CHAPTER 2:

FUNCTIONS &
LIMITS
Relations & Functions

Learning Outcomes

At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:

1. Represent relation using arrow diagram or as ordered pairs.

2. Identify relations and functions.
3. Determine the one to one function.
Relations & Functions
Relation

• A relation between two sets is the correspondence between elements of

the first set, called domain and elements of the other set, called
codomain.

• A relation can be represented by:

Arrow Diagram Ordered Pairs

Domain Codomain
A D Domain: {A,B,C}
Codomain: {D,E,F}
B E Object: {A,B,C} {(A,D),(B,E),(C,E)}
Image: {D,E}
C F Range: {D,E}
Relations & Functions
Relation

Example:

Let 𝐴 = *2,3,5+ and 𝐵 = *6,9,10+. Consider the relation “is a factor of”. Present
this relation by using arrow diagram and ordered pairs. List all possible
domain, codomain, object, image and range.

Solution:
Arrow Diagram Ordered Pairs
“is a factor of”
  Domain: { }
Codomain: { }
  Object: { } {( ),( ),( ),( ),( )}
Image: { }
  Range: { }
𝐴 𝐵
Relations & Functions
Types of Relation

There are 4 types of relation:

One to one Many to one One to many Many to many

A 1 A 1 A 1 A 1

B 2 B 2 B 2 B 2

C 3 C 3 C 3 C 3
Relations & Functions
Types of Relation

Example:

Determine the relation of the following arrow diagram.

a 1 a 1 a 1 a 1

b 2 b 2 b 2 b 2

c 3 c 3 c 3 c 3

d 4 d 4 d 4 d 4
Relations & Functions
Function

• A function is a special case of a relation which takes every element of

one set (domain) and assigns to it one and only one element of the
other set (codomain).

• A function can has relation one to one or many to one only.

Example:

Which arrow diagram below illustrates a function? Give your reason.

a 1 a 1 a 1 a 1

b 2 b 2 b 2 b 2

c 3 c 3 c 3 c 3
𝐴 𝐵 𝐴 𝐵 𝐴 𝐵 𝐴 𝐵
Relations & Functions
One to One Function

• A function 𝑓 is said to be one to one function if and only if each domain

maps to a corresponding codomain.

• One to one test method:

Analytical Graphical Approach
Approach
Horizontal Line Test
 If the horizontal line intersects the graph
only once, then the function is one to one.
One to one Not one to one
If 𝑓 𝑥1 = 𝑓 𝑥2 ,
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓(𝑥)
then 𝑥1 = 𝑥2 .

𝑥 𝑥
Relations & Functions
One to One Function

Example 1:
Show that 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 3 + 7, 𝑥 ∈  is one to one function.

Solution:
Analytical Approach Graphical Approach
𝑓(𝑥)

𝑓 𝑥1 = 𝑓 𝑥2
(𝑥1 )3 + 7 = 𝑥2 3 + 7 7
3 3
(𝑥1 )3 = 𝑥2 3
𝑥1 = 𝑥2 𝑥
Thus, 𝑓 is one to one function.
By horizontal line test, each horizontal
line intersects only at a point on function
𝑓. Thus, 𝑓 is one to one function.
Relations & Functions
One to One Function

Example 2:
Determine whether 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 3, 𝑥 ∈  is one to one function or not. State
your reasons.

Solution:
Analytical Approach Graphical Approach
𝑓 𝑥1 = 𝑓 𝑥2 𝑓(𝑥) By horizontal line test, each
horizontal line intersects

𝑥
Graph of Functions and Its Domain
and Range
Learning Outcomes

At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:

1. Determine the basic graph of a function.

2. Determine the domain, object, codomain, image and range of a
function.
3. Sketch graph functions.
Domain, Codomain, Object, Image and Range
Example 1:

A function 𝑓 is defined as 𝑓: 𝑥 → 𝑥 2 + 3, 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅. Find

𝑥
i. 𝑓(−3) ii. 𝑓(𝑏) iii. 𝑓 1+𝑥 iv. the values of 𝑎 if 𝑓 𝑎 = 19
Hence, find the relation of 𝑓.

Solution:
Domain, Codomain, Object, Image and Range
Example 2:
2
A function 𝑓 is defined as 𝑓: 𝑥 → 𝑥−3 , 𝑥 ∈ *𝑅/𝑘+. Find
i. 𝑓(−2) ii. 𝑓(8) iii. the value of 𝑥 if 𝑓 𝑥 = 5
iv. the value of 𝑥 such that the function is undefined.

Solution:
Domain, Codomain, Object, Image and Range
Example 3:

A function 𝑓 is defined as 𝑓: 𝑥 → 2𝑥 − 9, 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅. Find

i. the image if the object is 3 ii. the object if the image is 7
iii. the value of the object that map onto itself

Solution:
Domain, Codomain, Object, Image and Range
Example 4:

A function 𝑓 is defined as 𝑓: 𝑥 → 3𝑥 − 5 , 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅. Find

i. 𝑓(−1) ii. possible values of 𝑥 if 𝑓 𝑥 = 5 iii. the domain if 𝑓 𝑥 < 2
iv. the domain if 𝑓(𝑥) ≥ 7

Solution:
Basic Graphs and Types of Functions
There are 10 types of function as follows.

1. Constant Function: 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑘, where 𝑘 is a constant.

𝑓(𝑥)

Example: 𝑓 𝑥 = −5
𝑘
𝑓(𝑥)

𝑥
𝑥

Domain: 𝐷𝑓 =
Range: 𝑅𝑓 =
Graphs and Types of Functions
2. Linear Function: 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏, 𝑎 ≠ 0
𝑎>0 𝑎<0
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓(𝑥)
Example: 𝑓 𝑥 = −𝑥 + 2
𝑓(𝑥)
𝑏
𝑏

𝑥 𝑥

Domain: 𝐷𝑓 = 𝑥
Range: 𝑅𝑓 =
Graphs and Types of Functions
3. Quadratic Function: 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐, 𝑎 ≠ 0
𝑎>0 𝑎<0
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓(𝑥) Example: 𝑓 𝑥 = −𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 5
𝑓 𝑥 =
Vertex:
𝑐 𝑥-intercept:
𝑐 𝑥 𝑦-intercept:
𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥

Domain: 𝐷𝑓 =
Range: 𝑅𝑓 =
𝑥
Graphs and Types of Functions
4. Cubic Function: 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑥 3 + 𝑏𝑥 2 + 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑, 𝑎 ≠ 0
𝑎>0 𝑎<0
Example: 𝑓 𝑥 = −𝑥 3 + 5𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 2
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑓 𝑥 =
Vertex:
𝑥-intercept:
𝑑
𝑑 𝑦-intercept:

𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥 𝑥

Domain: 𝐷𝑓 =
Range: 𝑅𝑓 = 𝑥
Graphs and Types of Functions
5. Rational Function:
1 𝑏
𝑓 𝑥 = ,𝑥 ≠
𝑎𝑥 − 𝑏 𝑎
𝑎>0 𝑎<0 Example:
1
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓 𝑥 = ,𝑥 ≠ 2
asymptote 𝑥−2
𝑓(𝑥)

𝑥 𝑥
𝑏
𝑏
𝑎
𝑎
asymptote
𝑥

Domain: 𝐷𝑓 =
Range: 𝑅𝑓 =
 Graphs and Types of Functions
6. Absolute Value Function:
𝑥, 𝑥 ≥ 0
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥, 𝑥 =
−𝑥, 𝑥 < 0

𝑓(𝑥)

Example: 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 2

𝑓 𝑥 = −𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 =𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 =

𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥

Domain: 𝐷𝑓 =
Range: 𝑅𝑓 =

𝑥
Graphs and Types of Functions
7. Surd Function:
𝑏
𝑎𝑥 − 𝑏, 𝑥≥𝑎
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑥 − 𝑏 , 𝑎𝑥 − 𝑏 = 𝑏, 𝑎≠0
− 𝑎𝑥 − 𝑏 , 𝑥 ≤ 𝑎

𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑥 − 𝑏 𝑓 𝑥 = − 𝑎𝑥 − 𝑏
𝑏 𝑏 𝑏 𝑏
𝑥≥ 𝑥≤ 𝑥≥ 𝑥≤
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓(𝑥)

𝑥 𝑥
𝑏 𝑏
𝑎 𝑎

𝑥 𝑥
𝑏 𝑏
𝑎 𝑎
 Graphs and Types of Functions
8. Piecewise Function:
−𝑥 2 , 𝑥 < 0
𝑓 𝑥 =
𝑥 + 4, 𝑥 ≥ 0
***Combination of more than one functions.
𝑓(𝑥)

−𝑥 + 1, 𝑥
Example: 𝑓 𝑥 =
𝑓 𝑥 =𝑥+4 𝑥 2 − 1, 𝑥
𝑓(𝑥)

𝑓 𝑥 = −𝑥 2
Domain: 𝐷𝑓 =
Range: 𝑅𝑓 =

𝑥
Graphs and Types of Functions
9. Exponential Function: 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑥 , 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅, 𝑎 > 0, 𝑎 ≠ 1

0<𝑎<1 𝑎>1 𝑎 = 𝑒; 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓(𝑥)

Domain: 𝐷𝑓 = 
1 1 1
Range: 𝑅𝑓 = (0, ∞)
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
Graphs and Types of Functions
10. Logarithmic Function: 𝑓 𝑥 = log 𝑎 𝑥 , 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅 + , 𝑎 > 0, 𝑎 ≠ 1

0<𝑎<1 𝑎>1 𝑎 = 𝑒; 𝑓 𝑥 = log 𝑒 𝑥 = ln 𝑥

𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓(𝑥)

𝑥
1 𝑥 𝑥
1 1
Domain: 𝐷𝑓 = +
Asymptote Asymptote Asymptote Range: 𝑅𝑓 = 
𝑓 𝑥 = −𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 =𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 =𝑥
Operations on Functions
Addition, Subtraction and Multiplication of Two Functions.

Consider the two functions, 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 and 𝑔 𝑥 = 2𝑥 + 6.

i. Addition iii. Multiplication

𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑔 𝑥 + 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓 𝑥 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑔 𝑥 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 6 = 2𝑥 + 6 + 𝑥 2 𝑥 2 2𝑥 + 6 = 2𝑥 + 6 𝑥 2
𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 6 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 6 2𝑥 3 + 6𝑥 2 = 2𝑥 3 + 6𝑥 2
𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 𝑅𝐻𝑆 𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 𝑅𝐻𝑆

ii. Subtraction
𝑓 𝑥 − 𝑔 𝑥 ≠ 𝑔 𝑥 − 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 6 ≠ 2𝑥 + 6 − 𝑥 2
𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 6 ≠ 2𝑥 + 6 − 𝑥 2
𝐿𝐻𝑆 ≠ 𝑅𝐻𝑆
Operations on Functions
Addition, Subtraction and Multiplication of Two Functions.

Example 1: Given that 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 , 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅 and 𝑔 𝑥 = 1 − 𝑥 2 , 𝑥 ∈ −1,1 . Find

i. 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑔 𝑥 and 𝑓(𝑥)𝑔 𝑥
ii. the domain respectively

Solution:
i. ii.
Operations on Functions
Addition, Subtraction and Multiplication of Two Functions.
1
Example 2: Given 𝑓 𝑥 = 2 𝑥 2 , 𝑔 𝑥 = 4𝑥 − 3 and 𝑕 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 5. Find
i. 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑔 𝑥 − 𝑕(𝑥) ii. 𝑓 𝑥 − 𝑔 𝑥 𝑕(𝑥)

Solution:
i. ii.
Composite Functions

Learning Outcomes

At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:

1. Represent composite function by an arrow diagram.

2. Find composite function.
3. Find one of the function when the other and the composite
functions are given.
Composite Functions
Definition

• Consider two functions 𝑓 and 𝑔. Composite functions of 𝑓 and 𝑔 is

written as 𝑓𝑔 and is defined by 𝑓𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑔(𝑥) . This means that the
image of the function 𝑔 is the object of the function 𝑓. This can be
represented in an arrow diagram below.
C
A B
𝑔 𝑓
𝑥 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑓[𝑔 𝑥 ]

𝑓𝑔

• The domain of 𝑓𝑔 is always a subset of the domain of 𝑔 such that

𝐷𝑓𝑔 𝐷𝑔 . The range of 𝑓𝑔 is always a subset of the range of 𝑓 such
that 𝑅𝑓𝑔 𝑅𝑓 . 𝑓𝑔(𝑥) is defined if 𝑅𝑔 𝐷𝑓 where by 𝑔𝑓(𝑥) is defined if
𝑅𝑓 𝐷𝑔 .
Composite Functions
Example 1:
If 𝑓: 𝑥 → 3𝑥 + 1 and 𝑔: 𝑥 → 2 − 𝑥. Find 𝑓𝑔 and 𝑔𝑓.
***Note that
Solution: 𝑓𝑔 ≠ 𝑔𝑓
𝑓𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑔 𝑥 = 3 2 − 𝑥 + 1 = 6 − 3𝑥 + 1 = 7 − 3𝑥
𝑔𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑔 𝑓 𝑥 = 2 − 3𝑥 + 1 = 2 − 3𝑥 − 1 = 1 − 3𝑥

Example 2:
Given that 𝑓 𝑥 = 3𝑥 2 and 𝑔 𝑥 = 1 + 𝑥. Find 𝑓𝑔 and 𝑔𝑓.

Solution:
𝑓𝑔 𝑥 =

𝑔𝑓 𝑥 =
Composite Functions
Example 3:

If 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 − 1 and 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥 3 , evaluate
i. 𝑔𝑓(3) ii. 𝑓𝑔(3) iii. 𝑓 2 (3) iv. 𝑓(3) 2

Solution:
i. 𝑔𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑔[𝑓 𝑥 ] ii. 𝑓𝑔 3 = 𝑓[𝑔 𝑥 ] iii. 𝑓 2 = 𝑓[𝑓 𝑥 ] iv. 𝑓 3 =

2
𝑔𝑓 3 = 𝑓(3) =
𝑓𝑔 3 =
𝑓2 3 =

***Note that
2
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑓[𝑓 𝑥 ]
𝑓 2 (𝑥) ≠ 𝑓(𝑥) 2
Composite Functions
Example 4:

The functions 𝑓 and 𝑔 are defined by 𝑓: 𝑥 → 𝑥, 𝑥 > 0 and 𝑔: 𝑥 → 𝑒 2𝑥 . Find

i. 𝑓𝑔 ln 𝑥 ii. 𝑔𝑓(1)

Solution:
i. 𝑓𝑔 = 𝑓[𝑔(𝑥)] ii. 𝑔𝑓 = 𝑔[𝑓(𝑥)]

𝑔𝑓 1 =
𝑓𝑔 ln 𝑥 =
Composite Functions
Example 5:

Given that 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥, 𝑔 𝑥 = 1 + 𝑥 and 𝑕 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 . Find

i. 𝑓𝑔𝑕 ii. 𝑕𝑔𝑓 iii. 𝑔𝑕𝑓

Solution:
i. 𝑓𝑔𝑕 = 𝑓[𝑔 𝑕 𝑥 ] ii. 𝑕𝑔𝑓 = 𝑕[𝑔 𝑓 𝑥 ] iii. 𝑔𝑕𝑓 = 𝑔[𝑕 𝑓 𝑥 ]

𝑔𝑕 𝑥 = 𝑔𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑕𝑓 𝑥 =

𝑓𝑔𝑕 𝑥 = 𝑕𝑔𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑔𝑕𝑓 𝑥 =

Composite Functions
Example 6:

Find 𝑓 𝑥 if given 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥 − 1 and 𝑔𝑓 𝑥 = 3 + 2𝑥.

Solution:

𝑔𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑔 𝑓 𝑥 = 3 + 2𝑥
Composite Functions
Example 7:

Find 𝑔 𝑥 if given 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 1 and 𝑔𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 2.

Solution:

𝑔𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑔 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 2
Inverse Functions

Learning Outcomes

At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:

1. Define and determine the inverse of a function.

2. Determine whether a function has an inverse or not.
3. Identify the domain and range of an inverse function.
4. Determine the relationship of exponential and logarithmic
functions graphically and algebraically.
Inverse Functions
Definition

• If 𝑓: 𝑥 → 𝑦 is a function that maps 𝑥 to 𝑦. Then the inverse function

of 𝑓 is denoted as 𝑓 −1 where 𝑓 −1 : 𝑦 → 𝑥 is a function that maps 𝑦
back to 𝑥.

A 𝑓 B
***Note that
𝑥 𝑦 1
𝑓 −1 (𝑥) ≠ 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑓 −1

• If there exists inverse function of 𝑓, the domain of 𝑓 is always be the

range of 𝑓 −1 such that 𝐷𝑓 = 𝑅𝑓−1 . The range of 𝑓 is always be the
domain of 𝑓 −1 such that 𝑅𝑓 = 𝐷𝑓−1 . An inverse function of 𝑓 exists if
and only if 𝑓 is “one to one and onto” functions.
Inverse Functions
• The graph of inverse function of 𝑓 is the reflection of the graph of the
function of 𝑓 on the line 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥
𝑓(𝑥)
𝑓 𝑥 =𝑥

𝑓 −1 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 1
𝑓 𝑥 =𝑥+1
𝑥

• The properties of inverse function:

 𝑓 −1 −1 = 𝑓
 𝑓 −1 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑓 −1 𝑥 = 𝑥
 𝑓𝑔 −1 𝑥 = 𝑔−1 𝑥 𝑜𝑓 −1 (𝑥)
Inverse Functions
Example 1:

4
Given 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥−3. Find 𝑓 −1 (𝑥).

Solution:
Inverse Functions
Example 2:

Find the inverse of 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 2, 𝑥 ≥ 0. State the domain and range of the

inverse function and sketch the graph of 𝑓 and 𝑓 −1 on the same axes.

Solution:
𝑓(𝑥)
𝑓 𝑥 =𝑥

𝑥
2
𝐷𝑓 = 𝑅𝑓−1 = [0, ∞)
𝑅𝑓 = 𝐷𝑓−1 =
Inverse Functions
Example 3:

Find the inverse of 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 8, 𝑥 ≥ 3. State the domain and range of

the inverse function and sketch the graph of 𝑓 and 𝑓 −1 on the same axes.

Solution:
𝑓(𝑥)
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 8 (by CTS)
= 𝑓 𝑥 =𝑥
4
=
Vertex/Min point: 3

𝑥
−1 3 4
−1

𝐷𝑓 = 𝑅𝑓−1 = [3, ∞)
𝑅𝑓 = 𝐷𝑓−1 =
Inverse Functions
Example 4:
2
Find the inverse of 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥−1 , 𝑥 > 1. State the domain and range of the
inverse function and sketch the graph of 𝑓 and 𝑓 −1 on the same axes.

Solution: 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥=1
𝑓 is undefined when 𝑥 − 1 = 0 𝑓 𝑥 =𝑥
The asymptote of 𝑓:

1
𝑥
1
𝐷𝑓 = 𝑅𝑓−1 = (1, ∞)
𝑅𝑓 = 𝐷𝑓−1 =
Inverse Functions
Example 5:

Find the inverse of 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 2. State the domain and range of the inverse
function and sketch the graph of 𝑓 and 𝑓 −1 on the same axes.

Solution: 𝑓(𝑥)

𝑓 is defined when 𝑥 + 2 ≥ 0
𝑓 𝑥 =𝑥
The domain of 𝑓 is
2

𝑥
−2 2
−2

𝐷𝑓 = 𝑅𝑓−1 = (1, ∞)
𝑅𝑓 = 𝐷𝑓−1 =
Inverse Functions
Example 6:
Inverse Functions
Example 7:
Inverse Functions
Example 8: