Trafficking in Women – Reference Guide

Compiled by Rania Tollefson

The aim of this guide is to identify reference sources in English for trafficking issues
worldwide. It is addressed to students, researchers, policy makers, scholars and/or
anyone interested in such issues. Where links have been provided for documents, these
are publicly available on-line.

All links were accessed in October, 2006.

MIGS hopes you find the guide helpful and welcomes additional updates.

Contents
(Click on links below)

Reports

Journal Articles

Books

Book Chapters

Presentations

Other
Reports

• Albania, "Criminal Code" (No. 7895, January 1995, as amended by Law n. 8733 of
January 2001) (excerpts).
http://www.legislationline.org/legislation.php?tid=198&lid=3648

• Alexandru, M., August 2003, “Who is the next Victim? Vulnerability of Young
Romanian Women to Trafficking in Human Beings”, Mission in Romania,
International Organization for Migration (IOM).

• Amnesty International (2004) "'So does that mean I have rights?': Protecting the
human rights of women and girls trafficked for forced prostitution in Kosovo",
London, UK: Amnesty International.
http://web.amnesty.org/library/pdf/EUR700102004ENGLISH/$File/EUR7001004.pd
f

• Amnesty International & Anti Slavery International (2004), “Enhancing the

Protection of the Rights of Trafficked Persons”, Amnesty International and Anti-
Slavery International’s Recommendations to strengthen provisions of the July 2004
draft European Convention Against Trafficking in Human Beings, UK: Amnesty
International.
http://web.amnesty.org/library/pdf/IOR610162004ENGLISH/$File/IOR6101604.pdf

• Anderson, B. and O'Connell-Davidson, 2003, "Is Trafficking in Human Beings

Demand Driven? A Multi-Country Pilot Study", International Organization for
Migration (IOM), IOM Migration Research Series, No 15, Switzerland.

• Anderson, B. and O'Connell Davidson, 2003, "Demand for Trafficked Persons

Labour/Services: A Multi-Country Pilot Study", Draft Final Report.

• Anderson, B. and O'Connell Davidson, 2004, "Trafficking-A Demand Led Problem?

Part 1: Review of Evidence and Debates", Save the Children Sweden, Sweden.

• Anti–Slavery International, 2003, "The Migration-Trafficking Nexus: Combating

trafficking through the protection of migrants' human rights", UK: Anti-Slavery
International.
http://www.antislaveryinternational.org/homepage/resources/the%20migration%2
0trafficking%20nexus%202003.pdf

• Anti-Slavery International, 2003, "Programme Consultation Meeting on the

Protection of Domestic Workers Against the Threat of Forced Labour and
Trafficking", Discussion Paper, London: Anti-Slavery International.
http://www.antislavery.org/homepage/resources/Anti-Slavery domestic workers
discussionpaper 0203.pdf

• Apap, J., 2003, "Protection Schemes for Victims of Trafficking from Selected EU
Member, Candidate and Third Countries", IOM, Geneva.

• Arnold, J. and Doni, C., 2002, "USAID/Moldova Anti trafficking Assessment –

Critical Gaps in and Recommendations for Anti trafficking Activities", Washington
D.C: USAID.

2
• Aronowitz, A., 2003, "Coalitions Against Trafficking in Human Beings in the
Philippines: Research and Action", Final Report, United Nations Office on Drugs and
Crime, Anti-Human Trafficking Unit, Geneva: UNODC.

• ASEM, 2001, "ASEM Action Plan to Combat Trafficking in Persons, Especially

Women and Children: An initiative from Sweden, Thailand and the Philippines",
ASEM Foreign Ministers. Meeting, Beijing, 24-25 May.

• Bangladesh Thematic Group on Trafficking, 2004, "Revisiting the Human Trafficking

Paradigm: The Bangladesh Experience (Part I: Trafficking of Adults)", IOM:
Geneva.

• BHHRG, 2001, "Sex Slaves: The Trafficking in Humans from Moldova to Italy",
Oxford, UK: British Helsinki Human Rights Group.
http://www.bhhrg.org/CountryReport.asp?ReportID=160&CountryID=16

• Bindman, J. and Doezema, J., 1997, "Redefining Prostitution as Sex Work on the
International Agenda", London: Anti-Slavery International.
http://www.walnet.org/csis/papers/redefining.html

• Brunovskis, A. and G. Tydlum, 2004, "Crossing Border: An Empirical Study of

Transnational Prostitution and Trafficking in Human Beings", Oslo, Norway: Fafo
Institute.

• Caldwell, G., Galster, S. and Steinzor, N., 1997, "Crime & Servitude: An Exposé of
the Traffic in Women for Prostitution from the Newly Independent States",
Washington, D.C., USA: Global Survival Network.

• Coalition Against Trafficking in Women, 1993, "'Women empowering women',

proceedings from the Human Rights Conference on the Trafficking of Asian
Women", 2-4 April, Quezon City, Philippines, CATW: Asia.

• Coalition Against Trafficking in Women, 2001, "A Comparative Study of Women

Trafficked in the Migration Process", North Amherst, MA, USA: CATW.

• Coalition Against Trafficking in Women, 2004, "Coalition Report: 2004", Amherst,

USA, CATW.

• Coffrey, P., Phariss, A. and Renaud T., 2004, "Literature Review of Trafficking in
Persons in Latin America and the Caribbean", USAID, Washington, D.C.

• Corrin, C., 2000, "Local Particularities - International Generalities: Traffic in

Women in Central and South-Eastern Europe", Paper presented at European
Consortium for Political Research in Copenhagen, 14-19 April.

• Council of Europe, 1996, "Plan of Action Against Traffic in Women and Forced
Prostitution", Council of Europe, EG 2(96).

• Council of Europe, 2000, "Trafficking in Human Beings: Compilation of the Main

Legal Instruments and Analytical Reports Dealing with Trafficking in Human Beings
at International, Regional and National Levels", Council of Europe, EG 2(2).

• Council of Europe Treaty Series, 2005, "Council of Europe Convention on Action

against Trafficking in Human Beings and its Explanatory Report", Treaty Series –
No.197, Warsaw, Council of Europe.

3
• Coomaraswamy, R., 2000, "Integration of the Human Rights of Women and the
Gender Perspective", Violence Against Women, New York: UN.

• Cyprus, 2000, "Combating of Trafficking on Persons and Sexual Exploitation of

Children Law".
http://www.legislationline.org/legislation.php?tid=195&lid=2442

• Cyprus Commissioner for Administration, 2003, "The Entry and Labor Status of
Migrant Artists Women", Commissioner for Administration, Cyprus.

• Erder, S. and S. Kaska, 2003, "Irregular Migration and Trafficking in Women: The
Case of Turkey", IOM: Geneva.

• European Committee on Crime Problems, May 2005, "Proceeds from Trafficking in

Human Beings and Illegal Migration/Human Smuggling", Council of Europe,
Moneyval, Strasbourg.

• EC, December 2004, "Report of the Experts Group on Trafficking in Human

Beings", Directorate-General Justice, Freedom and Security, Brussels, European
Commission.

• GAATW, FATW, IHRLG, 1999, "Human Rights Standards for the Treatment of
Trafficked Persons", Washington D.C: IHRLG.

• Geneva, "Forced Labour Convention C29", 1930, Convention concerning Forced or

Compulsory Labour (Note: Date of coming into force: 01:05:1932) adoption:
28:06:1930.
http://www.ilo.org/ilolex/english/subjlst.htm

• Geneva, C105 “Abolition of Forced Labour Convention", 1957, Convention

concerning the Abolition of Forced Labour (Note: Date of coming into force:
17:01:1959).
http://www.ilo.org/ilolex/english/subjlst.htm

• Germany, 1998, "German Penal Code".

http://wings.buffalo.edu/law/bclc/StGBframe.htm

• Ginzberg, O., 2003, "Trace: Trafficking from Community to Exploitation", Project

Report, UNICEF, New York.

• Global Rights Partners for Justice, 2005, "Resources and Contacts on Human
Trafficking", The Initiative Against Trafficking in Persons, Washington D.C.

• Gronow, J., 2000, "Trafficking in Human Beings in Southeastern Europe: An

Inventory of the Current Situation and Responses to Trafficking in Human Beings in
Albania, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Croatia, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, and the
former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia", Balkan: UNICEF.
http://www.unicef.org/evaldatabase/CEE_CIS_2000_Trafficking.pdf

4
• Holmes, P., 2002, "Law Enforcement Co-operation with Non-Governmental
Organizations, with reference to the Protection of Victims and Victims as
Witnesses", Paper presented at the European Conference on Preventing and
Combating Trafficking in Human Beings, Global challenge for the 21st century,
Brussels, 18-20 September.
http://www.belgium.iom.int/STOPConference/Conference%20Papers/07.%20Holm
es%20-%20Law%20Enforcement%20Cooperation.pdf

• Hughes, D.M., 2001, "The Impact of the Use of New Communications and
Information Technologies on Trafficking in Human Beings for Sexual Exploitation: A
Study of the Users", Committee for Equality Between Women and Men,
Strasbourg: Council of Europe.

• Hughes, D.M., 2002, "Trafficking for Sexual Exploitation: The Case of the Russian
Federation", Geneva: IOM.

• Hughes, D. M. and Denisova, T., 2002, "Trafficking in Women from Ukraine", U.S.-
Ukraine Research Partnership.
http://www.uri.edu/artsci/wms/hughes/ukraine_report.pdf

• Hughes, D.M., February 2003, "Group of Specialists on the Impact of the Use of
New Information Technologies on the Trafficking in Human Beings for the Purpose
of Sexual Exploitation", Final Report, Council of Europe.

• Hughes, D. M., 2002, "The Corruption of Civil Society: Maintaining the Flow of
Women to the Sex Industries", Paper, Encunetro Internacional Sobre Trafico De
Mujures y Explotacion, Malaga.

• Hughes, D. M., 2003, "Hiding in Plain Sight: A Practical Guide to Identifying Victims
of Trafficking in the U.S. with Particular Emphasis on Victims of Sexual Trafficking
as Defined by the Trafficking Victims Protection Act 2000", Providence, R.I.:
University of Rhode Island, USA.
http://www.uri.edu/artsci/wms/hughes/hiding_in_plain_sight.pdf

• Hughes, D. M., August 2004, "Best Practices to Address the Demand Side of Sex
Trafficking".
http://www.uri.edu/artsci/wms/hughes/demand_sex_trafficking.pdf

• Hughes, D. M., June 2005, "The Demand for Victims of Sex Trafficking".
http://www.uri.edu/artsci/wms/hughes/demand_for_victims.pdf

• Human Rights Watch, 2000, "Owed Justice: Thai Women Trafficked into Debt
Bondage in Japan", Human Rights Watch, New York.

• Human Rights Watch, November 2002, "Bosnia and Herzegovina: Hopes Betrayed:
Trafficking of Women and Girls to Post-Conflict Bosnia and Herzegovina for Forced
Prostitution", Human Rights Watch, Vol. 14, No. 9 (D).
http://www.hrw.org/reports/2002/bosnia/Bosnia1102.pdf

• Hunzinger, L. and P. Coffey, 2003, "First Annual Report on Victims of Trafficking in

South-Eastern Europe", IOM Regional Clearing Point, Vienna.

5
• International Centre for Migration Policy Development, 1999, "The relationship
between Organized Crime and Trafficking in Aliens", International Centre for
Migration Policy Development, prepared by the Secretariat of the Budapest Group,
Vienna.

• International Centre for Migration Policy Development, 2006, "Guidelines for the
Development and Implementation of a Comprehensive National Anti-Trafficking
Response", Vienna.

• International Labour Organization, Mekong Subregional Project, 2001, "Labour

Migration and Trafficking with the Greater Mekong Subregion", ILO: Bangkok.

• International Labour Organization , 2002, "Forced Labour, Child Labour and Human
Trafficking in Europe: An ILO Perspective", Paper presented at the European
Conference on Preventing and Combating Trafficking in Human Beings, Global
challenge for the 21st century, Brussels, 18-20 September, ILO.
http://www.ilo.org/public/english/standards/ipec/publ/policy/brussels_traffpaper20
02.pdf

• International Labour Organization (ILO), 2003, "Forced Labour Outcomes of

Irregular Migration and Human Trafficking in Europe", ILO: Geneva.

• International Labour Organization (ILO), 2003, "Trafficking in Human Beings: New

Approaches to Combating the Problem", ILO-MIGRANT: Geneva.

• International Organization for Migration (IOM), 2004, "Trafficking in Persons: An

Analysis of Afghanistan", IOM: Geneva, 262 Kelly.

• International Organization for Migration (IOM)/International Catholic Migration

Commission (ICMC), 2002, "Research Report on Third Country National Trafficking
Victims in Albania", IOM: Tirana.

• International Organization for Migration (IOM), 1995, "Trafficking and Prostitution:

The Growing Exploitation of Migrant Women from Central and Eastern Europe",
Migration Information Programme, IOM: Geneva.

• International Organization for Migration (IOM), 1998, "Information Campaign

Against Trafficking in Women from Ukraine", IOM: Geneva.

• International Organization for Migration (IOM), 2000, "Perspectives on Trafficking

of Migrants", IOM: Geneva, and United Nations, Offprint of International Migration.

• International Organization for Migration (IOM), 2001, "Return and Reintegration

Project – Counter Trafficking – Situation Report in Kosovo", IOM: Tirana

• International Organization for Migration (IOM), 2001, "Victims of Trafficking in the

Balkans", IOM: Geneva

• International Organization for Migration (IOM), 2002, "Protection Schemes for

Victims of Trafficking in selected EU Member Countries, Candidate and Third
Countries", IOM: Geneva.

• International Organization for Migration (IOM), 2002, "II Research Report on Third
Country National Trafficking Victims in Albania", IOM: Tirana.

6
• International Organization for Migration (IOM), 2002, "Return and Reintegration -
Counter Trafficking - Situation Report in Kosovo", IOM: Kosovo.

• International Organization for Migration (IOM), 2002, "Trafficking in

Unaccompanied Minors in the European Union", IOM: Geneva.

• International Organization for Migration (IOM), 2003, "Counter-trafficking in

Eastern Europe and Central Asia", IOM: Geneva.

• International Organization for Migration (IOM), 2003, "Irregular Migration and

Trafficking in Women: the Case of Turkey", IOM: Geneva.

• International Organization for Migration (IOM), 2003, "Protection Schemes for

Victims of Trafficking in Selected EU Member Countries, Candidate and Third
Countries", IOM: Geneva.

• International Organization for Migration (IOM), 2004, "Psychosocial Support to

Groups of Victims of Human Trafficking in Transit Situations", IOM: Geneva.

• International Organization for Migration (IOM), 2004, "Who Is the Next Victim?
Vulnerability of Young Romanian Women to Trafficking in Human Beings", IOM:
Romania.

• Jordan, A., 2002, "The Annotated Guide to the Complete UN Trafficking Protocol",
Washington. D.C.: International Human Rights Law Group.

• Kartusch, A., 2001, "Reference Guide for Anti-Trafficking Legislative Review with
Particular Emphasis on South Eastern Europe", Vienna: Ludwig Boltzmann Institute
of Human Rights.

• Kangaspunta, K., 2003, "Mapping the Inhuman Trade: Preliminary Findings of the
Database on Trafficking in Human Beings", Forum on Crime and Society, vol. 3, no.
1 and 2: 81-104. United Nations Office on Drug Control.

• Kelly, Elizabeth, 2002, "Journeys of Jeopardy: A Review of Research on Trafficking

in Women and Children in Europe", IOM, paper num. 11.

• Kelly, L. & Regan, L., 2000, "Stopping Traffic: Exploring the extent of, and
responses to, trafficking in women for sexual exploitation in the UK", London:
Policing and Reducing Crime Unit: Police Research Series paper 125.
http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/prgpdfs/fprs125.pdf

• Kelly, L., April 2005, "Fertile Fields: Trafficking in Persons in Central Asia", Child
and Woman Abuse Studies Unit, London Metropolitan University, International
Organization for Migration, Vienna, Austria.

• Kelly, L., 2005, "You Can Find Anything You Want: A Critical Reflection on Research
on Trafficking in Persons within and into Europe", International Migration Vol. 43
(1/2), IOM.

• Kvinnoforum, 1998, "Trafficking in Women for the Purpose of Sexual Exploitation:

Mapping the Situation and Existing Organizations Working in Belarus, Russia, the
Baltic and Nordic States", Stockholm: Kvinnoforum.

7
• Kvinnoforum, 2002, "A Resource Book for working against Trafficking in Women
and Girls: Baltic Sea Region", Stockholm: Kvinnoforum.

• La Strada Express, March 2006, "Identification of Trafficked Persons", Issue No.2,

La Strada, Moldova.

• Langevin, L. and M-C Bellau, October 2000, "Trafficking in Women in Canada: A

Critical Analysis of the Legal Frame-work Governing Immigrant Live-in Caregivers
and Mail-order Brides", Policy Research, Status of Women, Government of Canada.

• Laczko, F., Gozdziak, E., 2005, "Data and Research on Human Trafficking: A global
survey", Offprint of the Special Issue of International Migration Vol. 43 (1/2) IOM:
Geneva.

• Laczko, F., 2002, "Human Trafficking: The Need for Better Data", Migration
Information Source, November, IOM.
http://www.migrationinformation.org/Feature/display.cfm?ID=66

• Lehti, M., 2003, "Trafficking in Women and Children in Europe", Finland: HEUNI.
http://www.heuni.fi/uploads/xsba5z.pdf

• Lesko, V. and E. Avdulaj., 2003, "Girls and Trafficking: Review of Trafficking in

Human Beings for 2002", Psycho-Social Centre, The Hearth, Vlore.

• Limanowska, B., 2002, "Trafficking in Human Beings in Southeastern Europe",

Belgrade, Yugoslavia: UNICEF, UNOHCHR, OSCE/ODIHR.

• Limanowska, B. and Others, June 2002, "Trafficking in Human Beings in

Southeastern Europe: Current Situation and Responses to Trafficking in Albania,
Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, the
Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Moldova, Romania", UNICEF.

• Limanowska, B., 2003, "Trafficking in Human Beings in Southeastern Europe",

Warsaw, Poland: UNICEF, UNOHCHR, OSCE/ODIHR.

• Limanowska, B., March 2005, "Trafficking in Human Beings in South Eastern

Europe, 2004 – Focus on Prevention in :Albania, Bosnia and Hertzegivina, Bulgaria,
Croatia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Moldova, Romania, Serbia
and Montenegro, and the UN Administered Province of Kosovo", UNDP.

• Long, Lynellyn D., 2004, "Anthropological Perspectives on the Trafficking of Women

for Sexual Exploitation", International Migration Vol. 42 (1), IOM.

• Luckoo, F. & M. Tzvetkova, 2002, "Combating Trafficking in Persons: A directory of

Organizations", London: Change Anti-Trafficking Programme.
http://www.antislavery.org/homepage/resources/DSTrafficking1.PDF

• Miko, Francis T. and Grace (Jea-Hyun) Park, Updated March 6, 2003, "Trafficking in
Women and Children: The U.S and International Response", Congressional
Research Service, U.S. Library of Congress.
http://www.usembassy.it/pdf/other/rl30545.pdf

• Morrison, J. and B. Crosland, 2001, "The Trafficking and Smuggling of Refugees:

the end game in European asylum policy?", New Issues in Refugee Research,
Working Paper 39, Geneva: UNHCR.

8
• Netherlands, 2000, "Criminal Code" (2000) (excerpts).
http://www.legislationline.org/legislation.php?tid=179&lid=926

• Official Journal of the European Communities, June 2002, "Proposal for a

Comprehensive Plan to Combat Illegal Immigration and Trafficking of Human
Beings in the European Union", Official Journal of the European Communities,
(2002/C 142/02).

• Official Journal of the European Communities, 2002, "Council Framework Decision

of 19 July 2002 on Combating Trafficking in Human Beings", 629/JHA.

• Omelaniuk, I., July 2005, "Trafficking in Human Beings", United Nations Expert
Group Meeting on International Migration and Development, Population Division,
New York.

• O’Neill R. A., Nov 1999, "International Trafficking in Women to the United States: A
Contemporary Manifestation of Slavery and Organized Crime", An Intelligence
Monograph, DCI Exceptional Intelligence Analyst Program, Central Intelligence
Agency, USA.
http://www.cia.gov/csi/monograph/women/trafficking.pdf

• OSCE, 2001, "Reference Guide for Anti-Trafficking Legislative Review with

Particular Emphasis on South Eastern Europe", Warsaw, Poland: OSCE/ODHIR.

• OSCE/ODHIR, 2004, "National Referral Mechanisms: Joining Efforts to Protect the

Rights of Trafficked Persons. A Practical Handbook", Warsaw, Poland:OSCE/ODHIR.

• OSCE (2003) Decision No. 557, "OSCE Action Plan to Combat Trafficking in Human
Beings".

• Philippines – "The Anti-Trafficking in Persons Act of 2003".

http://action.web.ca/home/catw/readingroom.shtml?x=56640

• Pearson, E., 2001, "The Need for Effective Witness protection in the Prosecution of
Traffickers: A Human Rights Framework for Witness Protection", London: Anti-
Slavery International.
http://www.antislavery.org/archive/other/witnessprotectio.pdf

• Pearson, E., 2002, "Human Traffic, Human Rights: Redefining Victim Protection",
London: Anti- Slavery International.
http://www.antislavery.org/homepage/resources/humantraffic/Hum%20Traff%20H
um%20Rights,%20redef%20vic%20protec%20final%20full.pdf

• Poppy Project, 2004, "When Women are Trafficked: Quantifying the Gendered
Experience of Trafficking in the UK".

• Protection Project, 2002, "Human Rights Report on Trafficking in Persons,

Especially Women and Children: A Country-By-Country Report on a Contemporary
Form of Slavery", Johns Hopkins University, Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced
International Studies.

• Raymond, Janice G. & Donna M. Hughes, 2001, "Sex Trafficking of Women in the
United States: International and Domestic Trends", Coalition Against Trafficking in
Women.

9
• Raymond, J., 2001, "Guide to the New UN Trafficking Protocol", CATW, North
Amherst, MA.

• Raymond, Janice G. & als, 2002, "A Comparative Study of Women Trafficked in the
Migration Process: Patterns, Profiles and Health Consequences of Sexual
Exploitation in Five Countries (Indonesia, The Philippines, Thailand, Venezuela And
The United States)", Coalition Against Trafficking In Women.

• Report of the Cyprus Parliamentary Human Rights Committee, Oct 13, 2005,
"The violations of Human Rights of Migrant Women used for Trafficking, with or
without their knowledge and the need for the creation of a mechanism for their
support and repatriation", File Ref. number 23.04.063.2002, ΕΦΣ/ΚΜ.

• Richard, Amy O' Neill, 2000, "International Trafficking in Women to the United
States: A Contemporary Manifestation of Slavery and Organized Crime", Center for
the Study of Intelligence, U.S. Central Intelligence Agency.

• Robinson, M., 2002, "Recommended Principles and Guidelines on Human Rights

and Human Trafficking", New York: UN. (United Nations E/2002/68/Add.1).
http://www.unhchr.ch/Huridocda/Huridoca.nsf/0/caf3deb2b05d4f35c1256bf30051a
003/$FILE/N0240168.pdf

• Roma, G., 2002, "Trafficking of human Beings: Methods and Measures for
defending and supporting the victims", Paper presented at the European
Conference for Preventing and Combating Trafficking in Human Beings, Brussels,
September 18-20, IOM.
http://www.belgium.iom.int/STOPConference/Conference%20Papers/04.CENSIS.%
20Victims%20protection%20and%20assistance.pdf

• Shearer Demir, Jenna, March 2003, "The Trafficking of Women for Sexual
Exploitation: a gender-based and well-founded fear of persecution?", Working
Paper No. 80, UNHCR.

• Smartt, U., 2003, "Human trafficking: Simply a European Problem?", European

Journal of Crime, Criminal Law and Criminal Justice, 11(2): 164-177.

• Stiftelsen Kvinnoforum, 2003, "European Good Practice on Recovery, Return and

Integration of Trafficked Persons", Kvinnoforum, Stockholm.

• Surtes, R., 2005, "Other Forms of Trafficking in Minors: Articulating Victim Profiles
and Conceptualizing Interventions", NEXUS Institute to Combat Human Trafficking
and International Organization for Migration (IOM).

• Sweden, "Swedish Penal Code", Official translation (1999) Law 1998:393.

http://www.sweden.gov.se/content/1/c6/02/77/77/cb79a8a3.pdf

• Sweden, "Trafficking in Women - Plan of Action of the National Criminal

Investigation Department".
http://www.legislationline.org/legislation.php?tid=198&lid=30

• Swedish Department for Global Development, 2003, "Poverty and Trafficking in

Human Beings: A Strategy for Combating Trafficking in Human Beings Through
Swedish International Development Cooperation", Edita Västra Aros, Sweden.
http://www.sweden.gov.se/content/1/c6/02/02/62/3819f9a2.pdf

10
• Swedish Ministry of Industry, Employment and Communication, Jan. 2004,
"Prostitution and Trafficking in Women", Fact Sheet, Sweden.
http://www.sweden.gov.se/content/1/c6/01/87/74/6bc6c972.pdf

• Taran, P. A. & Moreno-Fontes, G. (2003) "Getting at the Roots: Stopping

Exploitation of Migrant Workers by Organized Crime", Geneva: ILO.

• The European Policy Center, March 2004, "The EU and Southeastern Europe:
confronting trafficking in human beings", The European Policy Center.
http://www.euractiv.com/Article?tcmuri=tcm:29-117041-16&type=Analysis

• Transcrime, 2002, "A Pilot Study on three European Union Immigration Points for
Monitoring the International Trafficking of Human Beings for the Purpose of Sexual
Exploitation Across the European Union", Italy: Transcrime.

• Truong, T., Angeles, M., 2005, "Searching for Best Practices to Counter Human
Trafficking in Africa: A Focus on Women and Children", UNESCO, Paris.

• United Nations (UN), 2000, "United Nations Convention Against Transnational

Organized Crime", New York: UN.
http://www.uncjin.org/Documents/Conventions/dcatoc/final_documents_2/convent
ion_eng.pdf

• UNICEF, 2004, "Evaluation Report Life Skills Education for Prevention of Trafficking
in Human Beings", Swedish Save the Children, Child Rights Information Center
Moldova, Ministry of Education of the Republic of Moldova.

• UNICEF, 2005, "Trafficking in Human Beings, Especially Women and Children, in

Africa", Florence.

• United Nations (UN), 2005, "A Comprehensive Strategy to Eliminate Future Sexual
Exploitation and Abuse in United Nations Peacekeeping Operations", United
Nations, New York.

• United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF)/UNAIP, 2003, "Project TRACE: Trafficking

from Community to Exploitation", Interim Report.

• UNODC, 2006, "Trafficking in Persons-Global Patterns", UN.

http://www.unodc.org/pdf/traffickinginpersons_report_2006-04.pdf

• UNODC, "Trafficking in Human Beings", United Nations on Drugs and Crime.

http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/trafficking_victim_consents.html

• UNOHCHR, 2000, "Report on trafficking in women, women’s migration and violence

against women", Geneva: UNHCHR.

• UNOHCHR, 2002, "Recommended Principles and Guidelines on Human Rights and

Trafficking", E/2002/68/Add.1. Geneva: UNOHCHR.
http://www.unhchr.ch/huridocda/huridoca.nsf/e06a5300f90fa0238025668700518c
a4/caf3deb2b05d4f35c1256bf30051a003/$FILE/N0240168.pdf

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• UN, "Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons Especially
Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations Convention against
Transnational Organized Crime", Adopted and opened for signature, ratification and
accession by General Assembly resolution 55/25 of 15 November 2000 (not in
force).
http://www.ohchr.org/english/law/pdf/protocoltraffic.pdf

• UN, "United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime".

http://www.unodc.org/pdf/crime/a_res_55/res5525e.pdf

• UN Commission on Human Rights, 2006, "Integration of the Human Rights of

Women and a Gender Perspective", Report of the Special Rapporteur on the human
rights aspects of the victims of trafficking in persons, especially women and
children Sigma Huda, 62nd Session, Geneva: 0HCHR.
http://www.ohchr.org/english/bodies/chr/docs/62chr/ecn4-2006-62.doc

• USA, 2000, "Victims Of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act Of 2000", 114 STAT.
1464 Public Law 106–386—OCT. 28, 2000, 106th Congress.
http://www.uscis.gov/graphics/services/PL106_386.pdf

• U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), 2002, "Trafficking in Persons:

USAID’s Response", USAID, Washington, DC.

• U.S. Department of Justice, 2002, Civil Rights Division, "Trafficking in Persons: A

Guide for Non-Governmental Organizations", U.S. Department Of Justice.

• U.S. Department of Justice, 2002, "Information for Victims of Trafficking in Persons

and Forced Labor", Office of Justice Programs, Violence Against Women Grants
Office, U.S. Department of Justice.

• US Department of Justice, July 2005, "Report to Congress from Attorney General

Alberto R. Gonzales on U.S. Government Efforts to Combat Trafficking in Persons in
Fiscal Year 2004", U.S. Department of Justice, Washington, D.C.

• U.S. Department of State, Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons,

2003, "Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act Of 2000: Trafficking in
Persons Report", U.S. Department of State.

• U.S. Department of State, Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons,

Sept. 2006, "Assessment of U.S. Government Efforts to Combat Trafficking in
Persons in Fiscal Year 2005", U.S. Department of State.
http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/73227.pdf

• U.S. State Department, July 2004, "Tips for Recognizing Victims of Trafficking in
Persons: Fact Sheet", Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons, State
Department, Washington, DC.

• US State Department, 2006, "Trafficking in Persons Report", Washington D.C.: US

State Dept. http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/66086.pdf

• Vandenberg, M., 2002, "Hopes Betrayed: Trafficking of Women and Girls to Post-
Conflict Bosnia and Herzegovina for Forced Prostitution", New York: Human Rights
Watch.
http://www.hrw.org/reports/2002/bosnia/Bosnia1102.pdf

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 • Volpicelli, V., 2004, "Understanding and Counteracting Trafficking in Persons: The
Acts of the Seminar for Women Religious", IOM: Rome

• Wijers, M. and L. Lapchew, 1999, "Trafficking in Women, Forced Labour and

Slavery-like practices in Marriage, Domestic Labour, and Prostitution", Foundation
Against Trafficking in Women, Global Alliance Against Traffic in Women (reprinted
in 1999).

• Zimmerman, K., Hossain, M., Yun, K., Roche, B., Morison, L., Watts, S., 2006,
"Stolen Smiles: A Summary Report on the Physical and Psychological Health
Consequences of Women and Adolescents Trafficked in Europe", The London
School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, UK.

Journal Articles
• Abramson, K., Summer 2003, "Beyond Consent, Toward Safeguarding Human
Rights: Implementing the United Nations Trafficking Protocol", Harvard
International Law Journal, (44 Harv. Int'l L.J. 473).

• Agustin, Laura, 2005, "Migrants in the Mistress's House: Other Voices in the
Trafficking Debate", Social Politics, Spring 12:1, pp. 96-117.

• Aronowitz, A., 2001, "Smuggling and trafficking in human beings: the

phenomenon, markets that drive it and the organizations that promote it", Journal
of Criminal Policy and Research, 9(2): 163-195.

• Chapkis, W., 2003, "Trafficking, Migration and the Law: Protecting Innocents,
Punishing Immigrants", Gender and Society, 17(6): 923-937.

• Bales, Kevin, April 2002, "The Social Psychology of Modern Slavery", Scientific
American, Vol. 286, No. 4, pp. 80-88.

• Balos, B., Spring 2004, "The Wrong Way to Equality: Privileging Consent in the
Trafficking of Women for Sexual Exploitation", Harvard Women's Law Journal, (27
Harv. Women's L.J. 137).

• Bruch, E. M., Winter 2004, "Models Wanted: The Search for an Effective Response
to Human Trafficking", Stanford Journal of International Law, 40 Stan. J Int'l L.1.

• Chang, Kimberly A. & Julian Mcallister Groves, 2000, "Neither 'Saints' nor
'Prostitutes': Sexual Discourse in the Filipina Domestic Worker Community in Hong
Kong", Women's Studies International Forum, 23(1):73-87.

• Corrigan, K., November 2001, "Putting the Brakes on the Global Trafficking of
Women for The Sex Trade: An Analysis of Existing Regulatory Schemes to Stop the
Flow of Traffic", Fordham International Law Journal, (25 Fordham Int'l L.J. 151).

• Doezema, J., Winter 2000, "Loose Women or Lost Women? The Re-Emergence of
The Myth of ‘White Slavery’ in Contemporary Discourses of ‘Trafficking in Women’”,
Gender Issues, Vol.18, No.1, pp.23-50.

• Doezema, J., Spring 2001, “'Ouch! Western Feminists' ‘Wounded Attachment’ to

the 'Third World Prostitute'”, Feminist Review No. 67, pp. 16-38.

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• Doezema, J., March 2002, "Who Gets to Choose? Coercion, Consent and the UN
Trafficking Protocol", Gender and Development, Volume 10 No. 1.

• Dumbar, M., 1999/2000, "The Past, Present and Future of International Trafficking
in Women for Prostitution", Buffalo Women's Law Journal, (8 Buff. Women's L.J.
103).

• Fisher, Helen, Winter 2002, "The Sex Slave Trade: Biological Imperatives, Cultural
Trends, and the Coming Empowerment of Women", Hastings Women's Law
Journal, Vol. 13, pp. 21-29.

• Forced Migration Review, 2006, "People Trafficking: Upholding Rights and

Understanding Vulnerabilities", Refugee Studies Center, UK.
http://www.fmreview.org/FMRpdfs/FMR25/FMR25full.pdf

• Gallagher, Anne, November 2001, "Human Rights and the New U.N. Protocols on
Trafficking and Migrant Smuggling: A Preliminary Analysis", Human Rights
Quarterly, Vol. 23, No. 4, pp. 975-1004.

• Gallagher A., January 2002, "Trafficking, Smuggling and Human Rights: Tricks and
Treaties", Forces Immigration Review, No. 12, pp. 25-28.

• Goodey, J., 2003, "Migration, Crime and Victimhood: Responses", EU., Punishment
and Society, 5(4): 415-431.

• Gulcur, L. & Ilkkaracan, P., 2002, "The “Natasha” Experience: Migrant Sex Workers
from the Former Soviet Union and Eastern Europe in Turkey", Women’s Studies
International Forum, Vol. 25, No. 4, pp. 411 – 421, USA.

• Hughes D.M., 2000, "The “Natasha” Trade – The Transnational Shadow Market of
Trafficking in Women", in: In the Shadows: Promoting Prosperity or Undermining
Stability?, Journal of International Affairs, University of Rhode Island.

• Hughes, D.M. and T. Denisova, 2001, "The Transnational Political Criminal Nexus of
Trafficking in Women from Ukraine", Trends in Organized Crime, 6(3-4): 2-21.

• Hughes, D.M., May 2003, "Accommodation or Abolition? Solutions to the Problem

of Sexual Trafficking and Slavery", National Review Online.

• Hughes, D.M., 2004, "The Role of Marriage Agencies in Sexual Exploitation and
Trafficking of Women from the Former Soviet Union", International Review of
Victimology, Vol. 11, pp. 49-71.
http://www.uri.edu/artsci/wms/hughes/marriage_agencies_fsu.pdf

• Hughes, D.M., July 2005, "'How Can I Be Sold Like This?' Trafficking of North
Korean Women Refugees", National Review Online.
http://www.uri.edu/artsci/wms/hughes/trafficking_nk_refugees.pdf

• Inglis S. C., 2001, "Expanding International and National Protections Against

Trafficking for Forced Labour Using a Human Rights Framework", Buffalo Human
Rights Law Review, (7 Buff. Hum. Rts. L. Rev. 55).

• Joshi, Aiko, Winter 2002, "The Face of Human Trafficking", Hastings Women's Law
Journal, Vol. 13, pp. 31-52.

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• Johnson, D., 1999, "Trafficking of Women into the European Union", New England
International and Comparative Law Annual, Available [Online] at:
http://www.nesl.edu/intljournal/vol5/johnson.htm

• Junger, Sebastian, July 2002, "Slaves of the Brothel", Vanity Fair, No. 505, pp.
112-117, 162-166.

• Kelly, E., 2002, "From Rhetoric to Curiosity: Urgent Questions from the UK about
Responses to Trafficking in Women", Paper given at Stop the Traffic Symposium,
Melbourne, Australia.

• Kelly, L., 2003, "The Wrong Debate: Reflections on why Force is not the Key Issue
with Respect to Trafficking in Women for Sexual Exploitation", Feminist Review:
Exile and Asylum - Women Seeking Refuge in 'Fortress Europe', pp. 73, 139-144.

• Klingman, G. and Limoncelli, S., 2005, "Trafficking in Women after Socialism: To,
Through, and From Eastern Europe", Social Politics, Spring 12:1, pp. 118-140.

• Lenz, R., October 2003, "Freedom of Choice or Force of Circumstance? Eastern

European sex-workers in the Republic of Cyprus", Research Group
Transnationalism, Working Paper Number 4, Frankfurt am Main.

• Leuchtag, Alice, January/February 2003, "Human Rights, Sex Trafficking and

Prostitution", The Humanist, Vol. 63, No. 1, pp. 10-15.

• Long, L., 2002, "Trafficking in women as a security challenge in Southeast Europe",

Journal of Southeast Europe and Black Sea Studies, 2(2): 53-68.

• Martin, S. and Schoenholtz, A., 2000, "Asylum in Practice: Successes, Failures, and
the Challenges Ahead", Georgetown Immigration Law Journal, vol. 14.

• Mattar, M., 2003, "Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, in

Countries of the Middle East: the Scope of the Problem and the Appropriate
Legislative Responses", Fordham International Law Journal, 26: 721.

• Mattar, M., 2003 "Monitoring the Status of Severe Forms of Trafficking in Foreign
Countries: Sanctions Mandated Under the US Trafficking Victims Protection Act",
Brown Journal of World Affairs, X(1): pp.159-178.

• Mckinley, Brunson, and Others, September 2002, "Special Issue for the European
Conference on Preventing and Fighting Trafficking in Human Beings", Trafficking in
Migrants Quarterly Bulletin, No. 26, p. 8.

• Narayana, A. Venkata, May/June 2003, "Break the Chains: Trafficking in Women

and Children", Span, Vol. 44, No. 3, pp. 16-19.

• Nelson, Kathryn E., Spring 2002, "Sex Trafficking and Forced Prostitution:
Comprehensive New Legal Approaches", Houston Journal of International Law, Vol.
24, pp. 551-578.

• Outshoorn, J., 2005, "The Political Debates on Prostitution and Trafficking of

Women", Social Politics, Spring 12:1, pp. 141-155.

15
• Raymond, Janice G., September/October 2002, "The New U.N. Trafficking
Protocol", Women's Studies International Forum, Vol. 25, No. 5, pp. 491-502.

• Rousseaux, F., 2003, "The Psychological Impact of Sexual Slavery of Trafficked

Women: Parallels with Torture, Sexual Abuse and Domestic Violence", Violence
Against Women: An Australian Feminist Journal, July: 4-13.

• Roversi, Antonio, 2001, "La Prostituzione Da Strada Delle Donne Immigrate a

Modena", Polis, 15(1):35-54.

• Ryf, Kara C., Fall 2002, "The First Modern Anti-Slavery Law: The Trafficking Victims
Protection Act of 2000", Case Western Reserve Journal Of International Law, Vol.
34, No. 1, pp. 45-71.

• Sharma, Anita, March 2003, "Combating Human Trafficking Centerpoint: Woodrow

Wilson", International Center for Scholars Newsletter, pp. 1-2.

• Skeldon, R., 2000, "Trafficking: a perspective from Asia", International Migration,

38(3): 7-30.

• Tzvetkova, Marina, March 2002, "NGO Responses to Trafficking in Women", Gender

and Development, Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 60-68.

• Talleyrand, I., Winter 2000, "Military Prostitution: How the Authorities Worldwide
Aid and Abet International Trafficking in Women", Syracuse Journal of International
Law and Commerce, (27 Syracuse J. Int'l L. & Com. 151).

• Tiefenbrun, S.W., Spring 2000, "Symposium Issue: 2001 Women and the Law
Conference: Women as Workers: Sex Sells but Drugs Don't Talk: Trafficking of
Women Sex Workers and an Economic Solution", The Law Review Association,
Thomas Jefferson School of Law San Diego, (24 T. Jefferson L. Rev. 161).

• Wallace M. R., Spring 2002, "Voiceless Victims: Sex Slavery and Trafficking of
African Women in Western Europe", The Georgia Journal of International and
Comparative Law, Inc. (30 Ga. J. Int'l & Comp. L. 569).

• Van der Kleij, A., 2002, "Provisions for Victims of Trafficking in Bonded Sexual
Labour, i.e. Prostitution - in 6 European Countries" - (Belgium, Germany, Italy, the
Netherlands, Spain and the United Kingdom), Final Report, The Netherlands:
BLIN/Novib and Humanitas.
http://www.humanitas.nl/project/Blinn_Final_Report.pdf

• Vassiliadou, M., 2004, "Women's Constructions of Women; On entering the front

door", Journal of International Women’s Studies, Special Issue: Feminist
Challenges: Crossing Boundaries, Vol. 5, #3.

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Books

• Agathangelou, A., 2004, The Global Political Economy of Sex: Desire, Violence, and
Insecurity in Mediterranean Nation States, Palgrave Macmillan.

• Bales, K., 2000, Disposable People, New Slavery in the Global Economy, University
Of California Press, Berkeley.

• Boak, A., Boldosser, A., Biu, O., 2003, Smooth Flight: A Guide to Preventing Youth
Trafficking, PPAT, New York.

• Brown, T. Louise, 2000, Sex Slaves: The Trafficking of Women in Asia, Virago Press
Ltd.

• Global Sex Workers Rights, Resistance, and Redefinition, Kempadoo, K.,

J.Doezema (Eds.), Routledge, London, 1998.

• Jeffrey, S., 1997, The Idea of Prostitution, Spinifex, Melbourne.

• Kelly, L.,1987, Surviving Sexual Violence, Polity Press, Cambridge.

• Kempadoo, K., J.Doezema (Eds.), Global Sex Workers Rights, Resistance, and
Redefinition, Routledge, London, 1998.

• Kyle, David and Rey Koslowski (Eds), 2001, Global Human Smuggling:
Comparative Perspectives, Johns Hopkins University Press.

• Masika, Rachel (Editor), 2002, Gender, Trafficking and Slavery, Masika, Rachel,
Editor, Oxfam.

• O’Neill M., 2001, Trafficking Prostitution and Feminism: Towards A Politics of

Feeling, Polity Press, Cambridge.

Book Chapters
• Foo, Lora Jo, 2002, "The Trafficking of Asian Women" in Asian American Women:
Issues, Concerns, and Responsive Human and Civil Rights Advocacy, Ford
Foundation, 2002.

• Mix, Prapairat R. & Nicola Piper, 2003, "Does Marriage 'Liberate' Women from Sex
Work?-Thai Women in Germany" in Wife or Worker? Asian Women and Migration,
Edited By Nicola Piper & Mina Roces, Lanham, Md: Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 53-71.

• Rubin, G., 1975, "The Traffic in Women: Notes on the 'Political Economy' of Sex",
in R. Reiter (Ed.), Toward an Anthropology of Women, Monthly Review Press, New
York and London.

• Sonia Shah, Chang, Grace (Eds), 1997, "The Global Trade in Filipina Workers" in
Dragon Ladies: Asian American Feminists Breath Fire, pp. 132-151 Boston: South
End Press.

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 • Wijers, M., 1999, "Keep Your Women Home: European Union Policies on Trafficking
In Women and Strategies for Support" in Rossilli, M. G (Ed.) Gender Policies in The
European Union, London, Peter Lang.

Presentations

• African Union, Nov. 2002, "Draft Action Plan to Combat Trafficking in Human
Beings Especially Women and Children", 2nd Ministerial Conference, Ouagadougou,
Burkina Faso, African Union.

• Kligman, G. & S. Limoncelli, 2004, "Trafficking after Socialism: From, Through and
To Eastern Europe", Presentation for the Council of European Studies Conference,
March 11-13.

• Kvinnoforum, 2003, "European Good Practice on Recovery, Return and Integration

of Trafficked Persons", Presented at the ASEM Seminar on Enhancing Support and
Cooperation for Strengthening Social Policies to Assist Trafficked Women and
Children, Bangkok, Thailand.

• Stability Pact for South Eastern Europe, June 2002, "Statement on Commitments,
Legislation of the Status of Trafficked Persons", Presented at the 3rd Regional
Ministerial Forum, Tirana, Albania.

• Kasper, Janel C., 2002, "Cross-National Variation in Sex Trafficking Legal Activity:
Prohibitive Legislation, Regulations, and Bureaucratic Actions", Dissertation: Thesis
(M.A.), University of Wyoming.

Other
• "Fempower", January 2001, Magazine published by the European Information
Centre Against Violence / WAVE Office - DAPHNE Programme Project, Issue No 1.

• Kasper, Janel C., 2002, "Cross-National Variation in Sex Trafficking Legal Activity:
Prohibitive Legislation, Regulations, and Bureaucratic Actions", Dissertation: Thesis
(M.A.), University of Wyoming.

For more information contact:

Mediterranean Institute of Gender Studies [M.I.G.S]

46 Makedonitissas Avenue,
P.O.Box 24005, Nicosia 1703, Cyprus
Tel: ++ 35722 351274 (ext.115) Fax: ++357 22 353682
Email: [email protected]
website: http://www.medinstgenderstudies.org

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