GNED 10 - Gender and Society Reviewer
SEX AND GENDER GENDER CONCEPTS
Sex Basic Concepts in Gender
- Biological characteristics, what Gender Roles
defines a human as a male or a - How masculine or feminine an
female. Some individuals possess individual acts.
both male and female - According to Blackstone (2003),
characteristics. Gender roles are based on the
- What humans are naturally born different expectations that
with. Also universal individuals, groups, and societies
- Cannot be changed, except with have of individuals based on their
medical treatment sex and based on each society's
- Based on reproductive values and beliefs about gender.
characteristics (Stevenson & - Gender roles are affected by age,
Waite, 2011) class, race, ethnicity, and religion,
and by the geographical, economic
Gender and political environment (Pavlic &
- Socially-constructed, set of roles Sam-Vargas, 2000).
and responsibilities associated with - Gender roles and power relations
being a girl or boy, or in other directly influences who has access
cultures, even a third/other gender. to and control over which
- What humans learned and are not resources and opportunities, and
born with. Also, dependent on who makes decisions.
societies, cultures, and historical
periods. Culture
- Can be changed over time - The distinctive patterns of ideas,
- Categorized as feminine and beliefs, and norms which
masculine, attributes are marked characterize the way of life and
by inequality. relations of a society or group
within a society.
Gender Analysis
- Gender analysis is a valuable
descriptive and diagnostic tool for
development planners and crucial
to gender mainstreaming efforts.
The methodology and components
of gender analysis are shaped by
how gender issues are understood.
- Gender Roles/Harvard Framework
- The Gender Roles
framework focuses on
describing women’s and
men’s roles and their
relative access to and
control over resources. The
analysis aims to anticipate
GNED 10 - Gender and Society Reviewer
the impacts of projects on people are discriminated in the
both productive and workplace:
reproductive roles. a. Hiring – biases regarding
- Other Gender Analysis Tools the work ethic of a gender.
commonly used are the Social b. Pay and benefits – men
relations Approach, the generally receive higher
Moser/DPU Framework, the pay and are given more
Longwe Method/Women’s opportunities to grow
Empowerment Framework; and career-wise.
Levy’s Web of Institutionalisation. c. Promotions – at work, there
is a phenomenon called
Gender Discrimination glass ceiling, a metaphor
Facts and figures by J. Seager, 1997 used to describe an
- women work 67% of the world’s invisible but constantly
working figures present barrier that
- 2 out of 3 of the world’s illiterate prevents women and
people are women members of the minority
- women’s earnings range from sector from rising beyond
50-85% of men’s earnings their level in a corporate
- globally women make up just over hierarchy.
10% of representatives in national d. Firing – being terminated
government from a job due to prejudices
against one’s gender.
Women’s differential access to 3. Maternity and pregnancy
power and control of resources is central discrimination – a pregnant
to this discrimination in all institutional female can’t get a job because she
spheres, i.e. the household, community, is pregnant while others get
market and state. demoted or fired from work
Within the household, women and because of pregnancy and other
girls can face discrimination in the sharing related matters in connection with
out of household resources including food, her pregnancy.
sometimes leading to higher malnutrition
and mortality indicators for women. Gender Division of Labour
The usual cause of gender In the study of Perey in 2015 and
discrimination is culture. Ipulan and Alameda in 2017, it was very
notable that the majority of the household
Types of Gender Discrimination (Tolibas, chores are done by women. Even at the
F., Gallinero, W., Dumanlag, S., Ramos, workplace, gender division of labor was
A., Oregines, Q., & Salinas, E., 2020): found to be eminent as stated by Casenas
1. Discrimination in Education – in 2016 and Sarep in 2017.
the unequal treatment in Roles typically designated to
admission, financial aid, grading, women are less valued compared to those
classroom assignment, counseling, assigned to men (Sarep, 2017). Men
guidance, and/or academic tended to be associated with productive
programs and opportunities. roles, particularly paid work while women
2. Discrimination in employment – were mostly engaged in reproductive and
there are four major ways in which community roles.
GNED 10 - Gender and Society Reviewer
GENDER AND VIOLENCE plan, it is aimed at
“institutionalizing gender concerns
SUBTOPIC 1: LEGAL MANDATES OF in the mainstream development
GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT process and agenda and not just
The Philippines is known for its very peripheral programs and projects
liberal and progressive constitution that of the government”.
was formulated during the euphoria of the - Framework Plan for women
people power revolution in 1986. Gender (FPW). This part of the Philippines
equality is a key element of this charter, Plan for Women was developed to
and as enshrined in Article II Section 14 of focus on three thrusts, namely:
the 1987 constitution, “The State promoting women’s economic
recognizes the role of women in empowerment; advancing and
nation-building and shall ensure the protecting women's human rights;
fundamental equality before the law of and promoting gender-responsive
women and men.”
governance.
Considering the unequal gender
relations in the country, the constitution
SUBTOPIC 2: NATIONAL LAW ON
further provided for women's
WOMEN
representation (as one of the nine
Various Laws Promoting Gender Equality
marginalized sectors) in the legislature
The Legal framework provided for by the
through the party-list system (which
should cover 20% of the lower house). 1987 Constitution resulted in various
Finally, Article 13 Section 14 legislations promoting gender equality.
specifically mentions that the “State shall These legislations include the following:
protect working women by providing safe - Local Government Code of 1991.
and healthful working conditions, taking Provides for the election of sectoral
into account their maternal functions, and representation, including women,
such facilities and opportunities that will in local legislative councils.
enhance their welfare and enable them to - Party List Law. Provides for the
realize their full potential in the service of creation of women-oriented or
the nation." women-based parties to compete
National Programs under the party-list system.
Based on the Philippine laws stated, a Women are one of the nine sectors
myriad of projects, initiatives, and identified in the law.
processes on the gender challenge have
- Labor Code of 1989. Covers
arisen. This includes the following:
issues such as the , specifies that
- Philippine Plan for Gender
employers provide special facilities
Responsive Development
for women, the prohibition of
(1995-2025). The national plan for
discrimination against women in
women consolidates the action
terms and conditions of
commitments of the Philippines
employment, and the prohibition of
during the Beijing World
discrimination by reason of
Conference on Women. This is the
marriage of a woman worker.
overall frame that is also the point
- The Women in Nation Building
of reference for the discussions
Law (Republic Act 7192 of 1991)
and monitoring of gender
is an act promoting the integration
mainstreaming.
of women as full and equal
- Gender and Development Budget
partners of men in development
(GAD). Integral to the national
and nation-building.
GNED 10 - Gender and Society Reviewer
- The 1988 Comprehensive workers, employees, applicants for
Agrarian Reform Law. Gave employment, students, or those
Filipino women the right to own undergoing training, instruction, or
education. Towards this end, all forms of
land that previously only reverted
sexual harassment in the employment,
to sons and other male family education, or training environment are
members. hereby declared unlawful.
- Republic Act 7688 of 1995. An
act giving representation for SECTION 3. Work, Education, or Training
women in the social security -Related, Sexual Harassment Defined. –
commission. Work, education or training-related sexual
harassment is committed by an employer,
- Anti-Sexual Harassment Law,
employee, manager, supervisor, agent of
RA 7877 (1995). An act declaring the employer, teacher, instructor,
sexual harassment to be unlawful professor, coach, trainor, or any other
in the employment, education, or person who, having authority, influence or
training environment. moral ascendancy over another in a work
- Republic Act 7822 (1995). An act or training or education environment,
providing assistance to women demands, requests or otherwise requires
any sexual favor from the other,
engaging in micro and cottage
regardless of whether the demand,
business enterprises. request or requirement for submission is
- Republic Act 8353 (1997). An act accepted by the object of said Act.
expanding the definition of the
crime of rape reclassifying the (a) In a work-related or
same as a crime against persons. employment environment, sexual
harassment is committed when:
(1) The sexual favor is made as a
These laws not only promote gender condition in the hiring or in the
equality but also provide protection for employment, re-employment or
women’s rights and enhance women's continued employment of said
empowerment. individual, or in granting said
individual favorable compensation,
SUBTOPIC 3: ANTI-SEXUAL terms of conditions, promotions, or
HARASSMENT privileges; or the refusal to grant
ACT DECLARING SEXUAL the sexual favor results in limiting,
HARASSMENT UNLAWFUL IN THE segregating or classifying the
EMPLOYMENT, EDUCATION, OR employee which in any way would
TRAINING ENVIRONMENT, AND FOR discriminate, deprive or diminish
OTHER PURPOSES. Republic Act 7877: employment opportunities or
Anti-Sexual Harassment Act of 1995 otherwise adversely affect said
employee;
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of
Representatives of the Philippines in (2) The above acts would impair
Congress assembled: the employee’s rights or privileges
under existing labor laws; or
SECTION 1. Title. – This Act shall be
known as the “Anti-Sexual Harassment (3) The above acts would result in
Act of 1995.” an intimidating, hostile, or
offensive environment for the
SECTION 2. Declaration of Policy. – The employee.
State shall value the dignity of every
individual, enhance the development of its (b) In an education or training
human resources, guarantee full respect environment, sexual harassment is
for human rights, and uphold the dignity of committed:
GNED 10 - Gender and Society Reviewer
(1) Against one who is under the
care, custody or supervision of the The said rules and regulations issued
offender; pursuant to this subsection (a) shall
include, among others, guidelines on
(2) Against one whose education, proper decorum in the workplace and
training, apprenticeship or educational or training institutions.
tutorship is entrusted to the
offender; (b) Create a committee on decorum
and investigation of cases on sexual
(3) When the sexual favor is made harassment. The committee shall
a condition to the giving of a conduct meetings, as the case may be,
passing grade, or the granting of with officers and employees, teachers,
honors and scholarships, or the instructors, professors, coaches, trainers,
payment of a stipend, allowance or and students or trainees to increase
other benefits, privileges, or understanding and prevent incidents of
consideration; or sexual harassment. It shall also conduct
the investigation of alleged cases
(4) When the sexual advances constituting sexual harassment.
result in an intimidating, hostile or
offensive environment for the In the case of a work-related
student, trainee or apprentice. environment, the committee shall be
composed of at least one (1)
Any person who directs or induces representative each from the
another to commit any act of sexual management, the union, if any, the
harassment as herein defined, or who employees from the supervisory rank, and
cooperates in the commission thereof by from the rank and file employees.
another without which it would not have In the case of the educational or
been committed, shall also be held liable training institution, the committee shall be
under this Act. composed of at least one (1)
representative from the administration,
SECTION 4. Duty of the Employer or the trainers, instructors, professors or
Head of Office in a Work-related, coaches and students or trainees, as the
Education or Training Environment. – It case may be.
shall be the duty of the employer or the
head of the work-related, educational or The employer or head of office,
training environment or institution, to educational or training institution shall
prevent or deter the commission of acts of disseminate or post a copy of this Act for
sexual harassment and to provide the the information of all concerned.
procedures for the resolution, settlement
or prosecution of acts of sexual SECTION 5. Liability of the Employer,
harassment. Towards this end, the Head of Office, Educational or Training
employer or head of office shall: Institution. – The employer or head of
office, educational or training
(a) Promulgate appropriate rules and institution shall be solidarity liable for
regulations in consultation with and joint1y damages arising from the acts of sexual
approved by the employees or students harassment committed in the employment,
or trainees, through their duly designated education or training environment if the
representatives, prescribing the procedure employer or head of office, educational or
for the investigation of sexual harassment training institution is informed of such acts
cases and the administrative sanctions by the offended party and no immediate
therefor. action is taken.
Administrative sanctions shall not be a SUBTOPIC 4: PREVENTING VAWC
bar to prosecution in the proper courts for The Republic Act 9262, or the
unlawful acts of sexual harassment. Anti-Violence against Women and their
GNED 10 - Gender and Society Reviewer
Children (Anti-VAWC) Act of 2004, is a manifest in connection with a range of
result of the strong advocacies on issues, including politics, religion and
women’s human rights in the country. The gender relations.
law was deemed to be a significant victory Types of Extremism:
for all Filipino women as it was based on ● Domestic extremism
the right of women not to suffer abuse, Domestic extremism refers to the
discrimination, and violence in their activity of individuals or groups
respective relationships. conducting criminal acts of direct
action to further their protest
Important features of the law include: campaign.
● Violent extremism
1. Four kinds of violence against
Violent extremism refers to the
women and children are defined- activity of individuals or groups
the law defined four kinds- conducting acts by any means to
physical, psychological, sexual, express views which justify or
and economic- in its effort to glorify violence. This includes
encompass all types of abuses those that encourage others to
commit terrorist acts or provoke
inflicted to women and their
others into extreme related activity.
children; It also includes those who foster
2. VAWC is a public crime- the crime hatred which may lead to
is perpetrated not only against a inter-community tensions and
single individual, but against the violence.
entire society, thus, anyone who
has personal knowledge of the ● Radicalization
Radicalization is the process
abuse, violence, or discrimination
where a vulnerable young person
can file a complaint; or adult changes their perception
3. Protection orders can be issued and beliefs due to exposure of an
against perpetrator- upon filing the extremist influence (which may be
case, the victim- survivor or online, publication or one to one
anyone who has personal direct contact) to become more
knowledge can apply for a extremist in nature which may
result in extremist actions.
protection order to enforce
distance between her and the
perpetrator; and
4. Stronger community mechanisms
to respond to cases- various
government agencies are
mandated to apply, respond or
formulate mechanisms to respond
to reported cases of VAWC
immediately.
SUBTOPIC 5: VIOLENT EXTREMISM
Violent extremism is a form of
extremism that condones and enacts
violence with ideological or deliberate
intent, such as religious or political
violence. Violent extremist views can
