection of OR gate with NOT gate. If
we connect the output of an OR gate to the input of a NOT gate, this combination
will work as NOT-OR or NOR gate. Its output is zero when any one or all inputs are
one.
6 Exclusive OR (X-OR) Gate: This gate produces an output as one, when number of
one’s at its inputs is odd, otherwise output is zero. It has two inputs and one output.

VII Practical set-up / Circuit diagram

Figure 5: OR Gate IC 7432

Figure 6: AND gate IC 7408

Figure 7: NOT Gate IC 7404

Maharashtra state Board of Technical Education 116

Elements of Electronics (22213)

Figure 8: NAND Gate IC 7400

Figure 9: NOR Gate IC 7402

Figure 10: X-OR Gate IC 7486

VIII Resources Required

S. No. Name of Resource Suggested Broad Specification Quantity

1. Digital Multimeter Digital Multimeter: 3 1/2 digit display. 2
2. Breadboards General Purpose Breadboards 1
3. DC power supply +5 V Fixed power supply 1
4. IC 7486,7402,7400, 7404, 7432, 7408 1 Each
5. LED Red color 5 mm 1
As per
6. Connecting wires Single strand 0.6 mm Teflon coating
requirement

Maharashtra state Board of Technical Education 117

Elements of Electronics (22213)

IX Precautions to be Followed
Do not switch ON the power supply unless you have checked the circuit connections as
per the circuit diagram.

X Procedure
1. Connect the inputs of any one logic gate to the logic sources
2. Observer/measure output to the logic indicator.
3. Apply various input combinations and observe output for each one.
4. Verify the truth table for each input/ output combination.
5. Repeat the process for all other logic gates.

XI Resources Used

S. Broad Specifications Remarks

Name of Resource Qty
No. Make Details (If any)
1.
2.
3.

XII Actual Procedure Followed (use blank sheet provided if space not sufficient)
…………………………………………………….……………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………….……………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………….

XIII Precautions Followed

…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………….……………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………….

XIV Observations and Calculations (use blank sheet provided if space not sufficient)
IC
Sr. No GATE Input 1 Input2 Output
Number

1 OR Gate

2 AND Gate

3 NOT Gate

4 NAND Gate

Maharashtra state Board of Technical Education 118

Elements of Electronics (22213)

5 NOR Gate

Exclusive OR (X-
6
OR) Gate

XV Results
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………..

XVI Interpretation of Results (Give meaning of the above obtained results)

…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………

XVII Conclusions and recommendations (Actions/decisions to be taken based on the

interpretation of results).
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………

XVIII Practical Related Questions

Note: Below given are few sample questions for reference. Teachers must design more
such questionsso as to ensure the achievement of identified CO.
1. Convert NAND Gate into AND gate?
2. Can we convert OR gate into AND gate?
3. ………………………………………………………………………………?
4. ………………………………………………………………………………?

[Space for Answers]

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………......

Maharashtra state Board of Technical Education 119

Elements of Electronics (22213)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………......

Maharashtra state Board of Technical Education 120

Elements of Electronics (22213)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………......

XIX References / Suggestions for further reading

1. www.alldatasheet.com/datasheet-pdf
2. http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/logic/logic_1.html
3. https://academo.org/demos/logic-gate-simulator

XX Suggested Assessment Scheme

The given performance indicators should serve as a guideline for assessment regarding
process and product related marks:

Performance indicators Weightage

Names of Student Team Members

1. ……………….….……..
2. …………………...…….
3. …………………………
4. ………………………….

Marks Obtained Dated signature of

Teacher
Process Product Total
Related(15) Related(10) (25)

Maharashtra state Board of Technical Education 121

Elements of Electronics (22213)

Practical No. 17: Test the Performance of given Flip Flop ICS.
I Practical Significance
Digital IC gates are used in various electronics circuits. A flip-flop is a circuit
that has two stable states and can be used to store information. A flip-flop is a bistable
multi vibrator. The circuit can be made to change state by signals applied to one or more
control inputs and will have one or two outputs.

II Relevant Program Outcomes (POs)

III Competency and Practical Skills

IV Relevant Course Outcome(s)

• Use of logic gates in electronics circuits.

V Practical Outcome
Test the performance of Flip Flop.

VI Minimum Theoretical Background

Digital circuits have many combinations of logic circuits. They are classified as either
combinational or sequential. The output of combinational circuits depends only on the
current inputs. In contrast, sequential circuit depends not only on the current value of the
input but also upon the internal state of the circuit. Basic building blocks (memory elements)
of a sequential circuit are the flip-flops (FFs). The FFs change their output state depending
upon inputs at certain interval of time synchronized with some clock pulse applied to it.
Usually any flip-flop has normal inputs, present state Q(t) as circuit inputs and two outputs;
next state Q(t+1) and its complementary value; .

Maharashtra state Board of Technical Education 122

Elements of Electronics (22213)

VII Practical set-up / Circuit diagram

Figure 11: Logic diagram of SR FF

Maharashtra state Board of Technical Education 123

Elements of Electronics (22213)

VIII Resources Required

S. No. Name of Resource Suggested Broad Specification Quantity
1 Digital Multimeter Digital Multimeter: 3 1/2 digit display. 2
2 Breadboards General Purpose Breadboards 1
3 IC 7474, 7476, 7402 1 Each
4 DC power supply +5V DC power supply 1

IX Precautions to be Followed
Do not switch ON the power supply unless you have checked the circuit connections as
per the circuit diagram.

X Procedure
1. Implement active high SR flip flop using IC’s and breadboard and complete the truth
table.
2. Implement D, JK Flip-Flops using IC’s and breadboard/kit and complete the truth table.

XI Resources Used
S. Broad Specifications Remarks
Name of Resource Qty
No. Make Details (If any)
1
2
3

XII Actual Procedure Followed (use blank sheet provided if space not sufficient)
…………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………….

XIII Precautions Followed

……………………………………………………………….…………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………

XIV Observations and Calculations (use blank sheet provided if space not sufficient)
Table 1:-SR flip-flop
S R Q(t+1) Comment
0 0 NC
0 1 Reset
1 0 Set
1 1 undefined

Table 2:- D flip-flop

CLK D Q(t+1) comment
0 X NC
1 0 Reset
1 1 Set
Table 3:-J-K flip-flop
CLK J K Q(t+1) comment
0 X X NC
1 0 0 NC
1 0 1 Reset
1 1 0 Set
1 1 1 Toggle

Maharashtra state Board of Technical Education 124

Elements of Electronics (22213)

XV Results
………………………………………...............................................................................
……………………………………………………………………………………………

XVI Interpretation of Results (Give meaning of the above obtained results)

XVII Conclusions and recommendations (Actions/decisions to be taken based on the

XVIII Practical Related Questions

Note: Below given are few sample questions for reference. Teachers must design more
such questionsso as to ensure the achievement of identified CO.
1. Convert SR FF Gate into T gate?
2. ………………………………………………………………………………?
3. ………………………………………………………………………………?

[Space for Answers]

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………......

Maharashtra state Board of Technical Education 125

Elements of Electronics (22213)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………......

Maharashtra state Board of Technical Education 126

Elements of Electronics (22213)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………......

XIX References / Suggestions for further reading

1. www.alldatasheet.com/datasheet-pdf
2. http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws
3. https://academo.org/demos/logic-gate-simulator

XX Suggested Assessment Scheme

Performance indicators Weightage

Names of Student Team Members

1. ….……………………...
2. ...……………………….
3. …………………………
4. ………………………...

Dated
Marks Obtained signature of
Teacher
Process Related Product Related Total
(15 Marks) (10 Marks) (25
Marks)

Maharashtra state Board of Technical Education 127

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