ESIA REPORT

FOR THE PROPOSED BURE IAIP

AND MOTTA RTC
ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT
AMHARA REGION, ETHIOPIA
Amhara Region IPDC

TYPE OF DOCUMENT (PUBLIC)

(DRAFT FOR REVIEW)

DATE: MARCH 2018

ESIA Report
Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page i
TABLE OF 1 INTRODUCTION ..................................... 1-1
1.1 Background to the Project ................................. 1-1
CONTENTS 1.2 Land Tenure and Land Use ................................ 1-4
1.3 Purpose of this report (ESIA Report) ................ 1-5
1.4 Structure of this Report ...................................... 1-5
1.5 Details of the ESIA Project Team ....................... 1-8
1.6 Details of the Applicant and Environmental
Assessment Practitioner .................................... 1-9
1.7 Assumptions and Limitations .......................... 1-10

2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION ...................... 2-1

2.1 Bure IAIP .............................................................. 2-1
2.2 Motta RTC............................................................. 2-8
2.3 Phases of the Proposed Project ...................... 2-14
2.4 Project Status .................................................... 2-16

3 NEED AND DESIRABILTY...................... 3-1

4 PROJECT ALTERNATIVES .................... 4-1

4.1 Introduction.......................................................... 4-1
4.2 Consideration of Alternatives ............................ 4-1
4.3 Comparison of Alternatives ............................... 4-2

5 LEGAL FRAMEWORK ............................ 5-1

5.1 Institutional Framework ...................................... 5-1
5.2 Policy and Legal Framework in Ethiopia .......... 5-2
5.3 Specific Legal Framework for Industrial Parks in
Ethiopia ................................................................ 5-3
5.4 National Strategies and Plans ............................ 5-4
5.5 National Standards, Directives and Guidelines 5-4
5.6 Regional Plans ..................................................... 5-5
5.7 International Conventions, Protocols and
Agreements .......................................................... 5-5

ESIA Report
Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page ii
 5.8 International Guidelines and Standards ........... 5-6

6 THE ESIA PROCESS ............................. 6-1

6.1 Scoping phase ..................................................... 6-1
6.2 Impacts Assessment Phase ............................... 6-2

7 STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT PLAN . 7-1

7.1 Approach to Stakeholder Engagement ............. 7-1
7.2 Project Stakeholders ......................................... 7-11
7.3 Feedback Mechanism ....................................... 7-11

8 THE RECEIVING ENVIRONMENT ......... 8-1

8.1 Introduction.......................................................... 8-1
8.2 Climate .................................................................. 8-1
8.3 Topography and Geomorphology ..................... 8-4
8.4 Geology ................................................................ 8-6
8.5 Soils Characteristics ........................................... 8-8
8.6 Surface Water (Hydrology) ............................... 8-23
8.7 GroundWater (Hydrogeology) .......................... 8-30
8.8 Wetlands............................................................. 8-36
8.9 Air Quality .......................................................... 8-41
8.10 Climate Change ................................................. 8-46
8.11 Noise ................................................................... 8-50
8.12 Transport / Access ............................................ 8-56
8.13 Visual .................................................................. 8-60
8.14 Waste .................................................................. 8-62
8.15 Biodiversity ........................................................ 8-63
8.16 Socio-Economic Environment ......................... 8-66

9 IDENTIFICATION OF POTENTIAL
IMPACTS ................................................ 9-1
9.1 Soils ...................................................................... 9-1
9.2 Surface Water ...................................................... 9-4

ESIA Report
Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page iii
 9.3 Groundwater ........................................................ 9-5
9.4 Wetlands............................................................... 9-6
9.5 Air Quality ............................................................ 9-9
9.6 Climate Change ................................................. 9-10
9.7 Noise ................................................................... 9-10
9.8 Transport and Access ....................................... 9-12
9.9 Waste Management ........................................... 9-13
9.10 Visual .................................................................. 9-15
9.11 Biodiversity ........................................................ 9-16
9.12 Socio-economic ................................................. 9-19

10 CUMULATIVE IMPACTS ...................... 10-1

10.1 Soils .................................................................... 10-1
10.2 Surface Water .................................................... 10-3
10.3 Groundwater ...................................................... 10-3
10.4 Wetlands............................................................. 10-4
10.5 Air Quality .......................................................... 10-5
10.6 Noise ................................................................... 10-6
10.7 Transport and Access ....................................... 10-7
10.8 Waste Management ........................................... 10-8
10.9 Visual .................................................................. 10-8
10.10 Biodiversity ........................................................ 10-9
10.11 Socio-economic ............................................... 10-10
10.12 Cumulative Impacts ........................................ 10-11

11 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL

MANAGEMENT PLAN (ESMP) ............. 11-1
11.1 Introduction and Objectives ............................. 11-1
11.2 Summary of Impacts ......................................... 11-2
11.3 Mitigation and Enhancement Measures .......... 11-5
11.4 Environmental and Social Monitoring
Programme....................................................... 11-21

ESIA Report
Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page iv
 11.5 Public consultation and dissemination of
information ....................................................... 11-34
11.6 Organisations and Institutions Responsible for
Implementation of the ESMP .......................... 11-34
11.7 Reporting and Reviewing ............................... 11-36
11.8 Project Feedback Adjustment ........................ 11-37
11.9 Contingency PlanS .......................................... 11-38
11.10 Project Grievance and Redress Mechanism 11-38
11.11 Training and Capacity Building ..................... 11-41

12 CONCLUSIONS .................................... 12-1

BIBLIOGRAPHY .............................................. 12-1

ESIA Report
Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page v
TABLES
TABLE 1-1: IDENTIFIED LOCATION OF THE AMHARA PILOT FACILITIES. .................................. 1-3
TABLE 1-2: LAND USE AND LAND COVER TYPE ............................................................................ 1-5
TABLE 1-3: STRUCTURE OF THE ESIA REPORT ............................................................................ 1-5
TABLE 1-4: ESIA PROJECT TEAM .................................................................................................... 1-8
TABLE 1-5: DETAIL OF THE APPLICANT .......................................................................................... 1-9
TABLE 1-6: DETAIL OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT PRACTITIONER ......................... 1-9
TABLE 2-1: COORDINATES OF THE BURE IAIP SITE ..................................................................... 2-2
TABLE 2-2: LAND USE PATTERN IN THE SURROUNDING AREA – 5 KM RADIUS ...................... 2-3
TABLE 2-3: IAIP OPERATIONAL REQUIREMENTS .......................................................................... 2-5
TABLE 2-4: SUMMARY OF PRELIMINARY DETAILS OF THE BURE IAIP ...................................... 2-5
TABLE 2-5: ESTIMATED AVERAGE DAILY WATER DEMAND FOR THE BURE IAIP .................... 2-6
TABLE 2-6: WATER DEMAND - YEAR WISE PATTER – M3/DAY .................................................... 2-6
TABLE 2-7: ESTIMATED AVERAGE DAILY WASTEWATER GENERATION FOR THE BURE IAIP2-7
TABLE 2-8: ESTIMATED AVERAGE DAILY SOLID WASTE GENERATION FOR THE BURE IAIP 2-7
TABLE 2-9: ESTIMATED POWER DEMAND FOR THE IAIP ............................................................. 2-7
TABLE 2-10: COORDINATES OF THE MOTTA RTC AREA .............................................................. 2-9
TABLE 2-11: ESTIMATED AVERAGE DAILY WATER DEMAND FOR THE RTC ........................... 2-12
TABLE 2-12: ESTIMATED POWER DEMAND FOR THE MOTTA RTC........................................... 2-13
TABLE 4-1: SEWAGE TREATMENT SYSTEMS CONSIDERED. ...................................................... 4-4
TABLE 6-1: PROBABILITY RATING OF IMPACT............................................................................... 6-4
TABLE 6-2: DEFINITIONS OF SEVERITY USED IN THE ESIA FOR ENVIRONMENTAL
RECEPTORS .......................................................................................................................... 6-4
TABLE 6-3: DEFINITIONS OF SEVERITY USED IN THE ESIA FOR SOCIO-ECONOMIC
RECEPTORS .......................................................................................................................... 6-5
TABLE 6-4: SIGNIFICANCE MATRIX NEGATIVE IMPACTS ............................................................. 6-6
TABLE 6-5: SIGNIFICANCE MATRIX POSITIVE IMPACTS .............................................................. 6-7
TABLE 7-1 : RECORD OF INITIAL ENGAGEMENT CARRIED OUT BY THE LOCAL AUTHORITIES
FOR THE AMHARA BURE SITE ............................................................................................ 7-1
TABLE 7-2 : INITIAL ENGAGEMENT BY IPDC FOR THE AMHARA MOTTA SITE .......................... 7-2
TABLE 7-3 : STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT PLAN MATRIX .......................................................... 7-4
TABLE 7-4: PERSONS ENGAGED DURING STAKEHOLDER MEETINGS. ..................................... 7-8
TABLE 7-5 : SUMMARY OF ESIA PHASE CONSULTATION MEETINGS HELD WITHIN THE
PROJECT AREA. ................................................................................................................... 7-9
TABLE 8-1: CHARACTERISTICS OF THE RECEIVING ENVIRONMENT FOR THE PROJECT AREA
CONSIDERED. ....................................................................................................................... 8-1
TABLE 8-2: MEAN MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM TEMPERATURE (°C) FROM THE BURE
METEOROLOGICAL STATION ............................................................................................. 8-2
TABLE 8-3: ANNUAL RAINFALL (MM) FROM THE PERIOD 2013- 2017 FROM THE BURE
METEOROLOGICAL STATION ............................................................................................. 8-2
TABLE 8-4: HOUSEHOLD ENERGY USE FOR COOKING IN ETHIOPIA (CSA, 2011). ................... 8-4
TABLE 8-5: LAND CAPABILITY CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM (SCOTNEY ET AL., 1987) .............. 8-11

ESIA Report
Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page vi
TABLE 8-6: LABORATORY ANALYSED SOIL NUTRIENTS AT THE AMHARA IAIP SITE ............ 8-15
TABLE 8-7: LABORATORY ANALYSED SOIL NUTRIENTS AT THE AMHARA RTC SITE ............ 8-21
TABLE 8-8: CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BLUE RIVER NILE SUB-BASIN ................................... 8-24
TABLE 8-9: MONTHLY FLOW FOR THE YISER RIVER (M3/S) ...................................................... 8-25
TABLE 8-10: MONTHLY DEPENDABLE FLOW OF YISER RIVER (M3/S) ...................................... 8-25
TABLE 8-11: SURFACE WATER SAMPLING POINTS AT THE BURE IAIP ................................... 8-28
TABLE 8-12: WATER QUALITY RESULTS FOR AMHARA IAIP (BURE) ........................................ 8-29
TABLE 8-13: SUMMARY OF CALCULATED AQUIFER PARAMETERS ......................................... 8-32
TABLE 8-14: GROUNDWATER POINT INVENTORY AROUND THE BURE IAIP SITE ................. 8-32
TABLE 8-15: GROUNDWATER POINT INVENTORY AROUND THE RTC SITE. ........................... 8-34
TABLE 8-16: WATER QUALITY RESULTS FOR AMHARA IAIP SITE ............................................ 8-35
TABLE 8-17: CLASSIFICATION OF IDENTIFIED WETLAND HABITATS ....................................... 8-37
TABLE 8-18: LIST OF VARIOUS IAIP UNITS AND ASSOCIATED AIR QUALITY SOURCES ....... 8-42
TABLE 8-19: DUST FALLOUT AND PASSIVE MONITORING LOCATIONS AT AMHARA. ............ 8-43
TABLE 8-20: SENSITIVE RECEPTORS SURROUNDING THE BURE IAIP .................................... 8-45
TABLE 8-21: SENSITIVE RECEPTORS SURROUNDING THE MOTTA RTC ................................ 8-46
TABLE 8-22: GLOBAL WARMING POTENTIAL OF GREENHOUSE GASES ................................. 8-49
TABLE 8-23: GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSION FACTORS .............................................................. 8-49
TABLE 8-24: COAL CONSUMPTION DATA ..................................................................................... 8-49
TABLE 8-25: ESTIMATED GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS FOR THE AMHARA IAIP AND RTC .. 8-
49
TABLE 8-26: NOISE MONITORING LOCATIONS. ........................................................................... 8-51
TABLE 8-27: SOUND LEVEL METER AND CALIBRATOR SPECIFICATIONS............................... 8-52
TABLE 8-28: DAY-TIME NOISE MONITORING RESULTS. ............................................................. 8-52
TABLE 8-29: NIGHT-TIME NOISE MONITORING RESULTS. ......................................................... 8-53
TABLE 8-30: CONSTRUCTION PHASE EQUIPMENT AND SOUND POWER LEVEL RATINGS .. 8-54
TABLE 8-31: LIST OF VARIOUS IAIP UNITS AND ASSOCIATED SIGNIFICANT NOISE SOURCES
.............................................................................................................................................. 8-54
TABLE 8-32: TRAFFIC VOLUMES FOR IDENTIFIED ROUTES FROM MOTTA ............................ 8-59
TABLE 8-33: PLANT SPECIES ON AND AROUND THE PROJECT SITE ...................................... 8-64
TABLE 8-34: COMMON BIRD SPECIES ON AND AROUND PROJECT SITE................................ 8-65
TABLE 8-35: COMMON MAMMAL SPECIES AROUND PROJECT SITE ....................................... 8-65
TABLE 8-36: TOP TEN DISEASES IN ENCOUNTERED IN BURE.................................................. 8-68
TABLE 8-37: TOP TEN DISEASES IN ENCOUNTERED IN MOTTA ............................................... 8-72
TABLE 8-38: DETAILS ON ALTERNATIVE SOURCES OF INCOME .............................................. 8-76
TABLE 9-1: POTENTIAL IMPACTS ON SOILS IN THE AMHARA REGION ...................................... 9-1
TABLE 9-2: POTENTIAL IMPACTS ON SURFACE WATER IN THE AMHARA REGION ................. 9-5
TABLE 9-3: POTENTIAL IMPACTS ON GROUND WATER IN THE AMHARA REGION .................. 9-6
TABLE 9-4: THE POTENTIAL IMPACTS ON WETLANDS IN THE AMHARA IAIP ........................... 9-8
TABLE 9-5: THE POTENTIAL IMPACTS ON AIR QUALITY IN THE AMHARA REGION ................. 9-9
TABLE 9-6: POTENTIAL IMPACTS OF NOISE IN THE AMHARA REGION ................................... 9-11
TABLE 9-7: POTENTIAL IMPACTS ON TRANSPORT AND ACCESS IN THE AMHARA IAIP ....... 9-12

ESIA Report
Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page vii
TABLE 9-8: POTENTIAL RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH WASTE MANAGEMENT IN THE AMHARA
REGION ................................................................................................................................ 9-14
TABLE 9-9: POTENTIAL VISUAL IMPACTS IN THE AMHARA IAIP ............................................... 9-15
TABLE 9-10: POTENTIAL IMPACTS ON BIODIVERSITY AT THE BURE IN THE AMHARA REGION
.............................................................................................................................................. 9-16
TABLE 9-11: POTENTIAL IMPACTS ON BIODIVERSITY AT THE MOTTA RTC IN THE AMHARA
REGION ................................................................................................................................ 9-18
TABLE 9-12: PREDICTED EMPLOYMENT NUMBERS AS A RESULT OF THE OPERATIONAL
PHASE IAIP AND RTC IN THE AMHARA REGION ............................................................ 9-19
TABLE 9-13: POTENTIAL IMPACTS ON THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SECTOR IN THE AMHARA
REGION ................................................................................................................................ 9-25
TABLE 10-1: POTENTIAL CUMULATIVE IMPACTS ON SOILS IN THE AMHARA REGION ......... 10-1
TABLE 10-2: POTENTIAL CUMULATIVE IMPACTS ON SURFACE WATER IN THE AMHARA
REGION ................................................................................................................................ 10-3
TABLE 10-3: POTENTIAL CUMULATIVE IMPACTS ON GROUND WATER IN THE AMHARA
REGION ................................................................................................................................ 10-4
TABLE 10-4: POTENTIAL CUMULATIVE IMPACTS ON WETLANDS IN THE AMHARA REGION 10-5
TABLE 10-5: THE POTENTIAL CUMULATIVE IMPACTS ON AIR QUALITY IN THE AMHARA
REGION ................................................................................................................................ 10-6
TABLE 10-6: POTENTIAL CUMULATIVE IMPACTS OF NOISE IN THE AMHARA REGION ......... 10-7
TABLE 10-7: POTENTIAL CUMULATIVE IMPACTS ASSOCIATED WITH WASTE MANAGEMENT IN
THE AMHARA REGION ....................................................................................................... 10-8
TABLE 10-8: POTENTIAL CUMULATIVE IMPACTS ASSOCIATED WITH VISUAL IMPACT
ASSESSMENT IN THE AMHARA REGION ......................................................................... 10-8
TABLE 10-9: POTENTIAL CUMULATIVE IMPACTS ON BIODIVERSITY IN THE AMHARA BURE
IAIP ....................................................................................................................................... 10-9
TABLE 10-10: POTENTIAL CUMULATIVE IMPACTS ON BIODIVERSITY IN THE AMHARA MOTTA
RTC ..................................................................................................................................... 10-10
TABLE 10-11: POTENTIAL CUMULATIVE IMPACTS ON THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SECTOR IN THE
AMHARA REGION ............................................................................................................. 10-10
TABLE 10-12: CUMULATIVE INTERACTIONS BETWEEN MULTIPLE POTENTIAL IMPACTS FOR
THE IAIP AND RTC ............................................................................................................ 10-11
TABLE 11-1: SUMMARY OF IMPACTS AND POST MITIGATION SIGNIFICANCE ........................ 11-2
TABLE 11-2: CONSTRUCTION PHASE ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN . 11-
6
TABLE 11-3: OPERATION PHASE ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN .... 11-14
TABLE 11-4: MONITORING PLAN - CONSTRUCTION PHASE .................................................... 11-25
TABLE 11-5: SURFACE WATER SAMPLING LOCATIONS......... 11-27
TABLE 11-6: MONITORING PLAN - OPERATION PHASE ............................................................ 11-32
TABLE 11-7: MAIN RESPONSIBLE INSTITUTIONS FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF THE ESMP .. 11-35

ESIA Report
Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page viii
FIGURES
FIGURE 1-1: POTENTIAL AGRO COMMODITIES PROCESSING ZONES ...................................... 1-2
FIGURE 1-2: THE FOUR ACPZS SELECTED FOR PILOT FACILITIES (SOURCE: MACE) ............ 1-2
FIGURE 1-3: LAYOUT SHOWING THE ADMINISTRATIVE MAP OF THE REGIONS AND
LOCATION OF THE BURE IAIP AND MOTTA RTC SITES IN AMHARA ............................. 1-3
FIGURE 2-1: BURE IAIP, SOUTH WEST AMHARA REGION............................................................ 2-1
FIGURE 2-2: LAYOUT SHOWING THE BOUNDARY OF THE IAIP SITE ......................................... 2-2
FIGURE 2-3: IMAGE SHOWING A 5KM RADIUS FROM THE IAIP SITE. ......................................... 2-3
FIGURE 2-4: SITE LAYOUT PLAN OF THE BURE IAIP .................................................................... 2-4
FIGURE 2-5: LOCATION OF THE MOTTA RTC, SOUTH WEST AMHARA REGION....................... 2-8
FIGURE 2-6: LAYOUT SHOWING THE BOUNDARY OF THE RTC SITE ......................................... 2-9
FIGURE 2-7: IMAGE SHOWING A 5KM RADIUS FROM THE RTC SITE ....................................... 2-10
FIGURE 2-8: EXISTING FEATURES WITH THE PROPOSED RTC SITE (ADAPTED FROM MA SITE
CONSTRAINTS) ................................................................................................................... 2-11
FIGURE 2-9: SITE LAYOUT PLAN OF THE MOTTA RTC (SOURCE: MACE MASTER PLAN
DRAWING) ........................................................................................................................... 2-12
FIGURE 2-10: LAYOUT INDICATING PROPOSED ACCESS TO THE RTC. .................................. 2-14
FIGURE 4-1: INITIAL SITE PLAN LAYOUT FOR THE BURE IAIP .................................................... 4-3
FIGURE 4-2: WETLAND SYSTEM WITHIN THE PROPOSED BURE IAIP FOOTPRINT ................. 4-3
FIGURE 4-3: IMAGE SHOWING ACCESS ROUTES ACROSS THE IAIP SITE THAT WILL BE
OBSTRUCTED ....................................................................................................................... 4-5
FIGURE 4-4: IMAGE SHOWING PROPOSED ACCESS ROUTES AROUND THE IAIP SITE. ......... 4-6
FIGURE 4-5: IMAGE SHOWING ACCESS ROUTES ACROSS THE RTC SITE THAT WILL BE
OBSTRUCTED ....................................................................................................................... 4-6
FIGURE 4-6: IMAGE SHOWING PROPOSED ACCESS ROAD ........................................................ 4-7
FIGURE 8-1: TOPOGRAPHY SURVEY DRAWING OF THE IAIP SITE INDICATING PREDOMINATE
SLOPE (SOURCE: MACE) ..................................................................................................... 8-5
FIGURE 8-2: EROSION ALONG THE WESTERN BOUNDARY OF THE IAIP SITE ......................... 8-5
FIGURE 8-3: TOPOGRAPHY SURVEY DRAWING OF THE RTC SITE INDICATING PREDOMINATE
SLOPE (SOURCE: MACE) ..................................................................................................... 8-6
FIGURE 8-4: GEOLOGICAL MAP OF THE BURE AND MOTTA AREAS .......................................... 8-7
FIGURE 8-5: PRE-DETERMINED SURVEY POINTS FOR BURE IAIP SITE. ................................... 8-9
FIGURE 8-6: PRE-DETERMINED SURVEY POINTS FOR MOTTA RTC SITE. ................................ 8-9
FIGURE 8-7: AMHARA IAIP DISTRIBUTION OF LAND USES ........................................................ 8-12
FIGURE 8-8: DISTRIBUTION OF THE IDENTIFIED SOIL FORMS AT THE IAIP SITE. ................. 8-13
FIGURE 8-9: PHOTOGRAPH SHOWING SHORTLANDS/ NITISOL SOIL PROFILE AT THE
AMHARA IAIP SITE .............................................................................................................. 8-13
FIGURE 8-10: PHOTOGRAPH SHOWING AN AVALON/ PLINTHOSOL SOIL PROFILE AT THE
AMHARA IAIP SITE .............................................................................................................. 8-14
FIGURE 8-11: PHOTOGRAPH SHOWING A KATSPRUIT/ GLEYSOL SOIL PROFILE AT THE
AMHARA IAIP SITE .............................................................................................................. 8-15
FIGURE 8-12: DISTRIBUTION OF LAND CAPABILITY CLASSES AT THE IAIP SITE. .................. 8-19

ESIA Report
Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page ix
FIGURE 8-13: AMHARA RTC DISTRIBUTION OF LAND USES ..................................................... 8-20
FIGURE 8-14: PHOTOGRAPH SHOWING AN ARCADIA / VERTISOL SOILS PROFILE AT THE
AMHARA RTC SITE ............................................................................................................. 8-20
FIGURE 8-15: LAYOUT SHOWING THE SOIL FORM OF THE RTC SITE. .................................... 8-21
FIGURE 8-16: FIGURE SHOWING DISTRIBUTION OF LAND CAPABILITY CLASSES AT THE RTC
SITE. ..................................................................................................................................... 8-23
FIGURE 8-17: BLUE NILE BASIN (YILMA & AWULACHEW, 2009) ................................................ 8-24
FIGURE 8-18: LAYOUT SHOWING THE SURFACE WATER FEATURES AT THE IAIP SITE ...... 8-26
FIGURE 8-19: PHOTOS SHOWING THE YISER RIVER TO THE WEST OF THE IAIP (SOURCE:
ESIA TEAM SITE INVESTIGATIONS) ................................................................................. 8-27
FIGURE 8-20: SHOW THE UPSTREAM AND MIDSTREAM VIEW OF THE DRAINAGE LINE 1
RUNNING THROUGH THE SITE ......................................................................................... 8-27
FIGURE 8-21: SHOW THE UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM VIEW OF THE DRAINAGE LINE 2
RUNNING THROUGH THE SITE ......................................................................................... 8-28
FIGURE 8-22: IMAGE SHOWING THE SURFACE WATER FEATURES AND SAMPLING POINTS
AT THE IAIP. ........................................................................................................................ 8-28
FIGURE 8-23: IMAGE SHOWING THE SURFACE WATER FEATURES AT THE RTC SITE. ........ 8-30
FIGURE 8-24: IMAGE SHOWING THE GROUND WATER SAMPLING POINT AT THE IAIP ........ 8-33
FIGURE 8-25: IMAGE SHOWING THE GROUND WATER SAMPLING POINTS AT THE RTC SITE.
.............................................................................................................................................. 8-34
FIGURE 8-26: DELINEATION OF WETLAND UNITS IN RELATION TO THE BURE IAIP SITE ..... 8-39
FIGURE 8-27: DUST FALLOUT AND PASSIVE MONITORING LOCATIONS AT BURE IAIP. ....... 8-44
FIGURE 8-28: DIFFUSIVE AND ABSORBING SURFACES OF A PASSIVE SAMPLER ................ 8-45
FIGURE 8-29: CLIMATE CLASSIFICATION OF ETHIOPIA (CLIMATE RISK PROFILE: ETHIOPIA) . 8-
47
FIGURE 8-30: CO2EQ PERCENTAGE CONTRIBUTION FROM SCOPE 1 AND SCOPE 2 SOURCES
.............................................................................................................................................. 8-50
FIGURE 8-31: NOISE MONITORING LOCATIONS SURROUNDING THE BURE IAIP. ................. 8-51
FIGURE 8-32: DAY-TIME MONITORED NOISE LEVELS. LAEQ (YELLOW DIAMOND) IS
COMPARED WITH THE WHO GUIDELINE. ....................................................................... 8-52
FIGURE 8-33: NIGHT-TIME MONITORED NOISE LEVELS. LAEQ (YELLOW DIAMOND) IS
COMPARED WITH THE WHO GUIDELINE. ....................................................................... 8-53
FIGURE 8-34: PHOTO SHOWING THE FEDERAL HIGHWAY NO. A3_5 AT THE PROPOSED IAIP
ENTRANCE (SOUTH DIRECTION). .................................................................................... 8-57
FIGURE 8-35: PHOTO SHOWING THE FEDERAL HIGHWAY NO. A3_5 AT THE PROPOSED IAIP
ENTRANCE (NORTH DIRECTION). .................................................................................... 8-57
FIGURE 8-36: IMAGE OF CURRENT ACCESS ROAD (SOURCE: ESIA TEAM SITE
INVESTIGATIONS)............................................................................................................... 8-58
FIGURE 8-37: IMAGE FEDERAL HIGHWAY NO.B_31 (SOURCE: ESIA TEAM SITE
INVESTIGATIONS)............................................................................................................... 8-59
FIGURE 8-38: CURRENT UPGRADE ACTIVITIES OF THE FEDERAL HIGHWAY NO. B_31 WITHIN
MOTTA ................................................................................................................................. 8-59

ESIA Report
Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page x
FIGURE 8-39: IMAGES SHOWING THE TYPICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BURE IAIP SITE
INCLUDING CROP PRODUCTION, GRASSLAND, WETLANDS, PLANTATIONS AND
MIXED VEGETATION (SOURCE: ESIA TEAM SITE INVESTIGATIONS).......................... 8-61
FIGURE 8-40: IMAGES SHOWING THE TYPICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MOTTA RTC SITE
AND ADJACENT AREA (SOURCE: ESIA TEAM SITE INVESTIGATIONS) ....................... 8-62
FIGURE 8-41: IMAGE SHOWING ACCESS ROUTES ACROSS THE IAIP SITE THAT WILL BE
OBSTRUCTED ..................................................................................................................... 8-69
FIGURE 8-42: IMAGE SHOWING PROPOSED ACCESS ROUTES AROUND THE IAIP SITE. ..... 8-70
FIGURE 8-43: ALTERNATIVE ROAD ALONG THE WESTERN BOUNDARY OF THE IAIP .......... 8-70
FIGURE 8-44: IMAGE SHOWING ACCESS ROUTES ACROSS THE RTC SITE THAT WILL BE
OBSTRUCTED ..................................................................................................................... 8-72
FIGURE 8-45: IMAGE SHOWING PROPOSED ACCESS ROAD .................................................... 8-73
FIGURE 8-46: RESPONDENTS’ GENDER AND AGE ..................................................................... 8-74
FIGURE 8-47: REPORTED EDUCATIONAL LEVEL AMONG RESPONDENTS ............................. 8-74
FIGURE 8-48: REPORTED EMPLOYMENT AMONG RESPONDENTS .......................................... 8-75
FIGURE 8-49: SOURCES OF FRESHWATER ................................................................................. 8-76
FIGURE 10-1 : EXTRACT OF THE BURE STRUCTURE PLAN .................................................... 10-12
FIGURE 10-2: PROPOSED MOTTA LAND USE PLAN .................................................................. 10-14
FIGURE 10-3: PROPOSED MANUFACTURING AND STORAGE LAND USE .............................. 10-14

ESIA Report
Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page xi
APPENDICES
A MEFCC LICENCE FOR ZGEC
B STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATION
B-1 Stakeholder Engagement Plan
B-2 Background Information Document
B-3 Stakeholder Engagement Consultation Minutes
C SPECIALIST REPORTS
C-1 Soils
C-2 Surface Water
C-3 Groundwater
C-4 Wetlands
C-5 Air Quality
C-6 Climate Change
C-7 Noise
C-8 Transport and Access
C-9 Waste Management Plan
C-10 Visual
C-11 Biodiveristy
C-12 Socio-economic
D ESIA CONSOLIDATED IMPACT SIGNIFICANT MATRIX
E AIR QUALITY MITIGATION RECOMMENDATION TABLES AS PER THE ESMP
E-1 Recommended mitigation measures for general construction
E-2 Recommendations to reduce emissions during the operational phase

ESIA Report
Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page xii
GLOSSARY

ACPZ Agro Commodity Procurement Zones

AfDB African Development Bank

AGP Agricultural Growth Program

AQIA Air Quality Impact Assessment

ASTM American Society for Testing Materials

AVC Aluto Volcano Centre

BDL below the detection limit

CAPEX Capital Expenditure

CITES United Nations Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species

CO Carbon Monoxide

CO2 Carbon dioxide

CSA Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia

EEP Ethiopian Electric Power

EHS Environmental, Health and Safety

EIA Ethiopian Environmental Impact Assessment

ESIA Environmental and Social Impact Assessment

ELSR Elevated Level Storage Reservoirs

ERA Ethiopian Roads Authority

ESMP Environmental And Social Management Plans

ESDPRP Ethiopian Sustainable Development & Poverty Reduction Programme

EU European Union

EWCA Ethiopian Wildlife Conservation Authority

FAO Food and Agriculture Organization

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 FDRE Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia

GDP Gross Domestic Product

GHG Green House Gases

GLSR Ground Level Storage Reservoirs

GPS Global Positioning System

GTP Growth and Transformation Plans

GTP II National Growth and Transformation Plan II

ha Hectares

IAIP Integrated Agro Industrial Parks

IDS Industrial Development Strategy

IFC International Finance Corporation

ILO International Labour Organisation

IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

IPDC Industrial Parks Development Corporations

ISRIC International Soil Reference and Information Centre

ISS Integrated Safeguards System

ITCZ Inter Tropical Convergence Zone

IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature

IUSS International Union of Soil Sciences

MACE Mahindra Consulting Engineers

MAP Mean Annual Precipitation

MEFCC Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change

MoA Ministry Of Agriculture and Natural Resources

MoI Ministry Of Industry

MSW Municipal Solid Waste

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 Na–HCO3 Sodium Bicarbonate

NCSA National Capacity Self-Assessment

NMP Noise Management Plan

NMT Non-Motorised Transport

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

NOx Oxides Of Nitrogen

PA Protected Areas

PAP Project Affected People

PM10 & PM2.5 Particulate Matter

OPEX Operational Expenditure

OS Operating Safeguards

RAP Resettlement Action Plan

RTC Rural Transformation Centres

TDS Total Dissolved Solids

ToR Terms of Reference

SME Small and Micro Enterprises

SO2 Sulphur Dioxide

STP Sewage Treatment Plant

UN United Nations

UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees

UNIDO The United Nations Industrial Development Organisation

UNOPS United Nations Office for Project Services

US United States

USDA United States Department of Agriculture

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

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 UTM Universal Transverse Mercator

WASH National Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene

WBG World Bank Group

WMS Welfare Monitoring Survey

WRB World Reference Base Classification System

WSP WSP Environment and Energy, Africa.

ZGEC Zereu Girmay Environmental Consultancy

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1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE PROJECT
Ethiopia is located in the Horn of Africa and it is bordered by Eritrea to the north and northeast,
Djibouti and Somalia to the east and southeast, Sudan and South Sudan to the west, and Kenya to
the south. It is the second most populous country in Africa (after Nigeria which has a population of
approximately 186 million people, 2016 estimates) with a population of over 100 million people across
a total area of 1.1 million square kilometres. The country is divided into nine National Regional States
and two city administrations. Each state is drawn along ethno-linguistic lines and is endowed with a
degree of self–rule. Each state is headed by a state president which is elected by the state council.
These states are further divided into 103 Zones (sub-regions), 800 Woredas (districts), and 15,000
Kebeles (the lowest administrative units). Each Regional State (including the Amhara Region) has its
own regional government.
Ethiopia has a federal system of government which was established in the early 1990s, in accordance
with the Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (FDRE). The national constitution
pluralist political system and is headed by Dr Mulatu Teshome, President of the FDRE.
Agriculture is a key driver of Ethiopia’s long-term growth and food security, contributing 46% of the
country’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and accounts for 90% of export value with approximately
83% of the population being dependent on agriculture for their livelihoods. Due to investments by the
FDRE and its development partners, the agriculture sector has seen consistent growth of over 8 to
10% per annum over the past decade. The FDRE is committed to supporting the development of the
sector through designing, introducing and implementing relevant policies, strategies, and programs
such as the Growth and Transformation Plans (GTP) and Agricultural Growth Program (AGP). In spite
of consistent growth in the agricultural sector in recent years it has been identified that the sector is
not yet performing to its optimum in terms of productivity, wealth creation, foreign exchange
generation and food security.
The average land holdings in Ethiopia are noted to be between 0.2 and 0.5 hectares (ha), with the
majority of these not being integrated into the commercial value chain for agricultural produce.
Although food-processing industries are present in Ethiopia, they are currently restricted in their
production by the availability of raw materials. The restriction on raw material input is related mainly to
access, but also to the quality of the produce which results in inefficient handling chains, post-harvest
losses and higher prices. Investment and development of the agro-industrial sector will in turn improve
the economy by converting the agro-export from primary, unprocessed products to processed
products, which will underpin economic growth for this sector and Ethiopia as a whole. The primary
limitation to this proposed agro-industrial growth is the severe lack of infrastructure. The development
of agro-industries presents Ethiopia with an opportunity to accelerate economic development and
achieve its industrial development goals.
The FDRE committed to a five-year undertaking, as part of the first Growth and Transformation Plan
(GTP I) to build the foundation to launch the Country from a predominantly agrarian economy into
industrialisation. Among the sectors to which the second Growth and Transformation Plan (GTP II)
gives emphasis is manufacturing and industrialisation to provide the basis for economic structural
change; and a central element in this strategy for transforming the industry sector is development and
expansion of industrial parks and villages around the country.
The development of Integrated Agro Industrial Parks (IAIPs) and accompanying Rural Transformation
Centres (RTCs) forms part of the government-run Industrial Parks Development Corporations (IPDC)
strategy to make Ethiopia’s agricultural sector globally competitive. The concept is driven by a holistic
approach to develop integrated Agro Commodity Procurement Zones (ACPZs) and IAIPs with state-
of-the-art infrastructure with backward and forward linkages based on the Inclusive and Sustainable
Industrial Development model. A total of 17 ACPZs have been identified (Figure 1-1).

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The United Nations Industrial Development Organisation (UNIDO) in coordination with the FDRE, as
represented by Ministry of Industry (MoI) and the Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources (MoA)
are working in partnership to establish an appropriate platform for agro-industrial development, in the
form of IAIPs, with the aim of transforming the agriculture sector. The concept of IAIPs is to integrate
various value chain components via the cluster approach. Associated RTCs are to act as collection
points for fresh farm feed and agricultural produce to be transported to the IAIPs where the
processing, management, and distributing (including export) activities are to take place.

Figure 1-1: Potential Agro Commodities Processing Zones

Of the 17 ACPZs four have been selected for the establishment of pilot IAIP and RTC facilities
(Figure 1-2). The four IAIPs and accompanying RTCs are to be established strategically across the
country as a pilot phase. Based on the success of the four initial developments UNIDO and the FDRE
will establish additional IAIPs and RTCs around the country. The United Nations Office for Project
Services (UNOPS), on behalf of UNIDO and the FDRE, is facilitating the process to obtain the
required environmental permissions for the proposed developments.

Figure 1-2: The four ACPZs selected for pilot facilities (Source: MACE)

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This report relates to South West Amhara ACPZ facilities as identified in Table 1-1.
Table 1-1: Identified location of the Amhara pilot facilities.

Region IAIP RTC

South West Amhara Bure Motta

The proposed Bure IAIP site is located within the Amhara Region, which is one of the nine regional
state members of the FDRE established by the 1995 constitution provisions. Administratively, Amhara
is divided into 10 main administrative zones, three metropolitans, and further down in to 181 Woredas
(districts) which; under Ethiopia’s decentralised system of government, have their own governing
councils.
The proposed Bure IAIP falls under the jurisdiction of Bure Town in the Amhara Region. While the
RTC site falls under the jurisdiction of Motta town, in the Hulet Ej Enese Woreda which is located in
the East Gojjam Zone of the Amhara Region.
The location of the Bure IAIP and Motta RTC sites are indicated in Figure 1-3.

Lake Tana

Motta

RTC Site
Bure

IAIP Site

Figure 1-3: Layout showing the administrative map of the Regions and location of the Bure IAIP and
Motta RTC sites in Amhara
Under the Ethiopian Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Proclamation (No. 299/2002), the
proposed Project requires an EIA and authorisation by the Ministry of Environment, Forest and
Climate Change (MEFCC) before any construction activities may commence. Due to the potential for
international project financing the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) will be
undertaken in line with the Ethiopian Environmental Legislation as well as the African Development
Bank (AfDB) Integrated Safeguards System (ISS).

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The Ethiopian based environmental consultancy, Zereu Girmay Environment Consultancy (ZGEC), in
collaboration with WSP, Environment & Energy, Africa, have been appointed to undertake the
required Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for the proposed Bure IAIP and
associated Motta RTC within the South West Amhara Region (the Project) in order to obtain
environmental certification.
An ESIA is conducted in order to identify and assess the likely environmental and social impacts of a
proposed project, to determine their magnitude and significance, and to define management or
mitigation measures designed to avoid and minimise where possible, or if not, to offset or compensate
for adverse impacts and risks.
The development of the Amhara IAIP and RTC facilities will require ancillary infrastructure such as
access roads, power lines, water pipelines and communication infrastructure in order to successfully
implement the project. Ideally ancillary infrastructures would be captured as part of the development
project and assessed within this ESIA. However, at this stage of the proposed Project, the routing of
all linear infrastructure, including access roads, power lines, water pipelines and communication
infrastructure to the sites have not yet been finalised. Therefore, this ancillary infrastructure will need
to be considered under separate environmental and social studies by the third parties establishing this
infrastructure.

1.2 LAND TENURE AND LAND USE

In Ethiopia all land belongs to the State and people; whilst land can be leased to private individuals,
they cannot own it. The Constitution provides for equal access, use, transfer and administration over
land. It grants access to agricultural land for rural residents, and allows all inhabitants to utilise the
land for farming. Farmers are typically granted lifetime ‘holding rights’ giving them rights to farm the
land except for its sale and mortgage.
All land in Ethiopia is considered public property. Ownership of land is now vested in the State and
Ethiopian citizens have only a usufruct right over the land. The 1995 Constitution, Article 40(1), 40(2),
40(4), 40(5) and 40(7), includes legal frameworks that protect citizen’s rights to private property and
sets conditions for expropriation of such property for state or public interests. The Constitution states
that every citizen shall retain full right to immovable property built on the land and to improvements
s/he brings about on the land by her or his labour or capital.
Hence, the State owns all land, but citizens have a usage right and full ownership of developments
and improvements built on state land. This includes the right to alienate developments, to remove
them or claim compensation for expropriation of property. Article 44 of the Constitution reiterates the
right of displaced persons to financial or alternative means of compensation including relocation with
adequate state assistance. Based on the framework provided by the Constitution, three Proclamations
were issued: 1) Expropriation of Land Holdings for Public Purposes and Payment of Compensation
Proclamation 2) Rural Land Use and Land Administration and 3) Land Lease Proclamation.
Land is state property in Ethiopia and citizens have user rights. Inheritance of user rights is allowed,
but land use rights may not be mortgaged, however; structures developed on the land can be
mortgaged. Similarly to the Federal Land Law, the Amhara Land Law affirms the principle of public
ownership of land, prohibiting its sale and mortgage. The certificate holder has the right to use the
land but can also bequeath it and give it to dependants. Parcels may also be exchanged. Further land
can be rented for up to 25 years and the contracts can be renewed. This provision is in practice used
more or less as a transfer of the user right. Finally the right to land is dependent on residency in a
rural area and engagement in agricultural pursuits.
Agriculture activities in the Region are dependent on the single kremt rainy season from June to
September. Fertile clay and clay loam soils contribute to good harvests of barley, millet, maize, teff,
chickpea and vetch. Maize, barley and millet are the main food crops, while vetch and chickpea are
the main cash crops. There are pocket areas in the region with irrigated vegetable market-gardens
(growing for example garlic, spices, pepper). Oxen are used to provide traction power for land
preparation. Most farmers do their own labour intensive weeding and harvesting, and labour is hired
by wealthier households (CSA, 2007). At the zone level, overall area of the West Gojjam zone
(13,312 km2) is divided into four main land uses, as indicated in Table 1-2.

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South West Amhara Region Page 1-4
Table 1-2: Land Use and Land Cover type

Land Use/Cover Type Area Coverage (%)

Cultivated 27
Under settlements/Residential 15
Grazing 23
Forest (wood and plants) 35
Total 100

1.3 PURPOSE OF THIS REPORT (ESIA REPORT)

The fundamental objective of an ESIA is to ensure that the proposed development is environmentally
sound and socially acceptable, and hence contributes to the development of environmental and social
functions of local communities. It is also expected to provide a means whereby the overall
environmental performance and social benefits of the project can be enhanced. This ESIA has been
prepared to fulfil the requirements of the African Development Bank and the Ethiopian Environmental
Impact Assessment Proclamation (299/2002) (the ‘EIA Regulations’).
The objective of the ESIA phase is to undertake an assessment of those potential impacts likely to
result in significant effects, identified through the scoping phase. The Scoping Phase was conducted
in November 2017 and determined the Terms of Reference for the ESIA. The ESIA will:
 Meet the requirements of the Ethiopian EIA regulations;
 Meet the requirements of the AfDB Operating safeguards;
 Provide input into the Project Engineering Team to ensure that the design minimises
environmental and socioeconomic impacts and maximises sustainability opportunities wherever
possible;
 Identify cross-cutting issues and coordinate mitigation measures across topics to be incorporated
in an Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP); and
 Incorporate stakeholders through the ESIA process in accordance with the AfDB stakeholder
engagement requirements.
In line with the AFDB requirements a Relocation Action Plan (RAP) has been developed and issued
as a separate document associated with the ESIA report.

1.4 STRUCTURE OF THIS REPORT

The structure of this report is presented in Table 1-3.
Table 1-3: Structure of the ESIA Report

Chapter Contents AfDB Requirements

Chapter 1 – Introduction Presents a brief background to Identify the project and the key
the proposed Project, the ESIA role players.
process and the purpose and
structure of the report.
Chapter 2 – Project Provides a basic describes of Define the project and identify
Description the Project area and the potential sources of impacts.
proposed Project components. Describe features, locations
and activities of project.

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 Chapter Contents AfDB Requirements
Identify interactions between
project and resources.
Convey what is being
proposed. (2015)
Chapter 3 – Need and Describes the need and
Desirability desirability and motivates the
rationale for the proposed
Project.
Chapter 4 – Project Details the level of information Identify and compare
Alternatives provided regarding Project alternatives.
alternatives that have been Balance economic, technical,
considered thus far. environmental and social
factors.
Look at merits and
disadvantages of each
alternative. (2015)
Chapter 5 – Policy, Legal and Provides an outline of the The assessment complies with
Administrative Framework legislative, policy and the relevant legislation and
administrative requirements, as standards applicable in the
well as international best local jurisdiction and the Bank.
practise applicable to the Takes into account national
proposed Project. and regional standards.
The Bank assesses the
institution’s requirements,
which needs to be equivalent
to the AfDB’s requirements.
(OS1; 2013)
Chapter 6 – The ESIA Provides a brief overview of the Conducted to the principles of
Methodology ESIA process to be followed for proportionality and adaptive
the proposed Project. management.
The level of assessment and
management must be
proportional to the level of risk
associated with the project.
This assessment leads to the
development of an ESMP.
(OS1; 2013)
Apply an ‘interactions matrix’ to
identify possible interactions
between project components
and resources/receptors.
(2015)
Chapter 7 – Stakeholder Provides a brief overview of the Capture perspective of
Engagement stakeholder engagement vulnerable individuals or
process required. groups.
Stakeholder engagement
activities carried out throughout
the ESIA process.
Demonstrate links between
stakeholder feedback and
ESIA element.

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 Chapter Contents AfDB Requirements
Confirm and verify stakeholder
engagement activities. (2015)
Chapter 8 – Baseline of the Provides a summary of the site Detailed evaluation of climate
Receiving Environment investigations undertaken and change risks and adaptation
findings thereof. This has measures (Category 1) or
addressed the following review climate change risks
technical topics: and adaptation measures
- Climate; (Category 2); assess climate
change vulnerability. (2013)
- Topography and
Geomorphology; Assess potential impacts on:
geology, soils, surface and
- Geology; groundwater resources, air
- Soils; resources and climate, noise
- Surface Water; and vibration, ecosystems,
socioeconomic and cultural.
- Ground Water;
(OS1, 2013)
- Wetlands;
Ensure flows, water ecological
- Air Quality; functions and the integrity of
- Noise; river systems and wetlands are
- Transport / Access; maintained.
- Waste Management; Assess potential risks and
impacts on biological diversity
- Visual; and ecosystem services.
- Biodiversity; and Categorise habitats into
- Socio-economic. Natural Habitats, Modified
Habitats and Critical Habitats.
Identify invasive alien species
and take precautions to avoid
the introduction or spreading of
the species.
Comply with national
regulations in legally protected
areas and internationally
recognised areas.
(OS3, 2013)
Chapter 9 - Identification of Description and assessment of Identify potential interactions
Potential Impacts physical, natural and socio- between the project and the
economic environment physical, biological, cultural or
environmental and social human environment.
impacts that have been Identify risks associated with
identified to be focused upon in cumulative impacts.
the ESIA process.
Determine characteristics and
magnitude of impacts. (2015)
Chapter 10 – Cumulative Determine the size of the area
Impacts around the project that should
be assessed and how to
practically assess complex
interactions.
Consider the degree to which
the project will contribute to

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 Chapter Contents AfDB Requirements
possible cumulative impacts.
(2015).
Chapter 11 – Environmental Presents the action plan for the Identify measures to avoid,
and Social Management Plan management of impacts minimise and mitigate.
throughout the construction Follow a mitigation hierarchy
and operation of the proposed which is in line with any
project. relevant Bank Requirements.
The hierarchy is as follows:
- Avoid at Source or Reduce
at Source
- Abate on Site
- Abate at Receptor
- Repair on Remedy
- Compensate
- Offset (2015)
Compensation and offsetting is
a last resort (OS1; 2013).
Define basic management and
monitoring measures to ensure
impacts remain in conformance
with predictions and mitigation
measures effectively address
impacts. Define roles and
responsibilities, measures for
information disclosure,
grievance redress mechanism
and process for confined
consultation. (GN1.4)
Chapter 12 – Conclusions Concludes the ESIA Report.

1.5 DETAILS OF THE ESIA PROJECT TEAM

The MEFCC requires that an ESIA study of this type utilises a multidisciplinary team composed of a
team of experts to undertake ESIA study. A list of the members of the Project team for the ESIA is
provided in Table 1-4 As far as possible specialist studies were undertaken by Zereu Girmay
Environmental Consultant (ZGEC) which is a local Ethiopian Consultancy firm licensed with the
MEFCC. Full certificates of competency for each specialist as well and the MEFCC certificate for
ZGEC are provided, see (see Appendix A). International ESIA experience and supplementary
specialist expertise was provided by WSP Environment and Energy, Africa.
Table 1-4: ESIA Project Team

Level of Licences with Reference number of

Technical Area Expert
MEFCC Certificate

Mr Bereket Zeleke Consultant 11/1-1/1414

Policy Analyst
Ekule
Mr Gebreslassie Senior Consultant 11/1-1/4011
Sociologist
Gebreamlak Mersha
Environmental Mr Aklilu Tilahun Senior Consultant 11/1-1/1015
Health Zeleke

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 Level of Licences with Reference number of
Technical Area Expert
MEFCC Certificate

Getachew Simegn Senior Consultant 11/1-1/6876

Land Use
Eshetu
Mr. Shewaye Deribe Senior Consultant 11/1-1/6587
Biodiversity
W/Yohannis
Water Resource Solomon Kebede Senior Consultant 11/1-1/4026
Management Gizaw
Environmental Mr Agaje Mekonen Senior Consultant 11/1-1/7079
Engineer Agaje
Mr Zereu Ghirmay Senior Consultant 11/1-1/1959/10
Waste Management
Ghebreslassie

Each of the above experts are licensed with the MEFCC. A copy of each of the above experts
Certificate of Competency issued by the MEFCC is attached in Appendix A.

1.6 DETAILS OF THE APPLICANT AND ENVIRONMENTAL

ASSESSMENT PRACTITIONER
Any comments on the ESIA Report should be provided to the applicant and environmental
assessment practitioner as per the details provided in Table 1-5 and Table 1-6 respectively.
Table 1-5: Detail of the Applicant

Item Detail

Name of Applicant Amhara region IPDC

Responsible Person Yehunew Abebe
Telephone 0918782320
E-mail [email protected]

Table 1-6: Detail of the Environmental Assessment Practitioner

Item Detail

Name of Firm Zeriou Girmay Gebreselassie Environmental Consultant

Certificate of Competence Environmental Impact Assessment Studies as a Consulting Firm
in Level 1
Reference Number: 11/1.1/6952
Date: 29/09/2016
Responsible Person Mr. Zereu Girmay
Postal Address 100187 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Telephone 091 134 7013 or +251 11 557 6395

E-mail [email protected]

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1.7 ASSUMPTIONS AND LIMITATIONS
The following assumptions and limitations have been made/identified during the assessment process
and in the compilation of this ESIA Report:
 The information provided by all parties is assumed to be accurate;
 The competent authority would not require additional specialist input, as per the proposals made
in this report, in order to make a decision regarding the application.

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2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION
This Chapter provides a brief description of the proposed Project, which entails the Bure IAIP and
Motta RTC facilities and associated phases.

2.1 BURE IAIP

2.1.1 LOCATION
The proposed Bure IAIP falls under the jurisdiction of Bure Town as it is located approximately 2 km
southwest of the town in the South West Amhara Region (Figure 2-1). The site abuts the federal
highway No. 3 which is approximately 400 km north of Addis Ababa and 150 km north of Bahir Dar.
The site is part of the industrial master plan of Bure designated for industrial development, which
renders the advantage of utilising the industrial infrastructure such as power, water, stormwater
systems and road networks. The site is geographically located between 1182481.036 N to
1184267.076 N, and 288737.915 E to 292314.594 E (UTM Coordinates) in the West Gojjam Zone of
South West Amhara.

Bure

IAIP Site

Figure 2-1: Bure IAIP, South West Amhara Region

The proposed Bure IAIP is a pilot facility with a site area of 260.56 hectares (ha) out of a total 1,000
ha of land that has been identified for potential use. Based on the success of the project the IAIP will
be expanded within the remainder of the earmarked land. Note, this report only pertains to the
assessment of the 260.56 ha pilot development. Future expansion of the IAIP will require separate
environmental and social assessments to be undertaken. The growing area to be serviced by the IAIP
is approximately 398,059 ha with the main farming activities in the area consisting of maize, sesame,
potato, live animal (cattle, goat, sheep) dairy and meat, poultry and honey.
The predominant land use on the site is mixed farming. As per the land tenure of Ethiopia the land is
owned by the government with land leased to farmers for agricultural and residential purposes
(Figure 2-2).

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 Legend
IAIP Site Boundary

Figure 2-2: Layout showing the boundary of the IAIP site

The coordinates of the Bure IAIP area are provided in Table 2-1.
Table 2-1: Coordinates of the Bure IAIP site

Point Easting (m) Northing (m)

1 292054.36 1184267.08
2 292314.59 1184120.77
3 291174.63 1182743.48
4 290699.18 1183158.58
5 289151.17 1182481.04
6 288737.92 1183447.64
7 289819.74 1183834.84
8 290331.58 1183506.62
9 290400.53 1183676.73
Note: Coordinates are given in geographic format, zone 37, hemisphere N of the Adindan, Ethiopia datum (Ellipsoid: Clarke
1880)

2.1.2 SURROUNDING AREA

The area surrounding the IAIP site consists of households, settlements and associated support
infrastructure such as roads and electrical power lines as well as agricultural land including open
grassland for grazing and production. The area includes mixed vegetation as well as the Yiser River,
which runs parallel to the western boundary of the site. Table 2-2 provides a rough breakdown of the
various land use patterns identified within a 5 km radius of the IAIP site, as indicated in Figure 2-3.

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Table 2-2: Land use pattern in the surrounding area – 5 km radius

Land use classification Area in %

hectares
Water body 41.53 0.53%
Wetland 458.12 5.84%
Agriculture 4030.12 51.34%
Mixed vegetation 1184.30 15.09%
Settlements 2026.30 25.81%
Barren land 70.93 0.90%
Roads 38.70 0.49%
Total 7850.00 100.00%

Legend
IAIP Site Boundary
5km Radius (white line)

Figure 2-3: Image showing a 5km radius from the IAIP site.

2.1.3 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPOSED BURE IAIP

The 260.56 ha IAIP is comprised of a processing area of 245.23 ha and a non-processing area of
15.33 ha. Most residents in the region are subsistence farmers with practices including the rearing of
live animals as well as growing several crop types. The IAIP is designed to focus on processing
cereals, sesame, vegetables, livestock as well as the brewery / malt processing industry.
The IAIP includes the associated infrastructure required to effectively process all the materials. These
include water and electrical supply infrastructure, sewage treatment works, roads and storage areas
and the like. Quality control and assurance facilities are also included within the park along with
support and training facilities. The non-processing area of the site includes a residential area as well
as supporting facilities such as a school, places of worship and commercial areas. The park also
includes greenery and open spaces making up approximately 12% of the total area. Figure 2-4
provides a layout of the proposed master plan of the Bure IAIP.

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Figure 2-4: Site layout plan of the Bure IAIP

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Table 2-3 provides an indication of the raw material and growing area required for the effective
operation of the IAIP according to the design process.
Table 2-3: IAIP operational requirements

Item Quantity

Raw Materials Required 824,476 MTPA

Growing Area Required 398,059 ha

The preliminary details of the proposed Bure IAIP are summarised in the Table 2-4 below.
Table 2-4: Summary of preliminary details of the Bure IAIP

Amhara – Bure IAIP

Location of IAIP Bure town in West Gojjam administrative zone

Size of IAIP 260.35 hectares considered for initial
development
RTC locations Motta, Merawi, Finote Selam, Dangila, Enjibara,
Chagni, and Amanuel.
Agricultural potential and agri-facilities Maize, sesame, potato, live animal (cattle,
sheep, goat) dairy, meat, poultry and honey
Energy The total estimated power demand of 46.82
MVA is to be met from Bure substation
connected to the national grid situated at a
distance of 4 km from the proposed IAIP site.
Water 6 bore wells, with a 300 mm diameter and depth
of up to 100 m
External
infrastructure Road network The site abuts the federal highway connecting
Addis Ababa and Bahir Dar
Railways, dry port, airport Airport – Bole International airport, Addis Ababa
terminals – 407 km & Bahir Dar airport – 156 km
Telecommunication Communication facilities available in Bure town
can be extended.
Raw materials required 824,476 MTPA
Growing area required 398,059 hectares
Total processing area 245.11 hectares
Total non-processing area 15.24 hectares

IAIP internal Total area 260.35 hectares

infrastructure Length of road 9.31 km
details
Total water demand 7,381 m3/day
Wastewater generation 4,928.73 m3/day
Municipal Solid Waste 63.47 TPD
generation
Power demand 46.82 MVA

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Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 2-5
2.1.4 PROCESS UTILITIES

WATER REQUIREMENTS
During the design process it was established that there is no existing water supply network available
in the vicinity of the site. However, it was noted that the Yiser River flows in close proximity
(approximately 100 m) to the western boundary of the site. Discussions with the authorities were
undertaken by MACE whereby it was identified that there is no possibility for withdrawing water from
the River to supply the IAIP due to the dependency of farmers in the lower areas on the river feeding
the downstream agricultural areas. Water supply to the area is currently provided through a network of
bore wells sunk in and around the town of Bure. Discussions with authorities, undertaken by MACE,
identified that there is no surplus water available from this existing scheme to supply the IAIP.
A minimum of 6 bore wells, with a 300 mm diameter and depth of up to 100 m, are proposed be
installed in the IAIP (or nearby depending on the yield of the bore wells). The IPDC is currently
undertaking a Geohydrological Assessment to determine the resource capacities in the area. The
estimated total daily water demand for the IAIP was calculated by MACE, including potable1 and non-
potable2 water requirements. The estimated average daily water demand for the IAIP is shown in
Table 2-5.
Table 2-5: Estimated average daily water demand for the Bure IAIP

Land Use within the IAIP Potable Non-potable Total

(m3/day) (m3/day) (m3/day)

Processing areas 4,548 161 4,709

Non-processing area 634 89 723
Total daily water demand 5,181 250 5,431

The proposed bore wells are to be installed in a phased manner so as to meet the required water
demand at the various phases of the development. Table 2-6 provides the anticipated water demand
on a yearly basis, for the eight years from commencement of the IAIP, showing the annual increase in
water demand.
Table 2-6: Water demand - year wise patter – m3/day

Year 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026

Volume
549 1097 2056 2651 3474 4022 4434 4680 4709
(m3/day)

To facilitate the adequate supply of water to the IAIP suitable water storage structures, in the form of
ground level storage reservoirs (GLSR) and elevated level storage reservoirs (ELSR) with associated
pump house and water treatment plant, are to be established within the IAIP. The proposed
infrastructure is to facilitate receiving raw water, treating the water, collecting and storing the treated
water (in the GLSR and ELSR respectively) for further distribution within the IAIP. An area of 1.03 ha
is earmarked for the construction of the water treatment plant, GLSR and ELSR and pump house
within the eastern portion of the IAIP. The design also includes a ‘summer storage tank’ for the
capturing and storage of summer rainfall for use in the IAIP.
A suitable water treatment plant is to be established to treat the water supply in order to meet the
acceptable limits of water quality as per Ethiopian drinking water standards.

WASTE WATER
A sewage treatment plant (STP) and common effluent treatment plant (CETP) are to be established
within the western portion of the IAIP with a second STP located in the eastern portion of the site. It is

1
Potable water is to be used for drinking and sanitary needs and washing vessels. A potable water system will be put in place
that will meet regulatory requirements in terms of quality
2
Non-potable water considered to be used for gardening, cleaning, cooling and toilet flushing

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Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 2-6
anticipated that wastewater will be treated and recycled in the operational process. Furthermore,
sanitary wastewater from toilets and urinals shall be collected in an underground sewer system that is
to be constructed as part of the processing plant’s sanitary facilities. A self-contained treatment
system is to be put in place to treat sanitary water.
Treated wastewater is to be re-used in the production process as non-potable water3. The estimated
volume of sewage4 to be generated by the IAIP during operations is shown in Table 2-7.
Table 2-7: Estimated average daily wastewater generation for the Bure IAIP

Processing and Non-processing areas Quantity

Total 4,928.73 m3/day

SOLID WASTE
The estimated volume of municipal solid waste (MSW) to be generated by the IAIP during operations
was calculated by Mahindra and is shown in Table 2-8. Waste minimisation, recycling and treatment
processes shall be included in the IAIP facility operational requirements.
Table 2-8: Estimated average daily solid waste generation for the Bure IAIP

Processing and Non-processing areas Quantity

Total 63.47 tons per day (tpd)

ELECTRICITY

The anticipated total power demand for the IAIP during operation, as calculated by MACE, is
anticipated to be 46.82 MVA (Table 2-9). The total power demand is to be sourced from Ethiopian
Electric Power (EEP) via the Bure substation, located approximately 4 km from the proposed site. To
meet the required power demand it is proposed that a new 132 kV dedicated overhead power
transmission line is established from Bure substation to the proposed substation within the IAIP
eastern portion of the site.
Table 2-9: Estimated power demand for the IAIP

Processing and Non-processing areas Quantity

Total 46.82 MVA

2.1.5 ANCILLARY INFRASTRUCTURE

This Section does however provide a brief summary of what ancillary infrastructure is proposed.

FUEL (DIESEL/PETROL) STORAGE

The IAIP includes a truck lay bay, weighbridge and fuel station. The storage of fuel will therefore take
place on site.

TRANSPORT ROUTES AND ACCESS TO SITE

The proposed site abuts the federal highway no. 3 connecting Addis Ababa and Bahir Dar. No specific
infrastructure intervention is proposed regarding transportation routes and access roads. The site has
no connectivity by railway and the nearest airports are Addis Ababa and Bahir Dar which are
approximately 407 km and 156 km from the site respectively. The Motta RTC is located approximately
100 km east of the Bure IAIP, aerial distance, however approximately 266 km by road via Bahir Dar.

3
Confirmation of such processes has not been provided.
4 Total sewage quantity includes effluent, sewage and sullage

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Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 2-7
All internal roads will be constructed and maintained by the IPDC while the FDRE is responsible for
establishment and maintenance of the roads outside of the IAIP.

ELECTRICAL OVERHEAD POWER TRANSMISSION LINES

As identified in Section 2.1.4 above, it is proposed to bring in a 132 kV overhead power transmission
line from the Bure substation, which is connected to the national grid, to a substation to be established
on site for the provision of electrical supply to the IAIP.

COMMUNICATION FACILITIES

Communication facilities available in the town of Bure are to be extended to the site.

2.2 MOTTA RTC

2.2.1 LOCATION
The proposed Motta RTC site is located approximately 2 km west of the town of Motta (Figure 2-5),
120 km southwest of Bahir Dar, and 266 km east of the Bure IAIP (by road via Bahir Dar). The
proposed site falls under the jurisdiction of Motta town, in the Hulet Ej Enese Woreda, which is located
in the East Gojjam Zone of the Amhara Region. The proposed RTC is located in close proximity to the
federal highway no. 31 that links Dejen with Bahir Dar. The site is geographically located between
1224437.024 N to 1224883.549 N and 378948.322 E to 379342.918 E (UTM coordinates), with an
elevation of approximately 2,487 m above sea level.

Motta

Motta
RTC Site

Figure 2-5: Location of the Motta RTC, South West Amhara Region

The coordinates of the Motta RTC area are provided in Table 2-10. Figure 2-6 shows the layout of
the IAIP boundary.

ESIA Report
Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 2-8
Table 2-10: Coordinates of the Motta RTC area

Coordinates
Point
Easting (m) Northing (m)

1 378948.32 1224556.38
2 379130.14 1224883.55
3 379342.92 1224757.70
4 379163.98 1224437.02
Note: Coordinates are given in geographic format, zone 37, hemisphere N of the Adindan, Ethiopia datum (Ellipsoid: Clarke
1880)

Legend
IAIP Site Boundary

Figure 2-6: Layout showing the boundary of the RTC site

SURROUNDING AREA
The site is located approximately 100 m north of the Federal Highway No. 31 on the eastern edge of
Motta. The site is surrounded by agricultural land (predominantly crops) to the north, east and south,
with the area adjacent to the south west border of the site consisting of households, businesses and
associated support infrastructure such as roads. A primary school is located adjacent to the western
boundary of the proposed site. Additional settlements are located further north-west and west of the
site. Figure 2-7 shows the location of the RTC site and a 5km radius around the site.

ESIA Report
Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 2-9
Figure 2-7: Image showing a 5km radius from the RTC site

2.2.2 DESCRIPTION
An RTC is a facility where rural communities are able to take their products (i.e. vegetables, fruits,
coffee, livestock etc) for sale. The products are in turn forwarded in bulk to the IAIP for further
processing.
The Motta RTC site covers an extent of 9.11 ha which mainly consists of agricultural land,
predominantly teff. Two dwellings are noted to exist on the site along with a 33 kV power line that runs
across the centre of the site in a southeast-northwest direction as well as a dirt track, which transects
the site from the south-western corner to the north-eastern corner. A number of drainage lines cross
the site, running in a north-westerly direction. A dirt track and drainage line run along the southern
boundary of the site. Figure 2-8 identifies the existing features identified on the proposed RTC site.

ESIA Report
Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 2-10
 4

2
3
4

3 2

Figure 2-8: Existing features with the proposed RTC site (adapted from MA site constraints)
The RTC is to be focused on fruits, vegetables, cereals, livestock, milk and honey. Furthermore, the
RTC is planned to include a quality control laboratory, agri-input centre, and social infrastructure such
as a training centre and crèche. The social infrastructure provides the necessary support for the
occupant industries in the RTC. Figure 2-9 provides a layout of the proposed master plan for the
Motta RTC.

ESIA Report
Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 2-11
Figure 2-9: Site layout plan of the Motta RTC (Source: MACE master plan drawing)

2.2.3 PROCESS UTILITIES

WATER REQUIREMENTS
Water is supplied to the town of Motta by the Motta Water Supply and Services Enterprise (MWSSE)
supply network. The estimated water demand for the RTC is estimated to be 85 m3/day, including
potable5 and non-potable6 water requirements (Table 2-11).
Table 2-11: Estimated average daily water demand for the RTC

Description Potable Non-potable Total

(m3/day) (m3/day) (m3/day)
Total water demand 65 20 85

Based on discussions held by MACE with the MWSSE, the water source for the proposed Motta RTC
site is to be provided by way of providing an exclusive water supply line from the existing MWSSE
water supply network.

5
Potable water is to be used for drinking and sanitary needs and washing vessels. A potable water system will be put in place
that will meet regulatory requirements in terms of quality
6
Non-potable water considered to be used for gardening, cleaning, cooling and toilet flushing

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Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 2-12
To facilitate the continuous provision of water to the RTC it is proposed that suitable water treatment
and storage structures (i.e. 90 m 3 underground sump, water treatment plant, 15 m3 ELSR tank) and
pump house be established within the site for receiving, treating and storing water for further
distribution within the RTC.

WASTE WATER
A STP is to be established within the RTC which will treat the operational waste water generated
within the RTC to a standard that is suitable for the treated waste water to be recycled in the
operational processes. Furthermore, sanitary wastewater from toilets and urinals shall be collected in
an underground sewer system that will be constructed as part of the processing plant’s sanitary
facilities. A self-contained treatment system will be put in place to treat sanitary water. As part of this
treatment process, sludge is to be removed and disposed of by a licensed contractor when required.
Motta town does not have an existing sanitary landfill facility. There are no immediate plans for Motta
to develop a sanitary landfill facility however the Motta master plan does identify land for the
construction of a formalised waste management site however specific detail as to the nature of waste
to be handled at the facility is not provided. Sludge handling and the disposal thereof is to be
addressed in the ESIA.
Treated wastewater is to be re-used in the production process as non-potable water.

SOLID WASTE

A solid waste management area has been identified within the RTC master plan, however specific
detail as to the nature of waste to be handled at the facility is not provided. Waste handling and the
disposal thereof is to be addressed in the ESIA.

ELECTRICITY
The total power demand for the RTC is anticipated to be 1.2 MVA (Table 2-12), as calculated by
MACE. It is proposed that the total power demand be sourced from the EEP via the existing 33 kV
power line passing across the central section of the site. The existing 33 kV overhead power line is to
be relocated to run around the site (i.e. not cross the RTC site). During this process electrical
infrastructure is to be connected to the proposed substation to be established on site.
Table 2-12: Estimated power demand for the Motta RTC

Description Quantity

Total Power Requirement 1.2 MVA

2.2.4 ANCILLARY INFRASTRUCTURE

This Section provide a brief summary of what ancillary infrastructure is proposed for the RTC.

FUEL (DIESEL/PETROL) STORAGE

The RTC includes a truck lay bay area where it is anticipated that trucks will be able to refuel.

TRANSPORT ROUTES AND ACCESS TO SITE

Entrance to the RTC is to be obtained from the south-west corner of the site via a secondary road
leading off the federal highway no. 31. Traffic will then exit the RTC from the southeast corner of the
site. Two additional entry and exit points are identified for future establishment, along the northern
boundary of the site as indicated in the Master Plan (Figure 2-9) as well as represented in
Figure 2-10 below.

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Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 2-13
 Future entrance /
exit points

Motta RTC Site

Motta

Entrance

Existing
To Bahir Dar Access Road
Exit

Potential
Access Road

To Dejen

Figure 2-10: Layout indicating proposed access to the RTC.

ELECTRICAL OVERHEAD POWER LINES

As indicated above the EEP will be responsible for rerouting the existing overhead power line from
crossing the site and providing electrical power to the site.

COMMUNICATION FACILITIES
Communication facilities available in the town of Motta are to be extended to the site. The installation
of pipelines or infrastructure associated with the communication facilities is to be undertaken by the
FDRE.

2.3 PHASES OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT

In general, development projects are undertaken in a series of set phases. Each of the phases have a
different combination of activities and the commencement of each phase is dependent on the
outcome and success of its predecessor. The identified Project phases are discussed below.

2.3.1 PLANNING AND DESIGN PHASE

As part of the preparation process MACE carried out the feasibility study and business plan for
establishing IAIPs in Ethiopia. Following the feasibility study an engineering Scoping Study, based
upon a simplified but more site-specific process, was undertaken along with the preparation of a
preliminary design and associated project capital expenditure (CAPEX) and operational expenditure
(OPEX) estimates corresponding to the design proposed. The engineering Scoping Study was
approved by UNOPS/UNIDO resulting in the initiation of the detailed design process.

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Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 2-14
The planning and design phase of the proposed Project commenced in 2016 and will be completed
once final authorisations have been issued by the relevant authorities.

2.3.2 CONSTRUCTION PHASE

Construction activities are to be undertaken in a phased manner. Construction activities commenced
in 2016 with the construction of the temporary building camp for the Bure IAIP. Construction of the
IAIP and RTC boundary walls commenced in January 2017 and is scheduled to continue for a period
of 12 months from commencement. The construction process of horizontal infrastructure for the IAIP,
including internal roads and water supply infrastructure, is scheduled to be undertaken within a period
of 12 months from commencement. While the construction of horizontal infrastructure for the RTC,
including internal roads and water supply infrastructure, is scheduled to be undertaken within a period
of 5 months from commencement.

2.3.3 OPERATIONAL PHASE

Once the construction phase of the Project is complete, the operational phase will commence. As
indicated above, the Project will consist of one IAIP and one RTC with additional RTCs to be
established in surrounding areas in the future based on the success of the pilot facilities (not included
in this preliminary scoping report).
An IAIP is essentially a geographic cluster of independent firms grouped together to gain economies
of scale and positive externalities by sharing infrastructure (i.e. roads, power, communication, storage,
packaging, by-product utilisation, effluent treatment, logistics and transport, laboratory facilities, etc.)
and taking advantage of opportunities for bulk purchasing and selling, training courses and extension
services. Multiple agro-processing functions take place in an IAIP, such as final processing, storage,
packaging, marketing and distribution. Support businesses and social infrastructure are also present.
IAIPs include open area production zones, controlled environment growing, precision farming,
knowledge hubs and research facilities, rural hubs, agri-infrastructure, collection centres, primary
processing hubs, social infrastructure and agri-marketing infrastructure, among others. IAIPs are
proposed to consist of state-of-the-art infrastructure including general infrastructure such as roads,
power, water, communications, sewerage, sewage/effluent treatment plant, storm water systems, rain
water harvesting, firefighting, etc., and specialised infrastructure such as cold storages, quarantine
facilities, quality control labs, quality certification centres, raw material storage, controlled and
modified atmospheric storage, central processing centres, etc.
RTCs also represent geographic clusters of infrastructure and services, though on a smaller scale
than IAIPs. Farmers and farmer groups deliver their produce and receive agricultural inputs. At the
RTCs, agricultural produce is collected, sorted, stored and may undergo primary processing before
onward transport to an IAIP. For most farmers, the RTCs are the main point of contact with
commercial agricultural value chains. Apart from their primary functions, RTCs are also intended to
offer small-scale financial services to farmers as well as basic social services. RTCs are to include
warehouses, input supply, sorting, grading, extension services, pre-processing activities and
microfinance commercial activities. Via the FDRE and partners the RTCs will support farmers to
increase productivity to supply raw material of required quantity and quality to the industries in the
IAIPs. The centres will provide information on agro-food, business development, prices, market trend
and current market demand in terms of products and quality, among other services.
The operational phase involves the day-to-day management of all operations undertaken at the Bure
IAIP and Motta RTC site and associated activities.

2.3.4 DECOMMISSIONING PHASE

The proposed IAIPs and associated RTCs are intended to be long term operational facilities (i.e. are
not intended to be decommissioned in the near future). The developments are anticipated to be a
permanent part of the industrialised agricultural sector going forward and are to be expanded upon.
Decommissioning requirements and activities should be considered in the planning process, however
as the facilities are not anticipated to be decommissioned in the near future is more appropriate that

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Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 2-15
detailed decommissioning requirements should be addressed in the future when / if decommission of
the facilities is required. As such decommissioning is not considered further in this report.

2.4 PROJECT STATUS

It is noted that construction of certain aspects of the proposed Project development have commenced.
The following points summarise the status of the construction undertaken to date for the Bure IAIP
and RTC sites and the respective infrastructure, based on the latest information provided by the
IPDC:
 Bure IAIP
— Amhara Building Construction Enterprise has been contracted to undertake the construction
of horizontal infrastructure which includes the construction of the temporary camp buildings
and compound wall. Construction of the temporary camp commenced in 2016 and was
completed with the anticipated 12 month period. Construction of the compound wall
commenced in January 2017 and is still currently underway.
— Amhara Road Works Enterprise has been contracted to undertake the construction of
horizontal infrastructure which includes the construction of the roads, sewerage line,
drainage, street lighting and internal power system. The works are scheduled to extend for a
period of 335 days from commencement.
— Amhara Water Works Enterprise has been contracted to undertake the construction of
horizontal infrastructure which includes the construction of the internal water supply system
(potable and non-potable). The works are scheduled to extend for a period of 12 months from
commencement.
— Amhara Borehole Enterprise has been contracted to establish 6 deep wells to supply water
for the site. Drilling activities have commenced and one borehole of the six has been
completed. The proposed boreholes are to be completed within a 270 day period from
commencement.
— Amhara Metal Industry and Machine Technology Enterprise has been contracted to construct
warehouses and sheds at the IAIP and RTC sites. The warehouses and sheds are scheduled
to be established with a period of 12 months form commencement.
 RTC
— The Amhara Road and Building Design Contract Administration and Supervision Enterprise
have been contracted to supervise the construction of the compound walls, horizontal
infrastructure and building processes.
— Amhara Urban Development and Building Company have been appointed to undertake the
construction of the RTC compound wall and horizontal infrastructure. Construction of the
compound wall commenced in early 2017 and is schedule to be completed within a period of
5 months from commencement. However delays were encountered during the rainy season,
as such construction of the boundary is still underway.
It is noted that as per the legislative framework, construction activities are required to only commence
following receipt of environmental certification. These activities are therefore in non-compliance with
the identified regulations.

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Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 2-16
3 NEED AND DESIRABILTY
The agricultural industry in Ethiopia faces the following challenges:
 Disorganized and fragmented land holdings;
 Absence of an integrated channel to link ‘farm gate to food plate’;
 Weak infrastructure, limited support services to farmers;
 > 50% of Food Industries concentrated in & around Addis Ababa;
 Inability to tap the growing domestic & international markets;
 Lack of coordination of value chain and actors.
The above challenges is that approximately 65 million farmers are not currently linked to industry.
Ethiopia has a competitive advantage in several crops such as oil seeds and cotton, and horticultural
crops such as fruits and vegetables that is often lost due to poor linkages with agro-industry and
limited knowledge of efficient farming practices. The fragmented nature of the agricultural sector
further compounds the inefficiencies inherent in the current market.
As identified in Chapter 1, although food-processing industries are present in Ethiopia, they are
currently restricted in production by the availability of raw materials. The restriction on raw material
input is related mainly to access, but also to the quality of the produce, which results in inefficient
handling chains, post-harvest losses and higher prices. Investment and development of the agro-
industrial sector will in turn improve the economy by converting the agro-export from primary,
unprocessed products to processed products, which will underpin economic growth for this sector and
the country as a whole. The primary limitation to this proposed agro-industrial growth is the lack of
adequate infrastructure. The development of agro-industries presents Ethiopia with an opportunity to
accelerate economic development and achieve its industrial development goals.
In addition, Ethiopia benefits from the United States’ (US) African Growth and Opportunity Act, a law
that gives many African countries duty-free export privileges to the US market. Opportunities also
exist to obtain duty-free entry into the European Union (EU) countries, Canada and Japan. If
addressed correctly, agro-industries can help fulfil the potential of agriculture and advance
industrialization in the country. The production of higher value products has been identified to be
critical to achieving this transformation.
The IAIPs will have comparative advantages in terms of cost and efficiency allowing industries to ‘pool
resources and curb shortages’ in the course of production. The intention is for the IAIPs to be a ‘one-
stop-shop’ for agricultural industries and to facilitate and boost the export earnings for Ethiopia, which
is currently restricted to coffee and vegetable product exports. Investors, both local and foreign, will
also be attracted to incentives ranging from 70% loans from state banks without collateral, duty free
import of machineries and spare parts, to export tax exemption. The FDRE will be seeking to attract
Ethiopian diaspora business investment into the IAIPs through incentives such as offering up to 85%
loans without collateral allowing the Diaspora to place only 15% of financing at risk.
The overall objectives of the IAIPs are to:
 Drive the structural transformation of the Ethiopian economy;
 Reduce rural poverty through the integration of smallholder farmers, small-scale processing
enterprises and allied industries in commercial value chains; and
 Create a better environment for increased investment in agro-food and allied sectors.
The IAIPs will:
 Create supply-chain infrastructure;
 Increase total flows of investment in agro-industry - both in terms of skills and capital;
 Foster linkages between agriculture and agro-industry;
 Provide a close interface between research, extension mechanisms, industry and farmers in the
agricultural sector;
 Increase value addition and reduce wastages, thereby increasing the income of farmers;

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Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 3-1
 Produce better quality products to increase Ethiopia’s share in manufacturing value addition in the
GDP;
 Create rural employment, off-farm broad based income opportunities and improve quality of life in
rural areas;
 Assist small-scale agro-industrial enterprises to remain competitive in global markets; and
 Facilitate commercialisation of agriculture and increase exports of processed and value added
agro-products.
The overall goal of the Government’s Industrial Development Strategy (IDS) is to bring about the
accelerated structural transformation of the economy through enhancing industrialization, raising the
share of the industrial sector of GDP from the current 13% to 27% by 2025, and the GDP share of the
manufacturing sub-sector from the current 4% to 18% by 2025.
The development of IAIPs is prioritised in Ethiopia’s national development strategy and is a core
component of the current Growth and Transformation Plan (GTP II, 2015-2020). This plan
emphasises that economic structural transformation is central for sustainable growth and
development in Ethiopia.
The proposed Project will be an important source of foreign currency inflows and taxes, as well as
creating significant direct and indirect employment in the region. As a large regional project the IAIP
and RTC has the potential to act as a catalyst for development of the region.

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Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 3-2
4 PROJECT ALTERNATIVES
4.1 INTRODUCTION
An ESIA process is to include an analysis of reasonable alternatives to the proposed project such as
alternative sites, routes, engineering options, layouts and technologies in terms of their potential
Environmental and Social impacts, the feasibility of avoiding these impacts, and where this is not
possible, the approach to mitigating the identified impacts.
There are two types of project alternatives, these are:
 Concept Level Alternatives which relate to site, technology and process alternatives; and
 Detailed Level Alternatives which related to working methods and mitigation measures.
The higher level concept alternatives are addressed in this section as detailed level alternatives are
addressed through the identification and implementation of mitigation measures. The objective of the
comparison of alternatives is to outline how the Project represents an optimised design that is
technically and financially feasible whilst minimising overall environmental and social impacts.

4.2 CONSIDERATION OF ALTERNATIVES

Based on the project summary published by UNIDO in 2016 (UNIDO, 2016), the IAIPs were selected
on the basis of six broad criteria as described below. It is noted that the issue of environment was not
considered during the site selection process; this can be sited as a limitation of the feasibility and
screening phases of the proposed Project.

4.2.1 AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION POTENTIAL FOR STRATEGIC

COMMODITIES
The key consideration for identifying alternatives is understanding what the primary agricultural
products are in the Amhara Region, such as maize, sesame, potato, live animals (cattle, sheep,
goats) dairy, meat, poultry and honey. Once this criteria was understood, the production potential for
the region was calculated to assist in developing an understanding of the land requirements for the
industrial park.

4.2.2 INTER-INDUSTRY LINKAGES AND TRIGGERING EFFECT

This consideration focused on the potential linkages with existing thriving industries that could trigger
further industrial development. Specifically exportable cash crop commodities were identified to help
in the site selection process.

4.2.3 INFRASTRUCTURE FACILITIES

Available infrastructure is an important consideration in the location and scaling of industrial parks.
Therefore the presence of power, road network, water, railways, airport terminals and
telecommunication infrastructure were taken into account.
 Power – Availability of power in the growth corridors was assessed based on the presence of
power stations, sub-stations and transmission lines within or near the parks.
 Road network – Road network densities for the corridors were assessed by examining national
road network data from official national zonal administration boundaries.
 Water – The availability of water was analysed for both agriculture and industrial processing by
considering the mean annual rainfall, availability of river systems, availability of natural and
artificial reservoirs, and groundwater potential.

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 Railways, dry port, airport terminals and telecommunication – Railways and dry ports were
evaluated considering the current and oncoming national networks/projects.

4.2.4 MARKET POTENTIAL

A viable market for the products and services available in the park is essential for the successful
establishment and the long-term commercial viability of the park. The urban sector is assumed to be
the prime market for industrial agro-processed products. Thus, the urban population size of each
corridor and proximity of parks to urban centres was considered.

4.2.5 ACCESS TO COMMERCIAL AND SUPPORT SERVICES

Commercial and support services such as universities, research centres, technical vocational
education and training centres; farmers’ cooperatives and unions; and financial institutions are very
important in providing services demanded by the park. Their proximity to the parks was considered.

4.2.6 CONCENTRATION OF ENTERPRISES AND ATTRACTIVENESS FOR

INVESTORS
The existence of an industrial base and facilities such as import/export logistics, housing, recreation
centres, schools and other social facilities are very important for attracting investors/manpower and
retaining those that may establish firms or work within the Park. The density and proximity of these
facilities was taken into account.

4.3 COMPARISON OF ALTERNATIVES

The original number and location of potential sites identified for the location of the Bure IAIP is
unknown while it has been indicated that 26 initial sites were identified for the location of RTCs. This
was limited to 7 sites following assessment. This process was undertaken at a high level and little
documentation exists on the process and methods used to determine the most preferred site, as such
the ESIA looks at the feasible alternatives for which information is available.

4.3.1 STRATEGIC ALTERNATIVES

As part of the feasibility studies, 17 agro-industrial growth corridors (AIGC) were identified. One IAIP
is planned to be developed in each of the AIGCs. Based on the results of the feasibility studies, the
development of IAIPs and RTCs will take place in two phases. The first implementation phase began
in February 2016 and will see a total of four pilot IAIPs and 28 RTCs developed. The selected sites
are in Southwest Amhara, Central Eastern Oromia, Eastern SNNP and Western Tigray.

4.3.2 SITE ALTERNATIVES

The site selection process was undertaken by the MoI in collaboration with the local authorities and
MACE. The original number and location of potential sites identified for the location of the Bure IAIP is
unknown while it has been indicated that 26 initial sites were identified for the location of RTCs. This
was limited to 7 sites following assessment. This process was undertaken at a high level and little
documentation exists on the process and methods used to determine the most preferred sites.

4.3.3 SITE LAYOUT ALTERNATIVES

Site layout alternatives have been considered for the Bure IAIP site. Following site selection, a site
survey was undertaken to determine the sites opportunities and constraints. Based on the findings of
the initial site screening assessment an initial site plan layout was prepared by MACE for the Bure
IAIP (Figure 4-1). The initial site layout resulted in the full extent of the proposed footprint being
developed.

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Figure 4-1: Initial site plan layout for the Bure IAIP
During the environmental site investigations undertaken in August 2017, by the ESIA team, it was
identified that an extensive wetland system was located within the proposed IAIP footprint, extending
form the north of the site to the south (Figure 4-2).

Figure 4-2: Wetland system within the proposed Bure IAIP footprint

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Following the investigations it was recommended that this wetland system remain in-situ and the site
plan design seek to incorporate this natural feature in order to limit the impact on the surrounding
natural features and function of the system in providing water to farmers on the southern side of the
site. A design review process was then undertaken by MACE which resulted in the amendment of the
site layout plan to incorporate the identified wetland system into the site layout, with the inclusion of a
green buffer area around the system. The amended site layout is the current design proposed for the
Project.

4.3.4 TECHNOLOGY ALTERNATIVES

Various sewage treatment options were considered for the IAIP site. The sewerage treatment
systems considered for selection are identified in Table 4-1.
Table 4-1: Sewage treatment systems considered.

No Process Units Required Accessories

1 Activated sludge – Aeration tank and secondary Surface aerators or membrane

extended aeration clarifier diffuser system for oxygen supply

2 Aerated lagoon Earthen bund basins Fixed or floating aerators for oxygen
supply

3 Up-flow Anaerobic Reactor with liquid, solid and Gas collector, burner and influent
Sludge Blanket gas separation facilities distribution system
(UASB)

4 Trickling Filters Circular tanks with media, Rotary distributor for influent and re-
under drain and secondary circulation pumps
clarifier

5 Rotating Biological Trough with PVC/plastic Drive mechanism for rotating the
Contractors (RBC) discs, secondary clarifier discs

6 Fluidized aerobic bio Reactor tank with poly Blowers for supply of oxygen
reactor propylene media & diffusers through membrane diffusers
followed by secondary
clarifier

7 Sequencing Batch It uses deep RCC basins, Diffusers, blowers and aeration grid,
Reactor (SBR) and very efficient oxygen which provides highest aeration and
transfer equipment’s oxygen transfer efficiency. Decanter
(diffused aeration assembly in Stainless steel
mechanism) equipped with variable frequency
drive to automatically control rate of
decanting based on input feed
condition.

8 Membrane Bio Aeration tanks followed by Diffusers, blowers to supply oxygen,

Reactor (MBR) balancing tank and air compressors for backwashing,
membrane bio reactor chemical dosing for pre-treatment.

Factors that were considered in the selection of an appropriate treatment system included:
 Reliability;
 Vector nuisance;
 Area availability;
 Power requirement;
 Capital cost; and

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 Operation and maintenance cost.
Overall the SBR system (Option 7) was identified as the preferred option as it has the lowest
construction costs although the mechanical instrumentation cost is higher. In addition, the operating
costs are low but this will depend on the inflow capacity of the system. The SBR system has very
minimal fouling with a constant output quality. Furthermore, the system is partially automatic with low
power requirements.

4.3.5 ACCESS ALTERNATIVES

BURE IAIP
During consultation it was identified that the development of the IAIP and associated boundary wall
will result in a main access road and several foot paths being obstructed. These access routes are
utilised by the local communities residing to the south of the IAIP site, on a daily basis, to gain access
to services in Bure such as schools, medical facilities, markets etc. Figure 4-3 indicates the access
routes across the IAIP site that will be obstructed by the development.

Figure 4-3: Image showing access routes across the IAIP site that will be obstructed
An alternative access road is being proposed to wrap around the western edge of the IAIP site
connecting the communities in the south with those in the north. Figure 4-4 indicates the proposed
access road (yellow dashed line) from the existing gravel road from the south of the site, around the
western boundary of the IAIP to connect to the existing gravel road at the North West corner of the
site. This road will be a permanent engineered road resulting in an improved access road.

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Figure 4-4: Image showing proposed access routes around the IAIP site.
It is further noted that an additional stretch of road is being proposed along the south eastern
boundary of the site. It is understood that this section of road is intended to be a temporary gravel
road to provide access for the communities to the highway at the eastern boundary of the IAIP. This
section of road was only recently proposed, therefore full details of this proposed road are not yet
finalised. As such this section of road has not been included in the ESIA assessment.

MOTTA RTC

During consultation it was identified that the development of the RTC and associated boundary wall
has resulted in an access road, utilised by communities residing to the north east of the site, being
obstructed. This access route was utilised by the local communities, on a daily basis, to gain access
to services in Motta such as schools, medical facilities, markets etc. Figure 4-5 indicates the access
routes across the IAIP site that will be obstructed by the development.

Figure 4-5: Image showing access routes across the RTC site that will be obstructed

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An alternative access road is being proposed to connect the existing roads / gravel tracks to the
highway on the south eastern side of the site. The proposed road forms part of the local
administrations plans in terms of future development in the area as new residential areas are
proposed to be established towards the north east of the RTC site (Figure 4-6).

Figure 4-6: Image showing proposed access road

4.3.6 NO-GO ALTERNATIVE (I.E. THE PROJECT IS NOT ESTABLISHED)

In the event of abandonment of the Project, especially because it requires investment from
international financial institutions, it could send a negative message to other international investors as
to the capacity of the FDRE to accommodate this type of industrial park project. In turn this could
reduce the take up and success of other mega projects being planned / implemented in Ethiopia.
Without the Amhara IAIP and RTC project, economic development of the Amhara Region will be
compromised in the short term. The Ethiopian Agricultural sector’s potential to support the next
generation will remain constrained as a result of restrictions in available land and limited diversity of
income sources. The lack of industrialisation of the agricultural sector will limit the revenue base which
would leave the GDP of the country still heavily dependent on the agricultural sector.
Finally, without the Project, there would be no additional impacts, either positive or negative, on the
physical, biological and social environments, although existing pressures on resources and
infrastructure will continue, in some cases leading to the deterioration of the quality of life for future
generations. Since the ESIA demonstrates that the overall balance of impacts is positive, primarily as
a result of the employment opportunities for the current and future generations and the anticipated
contribution these projects will make to the Ethiopian GDP. Therefore the abandonment of the Project
would deprive the country and local communities of these benefits. Job creation expected during the
construction and operational phases, as well as the positive outfalls on the health and education
sectors would also not materialise.

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5 LEGAL FRAMEWORK
This Chapter provides a high-level overview of the institutional and legislative framework for the ESIA
associated with the proposed Project.

5.1 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK

As per Chapter 2 the proposed Project is located in in the South Western Amhara Region with the
IAIP located in the West Gojjam Zone and the RTC located in the East Gojjam Zone.
The current system of government in Ethiopia is organised into a federal structure, comprised of the
federal government, nine regional states and two city administrations. EIA administration in Ethiopia is
shared between the federal government and regional states. The Environmental Protection Organs
Establishment Proclamation (295/2002) established the institutions responsible for the enforcement
and regulation of EIAs; these include the Federal Ministry of Environment, Forestry and Climate
Change (MEFCC,) Regional Environmental Agencies and the Sector Environmental Units. In addition
the delegated sector Ministries which, through Federal MEFCC delegation, have been assigned the
dual role of ensuring timely and effective enforcement for preparation of sector specific EIAs
authorised/licensed at Federal level as well as of reviewing EIA reports.

FEDERAL MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT, FORESTRY AND CLIMATE CHANGE

Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change is the lead agency responsible for formulating
policies, strategies, laws and standards to ensure social and economic development activities
sustainably enhance human welfare and safety of the environment (Article 6, Proclamation 295/2002).
The enforcement and administration of EIAs is one of the key responsibilities entrusted to the
MEFCC. In this respect, the MEFCC is responsible for establishing and updating the system for
undertaking EIAs in public and private sector projects. The Federal MEFCC is responsible for
developing directives that identify categories of projects likely to generate adverse impacts and
require a full EIA, and for issuing guidelines that direct preparation and evaluation of EIA reports
(Proclamation 299/2002, Articles 5 and 8). As per proclamation 916/2015, the MEFCC have bestowed
among others with the following powers and duties:
 Coordinate activities to ensure that the environmental objectives provided under the Constitution
and the basic principles set out in the Environmental Policy of the Country are realised;
 Establish a system for evaluating and decision making, in accordance with the Environmental
Impact Assessment Proclamation, the impacts of implementation of investment programs and
projects on environment prior to approvals of their implementation by the concerned sectoral
licensing organ or the concerned regional organ;
 Coordinate actions on soliciting the resources required for building a climate resilient green
economy in all sectors and at all Regional levels; as well as provide capacity building support and
advisory services;
 Establish an environmental information system that promotes efficiency in environmental data
collection, management and use;
 Enforcing and ensuring compliance to the EIA proclamation which currently is being implemented
through delegated authority provided to sector ministries;
 Reviewing EIAs and monitoring the implementation of EIA recommendations which is also in part
being implemented through delegated authority provided to sector ministries;
 Regulating environmental compliance and developing legal instruments that ensure the protection
of the environment;
 Ensuring that environmental concerns are mainstreamed into sector activities; and
 Coordinating, advising, assessing, monitoring and reporting on environment-related aspects and
activities.
In addition, the Federal MEFCC is responsible for evaluating EIA reports of projects that need to be
licensed and executed by the federal government and projects that are likely to generate inter-
regional impacts. The Federal MEFCC is also responsible for monitoring and auditing the

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implementation and performance of such projects. The Federal MEFCC holds primary responsibility
for providing technical support on environmental protection and management to regional states and
sector institutions

REGIONAL ENVIRONMENT, FOREST AND CLIMATE CHANGE BODIES

Proclamation 295/2002 requires regional states to establish or designate their own regional
environmental agencies. The regional environmental agencies are responsible for coordination,
formulation, implementation, review and revision of regional conservation strategies as well as
environmental monitoring, protection and regulation (Article 15).
Relating to EIA specifically, Proclamation 299/2002 gives regional environmental agencies the
responsibility to evaluate EIA reports of projects that are licensed, executed or supervised by regional
states. Regional environmental agencies are also responsible for monitoring, auditing and regulating
implementation of such projects.

SECTOR ENVIRONMENT UNITS:

The other environmental organs stipulated in the Environmental Protection Organs Establishment
Proclamation (295/2002) are ‘Sector Environmental Units’ which have been established in some of
the line Ministries. These Sector Environment Units have the responsibility of coordinating and
implementing activities in line with environmental protection laws and requirements (Article 14,
Proclamation 295/2002). To this end, Sector Environmental Units play an important role in ensuring
that EIA is carried out on projects initiated by their respective sector institution.

DELEGATED AUTHORITY:
The MEFCC has delegated authority to sector institutions to ensure implementation of EIAs in their
sector and to undertake EIA reviews. For instance, the Federal Ministry of Industry, Agriculture,
Mining as well as Water, Energy and Irrigation are responsible for ensuring that an EIA is undertaken
on their sectoral projects and to review the EIA.

5.2 POLICY AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK IN ETHIOPIA

The following policies and legal frameworks are identified to be relevant to the proposed Project and
associated ESIA.
 Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (1995), specifically Articles 43, 44
and 92 as well as Article 40.
 Environmental Policy of Ethiopia (1997).
 Environmental Impact Assessment Proclamation (299/2002), which makes EIAs a mandatory
requirement for the implementation of major development projects, programs and plans in
Ethiopia.
 Ethiopian Water Sector Policy (2001), whereby the Ministry of Water, Irrigation and Electricity will
need to be consulted with regards to what water permitting/licensing requirements will be
necessary for the successful implementation of the proposed Project.
 Water Resources Management Proclamation (197/2000). For the protection of water resources
(both surface- and groundwater) of Ethiopia.
 Water Resources Management Regulation (115/2005), which provides detailed provisions for the
effective implementation of its parent legislation, the Water Resources Management
Proclamation.
 Water Resources Utilisation Proclamation (92/1994), regulating the use of water resources, by
requiring a government permit in respect of most water uses.
 River Basin Councils and Authorities Proclamation (534/2007), for the promotion and monitoring
of integrated water resources management for Ethiopia’s river basins.
 Environmental Pollution Control Proclamation (300/2002), which restricts release of gaseous,
liquid or solid wastes to the environment exceeding the environmental standards and advocates a
“polluter pays” policy.

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 Prevention of Industrial Pollution Council of Ministers Regulation (159/2008), which is directed to
detail the implementation of pollution control proclamation with focus on industry.
 Solid Waste Management Proclamation 513/2007, which aims to promote community
participation to prevent adverse impacts and enhance benefits resulting from solid waste
management.
 Policy for Rural Development (2003), given the dominance of agriculture in the Ethiopian
economy, the rural development effort is presently associated with agricultural development. In
order to facilitate agricultural development, there is a need to undertake rural infrastructure and
social development programmes.
 Labour Proclamation (377/2003) as amended, requiring that the employer takes the necessary
measures to adequately safeguard the health and safety of their workers.
 Public Health Proclamation (200/2000), which disallows the discharge of untreated effluent waste
generated from septic tanks, seepage pits and industries into water resource. It also prohibits the
disposal of solid or liquid wastes or any other waste in a manner which contaminates the
biophysical, physical or social environments.
 The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Rural Land Administration and Land Use
Proclamation (456/2005), which applies to all rural land in Ethiopia. The proclamation aims to
conserve and develop natural resources through the development of and implementation of
sustainable land use planning.
 Payment of Compensation for Property Situated on Landholding Expropriated for Public Purposes
Regulation (135/2007), which provides a formal approach for the payment of compensation and to
assist livelihood restoration for displaced persons.
 Accession to African Human and People’s Rights Charter Proclamation (114/1998), formalising
the Ethiopian Governments support for regional and international efforts to achieve normative
standards for basic human rights.
 Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage Ratification Proclamation
(484/2006), which formalises the adoption of the Convention for the Safeguarding of the
Intangible Cultural Heritage in Ethiopia at the General Conference of the United Nations
Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation in Paris on 17 October 2003. The Ethiopian
Government ratified the said Convention on 24 January 2006.

5.3 SPECIFIC LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR INDUSTRIAL

PARKS IN ETHIOPIA
The legal instruments identified below have been specifically developed for the purposes of providing
National controls and regulations to all industrial parks developed in Ethiopia. The IAIP developments
will therefore be governed by this legal framework.

5.3.1 INDUSTRIAL PARK PROCLAMATION NO. 886/2015.

The Industrial Park Proclamation No. 886/2015 defines an industrial park as being an area with a
distinct boundary designated by the appropriate organ to develop comprehensive, integrated, multiple
or selected functions of industries, based on a planned fulfilment of infrastructure and various services
such as road, electric power and water. These parks are intended to be a ‘one stop shop’. The
proclamation then identifies the key role players as the ‘Industrial Park Developer’, ‘Industrial Park
Operator’ and the ‘Industrial Park Enterprise’. Before any of these entities can commence with any
construction or operation of a business or enterprise within the park they will require an ‘Investment
Permit’ issued by the commissioner. This permit will allow the Industrial Park Developer, Operator or
Enterprise to carry out industrial park development related activities.
In terms of Article 6(4) of the proclamation the Industrial Park Developer is required to adhere to the
performance requirements for the phased development of the industrial park as well as any financial
obligations and time schedules for financial and debt financing, specified in the permit. The Developer
will also be required to comply with other obligations specified in the Proclamation, the Regulation
(see below), environmental protection legislation and other applicable laws. The Industrial Park

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Operator is obliged to meet the permit terms. Article 8(6) states that the Industrial Park Operator is
also obligated to comply with social and environmental as well as any other obligations as provided
for in this Proclamation, the Regulation, applicable laws and its permit or agreement.
Article 10(4) obligates the Industrial Park Enterprise to comply with this Proclamation and the
Regulation in general and the environmental, social and employer obligations in particular contained
therein and in other applicable laws. Article 28(1) states that the Labour Proclamation No 377/2003
(as amended) shall be applicable in any industrial park.
Article 24(2) requires the MEFCC to establish offices within the industrial parks for the application,
supervision, protection and enforcement of environmental norms and standards, safeguards,
management and mitigation plans within the industrial parks.
Article 28(5) requires the Ministry of Industry to facilitate technology transfer and skills development in
general and domestic manufacturing sector capacity building in particular mainly through clustering
and other best practice approaches.
This Proclamation does provide an avenue for enforcement of compliance with the contents of the
Proclamation in that Article 30(a) allows for the issuance of a reprimand, suspension and revocation
of the permit.

5.3.2 INDUSTRIAL PARKS COUNCIL OF MINISTERS REGULATIONS NO.

417/2017.
The Industrial Parks Council of Ministers Regulation provides more detailed requirements in relation
to Industrial Parks. Article 5(5) states that 25% of the land set aside for the industrial park may not be
developed. All land to be used for the purposes of factories, buildings, facilities for common use,
infrastructure, residence and related buildings within the industrial parks area shall neither be less
than 50% nor exceed 75% of the land under possession. Article 5(8) requires that an ESIA be
undertaken and the necessary certificate received from the competent authority. Article 9(2) states
that an environmental impact assessment report is required before an investment permit can be
issued.
The Regulation also places controls over construction activities by requiring in Article 11(7) for the
Commission to oversee and ensure construction of an enterprise confirms with the relevant laws.
Article 18(1) requires the Ministry of Industry and other relevant organs to make sure that industrial
parks recruit workers, foster skills development and transfer, and transfer and upgrading of
technology; they shall also ensure supply and render support in regard to the realisation of these.
Article 18(2) requires that the Ministry of Industry shall design training programs that enable transfer
of skills and knowledge to Ethiopian workers.

5.4 NATIONAL STRATEGIES AND PLANS

The following national strategies and plans have been identified to be relevant to the proposed Project
and associated ESIA.
 Conservation Strategy of Ethiopia;
 Ethiopia’s Climate-Resilient Green Economy Strategy
 National Growth and Transformation Plan II; and
 Ethiopian Agro-Industry Sector Strategy.

5.5 NATIONAL STANDARDS, DIRECTIVES AND

GUIDELINES
The following national standards, directives and guidelines have been identified to be relevant to the
proposed Project and associated ESIA.

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 Environmental Standards for Industrial Pollution Control in Ethiopia - These standards present
pollution limits for emissions to (i) atmosphere, (ii) water resources and (iii) noise emissions for 12
identified industrial sectors.
 EIA Directive No. 1/ 2008, A Directive to Determine Projects Subject to Environmental Impact
Assessment - The directive lists the various activities that require the undertaking of an EIA prior
to the commencement of that specific activity. This includes the construction of tanneries,
abattoirs, industrial waste disposal facilities and industrial zones.
 Draft Guideline for Environmental Management Plan for the Identified Sectorial Developments in
the Ethiopian Sustainable Development & Poverty Reduction Programme (ESDPRP), May 2004 -
The guideline outlines the necessary measures for the preparation of an EMP for proposed
developments in Ethiopia and the institutional arrangements for implementation of EMPs.
 EIA Guideline, July 2000, - This guideline provides a background to environmental impact
assessments and environmental management in Ethiopia.
 The Federal Environmental Protection Authority, Environmental Assessment Reporting Guide,
2004, Addis Ababa - The guideline provides a standardised reporting framework for
environmental assessments. It is however the responsibility of proponents and associated
assessors to ensure that sufficient information is included in environmental assessments and that
this information is forwarded onto all concerned and interested environmental agencies for review
and consideration.

5.6 REGIONAL PLANS

Regional plans are to be reviewed and taken into consideration when developing mitigation /
management measures during the ESIA process. Regional plans should align with national
development plans to ensure project sustainability.

5.7 INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS, PROTOCOLS AND

AGREEMENTS
Ethiopia is signatory to a number of international conventions and agreements, and in certain cases
these have influenced the development of policies, guidelines and regulations. The ESIA will need to
consider these conventions and agreements and ensure compliance during the planning, construction
and operation phases of the proposed Project.
The following international conventions and protocols, to which Ethiopia is a signatory, are to be
considered:
 International Labour Organisation (ILO) Forced Labour Convention, 1930 (No. 29)
 ILO Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organise Convention, 1948 (No. 87)
 ILO Right to Organise and Collective Bargaining Convention, 1949 (No. 98)
 ILO Equal Remuneration Convention, 1951 (No. 100)
 ILO Abolition of Forced Labour Convention, 1957 (No. 105)
 ILO Discrimination (Employment and Occupation) Convention, 1958 (No. 111)
 ILO Minimum Age Convention, 1973 (No. 138)
 ILO Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention, 1999 (No. 182)
 ILO Right of Association (Agriculture) Convention, 1921 (No. 11)
 ILO Tripartite Consultation (International Labour Standards) Convention, 1976 (No. 144)
 The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, 1990
 The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants;
 Convention on Biological Diversity;
 The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 1992;

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 The United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification in those Countries Experiencing
Serious Drought and/or Desertification, Particularly in Africa;
 The United Nations Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage;
 The United Nations Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural
Expressions;
 The United Nations Convention Concerning the Protection of World Cultural and National
Heritage;
 The Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer;
 Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer;
 The Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous
Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade;
 Libreville Declaration on Health and Environment in Africa;
 The United Nations Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) of Wild
Fauna and Flora, 1973;
 The United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (Rio Convention), 1992; and
 RAMSAR Convention on Wetlands of International Importance.

5.8 INTERNATIONAL GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS

5.8.1 OVERVIEW
Environmental and social impacts as well as sustainability are key principles for many international
financing organisations. Various guidelines and standards exist, each varying in the areas of focus
and level of detail required, with regards to environmental and social requirements for proposed
projects. These include the AfDB Integrated Safeguards System, World Bank Group (WBG)
Operational Policies and Environmental, Health and Safety (EHS) Guidelines as well as the
International Finance Corporation (IFC) Performance Standards.
Each of these above guidelines and standards cover essentially the same scope (environmental,
labour, social, health and safety, supply chain etc.) The AfDB has their own integrated safeguards
system based on the IFC standards, but exclude the extensive and detailed guidance notes for their
standards. This typically provides more flexibility (and less stringency) in application of their
standards.
In broad terms all multilateral development banks include key common features in their safeguards in
that they all require an environmental and social assessment, they all address the issue of involuntary
resettlement, pollution prevention, biodiversity, indigenous peoples, and cultural heritage. There is
some variation in relation to the level of inclusion by some banks of important social issues such as
community impacts and labour conditions and environment flows.
The World Bank and IFC requirements are broadly identical. The primary differentiation is that the
World Bank applies to projects where funding is going to government-affiliated projects/lenders
(including parastatals), whereas IFC applies to funding going to pure private sector borrowers. The
Ethiopian Government in collaboration with UNIDO have elected to apply the African Development
Bank Policy package as the regulatory framework for the ESIA to follow.
The following sections identify the relevant AfDB Integrated Safeguards System which is applied to
projects to promote growth that is socially inclusive and environmentally sustainable. The purpose of
the safeguards is to avoid adverse impacts of projects on the environment and affected people while
maximising potential development benefits. Where avoidance is not possible mitigation and
compensation should be implemented to manage the environmental and social risks.

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5.8.2 AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT BANK INTEGRATED SAFEGUARD SYSTEM
The AfDB adopted the Integrated Safeguard System (ISS) as a tool for identifying risks, reducing
development costs and improving project sustainability. The ISS promotes best practices in these
areas but also encourages greater transparency and accountability and protects the most vulnerable
communities. The AfDB encourages member countries to observe international human rights norms,
standards, and best practices on the basis of their commitments made under the International Human
Rights Covenants and the African Charter of Human and Peoples’ Rights.
The AfDB ISS builds on the two previous safeguard policies, Involuntary Resettlement (2003) and
Environment (2004), and on three cross-cutting policies and strategies: Gender (2001), the Climate
Risk Management and Adaptation Strategy (2009) and the Civil Society Engagement Framework
(2012). The bank has now adopted five Operating Safeguards (OSs) to achieve the goals and the
optimal functioning of the Integrated Safeguards System (ISS). These OSs are:
 Operation Safeguard 1: Environmental and Social Assessment: this is an overarching safeguard
of determining a projects environmental and social category and the resulting environmental and
social assessment requirements.
 Operational Safeguard 2: Involuntary resettlement land acquisition, population displacement and
compensation: this consolidates policy commitments and requirements contained in the Bank’s
policy on involuntary resettlement, and incorporates a number of refinements designed to improve
the operational effectiveness of those requirements.
 Operational Safeguard 3: Biodiversity and ecosystem services: this seeks to conserve biological
diversity and promote the sustainable use of natural resources with a focus on integrated water
resources management in operational requirements.
 Operational Safeguard 4: Pollution prevention and control, hazardous materials and resource
efficiency: this covers the range of key impacts of pollution, waste, and hazardous materials for
which there are agreed international conventions, as well as comprehensive industry-specific and
regional standards, including greenhouse gas accounting. The Bank’s new screening tool for
climate change risk helps in screening and categorising a project in terms of its vulnerability to the
risks of climate change.
 Operational Safeguard 5: Labour conditions, health and safety: this relates to workers
conditions, rights and protection from abuse or exploitation.
The AfDB requires that an assessment be conducted according to the principles of proportionality and
adaptive management. Therefore the level of assessment and management required should be
proportionate to the level of risk that the project poses. This is determined through the project
categorisation and scoping phase. Project categorisation follows the principle of using the appropriate
type and level of environmental and social assessment for the type of operation. A Category 1 project
is likely to cause significant environmental and social impacts and therefore must subject to a full
ESIA process, whereas a Category 2 project is likely to cause less adverse environmental and social
impacts and a simplified ESIA is applicable (AFDB, 2015).
The AfDB therefore categorises projects based on the anticipated significance of environmental and
social impacts. One defining factor revolves around the level of resettlement a project is anticipated to
result in. Where a project will involve 200 or more persons or the project is likely to have an adverse
effect on vulnerable groups then the project will require a Full Resettlement Action Plan and is
deemed a Category 1 Project. Where a project will displace fewer than 200 people and where land
acquisition and potential displacement and disruption of livelihoods are less significant, then the
project is deemed to be a Category 2 Project.
The proposed Amhara Project, including the Bure IAIP and Motta RTC, will result in 369 PAPs being
affected by the proposed development and therefore the development is considered a Category 1
Project and is therefore undergoing a full ESIA assessment process.
The AfDB standards do not provide detailed guidelines on methodological requirements in some
specialist areas and therefore in such cases the South African standards have been applied as these
are more aligned with the IFC standards and are therefore considered to suitably meet international
good practice.

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6 THE ESIA PROCESS
The Environmental and Social Impact Assessments (ESIAs) and Resettlement Action Plans (RAPs)
will be undertaken to African Development Bank (AfDB) requirements. AfDB requires that the level of
assessment undertaken should be proportionate to the level of risk that the project poses. The AfDB
therefore categorises projects based on the anticipated significance of environmental and social
impacts. The defining factor revolves around the level of resettlement a project is anticipated to result
in. Where a project will involve 200 or more persons or the project is likely to have an adverse effect
on vulnerable groups then the project will require a full RAP and is deemed a Category 1 Project.
Where a project will displace fewer than 200 people and where land acquisition and potential
displacement and disruption of livelihoods are less significant, then the project is deemed to be a
Category 2 project.
The Amhara IAIP and RTC site is considered a Category 1 project based on the number of people
affected by the Project. A Category 1 project must have a full ESIA process undertaken. The key
steps to an AfDB ESIA are presented below.

6.1 SCOPING PHASE

The purpose of the scoping phase is to detail the key sensitivities and activities that have the potential
to contribute to, or cause, potentially significant impacts to environmental and socio-economic
receptors and resources and to evaluate siting, layout and technology alternatives for the proposed
project.
The key objectives of the scoping phase were to:
 Identify and detail the potentially most significant impacts;
 Obtain stakeholder views through consultation; and
 Develop the Terms of Reference (ToR) for the ESIA through consultation so as to ensure that the
process and output are focused on the key issues.

6.1.1 STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT

The key principle of consultation is to ensure that the views of stakeholders are taken into account
and reported throughout the ESIA process. The objective is to ensure the assessment is robust,
transparent and has considered the full range of issues or perceptions, and to an appropriate level of
detail.
Stakeholders include those individuals, groups or organisations who themselves could be directly
affected by the proposed Project (Project Affected People) and those individuals or organisations
who, although not directly affected by the proposed Project, represent those affected or have a
regulatory duty, an interest, influence or secondary involvement in the proposed Project (secondary
stakeholders).
Stakeholder engagement commenced with the IPDC having undertaken discussions with Project
Affected People (PAPs) and carried out a census and asset inventory survey to inform the relocation
and compensation process.
During the site investigation stage, stakeholder engagement meetings were undertaken by the ESIA
team to provide detailed information about the Project to the community as well as to obtain feedback
from the local community in terms of the Project. The findings from the stakeholder engagement
process undertaken to date are presented in Chapter 7 of the Report and reflected in the minutes of
the stakeholders and community consultation meetings (attached in Appendix B).
Stakeholder engagement is to continue throughout the ESIA process ensuring that legislative
requirements and Project standards are met, that stakeholder concerns are addressed in the
assessment and that sources of existing information and expertise are identified.

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6.1.2 BASELINE DATA COLLECTION
One of the main objectives of the Scoping stage of the ESIA process is to collect suitable data on the
physical, biophysical and social environment, so as to understand what receptors and resources have
the potential to be significantly affected by the proposed Project. The data will also describe the
baseline conditions of the environment that will be used during the impact assessment phase for both
social and environmental impacts.
Site investigations were undertaken by the consultant from 19 August 2017 to 20 September 2017.
The findings of the site investigations, and description of the baseline environment of the sites, are
presented in Chapters 8 of the Report.

6.1.3 INTERACTION WITH DESIGN AND DECISION-MAKING

Interaction between the ESIA team and the design and decision-making process is one of the key
areas in which an ESIA can influence how a project develops. It includes involvement in defining the
Project and identifying those activities with the potential to cause environmental and socio-economic
impacts (e.g. site clearing, noise, traffic, relocation, local employment).
Project planning, decision-making and refinement of the Project description are to continue throughout
the assessment process as a result of the development of the proposed Project and in response to
the identified impacts. This process has the potential to alter the site layout, processes or technology
identified to prevent or, where prevention is not possible, mitigate identified impacts.

6.1.4 SCOPING REPORT

The steps detailed above are captured within a Scoping Report (dated November 2017). The Scoping
Report included the terms of reference for the ESIA based on the baseline environment and the
potential impacts identified. The Scoping Report provided recommendations in terms of the scope of
the ESIA and the methods to be used to determine the significance of potential impacts. The Scoping
Report was submitted to the MEFCC for approval on 6 December 2017.

6.2 IMPACTS ASSESSMENT PHASE

6.2.1 IMPACT DESCRIPTION AND DEFINITION

IMPACT DEFINITION
Environmental impacts from planned and non-planned activities during all phases of the Project are
assessed on the basis of detailed knowledge and industry experience of these activities. For the
purpose of this ESIA an environmental or socio-economic impact is defined as:
“Any change to the environment, whether adverse or beneficial, wholly or partially resulting from an
organisation’s activities or services.” (ISO 14001)
Prediction of impacts is an objective exercise to determine what is likely to happen to the environment
as a consequence of the Project and its associated activities. From the potentially significant
interactions identified in scoping, the impacts to the various resources/receptors are elaborated and
evaluated. The diverse range of potential impacts considered in the impact assessment process
typically results in a wide range of prediction methods being used, including quantitative and semi
quantitative techniques, for example noise impacts on sensitive surrounding community receptors,
and qualitative techniques for assessing certain socio-economic impacts on communities.

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DESCRIPTION OF IMPACTS

Environmental impacts arise as a result of Project activities either interacting with environmental or
social receptors directly, or causing changes to the existing environment such that an indirect effect
occurs.
Environmental and social impacts from a planned event are those resulting from the routine and
intended construction or operations/activities associated with the IAIP and RTC facilities (e.g. regular
truck movements to and from the facilities transferring produce to market). Environmental and social
impacts from unplanned events occur as a result of incidents or ‘upset conditions’. Typical examples
of impacts occurring from unplanned events include (but are not limited to) spills, leaks, odours and
fires.

NATURE OF IMPACT
The nature of an impact is defined as the type of change from baseline conditions. The nature of an
impact is described as being either positive (+ve) or negative (-ve).

TYPE OF IMPACT
Impact type indicates the relationship of the impact to the Project activity in terms of cause and effect,
as either:
 Direct impact resulting from the direct interaction between a project activity and the receiving
environment; or
 Indirect impact which include secondary or induced impacts caused by a change in the Project
environment (e.g. employment opportunities created by the supply chain requirements);or
 Cumulative impact; where a Project impact acts together with other impacts (including those
from concurrent or planned future third party activities) to affect the same resources and/or
receptors as the Project.

SCALE OF IMPACT

Impact extent relates to the geographic reach of the impact and is described as:
 Local impact would affect local resources or receptors and would be restricted to a single
community (i.e. impacts in the footprint of Project activities and the immediate adjacent area);
 Regional impact would affect regional resources or receptors and would be experienced at a
regional scale;
 Trans-boundary impact would be those that are experienced in one country as a result of
activities in another.

DURATION OF IMPACT

Impact duration refers to the time period over which a resource or receptor will be affected, and
includes:
 Temporary impacts would be of a very short duration, are reversible and intermittent or
occasional in nature. The resource or receptor would return to the previous state when the effect
ceases or after a short period of recovery;
 Short-term impacts would last for a short duration (2 to 5 years) and are usually limited to the
construction period. The impact would cease when the effect ceases following a short period of
recovery;
 Medium-term impacts would last for over five years but less than fifteen years (5 to 15 years).
The impact would cease following rehabilitation and a period of recovery;
 Long-term impacts would continue for an extended period of time (e.g. beyond 15 years), or
cause a more permanent change in the affected receptor or resource that endures substantially
beyond the Project lifetime.

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South West Amhara Region Page 6-3
PROBABILITY
The probability of an event occurring and creating an impact on a given receptor is designated using a
qualitative scale from 1 to 4, the higher values being more probable that an impact will occur, see
Table 6-1 below.
Table 6-1: Probability rating of impact

Rating Description
Scale

1 Unlikely - very improbable, never heard of in the industry, or an event with a short
duration (probably will not happen).
2 Low probability - incident has occurred in the industry and so therefore could occur, or
an event lasting up to a day (some possibility, but low likelihood).
3 Medium Probability - incident has (or is) expected to occur during the project or is very
likely to, or an event which may occur up to 1 month (distinct possibility).
4 High probability - incident is expected to happen frequently a year or is almost certain
to happen, or an event which is expected to occur multiple times (most likely).

SEVERITY
The severity of an impact, on a given receptor is designated using a rating scale from 1 to 4 and
defined in Table 6-2 (Environmental Severity) and Table 6-3 (Socio-economic Severity) below, the
high values denoting a more severe impact.
Table 6-2: Definitions of Severity used in the ESIA for Environmental Receptors

Category Environmental Receptors – Physical And Biological

Negative Positive
4 - High Major, long term national, international Baseline will be significantly improved
or transboundary effects. by the project.
Deterioration/improvements of the Results in changes / increase in the
existing habitat or ecosystem baseline abundance and biodiversity of
conditions is significant. populations.
Rehabilitation is required or the baseline Exceed national and international
will not recover. regulatory standards in protection and
Results in changes / reduction in the creation of natural habitats.
abundance and biodiversity of
populations which may or may not
recover.
Such impacts are a major non-
compliance with national and
international regulatory standards and
may result in immediate intervention by
governmental bodies and stakeholders.
3 - Medium Moderate, medium term deterioration / Moderate, medium term rehabilitation of
impact on the ecosystem on a local / ecosystems or national significance,
national level, leading to observable and leading to observable and measurable
measurable changes. changes.
Moderate deterioration / improvements Moderate deterioration/improvements
and changes / reduction in the and changes / increase in the
abundance and biodiversity of the area abundance and biodiversity of the area
with moderate recovery periods to with moderate recovery periods to
baseline conditions. baseline conditions.
Non-conformance with national and
international regulatory standards which

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 Category Environmental Receptors – Physical And Biological
may result in the intervention by Conformance with national and
governmental bodies and stakeholders. international regulatory standards.
2 - Low An effect will be experienced but they An effect will be experienced but they
will be minor, short term and local, will be minor, short term and local,
leading to observable and measurable leading to observable and measurable
changes recoverable within short changes recoverable within short
durations. durations.
Potential non-conformance with Partial conformance with regulatory
regulatory standards. Unlikely to result standards. Meets governmental and
in concerns being raised by stakeholder requirements.
governmental bodies or stakeholders. Minor improvements to ambient
Minor deterioration of ambient environmental conditions.
environmental conditions and recovery
requires little or no intervention.
1 - Very Low Deemed ‘imperceptible’ or Deemed ‘imperceptible’ or
indistinguishable from natural indistinguishable from natural
background conditions. background conditions.

Table 6-3: Definitions of Severity used in the ESIA for Socio-Economic Receptors

Category Socio Economic Receptors

Negative Positive
4 - High Highly significant, loss or major damage Retention of all cultural and heritage
with medium to long term effect on resources of value on site.
cultural and/or natural resources of Highly significant positive impacts on
national and regional importance which the national and international
are essential for communities’ community (regional, i.e. neighbouring
livelihood. countries). Those affected will be able to
Highly significant negative impacts on adapt to changes with some
the national and international difficulty/ease, and will only be able to
community (regional, i.e. neighbouring maintain pre-impact livelihoods with a
countries). Those affected will be able to degree of support.
adapt to changes with some Project meeting and exceeding
difficulty/ease, and will only be able to Government policies and plans.
maintain pre-impact livelihoods with a
National and International media and
degree of support.
community support.
Immediate intervention by governmental
bodies requiring rapid implementation of
response measures.
National and International media and
community concerns and ongoing long
term complaints.
3 - Medium Moderate damage to archaeological, Retention of cultural heritage resources
cultural or key natural resources of local (of value) where possible and
or national importance. appropriate recording of resources that
Moderate negative impacts on the cannot be retained.
regional or national population. Moderate positive impacts on the
Vulnerable groups significantly affected. regional or national population.
Changes affecting livelihoods, amenity Vulnerable groups significantly affected.
values, convenience and quality of life Changes affecting livelihoods, amenity
of study population. values, convenience and quality of life
of study population;
National media and community support.

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 Category Socio Economic Receptors
National and potentially international
media and community concerns and
ongoing long term complaints.
2 - Low An effect will be experienced but they An effect will be experienced but they
will be Minor, short term effects will be Minor, short term effects of short
recoverable within short durations. durations.
Unlikely to result in concerns being Meets governmental and stakeholder
raised by governmental bodies or requirements.
stakeholders. Measurable positive impacts that are
Measurable negative impacts that are intermittent or effect a small minority of
intermittent or effect a small minority of the local population and / or vulnerable
the local population and / or vulnerable groups.
groups. May result in concerns from
local communities.
1 - Very Low Deemed ‘imperceptible’ or Deemed ‘imperceptible’ or
indistinguishable from natural indistinguishable to current social norms
background conditions. No public and variations.
interest. No public interest.

EVALUATION OF SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT

Based on the above methodology, the impacts resulting from the project are classified within this
ESIA as either positive or negative with a specific severity rating.
All environmental and social impacts have been identified based on the information summarised in
this ESIA and their significance is assessed and classified by combining the probability and severity
scores as shown in Table 6-4, which relates to negative impacts, or Table 6-5 which relates to
positive impacts below.
In assessing whether an impact is significant, reference has been made, where appropriate, to criteria
on which the evaluation is based. These may include legislative requirements, policy guidance or
accepted practice and past experience.
Table 6-4: Significance Matrix Negative Impacts

PROBABILITY RATING

SIGNIFICANCE Very low Low Medium High

1 2 3 4

Very low 1 Negligible Minor Minor Minor

Severity Rating

Low 2 Minor Minor Moderate Moderate

Medium 3 Minor Moderate Moderate Major

High 4 Minor Moderate Major Major

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South West Amhara Region Page 6-6
Table 6-5: Significance Matrix Positive Impacts

PROBABILITY RATING

SIGNIFICANCE Very low Low Medium High

1 2 3 4

Very low 1 Negligible Minor Minor Minor

SEVERITY RATING

Low 2 Minor Minor Moderate Moderate

Medium 3 Minor Moderate Moderate Major

High 4 Minor Moderate Major Major

CATEGORIES OF IMPACT SIGNIFICANCE

The different significance categories reflected by the colour scheme used in the above matrix and
within this ESIA reflect the following:
 Negligible - no additional action is required and the impact is already reduced to as low as
reasonably practicable (ALARP);
 Minor - where the level of risk is broadly acceptable and generic control measures are already
assumed in a design process but, where appropriate, require continuous improvement.
 Moderate - where the level of risk is tolerable but control measures are required to reduce the risk
as far as is practicable (i.e. tolerable if as low as reasonably practicable (ALARP)).
 Major - changes to the project are required which requires a re-assessment of applicable
mitigation and / or reconsideration of alternatives and options by the project design team.

6.2.2 CUMULATIVE IMPACTS / EFFECTS

Cumulative impacts and effects are those that arise as a result of an impact and effect from the
Project interacting with those from another activity to create an additional impact and effect. These are
termed cumulative impacts and effects. The ESIA will consider the cumulative effects that could arise
from a combination of IAIP and RTC project effects with those of other existing or planned
developments in the surrounding area.
Typical examples arise from impacts of nearby pre-existing or proposed new developments on local
communities who may also be exposed to further impacts from the proposed Project. In addition, the
cumulative impact assessment will need to include other developments which might take place as a
consequence of the project, e.g. to provide access, power or water supplies, sewage treatment or
waste disposal, or to house or provide jobs for people attracted to the area by the project.

6.2.3 DEALING WITH UNCERTAINTY

Even with a final design and an unchanging environment, impacts are difficult to predict with certainty,
but in projects such as the proposed Project where the design process is currently in progress,
uncertainty stemming from on-going development of the Project design is inevitable. Additional
uncertainty may stem from issues such as variability in the natural environment between seasons and
from one year to another. Where such uncertainties are material to the ESIA findings, they will be
clearly stated and conservatively approached (‘the precautionary approach’) in order to identify the
broadest range of likely residual impacts and necessary mitigation measures.

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6.2.4 MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS INTEGRATION
Stakeholders and external decision-makers for the proposed Project will rely on the findings of the
ESIA (e.g. as regards significance of residual impacts) in coming to their ultimate views. As an ESIA is
based on predictions made in advance of an activity taking place, it effectively makes assumptions
that the project will implement certain controls and mitigation measures. If the controls do not happen,
then the ESIA is undermined as a tool for stakeholders and external decision-makers. It is important,
therefore, that these ‘assumptions’ (i.e. the mitigation measures), are commitments that will be
implemented through the environmental and social management plan (ESMP) and associated
management and monitoring plans that have and will be developed together with the proponent as
part of the ESIA.
Once potential impacts have been identified and mitigation measures developed and described in the
ESIA, their integration within the proposed Project is required in order to ensure their future
implementation. In order for this to be successful, management plans including the responsibility,
timing and reporting requirements associated with each measure, or set of measures, are compiled
and form part of the authorisation.

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South West Amhara Region Page 6-8
7 STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT
PLAN
This Chapter presents a summary of general stakeholder engagement activities to be undertaken as
part of the ESIA process.

7.1 APPROACH TO STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT

Stakeholder engagement for the ESIA is to be undertaken using a staged approach in line with the
various phases of the ESIA process. The engagement process generally involves the following five
key phases.

7.1.1 INITIAL ENGAGEMENT

The Ethiopian Constitution makes reference to the right of the public and communities to full
consultation and participation as well as to the expression of their views in the planning and
implementation of projects that would affect them. The Ethiopian EIA Guidance also identifies that all
interested and affected parties have the opportunity to participate meaningfully in the ESIA processes.
Initial engagement with PAPs was undertaken by the IPDC prior to the WSP involvement on the
project, including the introduction of the project and census of the PAPs. The local Authorities
provided the WSP team with the record of when these meetings were held, their location and how
many people attended. In addition, the more recent consultations (2017) were also captured. This
information is provided in Error! Reference source not found. below:
Table 7-1 : Record of Initial Engagement carried out by the local authorities for the Amhara Bure Site

Date of Content Attendees

Meeting
July 28, 2016
People were provided an explanation about PAPs ranging from 300 to 325
the project and what it might involve.
Sep. 22, 2016
People were provided an explanation about PAPs ranging from 300 to 325
the project and what it might involve.
Nov. 8, 2016
Project information and progress, PAPs ranging from 300 to 325
compensation and resettlement land options
Nov. 21, 2016
Project information and progress, PAPs ranging from 300 to 325
compensation and resettlement land options
Dec. 21, 2016
Once the affected people where identified, All the 325 PAPs were present
the PAPs were gathered and provided an on the meeting
explanation on how the resettlement
process will work and how and when they
will be compensated.
Dec. 30, 2016
Once the affected people where identified, All the 325 PAPs were present
the PAPs were gathered and provided an on the meeting
explanation on how the resettlement
process will work and how and when they
will be compensated.

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South West Amhara Region Page 7-1
 Date of Content Attendees
Meeting
Jan. 29, 2017
Once the affected people where identified, All the 325 PAPs were present
the PAPs were gathered and provided an on the meeting
explanation on how the resettlement
process will work and how and when they
will be compensated.

Key commitments from this process include:

 Compensation to be held in kind not in cash;
 A waste management system shall be implement within the Park;
 The locally found church shall be well protected;
 In order to maintain the social ties or values, PAPs were given land in one cluster at a site not
more than 300 meter from the main road;
 Training on technical skills to be provided;
 Priority to the PAPs regarding job opportunity;
 No vulnerable or destitute PAPs were identified at the Amhara site; and
 No special sensitive areas within the proposed site were raised by community.
Table 7-2 below presents the stakeholder engagement activities and meetings undertaken for the
Motta site by the local authorities before compensation activities commenced.
Table 7-2 : Initial Engagement by IPDC for the Amhara Motta Site

Date of Content Attendees

Meeting
Jan. 10, 2017 Regarding productivity of the land, type of
Agriculture Development Office
grown crops, etc.
of the District
Jan. 9, 2017
Regarding the market price of agricultural Trade and Industry Office
products and by products.
Jan. 13, 2017
Regarding the volume of by products and Offices of Livestock
market price over the last five years. Development and Health
Oct. 30, 2015
Regarding the estimated value of houses to Municipality of Motta town
be demolished or affected.

These meetings focused on sourcing information on primary agricultural products for the area and the
product value as well as compensation calculations and the valuing of assets. More detail on the
resettlement has been provided within the Amhara RAP which is a separate standalone document.

7.1.2 STAKEHOLDER IDENTIFICATION AND ANALYSIS

Stakeholder identification and analysis is an essential component of effective and meaningful
stakeholder engagement activities. A comprehensive stakeholder engagement plan has been
developed identifying who the key stakeholders are and how they should be engaged. The
Stakeholder Plan is provided in Appendix B1.
The objective of the analysis was to provide a general overview of all stakeholders and their stake in
the project. Specifically, the stakeholder analysis sought to:
 Identify institutions, groups, and individuals likely to impact or be impacted by the proposed
project;
 Categorise identified stakeholders in relation to their operation scope and mandate; and

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 Assess the identified stakeholder’s interests, significant and influence in relation to the proposed
project.
Key stakeholders groups will are listed, but not limited to, those listed below:
 Project affected people;
 Compensation task force;
 Agriculture Development Office of the District ;
 Offices of Livestock Development and Health;
 Office of Trade and Industry;
 Municipality of Motta town; and
 Motta District Administration.

7.1.3 MODE OF INFORMATION DISSEMINATION

Stakeholders were engaged and identified through:
 One-on-one consultations with key stakeholder representatives;
 Focus group workshops;
 Community public meetings;
 Medial briefings; and
 Distribution of project background information document (copy is included within Appendix B2).
Table 7-3 provides a stakeholder engagement plan matrix outlining key stakeholders, their
importance and roles within the Project.

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South West Amhara Region Page 7-3
Table 7-3 : Stakeholder Engagement Plan Matrix

Stakeholder Impact Influence What is important How could the How could the Strategy for
How much does the How much influence to the stakeholder stakeholder block engaging the
project impact do they have over stakeholder? contribute to the the project? stakeholder
them? (Low, the project? (Low, project?
Medium, High) Medium, High)
Ministry of High High Successful As project As project Continued reporting
Industry development and proponent and proponent and and consultation on
implementation of owner, it has all the owner, it has all the preparation and
the IAIP and RTC leverage towards leverage towards implementation
projects Successful Successful issues of the ESIA
development and development and and RAP
implementation of implementation of
the IAIP and RTC the IAIP and RTC
projects projects
Ministry of low High Implementation of The MEFCC will As regulatory body Continued reporting
Environment, the IAIP and RTC review the ESIA and it has all the and consultation on
Forest and Climate development RAP reports and will mandate to correct preparation and
Change projects in supervise the unsustainable implementation
(MEFCC) environmentally and implementation of environmental and issues of the ESIA
socially sustainable the ESMP. social practices of and RAP
way. the projects
Amhara National High High Job creation, Facilitate the As the ultimate Continued reporting
Regional State Agriculture Value smooth progress of benefactor and and consultation on
IPDC chain enhancement, the development proponent of the implementation
improved standard project by allocating project, it will work issues of the ESIA
of living of farmers budget for resettlers, towards the and RAP
and relevant offices successful
completion of the
project.
Amhara Regional low High Implementation of The EFWPDA is the As regulatory body Continued reporting
Environment the IAIP and RTC regional regulatory it has the entire and consultation on
Forest, Wildlife development body responsible to mandate to correct implementation
Protection and projects in ensure unsustainable

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 Stakeholder Impact Influence What is important How could the How could the Strategy for
How much does the How much influence to the stakeholder stakeholder block engaging the
project impact do they have over stakeholder? contribute to the the project? stakeholder
them? (Low, the project? (Low, project?
Medium, High) Medium, High)
Development environmentally and environmental environmental and issues of the ESIA
Authoprity socially sustainable compliance of the social practices of and RAP
way. development the projects.
projects during
construction and
operation.
Bure Town Medium Medium Resettlement of Responsible for Handing over the Invite to all
Administration PAPs and spearheading the site for IAIP is stakeholder
compensation to resettlement and already done but engagement
clear site for compensation successful activities as part of
construction process resettlement the ESIA
process including
livelihood
restoration will
have an impact on
the project.
Project Affected High Medium Provision of The project affected Project affected Active and
Farmers and adequate farmers and farmers and continuous
Residents in compensation, residents will residents can consultation and
Wangedam Kebele support for smooth promptly evacuate remain on project engagement with
resettlement and from project site site. the PAPs till the
livelihood upon compensation resettlement and
restoration. and resettlement livelihood
support. restoration is
complete.
Community medium medium Delivering positive The community Negative attitude of Active and
Representatives, impacts of the representatives can the community in continuous
including elderly, project such as job create a bridge of the project area engagement with
women, youth and creation, enhanced communication with can hamper the community
PAPs commercial and the community to construction and representatives

ESIA Report
Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 7-5
 Stakeholder Impact Influence What is important How could the How could the Strategy for
How much does the How much influence to the stakeholder stakeholder block engaging the
project impact do they have over stakeholder? contribute to the the project? stakeholder
them? (Low, the project? (Low, project?
Medium, High) Medium, High)
economic activities, positively contribute operation of the during all stages of
community health towards the project development the development
and wellbeing during project project.
operation and
infrastructure
development in the
town and the
neighbourhood such
as roads, electricity,
etc.

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Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 7-6
7.1.4 SCOPING ENGAGEMENT
Engagement during the Scoping phase was undertaken by ESIA team with an initial introductory
meeting with representatives of the local community held on 20 August 2017 at the Bure IAIP site and
the 21 August 2017 at the Motta RTC site. This was followed by stakeholder and community meetings
involving key informant meetings held within the period from 20 August to 26 September 2017.
The broad objective of the engagement was to:
 Formally notify stakeholders of the proposed Project and the ESIA process;
 Formally initiate the engagement process and introduce the engagement team;
 Table and elicit comment from the affected parties; and
 Provide stakeholders with an opportunity to ask questions and give input on the proposed Project.
Relevant engagement materials were generated by the ESIA team to support the engagement
activities. The content thereof was written in a non-technical / accessible language in English and
Amharic. The material included information on the following:
 A background and description of the proposed Project;
 The environment in which the proposed Project will be developed;
 Information on the client;
 Information on the ESIA process and timelines;
 Typical impacts associated with similar Projects; and
 Information on the ESIA consultants and their independence.
Due to the potential for high instances of illiteracy amongst the potentially impacted groups in the
proposed Project area a community meeting was held to be able to present the information and obtain
feedback verbally as well as in writing.
Engagement during the Scoping phase has involved consultation with stakeholders at the federal,
regional, and local levels.

7.1.5 SCOPING BASELINE DATA GATHERING ENGAGEMENT

Baseline data gathering has been conducted on the IAIP and RTC sites. The primary purpose of this
phase was to gather primary data for the socio-economic baseline, however; it is noted that the
collection of information involved engagement with stakeholders. This afforded stakeholders further
opportunity to provide feedback or ask any questions regarding the proposed Project. Stakeholder
engagement during this phase included key government stakeholders at the Woreda and Kebele
level, community based organisations and local community members.
It is understood that initial baseline data gathering has already been undertaken by MACE as well as
the IPDC.
Scoping phase engagements were undertaken in during August and September 2017. The primary
objective of the engagements was to identify social receptors in the project area and identify
stakeholders and social sensitivities in areas selected for the IAIP and RTC development, as well as
to disseminate the project information and to identify the key issues important for local residents and
communities.
Meetings and interviews with community representatives and key stakeholder groups were engaged
during the stakeholder meetings. Table 7-4 provides a summary of consultation meetings held in the
Bure and Motta areas. Minutes of the meetings and supporting photographs are provided within
Appendix B3.

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Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 7-7
Table 7-4: Persons engaged during stakeholder meetings.

Meeting Date Venue Stakeholders

1 20 – 23 Bure, Wan Key informants including:

August 2017 Gedam Village  Village Head
 Administrator of Wan Gedam Kebelle
 Farmers / PAPs
 Civil Servant
 High school Teacher
 Guard

2 24 September Bure IAIP Site Scoping Phase Community Meeting

2017
More than 31 participants representing different
sections of the community including elderly,
women, youth and PAPs, and Ato Nurelign (Bure
IPDC).

3 26 September Motta, Hibre Key informants including:

2017 Selam Village  Village heads
 Farmers / PAPs
 Civil Servants

Key informant meetings were undertaken by the ESIA team within Wan Gedam. Key issues raised at
the Bure meetings include:
 Key services within the town have insufficient capacity, namely the police station and health
centre.
 The spring provides the main source of water for the town however it is deemed to be insufficient
for the town’s needs.
 There are many unemployed youths in the area and employment opportunities for them are
limited.
 Many felt that the positives from the project far outweigh the negatives.
Key issues raised at the Motta key informant meetings include:
The town is already suffering under significant amounts of in-migration from the surrounding lowlands.
Movement from the lowlands is due to many cases of malaria and insufficient education and health
facilities;
 Key services within the town have insufficient capacity, namely the police station and health
centre.
 Household make use of hand dug water well as their main source of fresh water in the village and
residents experience water borne diseases such as Jardia, bacterial infection, Amoeba, Typhoid
and Typhus.
 Concerns were raised regarding insufficient consultation having taken place prior to the land
being selected and demarcated.
 The RTC blocks the main access road and farmers are forced to travel through farming fields.
The community meeting consultees identified the following important issues:
 Markets for agricultural products and animal resources to be opened, benefiting farmers in that
their products will get to market efficiently and their productivity will increase.
 Priority for job opportunities is to be given to the local youth in the area. It was noted that there are
many unemployed university graduate youths in the village.
 Further development in terms of the urbanisation of the area. The IAIP is expected to have
modern infrastructure facilities such as roads, street lights, etc. which is scarcely available in the
adjacent residential areas of Bure town. Potential for the IAIP to assist the local community in
developing its infrastructures so that wide gap is not created inside and outside of the IAIP.

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Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 7-8
 Waste management was identified as an issues from the IAIP and its potential impact on the
community in the area.
 Access from villages on the southern side of the IAIP site like Adela, Agata, Tenga and Tebelma
kebelles, to schools, market, religious places etc. located in Bure, will not be possible if the
perimeter of the park blocks the existing road/foot path.
 There are some small irrigation schemes downstream of the springs in the wetland areas in the
IAIP, maintaining the flow from these springs is very important to the farms on the southern side
of the site.
 Possible impact of increasing living expenses due to anticipated increase in population size of the
town as a result of the large labour force to come into the IAIP. A rise in living expenses will affect
the low income group residents of the town whose purchasing power will be further diminished.
 Potential impacts on the local cultures and values of the community due to the anticipated
incoming large labour force for the IAIP.
 Concern that during construction of the IAIP the movement of machinery and equipment will
create dust problem to the local community. Furthermore, the roads connecting the IAIP with the
main highway need to be developed and covered with asphalt to avoid the continuation of the
dust problem during operation.
 Infrastructures such as fresh water, electricity and health centres are in short supply in the area,
the anticipated influx of people into the area may worsen the situation.
 Views on the social structure or income resource effect of the project on the community are
divided. Some displaced farmers believe that their income resource or social structure will be
affected positively for they are given compensation and training on how to use the compensation
they receive. In addition, they also think that they were farmers their whole life and their life was of
subsistence however it is now going to change since they are becoming urban dwellers, they are
creating job opportunity for their sons with the compensation money, building and renting houses
in town and industry is coming to their area. Others however believe that the project will affect
their social structure and income resource negatively for it displaced them from their land and
their livelihood is affected as a result. As to their view, land is invaluable to a farmer and the area
was very productive thus the compensation they received doesn’t match what is taken away from
them.
 Employment and livelihood support opportunities for resettled PAPs have not yet been realized.
Training to support rehabilitation and livelihood restoration is not yet delivered to the PAPs. The
resettled PAPs are continuing to depend on the compensation money paid to them for living. In
general there is a need to provide them support and training in restoring their livelihood before
they finish their compensation money.
Minutes for all these meetings are included within Appendix B3.

7.1.6 ESIA DISCLOSURE ENGAGEMENT

In November the Impact Assessment process had been completed and the engagement team
returned to site to gather stakeholder comment and feedback on the ESIA. This engagement was
targeted at allowing local stakeholders an insight into the predicted impacts and mitigation and to
contribute their local knowledge to the assessment and mitigation process. This process afforded
stakeholders the opportunity to confirm that their needs, fears and aspirations have been recorded
and where possible appropriately considered in the specialist investigations and Project design
Table 7-5 provides a summary of ESIA consultation meetings held in the Bure and Motta areas.
Minutes of the meetings and supporting photographs are provided within Appendix B3.
Table 7-5 : Summary of ESIA Phase consultation meetings held within the Project area.

Meeting Date Venue Stakeholders

1 18 November Bure Town ESIA Phase Community Meeting

2017 Administration
More than 39 participants representing different
sections of the community including elderly,
women, youth and PAPs

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Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 7-9
 2 17 November Motta Town ESIA Phase Community Meeting
2017 Administration
More than 31 participants representing different
Hall
sections of the community including elderly,
women, youth and PAPs
The community meeting consultees identified the following important issues:
 Many of the participants raised that the community is very happy for the IAIP is to be built in their
town and expect many opportunities from it.
 The issue of the main community access road being blocked was raised again and solution was
requested (see Socio-economic assessment).
 Other participants also stated that they have concerns with air quality, shortage of soil dumping
places and waste management.
 Another participant raised that the compensation paid is not enough and rehabilitation and
livelihood restoration is not delivered to PAPs who received compensation.
 A query was raised regarding the site selection process and the site selected is highly fertile. In
addition it was questioned why an impact assessment was not completed before the
compensation was paid.
 Many of the participants stated that the community is very happy for the RTC is to be built in the
town and expressed that the positive impacts outweigh the negative ones.
 Some of the participants mentioned that the community access road has been blocked by the
construction of the compound wall for the RTC. In addition, the drainage line has been blocked
and therefore significant erosion has occurred. This has occurred as a result of the stormwater
runoff concentrating in the northwest corner of the site resulting in the erosion gulleys forming.
The farms affected by this are found outside of the RTC and have not compensated.
 Another participant stated that rehabilitation and livelihood restoration has not been delivered to
PAPs who received compensation.
Responses to these issues include:
 An alternative access road is being proposed to wrap around the western edge of the IAIP site
connecting the communities in the south with those in the north. It is also further noted that an
additional stretch of road is being proposed along the south eastern boundary of the site, however
the details of this are not yet finalised;
 The impact assessment has considered the air quality impacts and although there will be impacts
these are not deemed to be of moderate significance without mitigation. With the implementation
of mitigation, as detailed within the ESMP, these impacts are reduced to minor significance or
negligible.
 A waste management plan (WMP) has been developed for the Amhara IAIP and RTC sites to
implement. The WMP seeks to achieve a zero waste discharge facility through the application of
the waste hierarchy principles.
 The RAP considered the compensation paid and provides guidance on the suitability of this.
 The concerns regarding the payment of compensation prior to the impact assessment being
completed is a valid one, however the ESIA team were engaged post compensation occurring.
 The IPDC are proposing a new fourteen meter wide and sixteen kilometres long road be built as a
replacement for the blocked.
 The IPDC have confirmed that compensation will be paid to farmers who are found outside the
RTC but whose land is affected.
It is important to note that complaints will and must be solved properly and in time through
consultation among the stakeholders and the IPDC in order to ensure the success of the project. In
general, the meetings were very lively and participants acknowledged their satisfaction by getting the
opportunity to air their views in the consultation meeting and urged that solutions be put forward in the
ESIA study for the issues they raised. Finally they endorsed the project and asked for its rapid
implementation.

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Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 7-10
7.2 PROJECT STAKEHOLDERS
For the purposes of this process, a stakeholder is defined as any individual or group which is
potentially affected by the proposed Project or who has an interest in the proposed Project and its
potential impacts. It is likely that a diverse range of stakeholders will be identified that could be
involved in the stakeholder engagement process. Furthermore, different issues are likely to concern
different stakeholders.
Project stakeholders identified to date are identified in the Stakeholder Engagement Plan included in
Appendix B1 and in the stakeholder minutes provided in Appendix B3.

7.3 FEEDBACK MECHANISM

Each round of engagement undertaken will provide stakeholders with an opportunity to provide input
and feedback on the proposed Project. However, it remains important to offer opportunities to people
to both provide feedback and receive response at other time in-between formal rounds of
engagement.
A feedback mechanism is therefore in place for use during the Scoping and ESIA process to ensure
that potential concerns raised by stakeholders during engagement are acknowledged and addressed
in a timely, structured and culturally appropriate manner.

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Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 7-11
8 THE RECEIVING ENVIRONMENT
8.1 INTRODUCTION
It is important to gain an understanding of the physical attributes of the Project area and its
surroundings, as it will provide for a better understanding of the receiving environment in which the
Project is being considered.
The description of the baseline environment is essential in that it represents the conditions of the
environment before the construction of the proposed Project. The description of the baseline
environment therefore provides a description of the current or status quo environment against which
environmental impacts of the proposed Project can be assessed and future changes monitored.
The information presented in Chapter 8 has been collected from desktop studies (where data was
available) and supplemented with site visits to the Project area, as well as the data provided by
IPDC/developer. The methodologies used to aid data collection are discussed in the respective
sections below.
The following characteristics of the receiving environment for the Bure IAIP site and the Motta RTC
site are described.
Table 8-1: Characteristics of the receiving environment for the Project area considered.

Receiving Environment Characteristics

Physical  Climate;
 Topography and Geomorphology;
 Geology;
 Soils;
 Surface Water (Hydrology);
 Ground Water (Hydrogeology);
 Wetlands;
 Air Quality;
 Noise;
 Waste Management
 Transport / Access;
 Visual.

Biological  Biodiversity

Socio-Economic  Demographics;
 Ethnicity, religion and languages;
 Social Infrastructure and services;
 Economy and livelihood activities;
 Cultural heritage.

8.2 CLIMATE
Daily meteorological data (temperature and precipitation) was obtained from the Bahir Dar
Meteorological Directorate for the Bure meteorological station for the period January 2013 –
September 2017. The Bure meteorological station is located approximately 33 km to the south south-
east of the proposed IAIP site. This station is classified as a Third Class station which measures only
three meteorological elements, namely, minimum daily temperature, maximum daily temperature and
total rainfall.

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Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 8-1
8.2.1 TEMPERATURE
Mean maximum and minimum monthly temperatures for the period January 2013 – September 2017
are 27.0°C and 11.8 °C, respectively (Table 8-2).
Table 8-2: Mean maximum and minimum temperature (°C) from the Bure Meteorological Station

Annual
Year Mean Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Mean

Max 28.0 28.6 29.1 28.9 29.5 24.2 24.7 25.6 24.4 27.3 27.9 28.0 27.2
2013
Min 11.0 11.3 11.4 11.4 12.6 9.6 11.6 11.5 11.6 11.7 11.0 10.9 11.3

Max 29.3 28.7 29.7 28.2 33.5 27.1 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 27.0 29.1
2014
Min 12.0 11.4 12.1 11.6 11.8 11.3 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 8.5 11.2

Max 28.7 30.2 30.3 30.1 23.9 20.9 23.7 24.0 25.8 26.9 24.4 23.9 26.1
2015
Min 8.8 12.0 13.5 11.4 15.0 15.0 12.8 12.5 12.2 13.8 13.7 12.3 12.7

Max 26.2 N/A 29.3 31.9 19.6 N/A N/A N/A N/A 24.2 24.1 27.4 26.1
2016
Min 11.0 N/A 13.2 13.4 18.4 N/A N/A N/A N/A 14.1 8.9 8.3 12.5

Max 27.8 27.1 29.3 N/A N/A 23.9 25.5 25.6 25.4 N/A N/A N/A 26.4
2017
Min 7.1 10.4 10.8 N/A N/A 12.6 12.4 12.4 11.9 N/A N/A N/A 11.1
N/A = Not Available

8.2.2 PRECIPITATION
The total annual rainfall for the period January 2013 – September 2017 ranges from 527.9 mm to
1449.2 mm as shown in Table 8-3.
Table 8-3: Annual Rainfall (mm) from the period 2013- 2017 from the Bure Meteorological Station

Total
Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Annual

2013 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.2 305.1 159.8 420.5 291.7 153.5 116.4 N/A N/A 1449.2

2014 0.0 0.0 7.1 158.8 144.6 209.0 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 8.4 527.9

2015 0.0 1.0 17.5 96.8 240.8 224.6 246.3 224.7 173.1 105.1 123.2 24.2 1477.3

2016 0.0 N/A 161.8 21.7 289.5 N/A N/A N/A N/A 83.7 0.0 0.0 556.7

2017 6.8 57.6 62.8 N/A N/A 272.3 257.8 257.6 183.5 N/A N/A N/A 1098.4

8.2.3 WIND
No wind data (speed and direction) was available to assess the prevailing wind patterns in the area.

8.2.4 EXISTING AIR POLLUTION SOURCES

Potential sources of emission surrounding the proposed site include:
 Commercial and industrial activities;
 Vehicle entrainment on unpaved roads;
 Vehicle tailpipe emissions;
 Domestic fuel burning; and
 Agricultural activities.

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Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 8-2
COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITIES

Small-scale commercial and industrial activities in Bure include edible oil manufacturing (Seid Abdy
Edible Oil, Mekonen Oil, Alemitu Mekonnen Oil), animal feed manufacturing (Akaki Animal Feed) and
furniture manufacturing. Belayneh Kindie Import and Export is reportedly undertaking the construction
of an edible oil factory in Bure town. While Pepsi operate a soft drink manufacturing plant in the town.
The town also hosts an agricultural training college.

VEHICLE ENTRAINMENT ON UNPAVED ROADS

Vehicle-entrained dust emissions from the unpaved roads potentially represent a significant source of
fugitive dust. When a vehicle travels on an unpaved road, the force of the wheels on the road surface
causes the pulverisation of surface material. Particles are lifted and dropped from the rolling wheels,
and the road surface is exposed to strong air currents in turbulent shear with the surface. The
turbulent wake behind the vehicle continues to act on the road surface after the vehicle has passed
(USEPA, 2006).
The quantity of dust emissions from a given segment of unpaved road varies linearly with the volume
of traffic. Emissions depend on source parameters that characterise the condition of a particular road
and the associated vehicle traffic. Dust emissions from unpaved roads have been found to vary
directly with the fraction of silt in the road surface materials. Other parameters include vehicle speeds,
mean vehicle weight, average number of wheels per vehicle and road surface moisture. Although
vehicle entrainment on unpaved roads has been found to result in high fugitive dust emissions, these
impacts are often limited to close to the source (USEPA, 2006).

VEHICLE TAILPIPE EMISSIONS

Atmospheric pollutants emitted from vehicles include hydrocarbons, CO, CO2, NOx, SO2 and
particulates. These pollutants are emitted from the tailpipe, from the engine and fuel supply system,
and from brake linings, clutch plates and tyres. Hydrocarbon emissions, such as benzene, result from
the incomplete combustion of fuel molecules in the engine. Carbon monoxide is a product of
incomplete combustion and occurs when carbon in the fuel is only partially oxidized to carbon dioxide.
Nitrogen oxides are formed by the reaction of nitrogen and oxygen under high pressure and
temperature conditions in the engine. Sulphur dioxide is emitted due to the high sulphur content of the
fuel. Particulates such as lead originate from the combustion process as well as from brake and clutch
linings wear (Samaras and Sorensen, 1999).
The federal highway No 3, which connects Addis Ababa and Bahir Dar, abuts the proposed site with
the federal highway No 32 running to the west of the proposed site.

DOMESTIC FUEL BURNING

Pollutants released from these fuels include CO, NO2, SO2, inhalable particulates and polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons. Particulates are the dominant pollutant emitted from the burning of wood.
Smoke from wood burning contains respirable particles that are small enough in diameter to enter and
deposit in the lungs. These particles comprise a mixture of inorganic and organic substances
including aromatic hydrocarbon compounds, trace metals, nitrates and sulphates. Polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons are produced as a result of incomplete combustion and are potentially carcinogenic in
wood smoke (Maroni et al., 1995). The main pollutants emitted from the combustion of paraffin are
NO2, particulates, carbon monoxide and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.
Domestic fuel burning shows a characteristic diurnal and seasonal signature. Periods of elevated
domestic fuel burning, and hence emissions, occurs in the early morning and evening for space
heating and cooking purposes. During the winter months, an increase in domestic fuel burning is
recorded as the demand for space heating and cooking increases with the declining temperature.
A national survey conducted by the Central Statistical Agency in 2011 indicated that biomass fuel is
used by nearly all Ethiopian households (95%), with the vast majority (85%) using firewood for
cooking (Table 8-4). The household fuel use pattern is mixed, in that more than one type of fuel can
be used in a household. With respect to the main source of energy, however, the pattern varies
between rural and urban settings. For instance, firewood is used by nine out of ten rural households
as the main fuel source for cooking, while slightly more than half (54%) of urban household dwellers
use wood (WMS, 2011).

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Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 8-3
Charcoal is the second most frequently used type of fuel (18%) in urban areas, although it is used
infrequently (0.2%) as fuel in rural areas, with the remainder of rural households (8.4%) using
leaves/dung cakes. The use of relatively cleaner energy sources such as kerosene, LPG, and
electricity for cooking is almost non-existent in rural settings, whereas in urban areas kerosene (5%)
and gas/electricity (7.7%) are used in small proportions. Kerosene is used, however, for lighting in
urban (88%) and rural (64.4%) households (CSA, 2011).
Table 8-4: Household energy use for cooking in Ethiopia (CSA, 2011).

Fuel Used for Cooking Country (%) Urban (%) Rural (%)

Wood 85 63.3 90.8

Leaves / Crop Residue / Animal Dung 7.2 2.7 8.4
Charcoal 3.9 17.5 0.2
Solid Fuel 95 87.4 99.6
Kerosene 1.2 4.9 0.2
LPG / Electricity 1.9 7.7 0.2

AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES

Emissions from agricultural activities are difficult to control due to the seasonality of emissions and the
large surface area producing emissions (USEPA, 1995). Expected emission resulting from agricultural
activities include particulates associated with wind erosion and burning of crop residue, chemicals
associated with crop spraying and odiferous emissions resulting from manure, fertilizer and crop
residue.
Dust associated with agricultural practices may contain seeds, pollen and plant tissue, as well as
agrochemicals, such as pesticides. The application of pesticides during temperature inversions
increases the drift of the spray and the area of impact. Dust entrainment from vehicles travelling on
gravel roads may also cause increased particulates in an area. Dust from traffic on gravel roads
increases with higher vehicle speeds, more vehicles and lower moisture conditions.
Agricultural activities in the area include maize, sesame, potato, live animal (cattle, goat, sheep) dairy
and meat, poultry and honey. As per the land tenure of Ethiopia, the land is owned by the
Government. The western and eastern portions of the site utilised by Government for crops with the
central portion being leased to provide individuals for residential and farming purposes (WSP, 2017).

8.3 TOPOGRAPHY AND GEOMORPHOLOGY

8.3.1 BURE IAIP

A detailed topography survey was carried out by Mahindra during October 2016. In general the
topography of the site varies between +2083.932 m to +2039.0 m with undulations at some portions of
the site. The eastern section of the site gently slopes from the northwest to the south while the
western portion of the site gently slopes from the northeast to southwest. The proposed IAIP
masterplan layout, showing the survey contour lines and predominant slope, within the site boundary
is shown in Figure 8-1.

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Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 8-4
Figure 8-1: Topography survey drawing of the IAIP site indicating predominate slope (Source: MACE)
Significant areas of erosion were evident to the west of the site. These areas are associated with the
Yiser River which runs parallel to the site boundary (Figure 8-2).

Figure 8-2: Erosion along the western boundary of the IAIP site

8.3.2 MOTTA RTC

A detailed topography survey was carried out by Mahindra in October 2016. In general the topography
of the site varies between +2418.005 m to +2411.601 m with undulations at some portions of the site,
gently sloping from the south to north. The proposed RTC masterplan layout, showing the survey
contour lines and predominant slope, within the site boundary is shown in Figure 8-3.

ESIA Report
Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 8-5
Figure 8-3: Topography survey drawing of the RTC site indicating predominate slope (Source: MACE)

8.4 GEOLOGY

8.4.1 OVERVIEW
The Project area is covered by volcanic rocks underlain by mesozoic sediment and metamorphic
rocks. Formations constituting tuff and agglomerated basalt, sandstone and granite are found in the
area. Figure 8-4 provides a layout of the geological makeup of the area, including the locations of the
IAIP and RTC sites.

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Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 8-6
Figure 8-4: Geological Map of the Bure and Motta areas

8.4.2 BURE IAIP

The regional geology of Bure and the surrounding area is typically composed of tertiary volcanics of
the Cenozoic era, (i) Ashangi Basalts and (ii) Aiba Basalts, and the sedimentary formations, as
interpreted from the regional mapping of the Ethiopian Institute of Geological Surveys (Tefera, et al.,
1996).
The local geology of the area is covered by clay, vesicular and scoracious basalts, some alluvial and
unconsolidated deposit materials. The top layer is covered by a layer of clay, and highly weathered
basalt, slightly and moderately fractured basalt is the dominant lithology and clay is found at places.
The hydrogeology of the project area is influenced mainly by the topography and geology of the area.
The groundwater in the area is mainly located within primary porosities and the fractured volcanic
rock.

8.4.3 MOTTA RTC

The area around Motta is dominantly covered by Tarmaber Formation. It represents Oligocene to
Miocene basaltic shield volcanism on the northwestern and southeastern plateaus. The central type
Tarmaber Formation basaltic volcanism was followed by fissural eruptions particularly along the
escarpments of northwestern and southeastern plateaus. Basalts of the Tarmaber Formation in
contrast to the tholeiitic and mildly alkaline nature of the earlier flood basalts typically have an alkaline
affinity. On the northwestern plateau, the Tarmaber shield volcanoes become progressively younger
from north to south. The classification Tarmaber Gussa Formation (PNtb) for the shield volcanoes of
the northern Ethiopian plateau with an absolute age range of 26 to 16 million years (Ma) and the
name Tarmaber Megezez Formation (Ntb) for the younger shield volcanoes with an absolute age
range from 16 to 13 Ma in the southern part of the northwestern plateau and the southeastern plateau
has been widely used and the latter is believed to mark the initiation of rifting of the Main Ethiopian

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Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 8-7
Rift (Kazmin, 1979 and references cited therein). The upper age limit of the Tarmaber-Megezez
Formation (Ntb) is lowered to 7 to 8 Ma since the large basaltic centre of Arba Gugu with similar
alkaline affinity is considered to be the youngest episode of Tarmaber type volcanism. Other
dominantly basaltic units erupted within the ago intervals from 14 to 10 Ma (Kazmin and Berhe, 1981)
mapped on the eastern escarpments of the Main Ethiopian Rift and southern Afar and Miocene
basaltic volcanism in western Ethiopia with an age range of 9 to 10 Ma (Berhe et aI., 1987) are also
considered with the Tarmaber-Megezez Formation (Ntb) on chronological grounds.
North of Motta town there are outcrops of Aiba basalt; these represent the second major pulse of
fissural basalt volcanism on the northwestern plateau. They are generally aphyric, compact rocks in
place showing stratification and contain rare interbedded basic tuffs. The Aiba Basalts (P3a)
unconformably overlie the Ashangie Formation (P2a) and attain a thickness of 200 to 600 meters. The
basalts show a distinctive tholeiitic nature with transitions to mildly alkaline varieties. The absolute age
of the Aiba Basalts (P3a) ranges from 34 to 28 Ma placing them in Oligocene (Kazmin, 1979).

8.5 SOILS CHARACTERISTICS

This section describes the receiving environment in terms of soils within the Project site and
surrounding area.

8.5.1 DESKTOP ASSESSMENT

A detailed desktop assessment was undertaken for the Amhara IAIP and RTC sites. This included
assessing the ISRIC World Soils Database, based on the World Reference Base Classification
System (WRB, 2006) in order to establish the soil types according to an international standard
system. Information associated with the outcomes of the ISRIC world soils database outcomes was
reviewed, as was general information associated with Ethiopian soils, and, specifically, those found in
the Amhara region.

8.5.2 SITE ASSESSMENT

Site visits were conducted on during August and September 2017 at the Bure IAIP and Motta RTC
sites. Soil survey, classification, field mapping and sample analysis were undertaken. Six soil samples
were taken at the IAIP site and two soil samples were taken at the RTC site. The following steps were
performed:
 Survey of the study area was undertaken on foot, using a hand-held bucket auger to identify soil
forms present. Current activities at the site were also noted, and specific areas of land use and
infrastructure were noted.
 Auger points were assessed to a depth of approximately 1.5m for classification purposes, roughly
according to a pre-determined set of points (Figure 8-5 and Figure 8-6) drawn along zig-zagged
transects. Free survey was undertaken using the points as a guideline.
 A hand-held GPS was used to record the location of each auger point.
 Soil forms were described in the field according to local soil characteristics, the World Reference
Base classification system (WRB, 2006) and the South African Soil Classification Taxonomic
System (Soil Classification Working Group, 1991), published as a Memoir on the Agricultural
Natural Resources of South Africa No.15;
 Representative soil samples were collected and submitted to Jones Laboratory in Wales for
analysis. Samples were analysed for Total Nitrogen, Calcium, Magnesium, Potassium, Copper,
Iron, Aluminium, Manganese, Molybdenum, Zinc, Phosphorus, Boron, Total Sulphur, soluble
Chloride, pH, Total Organic Carbon, Available Phosphorus and pH. The particle size distribution
was also determined (results are pending); and
 The typical land uses and their associated soils were investigated for the Amhara region and the
land uses identified on site were noted and mapped.

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South West Amhara Region Page 8-8
Figure 8-5: Pre-determined survey points for Bure IAIP site.

Figure 8-6: Pre-determined survey points for Motta RTC site.

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South West Amhara Region Page 8-9
8.5.3 SOIL CLASSIFICATION

WORLD REFERENCE BASE CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM

The World Reference Base for Soil Resources (WRB, 2006) is the international standard taxonomic
soil classification system endorsed by the International Union of Soil Sciences (IUSS). It was
developed by an international collaboration coordinated by the International Soil Reference and
Information Centre (ISRIC) and sponsored by the IUSS and the FAO via its Land & Water
Development division. It replaces the previous FAO soil classification. The WRB borrows heavily from
modern soil classification concepts, including USDA soil taxonomy, the legend for the FAO Soil Map
of the World 1988, the Référentiel Pédologique and Russian concepts. The classification is based
mainly on soil morphology as an expression of pedogenesis. A major characteristic the USDA soil
taxonomy system is that climate is not part of the system, except insofar as climate influences soil
profile characteristics. As far as possible, diagnostic criteria match those of existing systems, so that
correlation with national and previous international systems is as straightforward as possible. The
WRB is meant for correlation of national and local systems.

ETHIOPIAN CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM

No Ethiopian classification system was identified through local partners, local university enquiries and
literature searches. Soils papers published in Ethiopian journals utilise the FAO or WRB classification
system (depending on when they were written) as these systems are widely used throughout Ethiopia
(Assefa, 2002; Mishra et al., 2004; Ayalew, 2015).

SOUTH AFRICAN CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM

The soils identified in the field were classified by form in accordance with the South African soil
taxonomic system (Soil Classification Working Group, 1991) as a great deal of information is available
about the various South African soil forms. In this way, more information could be given about the
characteristics of the types of soils identified in the field. All South African soil forms fall within 12 soil
types; Duplex (marked accumulation of clay in the B horizon), Humic (intensely weathered, low base
status, exceptional humus accumulation), Vertic (swelling, cracking, high activity clay), Melanic (dark,
structured, high base status), Silicic (Silica precipitates as a dorbank horizon), Calcic (accumulation of
limestone as a horizon), Organic (peaty soils where water inhibits organic breakdown), Podzolic
(humic layer forms beneath an Ae or E), Plinthic (fluctuating water table causes iron re-precipitation
as ferricrete), Oxidic (iron oxides weather and colour soils), Hydromorphic (reduced lower horizons)
and Inceptic (young soils - accumulation of unconsolidated material, rocky B or disturbed) soils.

8.5.4 SOIL CAPABILITY

The area’s soils capability was assessed and mapped, based on the results of the classification study
and the sample results. The South African land capability classification system by Scotney et al.
(1987) was used to identify and map land capability and soil potential (Table 8-5). This system is
useful in that it is able to quickly give one an overview of the agricultural capability and limitations of
the soils in question, and is useful for soil capability comparisons. Criticisms of this system, however,
include its lack of consideration of the local setting, land use planning and a lack of financial resources
(Nethononda et al., 2014). For this reason the site’s soil capability has also been assessed taking the
local setting into account.

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Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 8-10
Table 8-5: Land Capability Classification System (Scotney et al., 1987)

8.5.5 REGIONAL OVERVIEW

According to the World Reference Base for Soil Resources (WRB, 2006), the soils of Ethiopia can be
classified into five principal types.

Soil Type Composition and Description

1 The first type is composed of Nitosols and Andosols and is found on portions of the
Western and Eastern highlands. These soils are formed from volcanic material and,
with proper management, have medium to high potential for rain-fed agriculture.
2 The second group of soils; Cambisols and Luvisols, are found in the Simien plateau of
the Western Highlands. They are highly weathered with a subsurface accumulation of
clay and are characterized by low nutrient retention, surface crusting, and erosion
hazards. With proper management, they are of medium agricultural potential.
3 The third group of soils is the dark clay found in the Western Lowlands and at the
foothills of the Western Highlands. Composed of Vertisols, they have medium to high
potential for both food and agriculture but pose tillage problems because they harden
when dry and become sticky when wet. Some of the rich coffee-growing regions of
Ethiopia are found on these soils.
4 The fourth group is composed of Yermosols, Xerosols and other saline soils that cover
desert areas of the Eastern Lowlands and the Denakil Plain. Because of moisture
deficiency and coarse texture, they lack potential for rain-fed agriculture. However, the
wetter margins are excellent for livestock, and even the drier margins respond well to
irrigation.
5 The fifth soil group is Lithosols found primarily in the Denakil Plain. Lack of moisture
and shallow profile preclude cultivation of these soils.

Of the 25 World Reference Base/FAO soil orders, 17 exist in Ethiopia. Lithosols, Cambisols, Nitosols,
Vertisols, Xerosols, Solonchaks, Fluvisols and Luvisols cover more than 80% of the country, and are
the most important soils. Vertisols are very important soils in Ethiopian agriculture.
According to the WRB Reference Soil Group (2006), the Amhara IAIP site soils include Ferralsols,
Nitisols and Plinthosols and the Amhara RTC site is covered by Vertisols.

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South West Amhara Region Page 8-11
8.5.6 BURE IAIP

DESKTOP REVIEW
The ISRIC database shows that the Amhara IAIP site to be dominated by Ferralsols, Nitisols and
Plinthosols. These have an average particle size distribution of 18% sand, 21% silt and 61% clay.
Using the United States Department of Agriculture Soil Texture Triangle (USDA, 1939), which is
widely used world-wide, the soil of the site would, on average, be classified as a clay soil (USDA,
1939). Ferralsols are red and yellow weathered soils whose colours result from an accumulation of
metal oxides, particularly iron and aluminum (from which the name of the soil group is derived). They
are formed on geologically old parent materials in humid tropical climates, with rainforest vegetation
growing in the natural state. Because of the residual metal oxides and the leaching of mineral
nutrients, they have low fertility and require additions of lime and fertilizer if they are to be used for
agriculture. Tree crops such as oil palm, rubber, or coffee are suitable, but pasture is often their main
agricultural use. Nitisols are deep, strongly weathered, well‐drained tropical soils with a clay-rich
subsurface horizon made up of angular, blocky structural elements that easily crumble into polyhedric
peds with shiny faces. The soils have a high cation exchange capacity compared to Ferralsols.
Plinthosols form under a variety of climatic and topographic conditions. They are defined by a
subsurface layer containing an iron-rich mixture of clay minerals (chiefly kaolinite) and silica that
hardens on exposure into ironstone concretions known as plinthite. The impenetrability of the
hardened plinthite layer, as well as the fluctuating water table that produces it, can restrict the use of
these soils to grazing or forestry, although the hardened plinthite has value as subgrade material for
roads or even as iron ore (the iron oxide content can be as high as 80 percent by mass).

LAND USE ASSESSMENT

At the Amhara IAIP site, approximately 67% of the area is used for subsistence agriculture, 31% of
the site consists of permanent and seasonal wetlands, and 2% of the site is grazing land. It is noted
that large portions of the seasonal wetland area is used for agriculture, especially grazing and some
crop production, which varies with the seasons. This distribution of land uses can be seen in
Figure 8-7.

Figure 8-7: Amhara IAIP distribution of land uses

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South West Amhara Region Page 8-12
SOIL CLASSIFICATION
Figure 8-8 shows the distribution of the identified soil forms within the Bure IAIP site boundary as
described below.

Figure 8-8: Distribution of the identified soil forms at the IAIP site.
SHORTLANDS/NITISOL SOILS
Soils that could be described as Shortlands (Oxidic) soils in the South African classification system
were identified over 177ha or 69% of the IAIP site (Figure 8-8). This soil is characterised by an Orthic
A horizon over a red structured B horizon. Figure 8-9 shows a photograph taken during the soil
survey, and indicates the horizons from the top of the picture (the upper layer is the Orthic A, followed
by the red structured B horizon).

Figure 8-9: Photograph showing Shortlands/ Nitisol soil profile at the Amhara IAIP site
The Shortlands soil form falls into the South African Oxidic soil group. These soils develop as oxides
of iron accumulate through weathering and colour the soils - uniformly if the conditions are well
drained and aerated. Oxidic soils are characterised by iron enrichment, are not necessarily highly
weathered and may be found over a wide spectrum of climatic conditions. More clay-rich Shortlands

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Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 8-13
soils can be difficult to distinguish from members of the Vertic soil group (Fey, 2012). According to
the World WRB Classification system (WRB, 2006), the IAIP site is dominated by Ferralsols, Nitisols
and Plinthosols. Nitisols are technically defined by an accumulation of clay and by a blocky aggregate
structure. Iron oxides and high water content are believed to play important roles in creating the soil
structure. Nitisols are also strongly influenced by biological activity, resulting in a homogenization of
the upper portion of the soil profile. Shortlands soils can be considered similar to Nitisols.
AVALON/ PLINTHOSOL SOILS
The Avalon soil form was identified over 62ha or 24% of the Amhara IAIP site (Figure 8-8). This soil is
characterised by an Orthic A horizon over a yellow-brown apedal B horizon over a soft plinthic B
horizon. Figure 8-10 shows a photograph taken during the soil survey, and indicates the horizons
from the top of the image (the dark upper layer is the Orthic A, followed by the yellow-brown apedal B,
followed by the soft plinthic B). Water was encountered throughout these mottled wetland soils.
The Avalon soil form falls into the South African Plinthic soil group. These soils develop as a result of
enrichment with iron oxides where intermittent wetness from a fluctuating water table gives rise to the
reduction and mobilization of iron and its migration and reprecipitation as mottles, nodules,
concretions and ferricrete. A warm, sub-humid to humid climate with a distinct dry season is
commonly associated with plinthite formation. Theses soils typically form in the middle to lower slope
positions in the landscape.
As highlighted in the desktop assessment section, Plinthosols form under a variety of climatic and
topographic conditions and are defined by a subsurface layer containing an iron-rich mixture of clay
minerals (chiefly kaolinite) and silica that hardens on exposure into ironstone concretions known as
plinthite. Clearly the Avalon soil form (within the Plinthic soil group) and the Plinthosol soil group
describe the same types of soils.

Figure 8-10: Photograph showing an Avalon/ Plinthosol soil profile at the Amhara IAIP site
KATSPRUIT / GLEYSOL SOILS
The Katspruit soil form was identified over 18ha or 7% of the Amhara IAIP site (refer to Figure 8-8).
This soil form falls within the Gleyic soil group within the South African soils classification system. This
soil is characterised by an Orthic A horizon over gleyed horizon. Figure 8-11 shows a photograph
taken during the soil survey, and indicates the horizons from the top of the image (the dark upper
layer is the Orthic A, followed by a grey gleyed horizon). These soils were saturated.
Gleysols are wetland soils, which, in the natural state are continuously water‐saturated within 50 cm
of the surface, for long periods of time. Reduction of Iron (Fe) and Manganese (Mn) leads
predominantly to grayish hues in the profile below the water table. Clearly Gleyic and Gleysol soils
describe similar soil types.

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South West Amhara Region Page 8-14
Figure 8-11: Photograph showing a Katspruit/ Gleysol soil profile at the Amhara IAIP site

SOIL FERTILITY ASSESSMENT

The productive capacity of soils depends on often complex and sometimes little understood
interactions between the biological, chemical and physical properties of soil (Johnston, 2011). Soil
fertility is found mostly in topsoil, however the contribution the subsoil makes should not be ignored.
The fertility of the total volume of soil in which the plant roots develop should be taken into account
(FSSA, 2011). According to Johnston (2011), soil analysis is an aid to managing soil nutrients
efficiently to maintain soil fertility for those nutrients like Phosphorus (P), Potassium (K) and
Magnesium (Mg) that are retained in soil in plant-available forms. If the amount of any of these
nutrients in such forms in soil is too small then yield is jeopardised, but increasing reserves in
agricultural soils to very high levels is an unnecessary expense.
The laboratory results of the levels of various nutrients analysed-for in the Amhara IAIP soils are
shown in Table 8-6. The guidelines for some nutrients are provided as values, and in some cases
they are presented as narratives simply because some nutrients have limited or no contribution to soil
fertility, thus their deficiencies or excess may not influence soil fertility as such.
Table 8-6: Laboratory Analysed Soil Nutrients at the Amhara IAIP Site
Parameter Units AMHARA- AMHARA- AMHARA- AMHARA- AMHARA- AMHARA- Soil
A6- A6- A14- A14- A12/A13- A12/A13- Fertility
HORIZON HORIZON HORIZON HORIZON HORIZON HORIZON Guideline
A B A B A B
Antimony mg/kg 6 6 3 2 2 3 *
Calcium mg/kg 2258 1931 6635 7676 5206 6164 >150
Copper mg/kg 63 56 35 26 32 23 >0.6
Iron mg/kg 103400 110700 51240 52870 31970 65480 *
Magnesium mg/kg 2433 2341 3849 3568 2616 3456 60 – 300
Manganese mg/kg 2775 3077 555 256 335 584 1.0 - 5.0
Molybdenum mg/kg 2.1 2.1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.3 *
Phosphorus mg/kg 1039 934 669 293 511 291 20-100
Potassium mg/kg 2791 2450 1825 1384 1215 1192 150 -800
Sulphur as S % 0.03 0.03 0.05 0.01 0.06 0.02 >7.5
Boron mg/kg 0.58 <0.25 1.24 <0.25 1.57 <0.25 0.2-2
Zinc mg/kg 98 99 78 70 64 74 >1.5
Chloride mg/kg 7 6 20 <2 20 2 5-50
Total Organic % 1.9 0.66 4.84 1.4 6.24 1.18 *
Carbon
Sand % 37.9 85.6 77.1 69.1 45.6 75.2 -

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Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 8-15
 Parameter Units AMHARA- AMHARA- AMHARA- AMHARA- AMHARA- AMHARA- Soil
A6- A6- A14- A14- A12/A13- A12/A13- Fertility
HORIZON HORIZON HORIZON HORIZON HORIZON HORIZON Guideline
A B A B A B
Silt % 60.3 14.3 21.3 28.4 50.4 23.9 -
Clay % 1.7 0.1 1.6 2.5 3.9 0.9 -
pH pH NDP 5.76 6.39 7.63 6.19 6.32 6-8.2
units
Total % 0.28 0.2 0.46 0.18 0.78 0.19 0.1 - 0.12
Nitrogen
*Refers to the general guidelines which were not discussed in terms of ranges but a narrative description is
provided in the main context

SOIL TEXTURE
Soil texture drives crop production and field management as it influences drainage, water holding
capacity, aeration, susceptibility to erosion, Organic Matter content, Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC)
and pH buffering capacity. Soil texture is important in the context of a soil fertility analysis as soils with
a higher clay content are more chemically reactive (they have a higher CEC), so tend to be more
fertile (Fey, 2010). The laboratory results of the particle size distribution analysis as shown in Table
8-6 are clearly incorrect. The laboratory was asked to undergo the analysis again but were unable to,
so the soil textures calculated in-field using the ‘Ribbon Method’ were adopted. These determined that
the terrestrial soils (Shortlands/Nitisols) were a Sandy Clay Loam, the temporarily saturated soils
(Avalon/Plinthosols) were a Clay Loam and the permanently saturated soils (Katspruit/Gleysols) were
a Sandy Clay.
PH
The pH of the Amhara IAIP soils is generally within the desired range of 6-8.2 at all the sites sampled.
As pH increases, the availability of most micronutrients decreases, except for molybdenum, which
becomes more available as pH increases. Micronutrient deficiencies rarely occur when the soil pH is
below 6.5.
CALCIUM
The Calcium (Ca) content in all the soil samples taken from the Amhara IAIP site is considerably
greater than the recommended minimum levels stated in the guidelines provided by Horneck et al.
(2011). In soil fertility analysis one cannot separate Ca from Magnesium (Mg), thus their management
is similar. According to Schulte and Kelling (2004), the Ca:Mg ratio seldom limits plant growth if the
soil pH is within the normal growing range. Ca deficiencies are usually found in very acidic soils. They
can be corrected by liming with calcium carbonate (CaCO3). Calcium is rarely deficient when soil pH
is adequate.
MAGNESIUM
As indicated, Ca and Mg contents in soil are interrelated and the Ca:Mg ratio seldom limits plant
growth if the soil pH is within the normal growing range (Schulte and Kelling, 2004). As the guidelines
for acceptable levels of Mg are between 60 and 300 mg/kg, the Mg content in the soil samples taken
from the Amhara IAIP site are very high.
POTASSIUM
Horneck et al. (2011) highlights that Potassium (K) requires the most management of the three
primary cations associated with soil fertility (K, Ca and Mg). Excessive K levels may be detrimental to
plants. Horneck et al. also highlights that very low K content is likely to limit the growth of plants.
Guidelines provided by Horneck et al. indicate that a K content ranging between 150-800 mg/kg in
soils are advisable. The K content in the Amhara IAIP soils are markedly higher than this range.
COPPER
A Copper (Cu) content of above 0.6 mg/kg is sufficient to support plant growth (Horneck et al, 2011).
Copper deficiencies are rare and Cu was markedly above the recommended lower limit in the Amhara
soils analysed.

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Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 8-16
IRON
Iron (Fe) availability in the soil is related to soil‘s pH; more acidic soils tend to have a higher Fe
content. ARC-SGI (2015) highlights that Fe concentrations can be reduced under pH conditions
between 6.5 and 8.0, and the higher the pH the greater the restriction. The Amhara site pH is within
the ideal range for cropping and the Fe content is high.
MANGANESE
Manganese (Mn) deficiencies are associated with interveinal yellowing which may also be light green
in appearance. Manganese toxicities typically occur under acidic conditions (Arc-SGI, 2015). The
diagnosis of either deficiency or toxicity may be attributed to pH during soil testing. Mn toxicity is
common in acidic soils. The soils at the Amhara IAIP site are not acidic, yet the Mn content is very
high.
MOLYBDENUM
According to Horneck et al., Molybdenum (Mo) concentrations are often too low for laboratories to
evaluate. The soils at the Amhara site contain Mo below 2.1 mg/kg in both horizons. A study
undertaken by ARC-SGI in 2015 indicated that Mo deficiencies in soils seldom occur and thus their
effects on plant growth is trivial.
PHOSPHORUS
Phosphorus (P) soil tests are an index of P availability described either as low, medium, high or in
excess. When compared to the recommended level of P of between 20 and 100 mg/kg, soils at the
Amhara IAIP site are well above the recommended range. P is relatively immobile in soil. If P has
been applied in a fertilizer band, concentrations of P may persist where the band was placed, making
interpretation of soil test data difficult. High soil phosphorus combined with P movement from soil into
surface waters can cause excessive growth of vegetation, damaging aquatic ecosystems.
SULPHUR AS S
Sulphur (S) deficiencies supress protein synthesis, and high protein crops therefore have higher
sulphur requirements. S deficiencies are common in sandy soils with limited organic content (FSSA,
2011). The guidelines provided by Horneck et al (2011) highlight that soils with an S content greater
than 7.5 mg/kg are able to support plant growth. The Amhara IAIP site S content is below the
specified range at all sampling points.
BORON
Low levels of Boron (B) may limit plant growth while high concentrations may be toxic (Horneck et al,
2011). B content at the Amhara IAIP site soils falls within the recommended range of between 0.2 and
2 mg/kg in the A horizons sampled, and well below this range in the B horizons sampled.
TOTAL NITROGEN
Nitrogen (N) levels are dependent on the system of land use, climate, plant cover, soil
microorganisms and the amount of readily decomposable carbonaceous material in the soil. Soil
texture also influences the N supply rate of the soil. Soils with a high clay content supply more N than
sandy soils (ARC-SGI, 2015). Soils with an N content between 0.1 to 0.12% are conducive to plant
growth. The N content at the Amhara IAIP site is higher than the recommended range at all sites
sampled, which is expected in these clay-rich soils.
ZINC
Horneck et al. (2011) highlight that a Zinc (Zn) content of greater than 1.5 mg/kg is sufficient for most
plant growth. The soils at the Amhara IAIP site contain Zn levels well above this. ARC-SGI (2015)
denoted that a high level of P in the soil inhibits Zn uptake while high levels of N may promote Zn
uptake.
CHLORIDE
Chloride is a micronutrient essential for plant development, however it is required in small quantities
(Chapagain et al., 2003). Horneck et al (2011), indicate that soils should contain a chloride content
ranging from 5 to 50 mg/kg. Samples taken from the Amhara IAIP site indicate that the Chloride

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Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 8-17
content within the site largely falls within levels that promote plant growth but are too low in two of the
B-horizon samples.
ANTIMONY
Natural concentrations of Antimony (Sb) in the environment are low. In topsoil, Sb tends to be slightly
enriched. Background concentrations of Sb in soils tend to range between 2 and 6 mg/kg (Tschan et
al., 2011). The Sb concentrations measured at the Amhara sites for both the A and B horizons range
between 1 and 3 mg/kg. According to Tschan et al (2009), Sb has no known essential biological
functions. Similar to other trace elements, it can be toxic at elevated concentrations, and some Sb
compounds are even considered potentially carcinogenic.
TOTAL ORGANIC CARBON
Total Organic Carbon (TOC) is a measure of the overall soil health and, if measured over a long
period of time, can be an indication of whether the soil quality is improving. An increased in TOC in
soils often indicates an increase in N and microbiological activity. Old soils are generally low in soil
organic carbon. Soil type, climate and management influence the amount of organic carbon able to be
stored in soil. Typically the organic carbon content in old, dryland agricultural soils is between 0.7–
4.0%, however; it can be as low as 0.3% for desert soils or as high as 14% for intensive dairy soils.
The tests undertaken for the Amhara IAIP site indicate TOC values that range between 0.66 (low) and
6.24 (relatively high).

SOIL CAPABILITY ASSESSMENT

The soil profiles at the study site indicated a uniform depth of around 1.5m at the auger points
assessed. Water was encountered at the base of the majority of the profiles.
Nitisols are arable soils whose limitations can include low phosphorus availability and low base status,
but, once ameliorated, these deep, stable soils have high agricultural potential, and are often planted
to crops. Nitisols are strongly weathered materials of intermediate to basic parent rock, possibly
rejuvenated by recent admixtures of volcanic ash. Nitisols are far more productive than most other
highly weathered tropical soils because of their higher fertility and favourable physical properties
(good internal drainage, deep rootability and fair water holding properties). More than half of the
approximately 200 million hectares of Nitisols world-wide are found in tropical Africa, including
Ethiopia.
Katspruit soils can support trees tolerant of wetness but artificial drainage is largely essential on these
soils. Crusting and structural deterioration are common limitations of this soil. Precautionary tillage
practices are thus necessary.
The land capability of the Shortlands soils was established as Land Capability Group ‘Arable Soils’
and Land Capability Class II, as it has ‘Slight limitations’ and ‘Low erosion hazards’ and can be used
for (in order of increased intensity of use) ‘Wildlife, Forestry, Light Grazing, Moderate Grazing,
Intensive Grazing, Light Cultivation, Moderate Cultivation and Intensive Cultivation‘ (Table 8.1,
Scotney et al., 1987). In the context of the Amhara sites, this is accurate in that these Oxidic soils do
pose a low erosion hazard and are deep soils that pose no structural impediment to roots. The
Shortlands soil form is potentially fertile and easily managed, and thus a high yielding soil. The
Shortland soils identified had effective rooting depths in excess of a meter and good drainage
characteristics. Nitisols are perhaps the most inherently fertile of the tropical soils because of their
high nutrient content and deep, permeable structure. They are exploited widely for plantation
agriculture.
The land capability of the Avalon soils was established as Land Capability Group ‘Grazing’ and Land
Capability Class V, as it has ‘Watercourse and land with wetness limitations’ and can be used for (in
order of increased intensity of use) ‘Wildlife, Light Grazing and Moderate Grazing’ (Table 8.1, Scotney
et al., 1987). In the context of the Amhara sites, this is accurate in that these soils have land with
wetness limitations. The classification system specifies that soils with wetness limitations cannot
support forestry, however, while De Moraes et al. (2006) and Arpad (2013) found that plinthic soils
can support forestry. Arpad (2013) states that the impenetrability of the hardened plinthite layer, as
well as the fluctuating water table that produces it, restrict the use of these soils to grazing or forestry,
although the hardened plinthite has value as subgrade material for roads or even as iron ore (the iron
oxide content can be as high as 80 percent by mass). Old erosion surfaces may be preserved by a

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Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 8-18
capping of plinthite (also termed laterite). Manganese is associated with iron in some plinthic materials
(DWS, 2007).
The distribution of land capability classes at the Amhara IAIP site can be seen in Figure 8-12.
The land capability of the Katspruit soils was established as Land Capability Group ‘Grazing’ and
Land Capability Class V, as it has ‘Water course and land with wetness limitations’ and can be used
for (in order of increased intensity of use) ‘Wildlife, Light Grazing and Moderate Grazing’ (Scotney et
al., 1987). In the context of the Amhara sites this is accurate as this area is used for extensive
grazing.

Class V (Avalon)

Class II (Shortlands)

Site Boundary

Figure 8-12: Distribution of land capability classes at the IAIP site.

8.5.7 AMHARA RTC

DESKTOP REVIEW
As mentioned, the ISRIC database shows that the Amhara RTC site is covered by Vertisols, as
described in Section 8.4.2. Using the United States Department of Agriculture Soil Texture Triangle
(USDA, 1939), Vertisols have an average particle size distribution of 21% sand, 24% silt and 56%
clay, which works out as an average texture classification of a clay soil.

LAND USE ASSESSMENT

At the Amhara RTC site approximately 3% of the area is under plantations and 97% of the site is used
for farming (crop production). This can be seen in Figure 8-13.

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Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 8-19
Figure 8-13: Amhara RTC distribution of land uses

SOIL CLASSIFICATION
ARCADIA / VERTISOL SOILS
Figure 8-14 shows a photograph taken during the soil survey, and indicates the unspecified lower
horizons identified at the site.

Figure 8-14: Photograph showing an Arcadia / Vertisol soils profile at the Amhara RTC site
As per the soils classification process the Arcadia soil form was identified over 100% of the RTC site
(Figure 8-15). This soil is characterised by a Vertic A horizon over unspecified lower horizons. The
Arcadia soil group falls into the South African Vertic soil group owing to its shrink-swell clay
properties. Using the WRB classification system, the soils could be described as Vertisols. These are
soils in which there is a high content of expansive clay known as montmorillonite that forms deep
cracks in drier seasons or years. Vertic and Vertisol soils clearly describe the same type of soils.

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Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 8-20
Figure 8-15: Layout showing the soil form of the RTC site.

SOIL FERTILITY ASSESSMENT

Soil analysis was also undertaken for two samples taken at the Amhara RTC site. The soil fertility
results are presented in Table 8-7 and the parameters are discussed in the subsections below.
Please refer to the IAIP site section for nutrient guidelines and discussions.
Table 8-7: Laboratory Analysed Soil Nutrients at the Amhara RTC Site

Parameters Units AMRTSS3- AMRTSS3- Soil Fertility

HORIZON A HORIZON B Guidelines
Antimony mg/kg 4 4 *
Calcium mg/kg 4680 5473 >150
Copper mg/kg 63 57 >0.6
Iron mg/kg 92690 75300 *
Magnesium mg/kg 3432 3668 60 – 300
Manganese mg/kg 2353 1715 1.0 - 5.0
Molybdenum mg/kg 1.8 1.3 *
Phosphorus mg/kg 753 488 20-100
Potassium mg/kg 3580 3043 150 -800
Sulphur as S % 0.02 0.01 >7.5
Boron mg/kg 0.95 0.91 0.2-2
Zinc mg/kg 78 80 >1.5
Chloride mg/kg 18 4 5-50
Total Organic Carbon % 0.99 1.04 *
Sand % 57.7 70.4 -
Silt % 40.2 28.3 -
Clay % 2.1 1.3 -

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Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 8-21
 Parameters Units AMRTSS3- AMRTSS3- Soil Fertility
HORIZON A HORIZON B Guidelines
pH pH units 6.79 7.56 6-8.2
Total Nitrogen % 0.19 0.1 0.1 - 0.12
* Refers to the general guidelines which were not discussed in terms of ranges but a narrative
description is provided in the main context

SOIL TEXTURE
The laboratory results of the particle size distribution analysis as shown in Table 8-7 are clearly
incorrect. The laboratory was asked to undergo the analysis again but were unable to, so the soil
texture was established based on literature review and photographic evidence as clay soils.
PH
The pH of the Amhara RTC samples taken are within the recommended range for plant growth. .
CALCIUM
The Ca content in the soil samples taken from the Amhara RTC site is higher than the recommended
minimum value for optimal plant growth.
MAGNESIUM
The Mg content in the soil samples taken from the Amhara RTC site are very high.
POTASSIUM
The K content in the Amhara RTC soil samples are well above the recommended guideline range.
COPPER
The Cu content of the Amhara RTC site soil samples is well above the recommended minimum limit.
IRON
The Fe content of the Amhara RTC samples is high.
MOLYBDENUM
The Amhara RTC site Mo content is low.
PHOSPHOROUS
The sampled Amhara RTC site P levels were slightly higher than the recommended range.
SULPHUR AS S
A Sulphur deficiency was identified in the soil samples taken at the Amhara RTC site.
BORON
The B content of the Amhara RTC site soils falls within the recommended range for optimal plant
growth.
TOTAL NITROGEN
The N content in the Amhara RTC site A-horizon sample analysed fell above the recommended range
and the B-horizon sample was within the recommended range.
ZINC
The Zn content of the sampled point at the Amhara RTC site was found to be above the minimum
recommended value for optimal plant growth.
CHLORIDE
Analysis results of the samples taken from the Amhara RTC site indicated that the Chloride content
within the site falls within the recommended levels for optimal plant growth.
ANTIMONY
The Sb content in the Amhara RTC site soil samples was low and thus not a hindrance to plant
growth.

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Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 8-22
TOTAL ORGANIC CARBON
The analysis undertaken for the Amhara RTC site indicates that around 1% TOC is present in the
soils, which is low.

SOIL CAPABILITY ASSESSMENT

As stated in Section 8.5.6, the land capability of the Arcadia soil was established as Land Capability
Group ‘Arable Soils’ and Land Capability Class IV. This is realistic in the context of the Amhara RTC
site as the soils appear to be fertile but Vertisols/Vertic soils are highly erosive when dry and their
shrink-swell clay properties make them hard to manage.
The distribution of land capability classes at the RTC site can be seen in Figure 8-16.

Figure 8-16: Figure showing distribution of land capability classes at the RTC site.

8.6 SURFACE WATER (HYDROLOGY)

This section describes the receiving environment in terms of surface water within the Project site and
surrounding area.

8.6.1 DESKTOP ASSESSMENT

A detailed desktop assessment was undertaken for the Amhara IAIP and RTC sites. This included the
sourcing and reviewing of relevant available surface water data. Data reviewed included site layout
plans, relevant reporting, pertinent published data and interrogation of available databases.

DRAINAGE PATTERNS

The Amhara IAIP and RTC site is situated within the Blue Nile Basin also known as the Abay River
Basin. The Blue Nile Basin is one of nine sub-basins that make up the Nile River basin which contributes
454 billion cubic meters of flow per year (Figure 8-17). The Blue Nile River basin originates in Lake
Tana in Ethiopia, and is the second principal stream of the Nile. Before meeting the White Nile, the Blue
Nile is joined by a number of rivers, the main ones being the Rahad and Dinder, both originating in the

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Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 8-23
Ethiopian Highlands. The climatic and hydrological characteristics if the Abay River Basin can be seen
in Table 8-8 (NBIS, 2012).
Table 8-8: Characteristics of the Blue River Nile Sub-basin

Sub- Area Average Average Annual Specific Runoff Specific Yield

basin (km2) Annual Evapo- Runoff Coefficient (MCM/km2/yr)
Rainfall transpiration (mm/km2/yr) (%)

Blue Nile 308,157 1,099 1765 148.9 15.9% 0.175

River

Figure 8-17: Blue Nile Basin (Yilma & Awulachew, 2009)

Rainfall over the Blue Nile basin has distinct seasonal variation with June, July, August, and
September being the wet months. May is the transition month from dry to wet season and October is
the transition month from wet to dry season. Dry season rainfall variation is high. Annual rainfall
ranges from more than 2,000 mm in the southwest of the basin to 800 mm in the northeast. Mean
annual rainfall is 1,423 mm with a standard deviation of 125 mm. It is a relatively wet basin. The
estimated 100-year drought annual basin rainfall is 1,132 mm while the 100-year wet annual rainfall is
1,745 mm. A basin-wide anomaly of ± 300 mm of rainfall would result in extreme drought or high
stream flows. Spatial variation of annual rainfall in the Blue Nile basin is depicted in Figure 2 (Abtew &
Melesse, 2014).
MACE undertook an analysis of the 50-year dataset (1967-2016) for the storm water hydraulic
analysis to determine the rainfall intensity. The dataset showed that the project site experienced a
maximum rainfall event of 179mm during 18 August 2013. During the period of 2007-2016, the
maximum rainfall event experienced was 72.4mm per hours on 1 June 2008 and 60.1mm during
26 June 2007. MACE assumed that that the 179mm event occurred over 3 hours during the day. The
assumption was made in order to avoid abnormal drain size and wastage of land and to optimise the
drain size and associated cost implications. The intensity assumed for the storm water design was
75mm/hr (MACE, 2017).

FLOW PATTERNS

Flow patterns for the site were obtained using stream flow data for the period from 1984 to 2003. This
was the only available data set and for the purposes of the assessment it is assumed that flow has not
changed significantly over the period. The Yiser River is ungauged therefore flow data from the Lah

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Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 8-24
River situated near the town of Fenoteselam was used in determining the flow patterns of the Yiser
River. Fenoteselam is situated approximately 20km away from the IAIP site and it is assumed to
follow a similar hydrological regime of the Yiser stream. Gauged data transferring equation, which is
developed by Admasu (1989) for Ethiopian basins applied to transfer the gauged flow data of Lah
River to the ungauged Yiser stream near the Bure IAIP project site. The monthly flow data for 21 year
presented in Table 8-9. The results show that the Yiser River is perennial with your high flow months
occurring during June-October.
Table 8-9: Monthly flow for the Yiser River (m3/s)

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual

1984 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.23 0.4 0.6 0.47 0.43 0.29 0.24 0.23 0.32
1985 0.21 0.21 0.2 0.22 0.26 0.33 0.45 0.56 0.43 0.3 0.25 0.25 0.31
1986 0.21 0.2 0.2 0.21 0.2 0.32 0.48 0.5 0.4 0.31 0.25 0.22 0.29
1987 0.21 0.2 0.2 0.22 0.26 0.35 0.37 0.38 0.38 0.38 0.28 0.25 0.29
1988 0.22 0.21 0.2 0.2 0.22 0.33 0.53 0.57 0.45 0.41 0.28 0.24 0.32
1989 0.23 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.23 0.29 0.52 0.45 0.4 0.32 0.27 0.24 0.3
1990 0.22 0.21 0.2 0.21 0.23 0.26 0.47 0.59 0.53 0.27 0.23 0.22 0.3
1991 0.21 0.2 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.27 0.45 0.63 0.46 0.32 0.29 0.24 0.3
1992 0.24 0.23 0.22 0.21 0.23 0.35 0.41 0.49 0.45 0.37 0.28 0.25 0.31
1993 0.21 0.2 0.2 0.23 0.24 0.37 0.47 0.46 0.42 0.35 0.27 0.22 0.3
1994 0.2 0.2 0.19 0.19 0.24 0.35 0.59 0.51 0.38 0.28 0.24 0.22 0.3
1995 0.2 0.19 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.31 0.9 0.72 0.38 0.28 0.24 0.21 0.34
1996 0.2 0.19 0.19 0.21 0.25 0.34 0.47 0.47 0.4 0.31 0.25 0.21 0.29
1997 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.36 0.48 1.68 1.8 1.21 0.68 0.25 0.1 0.55
1998 0.02 0.01 0 0.01 0.09 0.56 1.77 2.74 1.19 1.13 0.19 0.05 0.65
1999 0.01 0.01 0 0 0.08 0.65 1.43 1.59 0.72 1.36 0.23 0.07 0.51
2000 0.02 0 0 0.01 0.07 0.4 1.35 1.65 0.73 0.98 0.42 0.07 0.48
2001 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.03 1.16 0.84 0.79 0.54 0.07 0.06 0.04 0.3
2002 0.2 0.18 0.19 0.19 0.19
2003 0.21 0.2 0.2 0.19 0.18 0.3 0.48 0.45 0.37 0.28 0.23 0.2 0.27
Average 0.16 0.15 0.15 0.16 0.20 0.41 0.75 0.83 0.54 0.46 0.25 0.19 0.35

DEPENDABLE FLOW

Dependable flow analysis is an important element of hydrological analysis especially when dealing
with the abstraction of water for different use without any storage facility. The reliability of the
discharge available at the river during the dry seasons can be computed using the low flow duration
curve. As the principle of low flow computation it is essential to use the actual observed data. Based
on this basic principle, twenty years of monthly flows of the stream adjacent to the Bure IAIP site,
computed using the transferring equation presented above.
The dependable flow at the site computed using the transferred monthly flow and the Gringorten
plotting position formula. The Gringorten (1963) plotting position formula, which gives us P= (m-0.44)
/(N + 0.12) * 100, where P is the probability of the event of the given amount of flow, m is the rank of
flows with their descending order and N is the number of years is used to compute 50% - 90%
dependable flow and presented in Table 8-10.
Table 8-10: Monthly Dependable Flow of Yiser River (m3/s)
Exceedance (%) Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
50 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.22 0.35 0.52 0.57 0.44 0.32 0.25 0.22

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Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 8-25
 Exceedance (%) Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
60 0.20 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.20 0.33 0.48 0.51 0.42 0.31 0.24 0.21
70 0.18 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.32 0.47 0.48 0.40 0.30 0.24 0.19
80 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.13 0.30 0.46 0.46 0.39 0.28 0.23 0.09
90 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.08 0.28 0.43 0.45 0.38 0.27 0.21 0.06

The average dependable flow varies throughout the year with the highest flow rates occurring from
June to November. Interpretation of the results indicate that that the average dependable flow for 60%
of the time during June is 0.33m 3/s. Downstream water users and ecological health would be
dependent on that amount of flow in the Yiser River during June for 60% of the time.

8.6.2 SITE ASSESSMENT

Site visits were conducted on during August and September 2017 at the Bure IAIP and Motta RTC
sites to ascertain the following:
 General site characteristics such as the site drainage, soils, vegetation, land uses and surface
cover;
 General characteristics of the surrounding rivers such as the width of the channel, height of the
banks and Manning’s roughness coefficients; and
 Baseline water quality samples from the surrounding rivers.

BURE IAIP

Adjacent to the Bure IAIP site the Yiser River, a perennial river runs parallel to the western boundary
of the site. The IAIP site has two drainage lines running through the site, in a north-south direction.
Figure 8-18 indicates the location of the identified surface water features in relation to the IAIP site.

Yiser

Figure 8-18: Layout showing the surface water features at the IAIP site
Figure 8-19 shows photographs of the upstream and downstream views of Yiser River running
adjacent to the site.

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Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 8-26
Figure 8-19: Photos showing the Yiser River to the west of the IAIP (Source: ESIA team site
investigations)
Figure 8-20 shows photographs of the upstream and mid-stream views of Drainage Line 1.

Figure 8-20: Show the upstream and midstream view of the drainage line 1 running through the site
Figure 8-21 shows photographs of the upstream and downstream views of Drainage Line 2. It is
noted that this drainage line consists of significant wetland features. For further detail on the wetland
features refer to section 8.8.3 of this report.

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Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 8-27
Figure 8-21: Show the upstream and downstream view of the drainage line 2 running through the site

WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS

Four surface water samples were taken around the site. The location of the sample points are
indicated in Table 8-11 and shown in Figure 8-22.
Table 8-11: Surface water sampling points at the Bure IAIP

Surface Temp TDS DO

Water Points Easting Northing pH (mg/l)
(oC) (mg/l)
AHASW01 288621.21 m E 1183393.27 m N 7.07 23.9 143.65 3.94
AHASW02 288988.09 m E 1182747.10 m N 7.37 16.2 87.1 7.95
AHASW06 290192.94 m E 1182950.12 m N 7.4 16.3 95.55 7.71
AHASW08 290482.58 m E 1182018.69 m N 7.16 17.6 130.65 2.87

Figure 8-22: Image showing the surface water features and sampling points at the IAIP.
The water quality results are shown in Table 8-12 and these were compared to the following
guidelines:
 Compulsory Ethiopian Standard-Drinking Water Specifications, 2013; and
 World Health organisation (WHO) Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality, 2008.

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Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 8-28
The water quality samples showed an exceedance in Turbidity which was evident at the time of
sampling. This is indicative of the amount of erosion occurring within the catchment. All other
parameters fell below the limits
Table 8-12: Water Quality Results for Amhara IAIP (Bure)
Test Units LOD Ethiopian WHO AHASW AHASW AHASW AHASW
Standard Guidelines 01 02 06 08
Dissolved ug/l <20 200 100 <20 <20 <20 <20
Aluminium #
Dissolved ug/l <2 - 20 <2 2 <2 <2
Antimony #
Dissolved ug/l <2.5 10 10 <2.5 <2.5 <2.5 <2.5
Arsenic #
Dissolved ug/l <3 700 700 32 34 33 29
Barium #
Dissolved Boron ug/l <12 300 500 <12 <12 <12 <12
Dissolved ug/l <0.5 3 3 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5
Cadmium #
Total Dissolved ug/l <1.5 50 50 <1.5 <1.5 <1.5 <1.5
Chromium #
Dissolved ug/l <7 2000 2000 <7 <7 <7 <7
Copper #
Total Dissolved ug/l <20 300 - <20 <20 109 241
Iron #
Dissolved Lead # ug/l <5 10 10 <5 <5 <5 <5
Dissolved ug/l <2 500 400 191 180 244 138
Manganese #
Dissolved ug/l <1 - 6 <1 <1 <1 <1
Mercury #
Dissolved Nickel ug/l <2 - 70 <2 <2 2 5
#

Dissolved ug/l <3 - 10 <3 <3 <3 <3

Selenium #
Dissolved mg/l <0.1 200 40 4.2 4.3 5.7 4.8
Sodium #
Dissolved ug/l <5 - 15 <5 <5 <5 <5
Uranium
Dissolved Zinc # ug/l <3 5000 3 <3 <3 <3 <3
Fluoride mg/l <0.3 1.5 1.5 <0.3 <0.3 <0.3 <0.3
Sulphate as SO4 mg/l <0.5 - - 2.6 3.1 1.6 <0.5
#

Chloride # mg/l <0.3 250 - 3.5 5 1.7 1.4

#
Nitrate as N mg/l <0.05 50 50 2.29 2.33 0.25 0.07
#
Nitrite as N mg/l <0.00 3 3 0.015 0.008 <0.006 <0.006
6
Total Cyanide # mg/l <0.01 70 70 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
Electrical uS/cm <2 - 137 187 222 196
Conductivity
@25C #
Free Ammonia as mg/l <0.00 1.5 1.5 <0.006 <0.006 <0.006 <0.006
N 6
Free/Residual mg/l <0.02 0.5 5 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02
Chlorine
pH # pH <0.01 6.5 - 8.5 6.5 - 8.5 7.59 7.47 7.56 7.64
units
Total Dissolved mg/l <35 1000 600 <35 172 163 128
Solids #
Turbidity NTU <0.1 - 5 44.3 33.3 3.7 3.9

8.6.3 MOTTA RTC

The Motta RTC site has no surface water features on the site. Numerous drainage lines cross the site
in a northern direction. These drainage lines lead into a main drainage line situated approximately
200 m north of the site (Figure 8-23). Additionally a drainage channel runs across the southern most

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Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 8-29
portion of the site, in a westerly direction. This drainage line then flows in a southerly direction under
the main road via an existing culvert. Due to the identified features being temporary drainage channels,
flowing only during high rainy periods, no surface water monitoring waste undertaken at the site.

Figure 8-23: Image showing the surface water features at the RTC site.

8.7 GROUNDWATER (HYDROGEOLOGY)

This section describes the receiving environment in terms of groundwater within the Project site and
surrounding area.

8.7.1 DESKTOP ASSESSMENT

A detailed desktop assessment was undertaken for the Amhara IAIP and RTC sites prior to site work
commencing. All available data, including topography data, climate data, hydrogeological
classification maps, drilling and pump testing reports and design plans, were reviewed. This data
allowed for the establishment of general hydrogeological conditions on site, and was used as the
basis for the planning of the site investigation.
According to the geological and hydrogeological maps consulted, the geological and hydrogeological
conditions at the IAIP site is similar to that encountered at the RTC site. Thus the general
hydrogeological baseline conditions are described as a whole for both the IAIP and RTC sites in the
following sections.

8.7.2 SITE ASSESSMENT AND HYDROCENSUS

Site visits were conducted during August 2017 at the Amhara IAIP and RTC sites. During the sites
visit, a detailed hydrocensus was carried out across the areas in order to identify all groundwater
users and/or groundwater abstraction points. A total of nine points were identified at the IAIP site and
five points at the RTC site. The following steps were taken and data gathered at each identified point:
 Location of the point was recorded using a hand held GPS;
 The depth to groundwater was measured and recorded using an electronic dip meter;

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Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 8-30
 Information was gathered from the water source owner or the water users regarding water use,
abstraction volumes, water reliability and availability between wet season and dry season and water
quality; and
 Water samples were collected in laboratory approved containers in accordance with internationally
accepted best practice guidelines and were submitted to a suitably accredited laboratory for
chemical analysis.

8.7.3 GEOLOGY
The geological map of Ethiopia (Kazmin, 1972; and Mengesha Tefera et.al., 1996) showed that both
the IAIP and RTC regions are underlain by basalts. The local geology was confirmed through the
drilling of water supply boreholes for Bure and Motta towns, which encountered predominantly basalt
and basalt-related weathering products.

8.7.4 HYDROGEOLOGY

AQUIFER TYPES AND FLOW DIRECTION

Two main aquifer types are anticipated in the IAIP and RTC project areas.
WEATHERED AQUIFER
A shallow, weathered aquifer system exists in the weathered basalt and clay formations. Groundwater
levels within the weathered aquifer tend to be relatively shallow and under unconfined conditions. The
weathered aquifer is typically targeted for hand dug supply wells. Five hand dug wells were
encountered in close proximity to the IAIP site and four were encountered in close proximity to the
RTC site. Static water levels ranged from 5.48 meters below ground level (mbgl) to 8.27 mbgl at the
IAIP site and 4.0 mbgl to 7.0 mbgl at the RTC site.
FRACTURED AQUIFER
A deeper, fractured rock aquifer occurs in the basalts underlying the weathered zone. Groundwater
flow occurs in discrete fractures which form preferential flow paths within the geological unit under
confined conditions. The fractured rock aquifer represents the major aquifer in the region, with deep
supply wells being drilled to supply both Bure and Motta towns. Two water supply wells were
encountered at the Bure IAIP site and one at the Motta RTC site. Local inhabitants and officials
indicated that additional water supply boreholes exist around both towns. Water levels in the
boreholes encountered were relatively shallow, with static water levels of 2.78 mbgl encountered at
the IAIP site and 13.30 mbgl at the RTC site.
The general groundwater flow direction in all aquifers is expected to be from north to south, broadly
flowing the topography and surface water drainage.

HYDRAULIC PARAMATERS

The hydraulic parameters of an aquifer describe the ease with groundwater (and thus potential
contaminants contained within the groundwater) move through the subsurface and is used to predict
the rate of groundwater movement. The higher the hydraulic conductivity and/or transmissivity, the
faster groundwater will move through an aquifer. The hydraulic parameters are obtained by
conducting aquifer tests on borehole drilled into the relevant aquifer units.
Aquifer testing information for both the IAIP and RTC sites was very limited, with no aquifer testing
reports available for any of the water supply boreholes drilled in either area. Aquifer testing
information from a drilling report for the Bure Cool Water Factory, located approximately 9 km south
west of the IAIP site, contained the only detailed aquifer testing information which could be obtained
for the region. Aquifer parameters were obtained by conducting step tests, constant discharge tests
and recovery tests on the borehole. Aquifer parameters were obtained using the Cooper Jacob and
Theis Recover methods to analyse the data. The results of this testing has been summarised in
Table 8-13. The full borehole drilling report is provided in Appendix A of the specialist report attached
as Appendix C-3.

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Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 8-31
Table 8-13: Summary of Calculated Aquifer Parameters

Constant rate test

Analysis method
Transmissivity Conductivity
Cooper Jacob 1.54E+1m2/d 4.32E-1 m/d
Theis Recovery 6.61E+0m2/d 1.86E-1 m/d

HYDROCENSUS
During the August 2017 site investigation, a detailed hydrocensus was carried out across the IAIP and
RTC site areas. The hydrocensus resulted in the following findings:
BURE IAIP SITE
Bure town receives its water supply from municipal water supply boreholes located in the vicinity of
the IAIP site, though people living outside the town are still heavily reliant on groundwater for their
water supply.
Groundwater use in Bure Town is extensive, with the majority of the town’s water supply coming from
boreholes in and around the town. Two of the Town’s water supply boreholes (AHAGW01 and
AHAGW02) are located within relatively close proximity to the IAIP Project Site (approximately 1.2km
and 1.3km respectively). However, at that distance it is unlikely that activities at the IAIP Site will have
any impact on these boreholes.
Private groundwater use around the IAIP site is prolific, with five shallow hand dug wells (AHAGW03,
AHAGW04, AHAGW07, AHAGW08 and AHAGW09) and two springs (AHAGW05 and AHAGW06)
being identified in the area.
Water levels in these wells were relatively shallow, with water levels ranging from 0mbgl to 8.27mbgl.
The two springs were relatively strong flowing, with local inhabitants indicating that they flow year
round.
A total of nine groundwater points were identified at the IAIP Site. A summary of the identified
groundwater points is provided in Table 8-14, and their locations are shown in Figure 8-24.
Table 8-14: Groundwater point inventory around the Bure IAIP site

Groundwater Easting Northing Type Status Static water Status

Point level (mbgl)

AHAGW01 289608 1181209 Deep Not in 2.78 Deep borehole

borehole use drilled in marshy
ground to the south
of the IAIP site.
Planned as
municipal supply
borehole for Bure
town. Not currently
in use.
AHAGW02 289146 1181313 Deep In use Unable to Deep borehole
borehole measure drilled in marshy
ground to the south
of the IAIP site.
Currently being used
as a municipal water
supply borehole for
Bure town.
AHAGW03 289744 1181182 Hand In use 5.48 Hand dug well in
dug well private dwelling.
Used for domestic
water supply.

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Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 8-32
 Groundwater Easting Northing Type Status Static water Status
Point level (mbgl)

AHAGW04 289865 1183966 Hand In use 0.00 Hand dug well in

dug well headwaters of
wetland. Used for
domestic water
supply
AHAGW05 290401 1182837 Spring In use N/A Spring to the south
of the site boundary.
Used for domestic
water supply
AHAGW06 288932 1182902 Spring In use N/A Spring to the west of
the site boundary.
Used for domestic
water supply.
AHAGW07 289455 1182217 Hand In use 6.27 Hand dug well in
dug well private dwelling.
Used for domestic
water supply.
AHAGW08 289803 1182448 Hand In use 8.27 Hand dug well in
dug well private dwelling.
Used for domestic
water supply.
AHAGW09 289759 1182671 Hand In use 6.80 Hand dug well in
dug well private dwelling.
Used for domestic
water supply.

Figure 8-24: Image showing the ground water sampling point at the IAIP

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Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 8-33
MOTTA RTC SITE
Groundwater use in Motta Town is also extensive, with the majority of the town’s water supply coming
from boreholes in and around the town. One deep groundwater borehole was identified approximately
850m north east of the RTC Site, with a groundwater level of 13.3 mbgl.
Private groundwater use around the IAIP site is prolific, with four shallow hand dug wells being
identified in the area.
A total of five groundwater points were identified at the RTC Site. A summary of all of the groundwater
points identified is provided in Figure 8-16, and their locations are shown in Figure 8-25.

Figure 8-25: Image showing the ground water sampling points at the RTC site.
Table 8-15: Groundwater point inventory around the RTC site.

Groundwater Easting Northing Type Status Static water Comments

Point level (mbgl)

Motta 1 379676 1225558 Deep In use Unable to Deep borehole

(Akobo deep borehole measure drilled to the north
well) east of the RTC site.
Used as a municipal
supply well for Motto
town
MOTGW01 378905 1224563 Hand dug In use 3.0 Hand dug well in
well private dwelling.
Used for domestic
water supply.
MOTGW02 378878 1224826 Hand dug In use 6.5 Hand dug well in
well private dwelling.
Used for domestic
water supply.

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Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 8-34
 Groundwater Easting Northing Type Status Static water Comments
Point level (mbgl)

MOTGW03 379516 1224503 Hand dug In use 6.15 Hand dug well in
well headwaters of
wetland. Used for
domestic water
supply
MOTGW04 379490 1224585 Hand dug In use 4 Hand dug well in
well private dwelling.
Used for domestic
water supply.

GROUNDWATER QUALITY

Five water quality samples were collected from the Amhara IAIP site for chemical analysis. Samples
were submitted to an internationally accredited laboratory for analysis during the August 2017 site
visit. The results of the analysis are presented in Figure 8-16. The complete laboratory report is
provided in Appendix B of the specialist report which is attached as Appendix C-3.
Table 8-16: Water Quality Results for Amhara IAIP site
Test Units Ethiopian WHO AHAG AHAG AHAG AHAG AHAG
Standard Guidelines W03 W04 W05 W06 W07
Aluminium µg/l 200 100 <20 <20 <20 <20 <20
Antimony µg/l - 20 <2 <2 <2 <2 <2
Arsenic µg/l 10 10 <2.5 <2.5 <2.5 <2.5 <2.5
Barium µg/l 700 700 20 39 40 38 8
Boron µg/l 300 500 <12 <12 <12 <12 <12
Cadmium µg/l 3 3 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5
Total Chromium µg/l 50 50 <1.5 <1.5 <1.5 <1.5 <1.5
Copper µg/l 2000 2000 <7 <7 <7 <7 <7
Total Iron µg/l 300 - <20 146 <20 40 <20
Lead µg/l 10 10 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5
Manganese µg/l 500 400 <2 <2 <2 59 8
Mercury µg/l - 6 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1
Nickel µg/l - 70 <2 <2 <2 <2 <2
Selenium µg/l - 10 <3 <3 <3 <3 <3
Sodium mg/l 200 40 7.4 9.8 8.0 5.7 5.7
Uranium µg/l 15 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5
Zinc µg/l 5000 3000 6 <3 4 <3 <3
Fluoride mg/l 1.5 1.5 <0.3 <0.3 <0.3 <0.3 <0.3
Sulphate as SO4 mg/l 1.9 1.3 1.9 1.2 0.8
Chloride mg/l 250 - 0.9 3.2 5.5 1.0 1.0
Nitrate as N mg/l 50 50 2.52 1.15 6.22 2.20 5.31
Nitrite as N mg/l 3 3 <0.006 0.021 <0.006 <0.006 <0.006
Total Cyanide mg/l 70 70 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
Electrical µS/c
- 246 369 276 179 162
Conductivity m
Free Ammonia
mg/l 1.5 1.5 <0.006 <0.006 <0.006 <0.006 <0.006
as N
Free/Residual
mg/l 0.5 5 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02
Chlorine

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Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 8-35
 Test Units Ethiopian WHO AHAG AHAG AHAG AHAG AHAG
Standard Guidelines W03 W04 W05 W06 W07
pH
pH 6.5 - 8.5 6.5 - 8.5 7.10 7.16 7.05 6.95 6.94
units
Total Dissolved
mg/l 1000 600 128 262 134 135 116
Solids
Turbidity NTU - 5 0.6 1.0 0.6 1.4 1.9

The results of the groundwater quality analysis indicate that the groundwater quality in the area is
good, with all analysed constituents falling within the recommended guidelines.

8.8 WETLANDS
This section describes the receiving environment in terms of wetlands within the Project site and
surrounding area.

8.8.1 DESKTOP ASSESSMENT

An in-depth desktop assessment, utilising aerial imagery (2005 - 2016) and available datasets, was
conducted to determine potential wetland habitats.
Ethiopia is reported to have more than 58 different types of wetlands which provide significant socio-
economic and environmental values. Despite their small area coverage, wetlands in Ethiopia are
among the most productive ecosystems, and have significant economic, social, and environmental
benefits. The importance of Ethiopian wetlands goes beyond their status as habitat of many
endangered flora and fauna species but they are a vital element of national and global ecosystems
and economies Mengesha 2017). Despite all this and other indispensable values, these wetlands are
under severe pressure and degradation (Seid, 2017).
The most common threats to wetlands are the result of a combination of social, economic and climatic
factors, which have increased pressure on the natural resources in Ethiopian wetlands. Wetlands in
Ethiopia are being transformed and altered at a significant rate into what many people consider better
alternative uses.
The main activities resulting in the transformation of wetland habitat in Ethiopia include the
unregulated conversion for agricultural production (including draining and diversion of water),
overgrazing, clearance and overharvesting of vegetation and appearance of alien invasive plant
species. Another constraint to the sustainable use of African wetlands is lack of knowledge by
planners and natural resource managers of the benefits that specific wetland habitats provide and
techniques by which these habitats be utilised in a sustainable manner (Mengesha, 2017).
The impacted wetlands provide various socioeconomic and ecological benefits to society, which are
or have the ability to significantly improve the livelihood of the communities surrounding the wetland
systems. As the level of wetland degradation increases their benefit is also reduced (Kassa and
Teshome, 2015).
Ethiopia has not yet ratified the Ramsar Convention on wetlands and, therefore, none of the identified
25 potential Ramsar wetlands in the country is designated in the list of wetlands of international
importance (Mereta, 2013; Harper et al., 2016). Regardless of their vital role in food security and rural
livelihood, the extent, diversity, distribution and conservation status of wetlands in Ethiopia is not well
documented. Furthermore, there are no clear policies and strategies that protect wetlands in the
country. Although wetland related issues are included in Ethiopian water resources, agricultural and
environmental policies, the implementation of wetland management and conservation in the context of
the above policies is compounded by a ‘more pressing wetland task force, extension package and
food security policies that may seek to convert wetlands for agricultural purposes’ (Mereta, 2013).
In Ethiopia, there is a lack of efficient and sufficient coordination and policy support, relating to
wetland management. Due to the absence of workable institutional arrangement and wetland
management policy, sustainable wetland management and capacity building are not encouraged. The
result is a shortage of skilled manpower which is capable of disseminating the concept of wise use of
wetlands (Birhan et al., 2015; Seid, 2017).

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Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 8-36
8.8.2 SITE ASSESSMENT
An infield assessment was conducted during August 2017 and the confirmed systems were
delineated and assessed, along with additional systems identified during the infield assessment.
The methods used for the wetland delineation broadly followed the approach as outlined below:
 Desktop identification of watercourses within the boundary of the proposed sites;
 Infield delineation and classification of watercourses within the proposed sites;
 Functional analysis of the potentially impacted watercourses (i.e. PES, EIS).
For an in-depth description of each individual method refer to the specialist report attached as
Appendix C-4. Available datasets were utilised, to supplement the information gathered on site.

8.8.3 BURE IAIP

WETLAND DELINEATION
The site spans across three (3) micro-catchments, with two drainage lines falling within the site
boundary. These drainage lines contain both permanent and seasonal wetland habitats. There are
riverine wetland systems located within the valley-bottom areas of the catchments. Additionally there
are seasonal hygrophilous grasslands located on the slope of the catchments leading towards these
valley-bottom systems.

WETLAND CLASSIFICATION
In order to identify the wetland types, a characterisation of hydrogeomorphic (HGM) types was
conducted. These have been defined based on the geomorphic setting of the wetland in the
landscape (e.g. hillslope or valley bottom, whether drainage is open or closed), water source (surface
water dominated or sub-surface water dominated), how water flows through the wetland (diffusely or
channelled) and how water exits the wetland.
The HGM approach considers structural components of the wetland and surrounding landscape such
as plants, animals, hydrology, and soils; biological, chemical, and physical processes; and the
interaction of these components and processes. Surrounding land use is addressed because it
impacts structural components and processes in the wetland.
The identified systems were classified into respective HGM units, as identified in Table 8-17. The
extent of each of the HGM units are illustrated in Figure 8-26.
Table 8-17: Classification of identified wetland habitats
ID Ramsar Classification HGM Unit Ethiopian Nature Co-ordinates
Biome
Freshwater, tree-
dominated wetlands
W1 Perennial 10°41'57.92"N 37° 5'29.23"E
(Xf); Permanent
freshwater marsh (Ts)
Seasonal/intermittent
W2 freshwater marshes on Seasonal 10°41'55.98"N 37° 4'51.92"E
inorganic soils (Ss) Riverine

W3 Afro- Perennial 10°41'54.18"N 37° 5'19.32"E

Permanent freshwater Tropical
marsh (Ts) Highlands
W4 Perennial 10°41'26.94"N 37° 5'1.51"E

W5 Seasonal 10°41'27.74"N 37° 4'48.78"E

W6 Seasonal/intermittent Seasonal 10°41'38.73"N 37° 4'15.60"E

freshwater marshes on
W1a inorganic soils (Ss) Slope Seasonal 10°42'11.08"N 37° 5'32.01"E

W1b Seasonal 10°42'1.71"N 37° 5'13.59"E

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Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 8-37
 ID Ramsar Classification HGM Unit Ethiopian Nature Co-ordinates
Biome
W1c Seasonal 10°41'48.50"N 37° 5'23.97"E

Wetlands W1, W3 and W4 are areas of water, which is natural, and permanently flowing throughout
the year (Plate 1a). Wetland W2 is an area of water, which is natural and consists of permanent and
temporary zones, with variable flows (Plate 1b & c). Wetlands W1a-c, 5 & 6 are areas of water that
are natural and seasonal (temporary) in nature.
All the wetlands identified onsite showed signs of permanent and/or seasonal wetness as indicated by
the soil properties (Plate 2). Iron is one of the most abundant elements in soils, and is responsible for
the red and brown colours of many soils (Plate 2a). As iron is dissolved out of the soil as a result of
prolonged anaerobic conditions, the soil matrix is left a greyish, greenish or bluish colour, and is said
to be gleyed (Plate 2b).
This is indicative of the permanently wet areas of the wetlands. A fluctuating water table associated
with seasonal and temporary areas of the wetlands has resulted in the formation of mottles (Plate 2c-
d). Additionally, all the wetlands have wetland-dependent and wetland-associated wetland species
(e.g. Cyperus latifolius, Pycreus spp.) (Plate 3).

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Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 8-38
Figure 8-26: Delineation of wetland units in relation to the Bure IAIP site

ESIA Report
Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 8-39
Although wetlands located within a valley-bottom setting (riverine) are generally sites of sediment
accumulation or temporary storage, the process of river-derived deposition is not nearly as important
in these systems as it is in floodplain wetlands. As such, there tend to be few (if any) depositional
features present within the wetland that can be ascribed to riverine processes, although erosional
features relating to riverine processes may be present. These wetlands are not formed by the process
of flooding and large-scale sediment movement. The dominant water inputs to these wetlands are
from the river channel flowing through the wetland, either as surface flow resulting from flooding or as
sub-surface flow, and from adjacent valley-side slopes (as overland flow or interflow). Water generally
moves through the wetland as diffuse surface flow, although occasional, short-lived concentrated
flows are possible during flooding events. The water exits these types of wetlands in the form of
diffuse surface or subsurface flow into the adjacent channel, with infiltration into the ground and
evapotranspiration of water from these wetlands also being potentially significant.
The seasonal hygrophilous grassland (slope) wetland systems are located on gently to steeply sloping
land and dominated by colluvial (i.e. gravity-driven), unidirectional movement of water and material
down-slope. They are located on the side-slopes of a valley but they do not, typically, extend onto a
valley floor. The water inputs are primarily via subsurface flows from an up-slope direction. Water
movement through the seep is mainly in the form of interflow, with diffuse overland flow (known as
sheetwash) often being significant during and after rainfall events. The systems occupy a significant
area of the IAIP and act as a sponge and have a sustaining effect on downstream flow during low-flow
periods.

PRESENT ECOLOGICAL STATE

All the wetlands are considered to be natural in origin with the systems having undergone minimal to
large modifications. The wetland systems within the boundary of the site have experienced significant
impacts. These systems are still however functioning and providing goods and services within the
natural environment. There is wetland obligate species present within the systems. The various micro-
catchments have been transformed from natural vegetation to agricultural land for crop production
and grazing.
The catchment impacts include landscape transformation from the natural state due to formal/informal
housing, unpaved road infrastructure, livestock/human tracks, grazing and subsistence farming
practices. These impacts have resulted in modified surface runoff regimes as there is a reduction in
surface roughness and modified soil permeability. Alien invasive plant species such as Eucalyptus
grandis are also present within the catchment in disturbed areas. Soil erosion is largely restricted to
outside the site boundary with active bank instability (incision of the bed of the channel) along with
river profile along the western boundary of the site.
A major indirect factor resulting in the degradation of the wetlands’ current state is poverty. The
wetland resources are utilised in an attempt to make a livelihood, however as these are limited
resources they have been over exploited (Dabassa 2010). A significant portion of the vegetation
resources have been denuded and the majority of the bird and other wild fauna species have left
these wetlands (and the surround catchments) due to loss or transformation of their natural habitats,
(i.e. trees have been removed and grasses been overgrazed) (EPA 2004).
Grazing is a direct threat to these wetlands in addition to the above factors. Due to historic grazing
followed by cultivation; wetlands and their catchments easily became degraded, and lost their natural
characteristics (consequently their resources as well) as with the IAIP site. The livestock lead to soil
compaction and vegetation loss as they trample the soil and compact it, resulting in the transformation
of the natural vegetation (Coates et al. 2010). These effects have resulted in the degradation of the
wetlands and their catchments by reducing the water table and by changing the original vegetation
(Mengesha 2017).

FUNCTIONAL ASSESSMENT
The functionality of the riverine wetlands located within the valley-bottom tends to contribute less
towards flood attenuation and sediment trapping, but they supply these benefits to a certain extent.
The potential for removal of nutrients and toxicants would generally be expected to some degree,
particularly from diffuse water inputs from the adjacent slope wetlands (Kotze et al. 2009). The
erosion of a channel through the wetland (W1 and W2) indicates that sediment trapping is not always
an important function of this wetland type. Under low and medium flows, transport of sediment

ESIA Report
Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 8-40
through, and out, of the system are more likely to be the dominant processes. Erosion is vertical and
reflects the attempts of a system to reach equilibrium with the imposed hydrology. As flows become
more channel-bound through vertical incision and lateral erosion of the channel, the ability of the
wetlands to trap sediments decreases.
The slope wetland systems are known to contribute to a level of surface flow attenuation until soils are
saturated, after saturation, their contribution to flood attenuation is limited. Services also relate to
water quality enhancement, e.g. removal of excess nutrients and inorganic pollutants produced by
agriculture, industry and domestic waste.
There is expected high removal of potential nitrogen (nitrates) within the systems. Nitrogen and
specifically nitrate removal could be expected as the groundwater emerges through low redox
potential zones within the wetland soils, with the wetland plants contributing to the supply of organic
carbon necessary to ‘feed’ the denitrification process. Particularly effective removal of nitrates is
associated with diffuse sub-surface flow, which is a characteristic of majority of the slope wetlands.
Slow water flow through a wetland is essential for settling of particulate phosphorous (Van der Valk et
al., 1978).
The systems linked to a stream channel have an accumulation of organic matter and fine sediments in
the wetland soils resulting in the wetland slowing down the sub-surface movement of water down the
slope. This ‘plugging’ effect increases the storage capacity of the slope above the wetland, and
prolongs the contribution of water to the stream system during low flow periods. This contribution may
continue into the dry season, but it is confined mainly to the wet season (Kotze et al., 2007).
There is currently provision in terms of cultivated foods derived directly from these systems. This is
evident due to the cultivated land within the systems and the presence of cut-off drains to drain the
cultivated areas. Additionally, the wetland systems provide a grazing resource for the local
community. The provision of water for human use is also a significant benefit that is being provided to
the local community by Wetlands W1-3. There was no evidence of endangered species however this
would be confirmed by the biodiversity assessment. There is no evidence that any of the systems are
providing services in the form of tourism/recreation, education/research and/or socio-cultural aspects.
Due to the low organic content within the soil and subsequent lack of peat all the systems are not
deemed significant in terms of carbon storage. However, in general, wetlands are one of the most
effective ecosystems for storing soil carbon (Schlensinger, 1997) (Mereta 2013). The provision of
water for human use is the only benefit that is considered a significant service provided by wetland
W1, W3 and W5.
It must be noted that wetland size plays a major role in the contributing to the provision of particular
benefits. The size of wetland in relation to benefits such as flood attenuation, sediment trapping and
phosphate assimilation is always very important; with nitrate and toxicant removal, erosion control,
cultivated foods and carbon storage usually being determined by wetland size. The ability for the
systems to provide goods and services such as water supply, streamflow regulation and biodiversity
maintenance is less dependent on the size of the systems. Therefore as the systems are significant in
extent and hydrologically connected, the ability for the wetlands to provide the abovementioned goods
and services is further improved.

8.8.4 MOTTA RTC

The desktop screening and infield assessments of the Motta RTC determined that there were no
wetland habitats within the site boundaries or in close proximity to the site, where there was a
potential for wetland habitats to been indirectly impacted. Site investigations confirmed that the RTC
site showed no signs of wetland habitat within its boundary.

8.9 AIR QUALITY

This section describes the receiving environment in terms of Air Quality within the Project site and
surrounding area.

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Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 8-41
8.9.1 BURE IAIP
Potential sources of emission surrounding the proposed site include:
 Commercial and industrial activities;
 Vehicle entrainment on unpaved roads;
 Vehicle tailpipe emissions;
 Domestic fuel burning;
 Agricultural activities.
Table 8-18 presents all the proposed production units within the IAIP as well as potential significant
sources of air quality within each unit. It is anticipated that most units will not generate significant
emissions with trucks the main source of particulate and gaseous emissions. The boiler will also
generate emissions during start-up, normal and abnormal operating conditions. The brewery will also
likely be a key source of odorous emissions. Detailed information on each source (such as source type,
fuel consumption and operational hours) is required to assess the potential impact of emissions from
sources on the surrounding area.
Table 8-18: List of various IAIP units and associated air quality sources

Unit Potential Air Quality Sources Pollutants

Sewage treatment plant Composting Odour, TSP, PM10, PM2,5, SO2,
Septic wastewater or sludge NO2, CO, VOCs

Solids processing
Trucks
Solid waste management plant Trucks TSP, PM10, PM2,5, SO2, NO2,
Conveyors CO, VOCs

Boiler, chiller & compressor Boiler PM10, PM2,5, SO2, NO2, CO,
VOCs
Milk & Dairy Plant Boiler (if applicable) PM10, PM2,5, SO2, NO2, CO,
VOCs
Filling/empting milk tankers and Odour
storage silos
Spray drying systems, bagging of TSP, PM10, PM2,5
product (milk powder residues)
Trucks TSP, PM10, PM2,5, SO2, NO2,
CO, VOCs
Honey processing unit Trucks TSP, PM10, PM2,5, SO2, NO2,
CO, VOCs
Brewery Wort boiling Odour
Use and storage of grains, sugar and TSP, PM10, PM2,5
kieselguhr
Trucks TSP, PM10, PM2,5, SO2, NO2,
CO, VOCs
Cereals ancillary unit - -
Cereals processing unit Trucks TSP, PM10, PM2,5, SO2, NO2,
CO, VOCs
Cereals anchor units - -
Cereals raw material storage - -
Vegetable anchor units - -
Vegetable ancillary units - -
Vegetable preparation area - -
Vegetable processing units Solids handling, solid reduction and TSP, PM10, PM2,5,
drying
Steam peeling, blanching and Odour
dehydrating
Trucks TSP, PM10, PM2,5, SO2, NO2,
CO, VOCs

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Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 8-42
 Unit Potential Air Quality Sources Pollutants
Vegetables – finished goods - -
storage
Raw material storage - -
Grading, packing and labelling - -
Finished goods storage - -
Sesame processing units - -
Sesame anchor units - -
Sesame ancillary units - -
Poultry - egg storage unit - -
Poultry - egg processing unit Trucks TSP, PM10, PM2,5, SO2, NO2,
CO, VOCs
Other animal products Trucks SP, PM10, PM2,5, SO2, NO2,
processing unit CO, VOCs
Meat - deep freeze cold storage - -
Meat anchor unit - -
Meat processing unit Singeing, scalding, lairage, Odour, TSP, PM10, PM2,5
wastewater treatment and rendering
Trucks TSP, PM10, PM2,5, SO2, NO2,
CO, VOCs
Meat rendering unit Singeing, scalding, lairage, Odour, TSP, PM10, PM2,5
wastewater treatment and rendering
Trucks TSP, PM10, PM2,5, SO2, NO2,
CO, VOCs
School - -
Crèche - -
Certification lab - -
Retail space - -
Polyclinic - -
Substation - -
Extension centre - -
Administrative building - -
Training centre - -
Housing - -
Truck lay bay, fuel station and Trucks, Filling Station TSP, PM10, PM2,5, SO2, NO2,
weigh bridge CO, VOCs
To assess the current baseline ambient air quality situation, dust fallout monitoring was conducted at
five sites from the 18 September to 17 November 2017. Passive monitoring of SO 2 and NO2
concentrations was also undertaken at the same sites for a 14-day period from 18 September to
02 October 2017 (with the exception of Amhara – DFO 03 which was undertaken from 24 September
to 08 October 2017). The coordinates of the monitoring points are provided in Table 8-19 and are
graphically illustrated in Figure 8-27.
As per the terms of reference, dust fallout monitoring was proposed to be undertaken for a three-month
period. However, due to high rainfall experienced at the start of the project, the monitoring was delayed
until September 2017, and as such, monitoring was limited to a two-month period. In addition, a number
of constraints were experienced over the monitoring period, including security issues, possible
contamination of samples and other external factors.
Table 8-19: Dust fallout and passive monitoring locations at Amhara.

Coordinates
Site
UTM N (m) UTM E (m)
DFO 1 1183878.24 289795.58
DFO 2 1183460.85 288724.06

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Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 8-43
 Coordinates
Site
UTM N (m) UTM E (m)
DFO 3 1182475.03 289112.10
DFO 4 1183235.17 291559.24
DFO 5 1183855.67 291451.83

Figure 8-27: Dust fallout and passive monitoring locations at Bure IAIP.

DUST FALLOUT MONITORING

Deposition of large (>10 µm) solid particles is a function of the airborne concentration and the particle
gravitational speed. The monitoring of fugitive dust is therefore conducted principally by passive dust
deposition gauges, whereby an open-mouthed container is partially filled with distilled water and
exposed for a designated period of time. The container is then collected and the insoluble particles
are removed by filtering the water and weighing, whilst the soluble particle mass is determined after
evaporation of a sample of the filtered solution. This is a standardised sampling technique in South
Africa, commonly referred to as ‘bucket-monitoring’ that was originally derived from the American
Society for Testing and Materials standard method for collection and analysis of dust fallout (ASTM
D1739).
The sampling equipment consists of a non-directional fallout bucket with a circular opening of 19 cm
and a depth of 33 cm (ASTM D1739-98). The specifications are as close as possible (with available
materials) to those recommended by the ASTM D1739-98 Standard. The low aspect ratio (i.e. the
height to width ratio) is required to keep collected particulates in the bucket before they settle in the
sample water that is treated with a small quantity of biocide to prevent algal growth. The ASTM
method stipulates that the stand which supports the container needs to be two metres above the
ground as there is a large variability in the concentration of particles subject to settling at heights less
than two metres.

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South West Amhara Region Page 8-44
PASSIVE SAMPLING

Passive samplers do not involve the pumping of any air. Instead gases diffuse onto the surface of the
sampler and adsorb onto filter material contained inside a collection cartridge. The rate of adsorption
of the samplers is known and, with the recorded exposure period, a gas concentration can be
calculated. Figure 8-28 shows the adsorption process. Passive samplers are deployed for specific
time periods to allow for adequate adsorption of the gas onto the sorbent material for analytical
measurement, but to avoid saturation point or a result below the detection limit (BDL). Air flow along
the central duct is at ~2 m/s with a temperature of 13°C and relative humidity of 70%. These are
within the limits appropriate to the samplers (Radiello, 2006).

Figure 8-28: Diffusive and absorbing surfaces of a passive sampler

SITE ASSESSMENT RESULTS

No monitoring data is available to date to assess the baseline air quality situation.

SENSITIVE RECEPTORS

Bure is the nearest town, located less than 1 km to the north and west of the Amhara IAIP site. Other
sensitive receptors located in close proximity to the IAIP site include residential and farming activities.
Table 8-20 identifies other major receptors in relation to the IAIP site and the direction and distance
from the site.
Table 8-20: Sensitive receptors surrounding the Bure IAIP

Receptor Distance Direction

Bure ~ 1 km West and North

Denjin ~ 7 km South
Tiyatiya ~ 8 km West
Masha Kuta ~ 8 km Northeast
Mankusa ~ 9 km East
Jib Gedel ~ 9 km North

8.9.2 MOTTA RTC

Based on the activities proposed at the RTC, it is anticipated that air quality impacts will be minimal
and as such, a high-level assessment of the Amhara RTC site was conducted.

SENSITIVE RECEPTORS

The town of Motta is located immediately west of the Amhara RTC site. Sensitive receptors located in
close proximity to the RTC site include residential and farming activities. Table 8-21 identifies
receptors surrounding the site and the direction and distance from the site.

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Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 8-45
Table 8-21: Sensitive receptors surrounding the Motta RTC

Receptor Distance Direction

Motta Immediate West

Debir ~ 6 km Northeast
Muger ~ 8 km South Southwest
Hudad ~ 12 km West
Adasha ~ 10 km East
Assama ~ 11 km Southwest

8.10 CLIMATE CHANGE

8.10.1 OVERVIEW
Climate change poses a huge challenge to Ethiopia’s government and people. Home to 90 million
people, it is one of the world’s most drought-prone countries. The country faces numerous
development challenges that exacerbate its vulnerability to climate change, including high levels of
food insecurity and ongoing conflicts over natural resources. Chronic food insecurity affects 10% of
the population, even in years with sufficient rains. Food insecurity patterns are linked to seasonal
rainfall patterns, with hunger trends declining significantly after the rainy seasons.
Climate variability already negatively impacts livelihoods and is likely to continue. Drought is the single
most destructive climate-related natural hazard in Ethiopia. Estimates suggest climate change may
reduce Ethiopia’s GDP up to 10% by 2045, primarily through impacts on agricultural productivity
(Climate Risk Profile: Ethiopia). These changes also hinder economic activity and aggravate existing
social and economic problems. Figure 8-29 shows the climate classification in Ethiopia.
Historic climate trends since 1960 show that:
 Mean annual temperature has increased by 1°C, an average rate of 0.25°C per decade, most
notably in July through September;
 The average number of "hot" nights (the hottest 10 percent of nights annually) increased by
37.5% between 1960 and 2003, while the average number of hot days per year increased by
20%;
 More intense precipitation during extreme weather events, although long-term rainfall trends are
difficult to determine;
 Ethiopia has three rainy seasons: June–September (kiremt), October–January (bega), and
February–May (belg). Kiremt rains account for approximately 50–80% of the annual rainfall totals,
and most severe droughts usually result from failure of the kiremt. The lowlands in the southeast
and northeast are tropical, with average temperatures of 25°–30°C, while the central highlands
are cooler, with average temperatures of 15°–20°C. Lowlands are vulnerable to rising
temperatures and prolonged droughts, while highlands are prone to intense and irregular rainfall;
 The incidence of drought has hence increased; and
 Belg rains are increasingly unpredictable.
Future projections of temperature and rainfall patterns in Ethiopia exhibit a high degree of uncertainty,
but most projections predict that:
 Mean annual temperature is projected to increase by between 1°–2°C by 2050;
 The frequency of hot days and nights will substantially increase. About 15–29 percent of days will
be considered hot by 2060;
 It is uncertain whether rainfall will increase or decrease; projections range from -25% to +30% by
the 2050s; and

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Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 8-46
 Increases in the proportion of total rainfall that falls in “heavy” events with annual increases of up
to 18%.

Figure 8-29: Climate classification of Ethiopia (Climate Risk Profile: Ethiopia)

Climate change will have key impacts on agriculture, livestock, water and human health in Ethiopia. In
particular, this will result in:
 Reduced yields and/or crop failure, reduced soil moisture availability; and increased
evapotranspiration and water stress;
 Increased incidence of pests and diseases, reduced feed and water sources, and increased
livestock mortality;
 Changing ranges of vector-borne diseases and increased risk from waterborne diseases;
 Reduced water quality and quantity, drying of wetlands and freshwater sources, disruption of
hydropower generation;
 Changing ranges of vector-borne diseases; and
 Increased risk from waterborne diseases.
Despite the challenges, Ethiopia hopes to capitalise on its current economic growth by becoming
more resilient to the impacts of climate change while developing its economy in a carbon neutral way
by transforming development planning, investments and outcomes.
The country’s Climate Resilient Green Economy Strategy (CRGE), which was published in 2011, sets
out this vision (International Institute for Environment and Development). It is viewed as an
opportunity to transform the country’s development model by leaping to modern energy-efficient
development trajectories.
Ethiopia is one of the few countries to have formally merged its aims of developing a green economy
and greater resilience to climate change under a single policy framework in support of its national

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Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 8-47
development objectives. While the government is still preparing its climate resilience objective, the
Green Economy component of the CRGE has already been developed (International Institute for
Environment and Development). It aims to develop Ethiopia’s green economy by:
 Improving crop and livestock production practices to improve food security and increase farmer’s
incomes while reducing emissions;
 Protecting and re-establishing forests for their economic and ecosystem services, including as
carbon stocks;
 Expanding electricity generation from renewable energy sources for domestic and regional
markets; and
 Advancing to modern and energy-efficient technologies in transport, industrial sectors, and
buildings.
Greenhouse gas emissions in Ethiopia increased by 86% from 1993 - 2011. Through the Intended
Nationally Determined Contribution, Ethiopia pledges to cap 2030 greenhouse gas emissions at
145 MtCO2e, a 64% reduction from projected business as usual emission levels in 2030. The pledge
includes greenhouse gas reductions from agriculture, forestry, industry, transport and buildings
sectors.

8.10.2 GREENHOUSE GAS ASSESSMENT

EMISSION FACTOR APPROACH

Default IPCC emission factors available in the 2006 IPCC Guidelines have been used to calculate
emissions from activity data

EMISSION CATEGORIES

GHG emission activities are divided into three scopes within the Greenhouse Gas Protocol Corporate
Accounting and Reporting Standard, defined as:
 Scope 1: Direct emissions arise from activities owned or controlled by an organisation, such as
emissions from combustion in boilers, furnaces, and vehicles operating onsite. In the case of
Project, this refers to emissions associated with the internal combustion engines for transport
vehicles;
 Scope 2: Indirect emissions released into the atmosphere associated with the consumption of
purchased electricity, heat, steam and cooling; these emissions occur at a distance from the site
(e.g. at a power plant). In the case of the Project, this refers to GHG emissions due to their
electricity consumption onsite; and
 Scope 3: Other indirect emissions, other than those associated with energy usage, including
business travel by means not owned or controlled by the entity, waste disposal by means not
owned or controlled by the entity, and extraction/production and transport of purchased materials
or fuels.
For the purposes of this assessment Scope 3 emissions have been excluded, with the exception of
electricity consumption emissions. The assessment therefore focuses only on those activities
occurring on site.

GREENHOUSE HAS EMISSION INVENTORY

A GHG, as defined by the IPCC, is a compound which has the ability to trap heat over a certain
lifetime in the atmosphere. The six priority pollutant GHGs are CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and
SF6.
The key GHG emissions associated with activities at the facility include:
 CO2;
 CH4; and
 N2O.

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Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 8-48
The impact of these GHGs are quantified using their Global Warming Potential (GWP), which is a
measure of their heat trapping effect relative to the effects of the same weight of CO2 released over
the same period of time. It is important to consider the GWP of GHG’s, given that minor emissions of
a high GWP gas could make a significant contribution to a carbon footprint. GHG emissions are
therefore usually expressed in CO2 equivalent terms (CO2eq) to reflect the contribution of the various
GHG emissions. Table 8-22 shows the heat trapping ability of the major GHGs after 20 years and
100 years as compared to CO2.
Table 8-22: Global Warming Potential of greenhouse gases

Greenhouse Gas GWP after 20 years GWP after 100 years

CO2 1 1
CH4 72 25
N2O 289 298

IPCC default factors have been applied for coal consumption for the coal-fired boiler and electricity
generation to estimate CO2 emissions. The emission factors as applied in this inventory are presented
in Table 8-23, with the coal consumption data presented in Table 8-24.
Table 8-23: Greenhouse gas emission factors

Scope Source Emission Factor Unit CO2 CH4 N2O

Scope 1 Coal consumption Kg per GJ 94.6 0.001 0.0015
Scope 2 Electricity generation using coal Kg per GJ 94.6 0.001 0.0015

Table 8-24: Coal consumption data

Scope Source Main Activity Unit Quantity /
Annum
Scope 1 Coal consumption Coal-fired boiler operations MJ/s 10
Electricity consumption IAIP Coal-fired operations MVA 46.82
Scope 2
Electricity consumption RTC Coal-fired operations MVA 1.2

GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS

The total potential GHG emissions for the Amhara site was calculated to be approximately
173 955.02t CO2eq based on the above approach. For the assessment a worst case scenario
approach was calculated whereby all electricity required for the sites is generated via coal-fired
operations. As such Scope 2 coal-fired operations was shown to contribute the highest GHG
emissions to be emitted in terms of the Amhara Project (making up approximately 83% of the total
GHG emissions emitted). CH4 and N2O emissions are marginal from all sources, being significantly
over shadowed by CO2 emissions which account for 99.5% of total CO2eq emissions associated with
the Amhara activities (Table 8-25 and Figure 8-30).
GHG emissions from vehicles have not been accounted for as accurate vehicle counts from the IAIP
to the RTC is unknown. Credibility of such data is key to ensure that the footprint is transparent,
accurate and reliable for reporting and without such information, a true representation of the GHG
emissions emitted from vehicles cannot be determined.
Table 8-25: Estimated greenhouse gas emissions for the Amhara IAIP and RTC
Scope Source Main CO2 CH4 N2O CO2e
Activity (tons/year) (tons/year) (tons/year) (tons/year)

Scope 1 Coal Coal-fired 29833.06 7.88 140.97 29981.91

consumption boiler
operations

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Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 8-49
 Scope Source Main CO2 CH4 N2O CO2e
Activity (tons/year) (tons/year) (tons/year) (tons/year)

Scope 2 Electricity Coal-fired 139678.37 36.91 660.00 140375.28

generation operations
at IAIP
Electricity Coal-fired 3579.97 0.95 16.92 3597.83
generation operations
RTC
TOTAL GHG EMISSIONS 173955.02

Figure 8-30: CO2eq percentage contribution from Scope 1 and Scope 2 sources
It is important to note that according to the Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation (EEPCo), Ethiopia’s
total electricity generation in 2010 was 3,981.07 GWh. Hydropower generates approximately 88% of
the total electricity generation and is thus the country’s dominating electricity resource, followed by
Diesel (11%) and geothermal (1%) electricity generation.
It is therefore noted that the total greenhouse gas emissions estimated for the Project are considered
a worst case scenario. Should the IAIP and RTC facilities be provided electricity from the national grid
the greenhouse gas emissions resulting from the generation of the required electricity is drastically
reduced (in the region of 80% reduction) due to the use of renewable resources as the predominant
energy source for the generation of electricity.

8.11 NOISE
This section describes the receiving environment in terms of Noise within the Project site and
surrounding area.

8.11.1 BURE IAIP

The current noise climate is typically rural, with various anthropogenic influences. The site currently
consists of farming activities which do not generate significant levels of noise, however, the site is
considered to fall within the Bure industrial area which is currently located directly north of the site.
Construction activities are currently taking place within the industrial area. Other sources of noise
include vehicles travelling along regional roads as well as the federal highway adjacent to the site on
the eastern boundary.

NOISE MONITORING METHODOLOGY

In order to assess the current noise climate in the vicinity of the Bure IAIP, ambient environmental
acoustic monitoring was undertaken on 20 and 21 August 2017 at six locations in and around the
proposed site (Table 8-26 and Figure 8-31).

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Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 8-50
Table 8-26: Noise monitoring locations.

ID Classification Coordinates
UTM N (m) UTM E (m)
AM_01 Residential 1183744.34 289387.79
AM_02 Residential 1183444.74 288657.94
AM_03 Residential 1182708.87 289711.56
AM_04 Residential 1183472.5 291678.45
AM_05 Residential 1184225.80 292156.40
AM_06 Industrial 1183764.27 290393.80

Figure 8-31: Noise monitoring locations surrounding the Bure IAIP.

All sound level measurements were free-field measurements (i.e. at least 3.5 m away from any
vertical reflecting surfaces). Measurement procedures were undertaken according to the relevant
South African Code of Practice SANS 10103:2008 which is in line with IFC requirements. This guided
the selection of monitoring locations, microphone positioning and equipment specifications. Sound
level measurements were taken with a SABS-calibrated Type 1 Integrating Sound Level Meter. The
sound level meter was calibrated before and after measurements were conducted and no significant
drifts (differences greater than 0.5 dB(A)) were found to occur.
Day-time and night-time measurements were conducted for 15 minutes, allowing monitoring to be
adequately representative. In accordance with the IFC EHS Guidelines, monitoring was conducted
during the relevant timeframes for day (07:00 to 22:00) and night (22:00 to 07:00).
The noise parameters recorded included:
 LAeq The equivalent continuous sound pressure level, normally measured (A-weighted);
 LAmax The maximum sound pressure level of a noise event measured (A-weighted);
 LZpeak The peak noise level experienced during the measurement (Z-weighted); and
 LA90 The average noise level the receptor is exposed to for 90% of the monitoring period.

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Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 8-51
The make and model as well as serial number and calibration validity of the sound level meter and
calibrator are presented in Table 6.
Table 8-27: Sound level meter and calibrator specifications.

Sound level meter Calibrator

Make & model: CEL 63X Make & model: CEL-120/1

Serial number: 3134723 Serial number: 3939145
Date calibrated: November 2016 Date calibrated: November 2016
Calibration due date: November 2017 Calibration due date: November 2017

DAY-TIME MONITORING RESULTS

The results from the day-time noise monitoring campaign conducted on 20 August 2017 are
presented in Table 8-28 and Figure 8-32. Noise levels at the residential locations were compared to
the typical day-time guideline level for noise in residential areas (55 dB(A)), while noise levels at the
industrial area north of the site (AM_06) were assessed against the industrial guideline level
(70 dB(A)).
Noise levels at all locations were below their respective guideline levels. The highest noise level was
recorded at AM_01, a residential area north of the site. The main source of noise at this location was
the activity of people.

Figure 8-32: Day-time monitored noise levels. LAeq (yellow diamond) is compared with the WHO
guideline.
Table 8-28: Day-time noise monitoring results.

WHO
LAeq LAmax LAmin
Location Time Guideline Compliant
(dB(A)) (dB(A)) (dB(A))
(dB(A))
AM_01 12:55 48.6 69.8 30.1 55 Yes
AM_02 12:29 38.1 63.3 25.9 55 Yes
AM_03 11:57 38.6 66.8 29.3 55 Yes
AM_04 11:15 35.1 58.7 28.2 55 Yes

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Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 8-52
 WHO
LAeq LAmax LAmin
Location Time Guideline Compliant
(dB(A)) (dB(A)) (dB(A))
(dB(A))
AM_05 10:50 36.5 59.2 24.6 55 Yes
AM_06 14:53 43.9 69.8 26.1 70 Yes

NIGHT-TIME MONITORING RESULTS

The results from the night-time noise monitoring campaign conducted on 20 and 21 August 2017 are
presented in Table 8-29 and Figure 8-33. Noise levels at the residential locations were compared to
the typical night-time guideline level for noise in residential areas (45 dB(A)), while noise levels at the
industrial area north of the site (AM_06) were assessed against the industrial guideline level (70 dB(A)).
Noise levels at five of the six locations were below their respective guideline levels. Noise levels at
AM_05, located along the eastern boundary of the site, marginally exceeded the WHO night-time
guideline of 45 dB(A). This monitoring site is located directly alongside the federal highway. Dominant
noise sources included activity of vehicles on the highway and people.

Figure 8-33: Night-time monitored noise levels. LAeq (yellow diamond) is compared with the WHO
guideline.
Table 8-29: Night-time noise monitoring results.

WHO
LAeq LAmax LAmin
Location Time Guideline Compliant
(dB(A)) (dB(A)) (dB(A))
(dB(A))
AM_01 01:50 35.2 56.4 30.0 45 Yes
AM_02 01:00 35.2 58.1 24.4 45 Yes
AM_03 00:34 32.9 55.2 23.3 45 Yes
AM_04 02:30 39.0 68.7 27.0 45 Yes
AM_05 23:05 45.3 54.6 36.8 45 No
AM_06 23:43 38.3 58.0 29.0 70 Yes

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Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 8-53
SENSITIVE RECEPTORS

Sensitive receptors are identified as areas that may be impacted negatively due to noise associated
with the construction and operation of the proposed IAIP site. Examples of receptors include, but are
not limited to, schools, shopping centres, hospitals, office blocks and residential areas. The nearest
town of Bure is located approximately 1 km to the north and west of the Amhara IAIP site. Other
sensitive receptors located in close proximity to the IAIP site include residential and farming activities.

8.11.2 CONSTRUCTION PHASE ASSESSMENT

Detailed construction plans for the entire IAIP development have not yet been developed and as such
a generic construction situation was assessed for the IAIP site based on previous experience with
construction phase acoustics. Table 8-30 presents a list of potential construction equipment that will
be utilised during the construction of IAIP site as well as the sound power level (PWL) specifications
of the equipment (BSI, 2009). Construction will be erratic in nature with no set locations for equipment
at a given time. In order to represent a worst-case scenario, it is assumed that one of each piece of
equipment will be operational simultaneously at any location within the IAIP site. Such a worst-case
scenario is unlikely to occur in reality. The sum (logarithmic) of the PWLs from all noise sources was
utilised to calculate resultant noise levels at specified distances from the IAIP site. Such resultant
receptor noise levels were calculated using attenuation-over-distance acoustic calculations.
Table 8-30: Construction phase equipment and sound power level ratings

Equipment Sound Power Level (dB(A))

Excavators 101.0
Tipper Trucks 108.0
Graders 111.0
Bulldozers 111.0
Front end loaders 104.0
Rollers 101.0
Concrete Mixers 107.0
Generators 102.0
Logarithmic Total 116.3

8.11.3 OPERATIONAL PHASE ASSESSMENT

A high-level, semi-quantitative assessment of the potential sources and impacts associated with the
IAIP site has been undertaken, based on the proposed site layout plan. Sound power level
specifications for potential operational equipment was sourced from literature and subsequently used
as a basis for attenuation-over-distance calculations in order to determine worst-case operational
noise levels.
Table 8-31 presents all the proposed production units within the IAIP as well as potential significant
sources of noise within each unit. It is anticipated that most units will not have significant sources of
noise, with the sewage treatment plant; solid waste management plant; boiler, chiller and compressor;
and the meat processing unit generating the largest amount of noise. The meat processing unit, with
anticipated noise sources being fans, rotary meat saws, compressors and pumps is envisaged to be
the noisiest unit.
Table 8-31: List of various IAIP units and associated significant noise sources

Unit Potential Significant Noise Sound Power Level

Sources (dB(A)
Sewage treatment plant Pumps 104.0

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Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 8-54
 Unit Potential Significant Noise Sound Power Level
Sources (dB(A)
Compressors 102.0
Fans 98.0
Solid waste management plant Trucks 85.0
Conveyors 101.0
Loading equipment 90.0
Compactors 92.0
Boiler, chiller & compressor Boiler 98.0
Compressor 102.0
Milk & Dairy Plant Trucks 85.0
Homogenizer 82.0
Centrifuges 73.0
Filling and packing machinery 90.0
Honey processing unit - -
Malt Plant / Brewery Trucks 85.0
Process and utility machinery 96.0
Cereals processing unit - -
Cereals anchor units - -
Cereal raw material storage
Vegetable processing unit - -
Sesame processing unit - -
Sesame raw material storage - -
Sesame anchor unit - -
Poultry - egg processing unit Compressor 102
Poultry - egg storage unit - -
Other animal products - -
processing unit
Meat - deep freeze cold storage Compressor 102
Meat anchor unit - -
Meat processing unit Fans 98.0
Rotary Saws 100.0
Compressor 102.0
Pumps 104.0
Meat rendering unit - -
Finished goods storage - -
Grading, packing and labelling - -
School - -
Crèche - -

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Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 8-55
 Unit Potential Significant Noise Sound Power Level
Sources (dB(A)
Playground - -
Place of worship - -
Certification lab - -
Retail space - -
Polyclinic - -
Substation - -
Extension centre - -
Administrative building - -
Training centre - -
Housing - -

8.11.4 MOTTA RTC

The Motta RTC site is surrounded by agricultural land (predominantly crops) with low to medium
density residential areas. Based on the location of the site, the volume of vehicles utilising the road
are not anticipated to be significant. Additionally no major industrial activities have been reported to be
operational in close proximity to the site. As such, no major sources of noise are anticipated in close
proximity to the site.
With limited associated noise sources from the proposed RTC, it is anticipated that acoustic impacts
will be negligible and as such an acoustic assessment of the RTC site was not conducted.

8.12 TRANSPORT / ACCESS

8.12.1 BURE IAIP

ROAD NETWORK
The local road network primarily consist of Federal Highway No. A3_5, Section 504/1, which connects
Addis Ababa and Bahir Dar; which are situated approximately 400km south and 150 km north
respectively. The highway is a single carriageway surfaced road, with 1 lane per direction in the
vicinity of the proposed IAIP access.
The road is suitable to provide vehicle access and connectivity to the development, pending the
provision of a suitable local access that takes cognisance of vehicle and non-motorised transport
(NMT) safety. Refer to Figure 8-34 and Figure 8-35 for images of the Federal Highway No. A3_5 at
the proposed IAIP access.
Important note, the condition of the road was not assessed, therefore sections of this or other access
roads to the IAIP may currently be in a poor condition, dangerous or partially impassable, for example
the roadway width is reduced. The additional traffic due to the IAIP could therefore increase the road
safety risks and accident potential in these areas.

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Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 8-56
Figure 8-34: Photo showing the Federal Highway No. A3_5 at the proposed IAIP entrance (south
direction).

Figure 8-35: Photo showing the Federal Highway No. A3_5 at the proposed IAIP entrance (north
direction).

EXISTING TRAFFIC FLOWS

Sample traffic counts were undertaken by MACE along the Federal Highway No. A3 near the
proposed IAIP access. The recorded traffic flow was approximately 632 vehicles per hour (veh/hr), of
which 478 veh/hr was local traffic, predominantly three wheel rickshaw taxis that travel back and forth
along the highway. The remaining 144 veh/hr was other traffic, such as trucks.

ROAD NETWORK AND MASTER PLANNING

There are no known new or additional local roads or federal highways planned in the vicinity of the
site or the study area. It is noted that a new section of road has been developed along north western
boundary of the IAIP site. This road is planned to extend westward over the Yiser River to connect to
the new section of road running through Motta.

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Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 8-57
8.12.2 MOTTA RTC

ROAD NETWORK DESCRIPTION

The local road network primarily consist of Federal Highway no. B_31, which links Dejen with Bahir
Dar. The proposed RTC site set back approximately 100m from the federal highway, which continues
through the centre of Motta Town.
Access to the RTC is to be obtained from the south-west corner of the site via a secondary road
leading off the highway. Traffic from the RTC will exit the site at the south-east corner. Two additional
entry and exit points are identified for future expansion along the northern boundary of the site.
The highway is a single carriageway gravel road, with 1 lane per direction in the vicinity of the
proposed RTC access. The road is currently undergoing upgrades which will result in the road being
an engineered asphalt road when complete.
The gravel highway is in a relatively good condition in the vicinity of the RTC however the connecting
roads gravel providing access to the site are in a very poor state.
Note that NMT movement are very prevalent along the access road, with developments directly
adjacent to it. Access must be maintained to these properties, refer to Figure 8-36 for an image of the
current access road to the highway. Figure 8-37 shows the existing federal highway no. B_31 at the
RTC site.
Note, the condition of the highway was not assessed, therefore sections of this or other access roads
to the RTC may currently be in a poor condition, dangerous or partially impassable, for example the
roadway width is reduced. The additional traffic due to the RTC could therefore increase the road
safety risks and accident potential in these areas.

Figure 8-36: Image of current access road (Source: ESIA team site investigations)

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Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 8-58
Figure 8-37: Image federal highway no.B_31 (Source: ESIA team site investigations)

EXISTING TRAFFIC FLOWS

Traffic counts are not available for Federal Highway No. B_31 close to the RTC however, according to
the Ethiopian Roads Authority (ERA) annual average daily traffic by road section for the 2016 year
(ERA, 2016), the average daily traffic volumes for different routes from Motta are shown in
Table 8-32.
Table 8-32: Traffic volumes for identified routes from Motta

Truck
Route Cars Buses Truck Total
Trailer
Bichena – Motta 68 208 286 28 590
Motta – Bahir Dar 105 297 394 31 827

ROAD NETWORK AND MASTER PLANNING

There are no known new or additional local roads or federal highways planned in the vicinity of the
site or the study area. However, the highway is currently being upgraded from a gravel road to an
engineered asphalt surfaced road Figure 8-38.

Figure 8-38: Current upgrade activities of the Federal Highway No. B_31 within Motta

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Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 8-59
8.13 VISUAL

8.13.1 BURE IAIP

LANDSCAPE CHARACTER
The site is located on the outskirts of Bure with medium density residential areas as well as an
industrial area located to the west and north of the site, with rural agricultural land, mixed vegetation
and low density settlements to the south and east of the site. The site is used for agricultural activities
with majority of the site under crop with the remaining open grassland areas utilised for grazing. To
the west the site rises up to abut the federal highway no. 3. To the east the terrain falls to the Yiser
River which runs parallel to the western boundary.
Overhead electrical power lines run across the site as well as a dirt road and various footpaths. The
site undulates resulting in two drainage lines running across the site in a north south direction, limiting
the visibility of the site from adjacent properties as well as from users of the Federal Highway to the
east of the site and the residential areas to the west of the site.
The site has been completely transformed and no, or very little, natural vegetation remains. Open
areas, have been cleared of natural vegetation to facilitate agricultural activities, mainly in the form of
crop plantations and grazing. There are some residential huts located on the site, these are all single
storey dwellings predominantly constructed of wood and mud with thatch or corrugated iron roofing.
Figure 8-39 provides photographs showing the typical characteristics of the IAIP site.

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Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 8-60
Figure 8-39: Images showing the typical characteristics of the Bure IAIP site including crop production,
grassland, wetlands, plantations and mixed vegetation (Source: ESIA team site investigations)

ZONE OF INFLUENCE

The distance of a viewer from an object is an important determinant of the visibility, sometimes
referred to as the visual exposure. This is due to the visual impact of an object diminishing/attenuating
as the distance between the viewer and the object increases. The Zone of Visual Influence (ZVI) is
the maximum extent around an object, beyond which the visual impact will be insignificant, primarily
due to distance.
According to Hull and Bishop (1988) the visual impact can be said to decrease at an exponential rate
and so at 1000m would, nominally, be 25% of the impact as viewed from 500m. At 2000m it would be
10% of the impact at 500m. More recent studies on viewing distance have built on these early
estimations and all emphasise the role that elevation, the angle of the sun and landscape
characteristics play in determining visibility over distance.
Given the low elevation of the proposed site, the maximum height prescribed for the proposed
development and the undulating nature of the landscape, the suggested limit of assessment
appropriate for this study area is defined as follows:
 Less than 1km – proposed development is likely to be a prominent feature, dominating
perception;
 Between 1km and 2km – proposed development may be visible and dominate perception to some
extent;
 Between 2km and 5km – proposed development may be marginally visible, but other objects
would generally dominate perception; and
 Beyond 5km the proposed development will not be visually dominant and will only be visible from
elevated viewpoints.
Potential viewers (visual receptors) included in this study are:
 Residents in the surrounding areas: Residents in the surrounding areas may be affected by the
visual impacts of the proposed redevelopment and have shown an active interest in the site.
However visibility will be very limited from most residential areas, as the site is obscured by
vegetation or changes in topography. The residential areas located on the raised section to the
west of the site have the clearest view of the development.
 Motorists: Only the western-most portion of the current site is discernible to motorists from the
surrounding area, which is to be the main access point to the IAIP. View of the site is currently
obstructed by Eucalyptus plantations and residential dwellings. With the development of the
boundary wall and entrance area this portion of the site will become more visible to motorists,
however this is only a small section of the site abuts the federal highway.

8.13.2 MOTTA RTC

The Motta RTC site consists of transformed land utilised for agricultural activities (crops and grazing)
and is traversed by a single lane dirt track. The site and surrounding area has a very slight gradient.
The site is set back from the main road, limiting the visibility of the site from the road and surrounding
areas. The area around the site includes agricultural land and low density rural settlements.

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Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 8-61
Figure 8-40 provides photographs showing the typical characteristics of the RTC site.

Figure 8-40: Images showing the typical characteristics of the Motta RTC site and adjacent area (Source:
ESIA team site investigations)

8.14 WASTE

8.14.1 BURE IAIP

The Amhara IAIP is located at the south-western portion of Bure town. The current municipal waste
management practices of Bure town have not been organised in a formal manner.

CURRENT WASTE MANAGEMENT OF BURE TOWN

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
Generation, Collection and Transportation
According to the Beautification and Sanitation Core process of Bure Municipality, the town lacks solid
and liquid waste collection and disposal facilities. Solid waste from the town is largely managed by
each household applying its own means. It is reported that there are some horse carts that provide
waste collection service to some commercial establishments in the town and they provide this service
upon direct payment from them. In an effort to assist in formalizing the waste collection practices of
the town, the municipality has purchased two tipper rickshaws (three wheeler). The tipper rickshaws
are specially designed for solid waste collection and are expected to start operation in the current
year.
Waste Disposal
So far Bure town has no designated dumpsite for the solid and liquid waste collected. Solid waste is
disposed in available open places. There are also no studies and assessments done to estimate the
quantity of solid waste generated in the town.
However, according to the Beautification and Sanitation Core process of Bure municipality, the City
administration has planned to designate a landfill site at the southern outskirts of the town this year. It
is reported that preparations are underway to handover the designated landfill site and to fence it in
the current fiscal year.
In a wider context, there appears to be no sanitary landfill in the area that can receive municipal solid
wastes collected from the towns. Bigger towns such as Fenoteselam and Injibara that are located
about 25km and 50km south and north of Bure town respectively also do not have properly designed
and operated sanitary landfill. These towns also dump their solid wastes in pit wholes dug for that
purpose and bury/cover it with soil material when filled.
Associated Solid Waste Management Plan
The town does not have any waste management strategy.
LIQUID WASTE MANAGEMENT
The municipality assists residents in contracting a vacuum truck from Bahir Dar to empty sewages
from septic tanks. Residents of the town who seek vacuum truck service gets registered in the

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Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 8-62
municipality. When enough number of residents are registered the municipality calls vacuum truck
service providers from Bahir Dar to empty the septic tanks upon payment of service charge by the
residents. According to the Beautification and Sanitation Core process, the sewage collected is
disposed into certain farmlands whose owners has agreed to receive it in order to fertilize their
farmland.

8.14.2 MOTTA RTC

The RTC site is located at the western edge of Motta town. The current municipal waste management
practices of the town have not been organised in a formal manner.

CURRENT WASTE MANAGEMENT OF MOTTA TOWN

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
Generation, Collection and Transportation
According to the Motta Municipality, the town lacks formal solid and liquid waste collection and
disposal facilities. Solid waste from the town is largely managed by each household applying its own
means. It is reported that there are some horse carts that provide waste collection services in the
town.
Solid and Liquid Waste Disposal
Motta town has two designated dumpsite for solid and liquid waste. These are located outside of town
and consist of 3 pit wholes. The pits that have been excavated into the ground, measuring
approximately 10m in length, 5m in width and 3m in depth. Once fill the pit is covered with soil
material. Two pits at each site are allocated for solid waste and one pit for liquid waste.
According to the master plan the Motta municipality, the town administration has planned to designate
a landfill site at the western outskirts of the town do be developed in the coming fiscal year. Details of
the design of the landfill facility were not made available.

8.15 BIODIVERSITY
This section provides a description of the existing biodiversity components and associated key
features which include typical flora and fauna, protected areas and non-protected sensitive resources
that are found inside and within the vicinity of the project sites. The baseline conditions within the
survey area have been determined through desk-based reviews of available information, field surveys
and consultations with concerned authorities.

8.15.1 BURE IAIP SITE

The Bure area in general, and the IAIP site in particular, is located within the dry Evergreen Montane
Forest and Evergreen Scrub Ecosystem. The evergreen scrubland vegetation occurs in the highlands
of Ethiopia either as an intact scrub (i.e. in association with the dry evergreen montane forest) or
usually as secondary growth after deforestation of the dry evergreen montane forest. The Dry
Evergreen Montane Forest and Evergreen Scrubland vegetation’s are the characteristic vegetation
types of this ecosystem. In the Bure IAIP site there are some remnants of forest vegetation, having
Evergreen Montane Forest and Evergreen Scrub Ecosystem characteristics, along the streams; small
rivers; and scattered patches of tree species.
Most parts of the proposed project area have been transformed for agricultural land some time ago.
Hence only little remnant dry land and wetland vegetation remains mainly within the central portion of
the proposed IAIP site, where streams, wetlands and seasonal rivers are located. Scattered patches
of tree species are also found in some parts of the proposed project site. The remaining part of the
proposed project site is mainly dominated by weedy vegetation, which has emerged as a result of
continuous farming practices and overgrazing.
Based on the survey conducted, a total of 24 plant species have been recorded (Table 8-33). It is
noted that all of the species identified on the site are not threatened or endangered as per the IUCN
Red List Category, as such no sensitive vegetation has been identified on the site.

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Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 8-63
Wetland habitat has been recorded in the Bure IAIP site in the form of closed systems and/or
channelled wetland habitats (permanent or temporary wetlands), along the drainage lines (refer to
section 8.8.3 for detail).
Portions of the site, predominantly in the central area portion of the project area, also include patches
of temporary wetlands called Zagra Minch. This wetland system also has similar values and functions
as identified above.
Table 8-33: Plant species on and around the project site

S.N Scientific name Local name (Amharic) Remark (occurrence in

and vicinity of the
project area)
Terrestrial plant species
1 Ficus vasta Warka Moderate
2 Erythrina abssice Korch Common
3 Alvizia gomifera Sesa Common
4 Vernonia amygobalima Girawa Very common
5 Spathodea nilotica Chisha Moderate
6 Crton mycrostatus Bisana Very common
7 Cordia africana Wanza Moderate
8 Olia capensis Woyra Moderate
9 Juniperus procera Tid Rare
10 Carissa spinarum Agam Common
11 Syzigium guineense Dokima Common
12 Ficus patula Shola Moderate
Wetland dependant plant species
1 Cyperus alopecuroides Ketema Common
2 C. rotundus Ketema Common
3 C. digitatus Ketema Common
4 C. sesquiflorus Ketema Common
5 C. laevigatus Ketema Common
6 Paspalidium geminatum Ye Sar Zer Common
7 Panicum hygrocharis Ye Sar Zer Common
8 Leersia hexandra Ye Sar Zer Common
9 Panicum subalbidum Ye Sar Zer Common
10 Leptochloa fusca Ye Sar Zer Common
11 Panicum repens Ye Sar Zer Common
12 Panicum spicatus Ye Sar Zer Common

Very few bird species, in diversity as well as in number, were recorded during field visits. The
recorded species are identified in Table 8-34. No vertebral amphibians and reptiles were recorded
while Table 8-35 lists the common mammal species around the project site. It is noted that all of the
species identified on the site are not threatened or endangered as per the IUCN Red List Category, as
such no sensitive fauna has been identified on the site.

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Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 8-64
Table 8-34: Common Bird Species on and around project site

S.N Scientific Common Local Name Remark Habitat

Name Name
1 Egrettaardesica Black Heron - rare Prefers lake margins, river
edges, marshes and
inundations
2 Columba Speckled Ergib Common
guinea pigeon
3 Tockus Red-billed Kutu Common Dry, wooded and bushed
erythrorhynchus hornbill habitats and overgrazed
grasslands
4 Tockus Yellow- Kutu rare Dry, more or less bushed
flavirostris billed and wooded habitats
hornbill
5 Streptopelia African - Dry wooded habitats with
decipiens mourning common some grass, often near to
dove streams also in gardens
6 Lamprotornis Greater - more or less bushed and
chalybeus blue-earned common wooded natural and
starling cultivated areas including
parks
7 Egretta garzetta Little Egret - Common Shallow fresh water area

Table 8-35: Common mammal species around project site

S.N English name Amharic name Scientific name Occurrence

around project
area

1 Spotted Hyena Tera Jib Curocula curocula Common

2 Abyssinian Hare Tinchel Lepus habesinicus Common
3 Olive Baboon Zinjero Papio anubis Rare

8.15.2 PROTECTED AND NON PROTECTED SITES IN THE AREA

The occurrence of threatened species including IUCN Red list flora and fauna, the presence of
protected areas with the radius of 10km from the proposed project site and their status were
assessed. Both the desktop review, and field survey together with consultation of stakeholders has
identified that:
 No protected biodiversity sites within 10 km radius of the proposed project has found;
 Except for the wetland areas that passes through the proposed project site, no additional sensitive
areas were identified;
 No IUCN red list fauna and flora species are found in this proposed project site;
 No potential sensitive biodiversity resources are found on this proposed project site.

8.15.3 MOTTA RTC

The entire project site was transformed for agricultural land some time ago. Hence only little remnant
dry land vegetation remains on the site which is mainly dominated by weedy vegetation, which has
emerged as a result of continuous farming practices.

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Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 8-65
It is noted that no species identified on the site are threatened or endangered as per the IUCN Red
List Category, as such no sensitive vegetation and fauna has been identified on the site.

8.16 SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT

8.16.1 GENERAL
This Chapter of the report provides a demographic, cultural and economic overview of the Project
area and also describes the physical infrastructure and services available in the Social Study Area.
The description provided in this section is based on publically available, high level secondary and
primary data, including the 2007 National Census data which in most cases was extrapolated by the
regional governments to reflect the estimated population growth, and so forth. A full and more current
account of the Project Site and area will be provided in the ESIA drawing on primary data collected for
this site.
The proposed Bure IAIP and Motta RTC sites are located in the West and East Gojjam Zones, of the
Amhara Region, respectively. The IAIP site is located within the wider footprint of the Bure town
(around 1 km distance), with the Wam Gedam village being the closest. The RTC site is located within
the wider footprint of the Motta town (around 1 km distance), with Hibresalam village being the closest
The proposed Bure IAIP footprint in the will occupy approximately 260.56 ha for the initial
development and over 1,000 ha when reaching its full capacity and including all auxiliary
infrastructure. The land planned for the IAIP development, was previously predominantly state-owned
but used by local farmers for agricultural activities. After this project was taken forward, in early 2016
the Government initiated the resettlement process and to-date completed a census of affected people.
A number of PAPs were identified as those whose land will be fully or partially affected by the
development of the Bure IAIP facilities.
The proposed Amhara Project, including the Bure IAIP and Motta RTC, will result in 369 individual
parties being affected by the proposed development, including:
 31 individuals whose residential properties will need to be moved (physical displacement),
 2 Government entities’ offices will also need to be moved (physical displacement),
 263 individuals whose by-product and main season crops are going to be lost due to land take by
the project (economic displacement),
 35 individuals whose eucalyptus trees will be affected (economic displacement),
 26 individuals whose high intensity/irrigated crops are going to be affected (economic
displacement), and
 3 individuals whose perennial crops will be affected (economic displacement).
 Additionally, 9 individuals were by mistake omitted by the local government officials from the
PAPs list and had been added to the list with full compensation for their affected crops (economic
displacement).
Details on the Government-led resettlement process have been included in the RAP report (Amhara)
that has been delivered separately.
Based on the proposed design, the Area of Influence (AoI) for social impacts for the Amhara project
area would comprise of the following:
 The area likely to be affected by the proposed Project activities during the pre-construction,
construction operations and closure / decommissioning phases (noise, dust and congested roads,
etc.);
 The IAIP and RTC sites will have PAPs whose land and assets will be affected by the project
(economic displacement), and 31 individuals will have their houses to be moved as a result of the
process that was started and finished by the local Government authorities;
 The area occupied by the IAIP’s auxiliary infrastructure.

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Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 8-66
8.16.2 BASELINE ENVIRONMENT – BURE IAIP

DEMOGRAPHICS
Ethiopia experiences significant cross-border immigration from surrounding countries including
farmers in search of grazing grounds and water, traders and merchants as well as frequent and
significant influx from Somalia, Sudan, and Eritrea caused by conflict and drought. According to the
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), Ethiopia received a substantial number of
new immigrants in late 2014 (particularly from South Sudan), leading to a total population of more
than 729,000 immigrants in early 2015, who are mainly accommodated in camps throughout the
country (UNHCR, 2017).
As per the 2007 census undertaken by the Ethiopian Central Statistical Agency (CSA, 2007), the
Amhara Region had a population of 17,221,976, with 8,641,580 men (50.2%) and 8,580,396 women
(49.8%), and where urban population made up less than 13% of the region’s population. 983,768
households were recorded in the Region, which results in an average 4.3 persons to a household,
with urban households having on average 3.3 and rural households 4.5 people.
Based on the 2007 Census data and estimated population growth (data published by NCSA in 2014),
as of 2017 there are anticipated to be a total of 21,134,988 people living in the region. Of the total
population 10,585,995 (50%) are male and 10,548,993 (50%) are female. Less than 18% of the
region’s population live in the urban areas and close to 82% live in the rural areas.
The population of the West Gojjam Zone is 2,428,851 people (CSA, 2013) (14% of the total Regional
population); with an area of 13,311.94 km 2 (8.36% of the Amhara area), and the Zone has a
population density of 158.25 people per every km 2. A total of 480,255 households were counted in
this Zone, which results in an average of 4.39 persons to a household. Based on the estimated
population growth (data published by NCSA in 2014), as of 2017 there are anticipated to be a total of
2,542,221 people in the region.
Based on the estimated population growth (data published by NCSA in 2014), as of 2017 there are
anticipated to be a total of 2,613,835 in the East Gojjam Zone.

ETHNICITY, RELIGION AND LANGUAGES

91% of the regional population is made of the Amhara people who speak the languages belonging to
the Semitic group (Amharic). The main ethnic groups in the region are: Amhara (91%), Agaw/Awi
(3.5%), Oromo (2.6) and others.
The main religions in the Region include: Orthodox Christians (82.5% of the Amhara population),
Muslim (17.2%), Protestants (0.3%).
The largest ethnic group reported at the Zone level is the Amhara (99.42%); all other ethnic groups
made up 0.58% of the population. Amharic is spoken as a first language by 99.43% of the zone
population; the remaining 0.57% spoke all other primary languages reported. 98.68% of the
population in the West Gojjam zone said they practiced Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity, and 1.19%
was Muslim.

EDUCATION

Education plays a crucial role in the process of social and economic transformation and stands as a
key poverty reduction. Taking into account the role education plays in the socio-economic
development, the Ethiopian government has paid great attention to promoting education in various
regions of the country including the study project area. Accordingly, the project area regional bureau
has made also various efforts for the developments of education in the region to this end, general
project Woredas are no exception.
There are four primary schools in Bure and it appears to be sufficient for the current population levels.
However, there is no high school around Wan Gedam kebelle and students have to travel six to eight
kilometres to main town Bure to receive high school education.

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Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 8-67
HOUSEHOLD INCOME AND EXPENDITURE

According to data obtained from the Finance and Economic Development Office within the general
project areas, the household income level is low in the project area. Accordingly, the figures for low,
middle and high levels in Ethiopian Birr are <150, 500-1500, and >1500. Cash income sources are
mainly from sales of agricultural products (Sales of crops, livestock and their produces), which are the
source of more than 80% of the cash income of financially comfortable households in the project area.
In Amhara Region, agriculture remains the base of the economy. It is practiced by more than 85% of
the population residing in the rural areas. Agriculture is the major source of food, raw materials for
local industries and export earnings. In 2010/11, the regional GDP growth rate was estimated to be
8.4% and the contribution of agriculture to the regional GDP was 55.4%. The region has diverse
agricultural zones, fertile soil and reasonable water resources, and all this creates a huge potential for
production of a variety of agricultural products including crops both for export and domestic
consumption.
Livestock holdings in sheep and cattle are relatively modest, but livestock and butter sales make a
substantial compliment to the dominant crop sales. Sheep are sold more often to earn income for
regular expenses through the year and peaks during religious festivals in April (Easter), September
and January (Christmas and Epiphany), when community members individually or collectively
purchase animals for slaughter and there is peak demand in town markets. Cattle are high value
assets mostly owned by middle and better-off households and they are sold sparingly, especially
fertile females.

EXISTING INFRASTRUCTURE AND SERVICES

According to the CSA data, 28% of the regional population has access to safe drinking water, of
whom 19.89% were rural inhabitants and 91.8% were urban. Values for other reported common
indicators of the standard of living for Amhara as of 2007 include the following: 17.5% of the
inhabitants fall into the lowest wealth quintile; adult literacy for men is 54% and for women 25.1%, and
the Regional infant mortality rate is 94 infant deaths per 1,000 live births, which is greater than the
nationwide average of 77; at least half of these deaths occurred in the infants’ first month of life.
The Zonal Water Resource Development Office (West Gojjam) announced 29 July 2009 that it had
completed construction of 943 wells and 89 springs, which will benefit 331,000 people. Using funds
from the government, local NGOs and the public, in 2009 this program improved the rate of access to
clean water for inhabitants in the Zone from 39% to 50.6% (Ethiopian News Agency, 2009).
There is a hospital five kilometres away from Bure but the residents say it does not have sufficient
supply of medicines and equipment. Similarly, there is only one health centre in Bure and it does not
have sufficient amount of medicines or professionals. Table 8-36 identifies the top 10 diseases that
are encountered in Bure, as per the town administration Health offices (August, 2017).
Table 8-36: Top ten diseases in encountered in Bure

Rank Disease type (2007 EC) Disease type (2008 EC)

1st AFI Urinary Tract Infection

2nd Dyspepsia Acute Febrile illness
3rd Parasitic disease Dyspepsia
4th AURI AURI
th
5 Helminthiasis Parasitic disease
6th Pneumonia Disease of muscular system
7th Skin Infection Pneumonia
8th Urinary tract infection Trauma
9th Disease of muscular skeletal system DMSS
(DMSS)

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Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 8-68
 10th Unspecified other respiratory diseases Infection of the skin
The road network throughout the Bure area varies in condition from very informal gravel roads in poor
condition to engineered asphalt surfaced roads, including the Federal Highway No. A3_5. During
consultation it was identified that the development of the IAIP and associated boundary wall will result
in a main access road and several foot paths being obstructed. These access routes are utilised by
the local communities residing to the south of the IAIP site, on a daily basis, to gain access to services
in Bure such as schools, medical facilities, markets etc. Figure 4-3 indicates the access routes across
the IAIP site that will be obstructed by the development.

Figure 8-41: Image showing access routes across the IAIP site that will be obstructed
An alternative access road is being proposed to wrap around the western edge of the IAIP site
connecting the communities in the south with those in the north. Figure 4-4 indicates the proposed
access road (yellow dashed line) from the existing gravel road from the south of the site, around the
western boundary of the IAIP to connect to the existing gravel road at the North West corner of the
site. This road will be a permanent engineered road resulting in an improved access road.

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Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 8-69
Figure 8-42: Image showing proposed access routes around the IAIP site.
It is noted that construction of the alternative road around the western boundary of the site is the
responsibility of the FDRE and that construction of the road has commenced.

Figure 8-43: Alternative road along the western boundary of the IAIP
It is further noted that an additional stretch of road is being proposed along the south eastern
boundary of the site. It is understood that this section of road is intended to be a temporary gravel
road to provide access for the communities to the highway at the eastern boundary of the IAIP. This
section of road was only recently proposed, therefore full details of this proposed road are not yet
finalised. As such this section of road has not been included in the ESIA assessment.

CULTURAL HERITAGE

The Amhara National Regional state hosts three of the nine World Heritage sites found in Ethiopia
which are registered by the UNESCO. These include the rock hewn churches of Lalibela, the Gondar

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Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 8-70
palaces and the Simien Mountain National Park. The Rock hewn churches of Lalibela are found in
North Wollo zone of the Amhara Region and consist of 11 medieval monolithic cave churches that
were built during the 12th Century. The Gondar palaces are situated in the capital city of north Gondar
zone of the Amhara region, which is Gondar City itself. The world heritage site present in Gondar
consists of the Fasillades Gibbi and its complementary facilities (i.e. Fasil bath, the horse house, and
the poultry). Gondar town was Ethiopia’s capital city in the 17th and 18th centuries and it is known for
its castle building by emperor Fasillades and his successors from 1632-1730. The Simien Mountains
National Park is also another world natural heritage located in the north Gondar zone of the Amhara
Region. The park is home to some extremely rare animals in the world such as the Gelada baboon,
the Simien fox and the Walia Ibex; a wild goat found nowhere else in the world. More than 50 species
of birds inhabit the park, including the impressive Bearded Vulture, or Lammergeyer.
Even though not registered as World Heritage sites, there are also ancient monasteries and churches
of remarkable historical and cultural significance in the Amhara Region which are mostly found around
Lake Tana. Reports indicate that there are ancient monasteries in many of the 37 islands of Lake
Tana.
According to Bure City Administration Culture and Tourism office, there are sites which are
recognised by the office as sites of cultural and religious importance in the city. These include the
Baguna Ambo Tsebel, St. Michael Church, Protestant and Muslim Cemeteries, and a Mosque. These
sites of cultural and religious importance are generally situated outside the current boundaries of the
Bure IAIP at a distance of 500m to 5km. Though, its historical significance is not well elucidated, the
local community describes the existence of a cave built or used by the Italian during the war against
the Italian occupation force in the 1940s.

8.16.3 BASELINE ENVIRONMENT - MOTTA RTC

GENERAL

All relevant socio-economic information can be found within the IAIP section above. The proposed
Motta RTC site is located in the East Gojjam Zone of the Amhara Region, around 2 km distance from
the Motta town, with Hibresalam village being the closest.
During the WSP team site reconnaissance, it was noted that the RTC site includes a total of
2 dwellings that require relocation with an unknown number of households (farmers) that will be
directly affected by the proposed project due to loss of farmland. Initial communication has reportedly
been undertaken with the affected parties and that a survey of the affected households identifying
individuals, structures, extent of land and farming activities, has been undertaken.
It is understood that the affected households are to be relocated however, the land for relocation
purposes has not yet been identified. The intention regarding farmland is to provide financial
compensation without the provision of replacement farmland.

EDUCATION
There are three primary schools in Motta and they are sufficient for the current population levels.
However, there is no high school in the village and students have to travel two to three kilometres to
the main town Motta in order to find one.

EXISTING INFRASTRUCTURE AND SERVICES

There is a hospital in Motta town which is overstretched as it is the only one health centre in the
village and it does not have sufficient amount of medicines and professionals/doctors or nurses. There
is a police station in the village but the village is vast and the existing policemen are insufficient.
Table 8-37 identifies the top 10 diseases that are encountered in Motta, as per the town
administration Health offices (August, 2017).

ESIA Report
Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 8-71
Table 8-37: Top ten diseases in encountered in Motta

Rank Disease type (2007 EC) Disease type (2008 EC)

1st Acute upper respiratory infections AURTI

(AURTI)
2nd Dyspepsia Dyspepsia
3rd Infection of the skin and Infection of the skin and subcutaneous
subcutaneous tissue tissue
4th Acute Febrile Illness (AFI) Infection of the skin and subcutaneous
tissue
5th Pneumonia AFIR
th
6 Trauma Trauma
7th Diarrhoea (non blood)
8th Other unspecified infectious and Other unspecified infectious and parasitic
parasitic diseases diseases
9th Diarrhoea (non blood) Pneumonia
10th Helminthiasis Acute upper respiratory infections
The existing road network throughout the Motta Town consists of gravel and cobbled roads in varying
states of condition. These include the Federal Highway no. B_31 which is currently being upgraded
through Motta, extending to Bahir Dar. During consultation it was identified that the development of
the RTC and associated boundary wall has resulted in an access road, utilised by communities
residing to the north east of the site, being obstructed. This access route was utilised by the local
communities, on a daily basis, to gain access to services in Motta such as schools, medical facilities,
markets etc. Figure 4-5 indicates the access routes across the IAIP site that will be obstructed by the
development.

Figure 8-44: Image showing access routes across the RTC site that will be obstructed

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Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 8-72
An alternative access road is being proposed to connect the existing roads / gravel tracks to the
highway on the south eastern side of the site. The proposed road forms part of the local
administrations plans in terms of future development in the area as new residential areas are
proposed to be established towards the north east of the RTC site (Figure 4-6).

Figure 8-45: Image showing proposed access road

CULTURAL HERITAGE
No churches were identified to be located on the site and reportedly no burial tombs are located on
the site. The area was not indicated to be known for palaeontological and/or archaeological
resources.

8.16.4 SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE OF PEOPLE IN THE PROJECT AREA

(BASED ON WSP SURVEY)
A team of local specialists guided by the WSP team carried out a household survey in Bure and the
Motta towns, where based on the resettlement process initiated by authorities, over 300 people will be
economically and physically affected.
The ESIA team was targeting mainly those people who identified themselves as being affected by the
project (and therefore involved in the resettlement process initiated by local authorities) and who still
reside at the site. The ESIA team thus interviewed 85 people in total who are affected by the project
and currently reside in the vicinity of either the Bure IAIP or Motta RTC sites.
The questions posed to the interviewees were aimed at collecting the relevant household and
demographic information of not only the person who was interviewed but also members of his family,
thus collecting the data on the wider circle of local residents.

GENDER AND AGE

Both women and men were encouraged to participate in the household survey which resulted in
approximately 70.6% and 29.4% of the questionnaires being answered by men and women,
respectively.
All of the respondents chose to disclose their age. 35.3% of the questionnaires were answered by
people who were between 24-35 years of age, 27.1% were between 36-45 year olds, 17.6% were

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Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 8-73
between 46-55 year olds, 8.2% were between 56-65 year olds and 11.8% were >66. Over three
quarters of all respondents were noted to be young, i.e. being in their mid-20s to mid-50s (80%) (see
Figure 8-46 below).

Gender Age Category

24-35
Male 36-45
Female 46-55
56-65
>66

Figure 8-46: Respondents’ gender and age

Of the respondents, 88.2% were residing in the Bure town for the proposed IAIP and 11.8% were
residing in the Motta town for the proposed RTC.

EDUCATION
70% of respondents who are over 50 years old, and all of the respondents within the >66 age group
reported having had no form of education. However, in the 24-35 year age bracket the majority had
either a primary education (26.7%), high school education (3.3%), a Technical Diploma (16.7%) or a
Higher/University Degree (23.3%). In other words, the opposite is true for the younger generation in
the project area, where 70% of the younger category has received at least primary education, and a
quarter have a University diploma. Only 30% of 24-35 year old respondents had received only some
or no primary education.
The educational profile has been further enhanced by the additional analysis of the education level of
the interviewee’s family members within each household visited. The extended collection of the
education data on other family members revealed that 40.6% had not finished their basic schooling or
had no education. This figure is similar with the reported national statistics, with 48% of females and
37% of males having never attended school, receiving only some or no primary education.
Nearly a third of the family members (32.5%) included in the surveys finished a primary school
education at a minimum.
The surveys showed that a much lower percentage of family members went on to further education,
with 10.7%, 9.4% and 6.8% as having a high school education, a technical diploma and a
Higher/University Degree education level, respectively. In summary, low education attainment levels
were noted among the interviewed affected people in the project area, where the majority of
interviewees and their immediate adult family members mostly had either no education or finished at
primary school, while the opposite is true for the younger generation who received a much better level
of education.

Education Level of Respondents

Primary

Secondary

Technical Diploma

Higher
(univ./institute)
None

Figure 8-47: Reported educational level among respondents

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Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 8-74
EMPLOYMENT
The employment profile also has been further enhanced by asking about the employment situation of
other family members, in addition to the employment data on interviewees themselves. Over a third
(35.5%) of the respondents defined themselves as a farmer, while 19.2% of the respondents defined
themselves as either a civil servant or employed within a business or trade (7.7%).
All of the respondents’ spouses were employed, with 55.3% stating farming as their primary
occupation. The questionnaires showed that 14.5% of the respondents were unemployed. This is a
significantly lower level of unemployment that was expected in the project area.
In addition, 30.8% of the interviewees gave their occupation as ‘Other’. Other occupations were
mentioned, which included a driver, daily labourer, student, etc.

Employment
Farmer
Pensioner
Unemployed
Civil Servant
Buisness/Trade
Other

Figure 8-48: Reported employment among respondents

ASSET OWNERSHIP

Most of the respondents have irregular and unpredictable income (derived mainly through agricultural
activities) and ownership of electronic goods in the interviewed households was low. Only 2.4%.
Whilst 80% of the surveyed respondents stated they owned a mobile phone, a much lower
percentage of respondents confirmed they owned other electrical items, with a television owned by
32.9%, a satellite dish by 28.2%, a radio by 22.4% and only 7.1% of the respondents had access to a
washing machine in their homes.
Furthermore, all of respondents stated that they didn’t have any access to the internet in their homes
or owned a refrigerator.
92.9% and 42.4% of the surveyed respondents are currently living in the houses or have land that
they cultivate, respectively. Furthermore, 62.4% owned goats or chickens, which demonstrates how
important animal husbandry is for supplementary income in the survey area.
All of the surveyed respondents did not own any form of personal transport (car or bike).
The survey asked respondents to list any areas of cultural heritage within the area. All of the
respondents stated that there were no areas of cultural significance located nearby. Respondents
were also asked the distance to the nearest cemetery from their home, this ranged from 0.5km to
3km, with an average of 1.28km.

HOUSEHOLD INCOME AND EXPENDITURES

Questions about people’s income and expenses are traditionally challenging and a high percentage of
people often opt out and chose not to answer such questions. In the case of this socio-economic
survey, the survey team made an effort to engage with people and explained at length why this data is
being collected. As a result all of the respondents agreed to share the details on their income. This is
a much better response rate than could have been expected in such a survey.
The majority of respondents (97.7%) indicated that they derive most of their income from farming/
agricultural activities or from formal employment (civil servant, business or daily labourer). In addition,
37.6% of interviewed households supplemented their income from other economic undertakings. The
alternative forms of income (separate from occupational/salaried employment) were reported by the

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Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 8-75
respondents who regularly source their income from one or more of these activities, as detailed in
Table 8-38 below. It must be noted that
Table 8-38: Details on Alternative Sources of Income

Alternative Source of Income Households receiving income from these

activities
Farming 3%
Chicken and Goats 11%
Rent of Property 6%
Social Security Benefits 2%
Money from Family Members 12%

Among the respondents, the average household income from all livelihood sources and obtained from
all working age family members totals to approximately 3,716 Birr/month (equivalent to $136/month,
Nov 2017 exchange rate). The estimated annual per capita/person household income data from the
World Bank (2016) shows that an average per capita annual income in Ethiopia is $660/person.
Assuming that there are two working persons in an average household (statistically, 4.8 people per
household in Ethiopia), the obtained income data is in line with the World Bank 2016 data.
When asked about their monthly expenditures, 88.2% of respondents indicated that they spend most
of their monthly income on food. Thus, most of the people cultivating land in the project area, will be
severely affected if their access to land is disrupted, leading to significant reduction of their income
and in most cases, future livelihood.
The next most important expenditures for the respondents appeared to be ‘other’, an answer given by
12.9% of respondents. All of the answers given as ‘other’ were relating to farming or fertiliser
expenses, which ranged from 400 to 2,000 Birr/month depending on the size of the cultivated plot.
Other expenditures included ‘utilities’ which was given by 1.2% of respondents and ‘housing’ which
was also given by 1.2% of respondents.

SOURCES OF FRESHWATER

It was reported that only 3.5% of the households obtain freshwater from the lorry that regularly makes
water deliveries. The main source of freshwater was identified as well water, with 48.2% of
households stating it as their main source, whilst 5.9% obtained freshwater from a water pump and a
further 42.4% reported that they attain freshwater through ‘other’ resources.

Sources of Freshwater
Lorry

Water
Pump
Well Water

Other

Figure 8-49: Sources of freshwater

HEALTH SITUATION
Only 2.4% of the respondents indicated that at least 1 member of their household has a disability or
an illness. The disabilities within the households were noted down in the questionnaires as blindness
and handicapped.
The respondents listed the following top diseases to have affected members of their household in the
past three years: malaria, typhoid, influenza and bacterial infections. It should be noted that
Tuberculosis was also recorded in 2 of the surveyed households.

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Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 8-76
The survey asked questions regarding recent deaths and births in families. 8% of the respondents
reported that there had been one birth in the household within the last year, whilst only one household
stated that 1 death had occurred within the last year. The cause of death was attributed to an
accident.

PROJECT EXPECTATIONS
Most of the respondents (80%) were aware of the Project, of which most (72%) of them have primarily
learnt about through a local authority announcement. Others respondents stated they learnt about the
Project through other sources of information, including, the media (6%), the local community (5%) and
a family member (1%). It should be mention that some respondents heard about the Project through
more than one source of information.
91% of the respondents had a positive attitude towards the Project. The positive opinions were largely
reported to be due to expectations related to an increase in the number of available jobs as well as
the Project contributing to the development of area and market for agricultural products.
Only 1% of respondents reported expecting some negative impacts from the Project, which was due
to the concern of displacing of farmers with little or no compensation. Other worries were noted
amongst respondents, including, environmental pollution, the expected influx of people, increased
chance of traffic accidents and one stating that there road is blocked and the compensation not being
enough.

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Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 8-77
9 IDENTIFICATION OF POTENTIAL
IMPACTS
The purpose of the ESIA process is to assess and investigate the identified potential impacts that are
most likely to be significant. This chapter includes physical, biological and social impacts associated
with the proposed project.
The information which is presented below is a consolidation of the identified impacts associated with
the proposed Amhara IAIP and RTC developments. These impacts have been sourced from various
specialist reports included within Appendix C, refer to Appendices C-1 to C-12 for the full reports.
The technical impact assessment ratings tables have been provided for all specialist studies within
Appendix D.

9.1 SOILS
The purpose of this section is to establish the extent to which agricultural soils will be removed from
the site as a result of the proposed Amhara IAIP and RTC site developments and to identify potential
cumulative risks to the identified soils and the level of associated mitigation measures that will be
needed. This was established by undertaking a fertility analysis of the soils sampled at the sites and
calculating the potential risks that the proposed development will pose to the soils, with and without
mitigation measures being put in place.
The description is based on primary data obtained from site investigations. Table 10-1 summarises
the impacts identified at both the Amhara IAIP and RTC sites as being significant in terms of soil, land
use and land capability. To view the full report with regards to potential impacts on soils within the
Amhara Region, refer to Appendix C-1.
Table 9-1: Potential Impacts on Soils in the Amhara Region

Impact Description Character Ease of Pre- Post-

number Mitigation mitigation mitigation
Rating Rating

CONSTRUCTION

1 Erosion Negative Low Major Moderate

Soil erosion is not a big
problem at the Amhara
IAIP site but the Vertic
topsoil of the RTC site
makes this a notable
impact.
2 Sedimentation Negative Low Major Moderate
Eroded soil particles may
end up in a nearby
watercourse as well as
the wetland system
which runs through the
IAIP site resulting in
sedimentation.
3 Loss of topsoil Negative High Moderate Negligible
Topsoil will be lost,
however lost topsoil can
be transferred to an

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Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 9-1
 Impact Description Character Ease of Pre- Post-
number Mitigation mitigation mitigation
Rating Rating
alternative area to
continue cultivation.
4 Compaction Negative Moderate Major Moderate
A change in the soils’
original structure due to
construction activities.
5 Change in surface profile Negative Nil Major Major
The surface profile of the
sites will be changed to
create a platform for the
agri-industrial zone
buildings.
6 Change in land use Negative Nil Major Major
The land will undergo
permanent changes as
the land use will change
from farming to an agri-
industrial zone.
7 Change in land capability Negative Nil Major Major
The proposed
development will
permanently alter the
land capability of the
site.
8 Dust creation Negative Moderate Moderate Minor
Bare surfaces and soil
stockpiles pose the risk
for high amounts of dust
creation.
9 Soil Contamination Negative Moderate Major Minor
Contamination of the
soils may occur due to
the large vehicles; on-
site pollutants’ contact
with the well-drained
soils will need to be
limited.

OPERATIONAL

1 Erosion Negative Low Moderate Minor

Soil erosion is not a big
problem at the Amhara
IAIP site but the Vertic
topsoil of the RTC site
makes this a notable
impact.
2 Sedimentation Negative Low Moderate Minor
Eroded soil particles may
end up in a nearby
watercourse as well as

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Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 9-2
 Impact Description Character Ease of Pre- Post-
number Mitigation mitigation mitigation
Rating Rating
the wetland system
which runs through the
IAIP site resulting in
sedimentation.
3 Compaction Negative Nil Major Major
Large amounts of
compaction occur during
this phase, resulting in
the soil structures to be
permanently changed
4 Dust creation Negative Moderate Moderate Minor
Bare surfaces and soil
stockpiles pose the risk
for high amounts of dust
creation.
5 Contamination Negative Moderate Moderate Minor
Contamination should be
prevented otherwise
well-drained after contact
with the pollutants; the
type of pollutants
released in this phase
differ to pollutants in
other phases

DECOMMISSIONING

1 Erosion Negative Low Major Moderate

Soil erosion is not a big
problem at the Amhara
IAIP site but the Vertic
topsoil of the RTC site
makes this a notable
impact.
2 Sedimentation Negative Low Major Moderate
Eroded soil particles may
end up in a nearby
watercourse as well as
the wetland system
which runs through the
IAIP site resulting in
sedimentation.
3 Dust creation Negative Moderate Moderate Minor
Bare surfaces and soil
stockpiles pose the risk
for high amounts of dust
creation.
4 Soil Contamination Negative Moderate Major Minor
Contamination of the
soils may occur due to
the large vehicles; on-
site pollutants’ contact

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Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 9-3
 Impact Description Character Ease of Pre- Post-
number Mitigation mitigation mitigation
Rating Rating
with the well-drained
soils will need to be
limited.

The soil impacts identified above can be suitably mitigated through the implementation of protection
strategies, refer to the Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) included in Chapter 11.
The residual impacts on the soil as a result of the development will include the following:
 Soil Erosion: Although mitigation is possible, excavation of soils is generally likely to lead to some
erosion.
 Sedimentation: A residual soil erosion impact will lead to a residual sedimentation impact as
eroded soil particles may enter the nearby watercourses as sediment.
 Compaction: All soils that have been compacted will have lost their original structure permanently.
 Change in surface profile: As the site will be levelled for the development, the land surface profile
will be permanently altered.
 Change in land use: As the soils will be excavated, compacted and possibly sterilised, the land
use will very likely change from arable permanently.
 Change in land capability: As the soils will be excavated, compacted and possibly sterilized, the
land capability will very likely change from arable permanently.
 Soil Contamination: Contaminated soil is expensive to rehabilitate and contamination entering the
soils of the Amhara sites may enter the surrounding water resources.
Mitigation measures can be very expensive and require appropriately-skilled personnel to be a part of
an impact mitigation team.

9.2 SURFACE WATER

This section of the report is to identify the potential risks associated with the surface water at the
proposed project site.
The storm water management plan developed by MACE was reviewed 7. The objective of the storm
water management plan review is to determine if the design appropriately manages the storm water
runoff according to applicable legislation highlighted below8.
 African Development Bank Group - Safeguards and sustainability series, Volume 2, Issue 1,
December 2015: Integrated Safeguards System (ADBG, 2015);
 UNOPS - Design Planning Manual, Version 1, 2014 (UNOPS, 2014);
 IFC World Bank Group - Environmental Health and Safety (EHS) Guidelines: General
Environmental Guidelines, 2007 (IFC, 2007);
 The water quality analysis was undertaken in accordance to the general liquid effluent quality with
regards to discharge to surface water within the IFC World Bank Guidelines (IFC, 2007). The
water quality monitoring programme was developed in accordance with the IFC World Bank
Group Guidelines (IFC, 2007).
The main issues and potential impacts associated with the proposed project were determined at a
desktop level, based on existing information, as well as from site investigations and specialist input.
The Amhara IAIP (Bure) drainage system has twelve discharge points. Clean water drains situated
along the northern boundary of the site directs clean water into the Yiser River. Most of the runoff
generated on the site is discharged to the surrounding environment. The northern section of the site

7 For a comprehensive list of drawings and document that were reviewed refer to the specialist report attached as
Appendix 9.2.
8 Please note that the sizing of storm water infrastructure was not considered as part of the review.

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Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 9-4
drains towards a summer storage tank where captured runoff water will be used within the operations
during the dry season. Any overflow of the summer storage tank will spill into the Yiser River. Runoff
water from the sewage treatment plant will be captured within the summer storage tank
The Amhara RTC (Motta) drainage system is a collection of drains that direct water to two discharge
points. No runoff water is captured on site and all runoff is discharged to the surrounding environment.
The area of concern within this storm water design is that runoff generated on the sewage treatment
plant is discharged to the surrounding environment.
Table 9-2 identifies the potential impacts on surface water and the significance of the impacts. To
view the full report with regards to potential impacts on soils within the Amhara Region, refer to
Appendix C-2.
Table 9-2: Potential Impacts on Surface Water in the Amhara Region

Impact Description Character Ease of Pre- Post-

number Mitigation mitigation mitigation
Rating Rating

CONSTRUCTION

1 Hydro-carbon contamination Negative Moderate Major Minor

from the earth-moving
machinery and vehicles
2 Sedimentation of the Negative Moderate Moderate Minor
Yasmila River and drainage
lines

OPERATIONAL

1 Altering the hydrological Negative Moderate Major Minor

regime- Change in Runoff
Volume
2 Altering the hydrological Negative High Moderate Minor
regime-Change in runoff
velocity

DECOMMISSIONING

1 Hydro-carbon contamination Negative Moderate Moderate Minor

from the earth-moving
machinery and vehicles
2 Sedimentation of the Negative Moderate Moderate Minor
Yasmila River and drainage
lines

The surface water impacts identified above can be suitably mitigated through the implementation of
protection strategies, refer to the Environmental and Social Management Plan included in
Chapter 11. Limited to none residual impacts on the surface water as a result of the development are
anticipated if the mitigation measures are implemented correctly.

9.3 GROUNDWATER
Based on primary data obtained, groundwater use in the vicinity of the Bure IAIP and Motta RTC is
relatively extensive. A total of nine groundwater points were identified at the IAIP Site and five
groundwater points at the RTC Site. Water levels in these wells were relatively shallow, with water
levels ranging from 0 mbgl to 8.27 mbgl.

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Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 9-5
The main source of potential groundwater contamination at both the IAIP and RTC sites is micro
biological contamination from faecal waste originating from septic tank and sewage system discharge,
infiltration of domestic waste and unlined pit latrines.
The potential impacts on the groundwater is presented in the table below. To view the full report with
regards to potential impacts on ground water within the Amhara Region, refer to Appendix C-3.
Table 9-3: Potential Impacts on Ground Water in the Amhara Region

Impact Description Character Ease of Pre- Post-

number Mitigation mitigation mitigation
Rating Rating

CONSTRUCTION

No construction phase impacts to the hydrogeological environment are expected

OPERATIONAL

1 Lowering of groundwater Negative High Moderate Minor

levels through abstraction
of groundwater for use at
the IAIP and RTC sites
2 Contamination of Negative Low Moderate Minor
groundwater resources
from contaminated
surface water runoff or
subsurface leakages from
underground chemical
storage and/or effluent
systems
3 Loss of recharge area for Negative None Moderate Moderate
the springs through
reduction of permeable
surface

DECOMMISSIONING

No decommissioning phase impacts to the hydrogeological environment are expected

Based on the findings of the impact assessment, it has been concluded that the development and
operation of the Amhara IAIP and RTC will have a minor impact on the receiving groundwater
environment. The groundwater impacts identified above can be suitably mitigated through the
implementation of protection strategies, refer to the ESMP included in Chapter 11.

9.4 WETLANDS
The Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) is an internationally-accepted approach to
sustainable Water Resource Management. It recognises the inter-relatedness and relationship
between watercourse level processes and components (resource quality characteristics). An activity
associated with the existing development can impact any of the resource ecosystem drivers (flow
regime, water quality, geomorphological) or responses (habitat, biota) and this will have a knock-on
effect on potentially all the other drivers and or responses. Therefore, when assessing an activity, the
impact that specific activity may have on all the resource quality characteristics is assessed. The
majority of activities will not only affect one characteristic due to their complex interrelatedness.
The potential direct and indirect impacts of the proposed development on the identified wetland
habitats are discussed below.
The proposed development will have a significant impact the wetland habitat within the site and
potentially the systems downstream of site. The majority of the potential impacts will occur during the

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Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 9-6
construction phase. The long-term impacts that are likely to occur relate to the onsite stormwater
management during the operational phase of the proposed development and pertain to the fragments
of wetland habitat remaining onsite but especially to the systems located immediately downstream of
the site boundary.
There is foreseen direct loss of wetland habitat (W1-3, & 1a-c) and biota relating to the construction
activities only; this is based on the assumption that the determined buffer will be demarcated as a ‘No-
Go’ area and adhered to during the operational phase. The Wetlands W1a-c will be completely lost
and the majority of W2. There is foreseen temporary intrusion into the wetland habitat area
(permanent zone of Wetland W1) designated to be retained within the footprint, for road construction,
however with appropriate rehabilitation this impact would not be significant. The loss of wetland
habitat will subsequently result in the loss of the goods and services currently provided by the wetland
systems. Although the design shows that the surface water flow is being directed from above the
system and discharged below the site, the natural flow regime is still being impacted upon. The flow
regime is considered as the variability in the discharge throughout the course of a year in response to
precipitation, temperature, evapotranspiration, and drainage basin characteristics.
The development of the IAIP will result in significant hardening of surfaces, reduced vegetation cover,
and the installation of drainage systems. This will direct water away from subsurface pathways to
overland flow into the stormwater drainage system. The difference in permeable area between the
undeveloped site and that of the proposed development may result in: the increase in flood frequency
and intensity, decrease infiltration, alter flow patterns, increase concentrated runoff (towards the
remaining wetland habitats and watercourses downstream from the site), potential erosion (i.e.
increase in flow velocity) and widening and deepening of channel banks within the site and
watercourses downstream from the site. The seasonal pattern of higher baseflows during wet
seasons may also not be retained. It is recognised that some level of permeability has been designed
for within the drain structures. Effective stormwater management would allow for the release of the
surface water runoff in a controlled manner, with minimal impact on the surrounding environment.
The quality of the surface water runoff from the proposed development may result in the degradation
of water quality within the wetland habitat and/or downstream of the site. The runoff, containing
hydrocarbons, from parking areas for example, is a potential contaminant source. Again an effective
stormwater management plan for the proposed development, including structures such as grease
traps, would mitigate against this impact.
Mitigation requires proactive planning that is enabled through a mitigation hierarchy. This is in line
with relevant requirements in the AfDB safeguards. Its application, is intended to strive to first avoid
disturbance of ecosystems and loss of biodiversity, and where this cannot be avoided altogether, to
minimise, rehabilitate, and then, as a last resort, compensate for and offset any remaining significant
residual negative impacts on biodiversity.
The implementation of this mitigation hierarchy is required to be shown as the complete removal of
the identified systems and compensation/offset (final step in hierarchy) of removed systems can only
occur once the avoid, minimise and rehabilitate steps have been considered and proved to be not
possible. Ideally 100% of the wetland systems would be maintained and incorporated into the detailed
designs of the IAIP (‘avoid’ in the mitigation hierarchy), however it is noted that this may not be
feasible due to social and economic factors and project viability criteria, however this cannot just be
stated, there must be evidence to support this.
As per the AfDB operational safeguard:
 ‘If projects are to be developed in natural habitats, or are to have potential adverse downstream
impacts on natural habitats, they include mitigation measures to achieve either net benefit or no
net loss of biodiversity. For example, ecological restoration of habitats, measures to reduce
fragmentation, and restoration of ecosystem functioning.
 Any disruption and interruption of surface and groundwater distribution and flows, which may
cause loss of supply to surrounding areas of wetland habitat’, requires mitigation in the form of a
‘water study conducted prior to activities, to inform design and avoid/reduce impacts to upstream/
downstream areas’ and ‘limit creation of sealed or compacted surfaces in the surrounding area as
much as possible, to maintain natural recharge of the water table.
 Any ‘loss, fragmentation and degradation of habitat, and severance of animal migration routes
and pathways requires careful site selection and siting of all project components, with advice from
biodiversity authorities/wildlife specialists’ and ‘wherever feasible, establishment of buffer zones

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Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 9-7
 around conservation areas, watercourses, and other locations identified as ecologically sensitive
and avoidance or minimisation of activity within these zones’. Additionally ‘rehabilitation of cleared
areas with native species, and ecosystem restoration in habitats of conservation value, using
specialist advice and input, backed up by a long-term monitoring programme and corrective
actions as necessary.’
The specific impacts outlined in Table 9-4, are overarching general impact categories that may result
as a consequence of the proposed development on the wetland systems. These are broad categories
that encapsulate the impacts that could potentially affect the functioning of a wetland system. To view
the full report with regards to potential wetland impacts within the Amhara Region, refer to
Appendix C-4
Table 9-4: The Potential Impacts on wetlands in the Amhara IAIP

Impact Receptor Character Ease of Pre- Post-

number Mitigation mitigation mitigation
Rating Rating

CONSTRUCTION

1 Direct loss/ degradation of Negative Low Major Moderate

natural wetland habitat &
biota (W1-3,6 &1a-c)
2 Hydrological functioning/ Negative Low Major Major
regime modifications (W1-
3,6 &1a-c)
3 Erosion and Sedimentation Negative Moderate Major Moderate
(All)
4 Water Quality (All) Negative Moderate Major Moderate

OPERATIONAL

1 Direct loss/ degradation of Negative High Major Minor

natural wetland habitat &
biota (W1, W3-5)
2 Hydrological functioning/ Negative High Moderate Minor
regime modifications (W1,
W4, W5)
3 Erosion and Sedimentation Negative Moderate Major Minor
(W1, W3-5)
4 Water Quality (W1, W3-5) Negative Moderate Moderate Minor

DECOMMISSIONING

1 Direct loss/ degradation of Negative High Major Negligible

natural wetland habitat &
biota (W1, W3-5)
2 Hydrological functioning/ Negative Moderate Moderate Moderate
regime modifications (W1,
W3-5)
3 Erosion and Sedimentation Negative Moderate Major Moderate
(W1, W3-5)

Based on the findings of the impact assessment, it has been concluded that the wetland impacts
identified above can be suitably mitigated through the implementation of protection strategies. Refer
to the ESMP included in Chapter 11 for details on the required mitigation measures to be
implemented.

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Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 9-8
9.5 AIR QUALITY
The purpose of the Air Quality Impact Assessment was to identify the potential impacts and associated
risks posed by the proposed IAIP site on the air quality of the area and make informed decisions on the
way forward in order to ensure that these risks do not result in unacceptable social or environmental
risk.
Table 9-5 below provides a breakdown of potential construction, operational and decommissioning
phase impacts on air quality and presents the associated ratings. To view the full report with regards to
potential impacts on air quality within the Amhara Region, refer to Appendix C-5.
Table 9-5: The Potential Impacts on Air Quality in the Amhara Region

Impact Receptor Character Ease of Pre- Post-

number Mitigation mitigation mitigation
Rating Rating

CONSTRUCTION

1 Residential Receptors Negative Moderate Moderate Minor

located within immediate
vicinity of site boundary
Increased particulate and
gaseous concentrations

2 Residential Receptors Negative Moderate Minor Negligible

beyond site boundary
Increased particulate and
gaseous concentrations

OPERATIONAL

1 Residential Receptors Negative Moderate Moderate Minor

within immediate vicinity of
site boundary
Increased particulate and
gaseous concentrations
2 Residential Receptors Negative Moderate Minor Negligible
beyond site boundary
Increased particulate and
gaseous concentrations

DECOMMISSIONING

1 Residential Receptors Negative Moderate Moderate Minor

within immediate vicinity of
site boundary
Increased particulate and
gaseous concentrations
2 Residential Receptors Negative Moderate Minor Negligible
beyond site boundary
Increased particulate and
gaseous concentrations

It should be noted that the below rating is based on a qualitative assessment of the potential impacts.
Further quantification of the potential impacts with dispersion modelling is recommended once

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Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 9-9
detailed source and emissions information is available to accurately assess the potential impacts
based on compliance/non-compliance with the applicable guidelines/standards.

9.6 CLIMATE CHANGE

Climate change will have key impacts on agriculture, livestock, water and human health in Ethiopia. In
particular, this will result in:
 Reduced yields and/or crop failure, reduced soil moisture availability; and increased
evapotranspiration and water stress;
 Increased incidence of pests and diseases, reduced feed and water sources, and increased
livestock mortality;
 Changing ranges of vector-borne diseases and increased risk from waterborne diseases;
 Reduced water quality and quantity, drying of wetlands and freshwater sources, disruption of
hydropower generation;
 Changing ranges of vector-borne diseases; and
 Increased risk from waterborne diseases.
Despite the challenges, Ethiopia hopes to capitalise on its current economic growth by becoming
more resilient to the impacts of climate change while developing its economy in a carbon neutral way
by transforming development planning, investments and outcomes.
The country’s Climate Resilient Green Economy Strategy (CRGE), which was published in 2011, sets
out this vision (International Institute for Environment and Development). It is viewed as an
opportunity to transform the country’s development model by leaping to modern energy-efficient
development trajectories.
Ethiopia is one of the few countries to have formally merged its aims of developing a green economy
and greater resilience to climate change under a single policy framework in support of its national
development objectives. While the government is still preparing its climate resilience objective, the
Green Economy component of the CRGE has already been developed (International Institute for
Environment and Development). It aims to develop Ethiopia’s green economy by:
 Improving crop and livestock production practices to improve food security and increase farmer’s
incomes while reducing emissions;
 Protecting and re-establishing forests for their economic and ecosystem services, including as
carbon stocks;
 Expanding electricity generation from renewable energy sources for domestic and regional
markets; and
 Advancing to modern and energy-efficient technologies in transport, industrial sectors, and
buildings.
Greenhouse gas emissions in Ethiopia increased by 86% from 1993 - 2011. Through the Intended
Nationally Determined Contribution, Ethiopia pledges to cap 2030 greenhouse gas emissions at
145 MtCO2e, a 64% reduction from projected business as usual emission levels in 2030. The pledge
includes greenhouse gas reductions from agriculture, forestry, industry, transport and buildings
sectors.
To view the full report with regards to potential impacts on climate change, refer to Appendix C-6.

9.7 NOISE
The current noise climate is typically rural, with various anthropogenic influences. The site currently
consists of farming activities which do not generate significant levels of noise, however, the site is
considered to fall within the Bure industrial area which is currently located directly north of the site.
Construction activities are currently taking place within the industrial area. Other sources of noise
include vehicles travelling along regional roads as well as the federal highway adjacent to the site on
the eastern boundary.

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Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 9-10
In terms of the construction phase, based on a worst-case cumulative sound power level of 116.3
dB(A) stemming from all anticipated construction equipment to be operational during the construction
phase (refer to Table 8-30, the resultant noise levels are anticipated to be highest closest to the
source and tapers off as distance from the source increases, as would be expected. Beyond 50 m
from the source, noise levels will reduce considerably, with noise levels at around 78 m from the
source dropping to below the industrial guideline rating level of 70 dB(A). From 438 m from the
construction activities, noise levels will decrease to below the residential guideline level of 55 dB(A).
Based on this worst-case assessment, there will be no resultant acoustic impacts on the surrounding
towns, which are all located greater than 1 km from the site. Neighbouring homesteads (up to 500 m
from the site boundary) will be directly impacted by construction activities, particularly when
construction occurs on the nearest site boundary to a receptor in question. Receptors further than
500 m from the IAIP site will be minimally impacted by construction activities and owing to the low
current background noise levels may experience slight increases in existing noise levels as a result of
the construction activities.
Noise impacts are much more discernible at night, due to the lower existing noise levels. It is
envisaged that the construction of the IAIP will only occur during the day-time hours and as such no
project-related acoustic impacts are anticipated at night.
In terms of the operation phase, based on a worst-case cumulative noise level of 107.6 dB(A)
stemming from activities at the meat processing unit (refer to Table 8-31), the resultant noise levels
are anticipated to be highest closest to the source and tapers off as distance from the source
increases, as would be expected. With noise levels at around 30 m from the source dropping to below
the industrial guideline rating level of 70 dB(A). From 160 m from the processing activities, noise
levels will decrease to below the residential guideline level of 55 dB(A). Noise impacts are much more
discernible at night, due to the lower existing noise levels. It is understood that the operation of the
IAIP will only occur during the day-time hours and as such no project-related acoustic impacts are
anticipated at night.
It must be noted that these calculations are based on the fact that the noise sources are all exposed
to the open air and not enclosed within a building. It is most likely that most units and processes will
be enclosed within buildings with particular reference to the boiler and meat processing units. Boilers
are generally enclosed within boiler houses. For hygiene purposes, any food processing facility will
also be enclosed. This will result in significantly lower noise levels experienced in the ambient
environment.
The table below identifies the potential impacts of noise levels which may be caused by the proposed
project, as well as the severity of the impacts associated with each phase of the project.
To view the full report with regards to potential impacts on noise levels within the Amhara Region,
refer to Appendix C-7.
Table 9-6: Potential Impacts of Noise in the Amhara Region

Impact Receptor Character Ease of Pre- Post-

number Mitigation mitigation mitigation
Rating Rating

CONSTRUCTION

1 Construction phase Negative Moderate Major Moderate

impacts of noise on
residential receptors
within 500 m of the site
boundary
2 Construction phase Negative Moderate Moderate Minor
impacts of noise on
residential receptors
beyond 500 m of the
site boundary

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Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 9-11
 Impact Receptor Character Ease of Pre- Post-
number Mitigation mitigation mitigation
Rating Rating

OPERATIONAL

1 Operational phase Negative Moderate Moderate Minor

impacts of noise on
residential receptors
within 200 m of the site
boundary
2 Operational phase Negative Moderate Minor Negligible
impacts of noise on
residential receptors
beyond 200 m of the
site boundary

DECOMMISSIONING

1 Decommissioning Negative Moderate Major Moderate

phase impacts of noise
on residential receptors
within 500 m of the site
boundary
2 Decommissioning Negative Moderate Moderate Minor
phase impacts of noise
on residential receptors
beyond 500 m of the
site boundary

The impact assessment has identified that the construction and decommissioning phases will
generate the most significant impacts, however these can be effectively managed through the
implementation of mitigation measures as identified in the ESMP (refer to Chapter 11).

9.8 TRANSPORT AND ACCESS

The expected produce through-put and related vehicle volumes for deliveries and distribution to and
from the IAIP and the RTC is not known. However, the interaction between community members
using these routes with the increased Project traffic from the construction phase onwards, may
increase the risk of traffic accidents.
A breakdown of potential construction phase, operational phase and decommissioning phase traffic
related impacts and ratings are provided in Table 9-7.
To view the full report with regards to potential impacts on transport and access within the Amhara
Region, refer to Appendix C-8.
Table 9-7: Potential Impacts on Transport and Access in the Amhara IAIP

Impact Receptor Character Ease of Pre- Post-

number Mitigation mitigation mitigation
Rating Rating

CONSTRUCTION

1 Increased Negative Low Minor Minor

vehicle/vehicle and
vehicle/NMT accident

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Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 9-12
 risks due to increased
traffic volumes.

OPERATIONAL

1 Increased Negative Low Moderate Minor

vehicle/vehicle and
vehicle/NMT accident
risks due to increased
traffic volumes.

DECOMMISSIONING

1 Reduced vehicle/vehicle Negative Low Minor Minor

and vehicle/NMT
accident risks due to
increased traffic
volumes.

The vehicle accesses to the IAIP and the RTC must be designed to the relevant National standards,
namely the Ethiopia Road Authority design standards.
It is recommended that a second vehicle and pedestrian access be provided to the IAIP via the
adjacent road network to the north-west of the site.
All parking provision is to be provided on-site, and parking on individual erven will be subject to the
Development Control Regulations of the sites. The parking provision will be in-line with the zoning of
each internal erf of the IAIP and RTC.
There are residential areas in the vicinity of the Bure IAIP. Public transport may still be required due to
the large number of workers that will be employed on the IAIP. The type and extent of the services
cannot be assess at this stage, and may have to be provided in incremental stage as the number of
workers on-site increases.
 A suitable public transport stop should be provided on-site, to ensure safety of passengers waiting
for transport.
 Due to the location of the site, non-motorised transport will be present along the federal highway
to the site.
 An additional NMT access should be provided off the roundabout located on the north-western
edge of the site. This will allow a shorter and more direct access to the site from the town, and
will also decrease NMT and public transport movements along the federal highway to the main
access.
The Motta RTC is located directly adjacent to residential areas of the town of Motta. Public transport
may therefore not be required to transport workers to the site.
 A suitable public transport stop should be provided on-site, to ensure safety of passengers waiting
for transport.
 Due to the location of the site directly adjacent to the town, non-motorised transport is present
along the access road and federal highway.
 It is recommended that NMT facilities (sidewalks) be provided along the access road between the
RTC and the federal highway.
The impact assessment has identified that the identified impacts can be effectively managed through
the implementation of mitigation measures as identified above and included within the ESMP (refer to
Chapter 11).

9.9 WASTE MANAGEMENT

In the Bure and Motta towns, there are no organised and advanced waste management systems such
as collection, transport and disposal; therefore identifying the risks associated with waste

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Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 9-13
management is necessary. Table 9-8 below highlights the risks at each phase of the proposed
project, by taking into account the current waste management programs at the IAIP site and RTC site.
Table 9-8: Potential Risks Associated with Waste Management in the Amhara Region

Impact Receptor Character Ease of Pre- Post-

number Mitigation mitigation mitigation
Rating Rating

CONSTRUCTION

1 Construction waste: Negative High Minor Minor

discarded or broken
bricks, packaging and
hazard demarcation tape
2 Hazardous waste Negative Moderate Moderate Minor
materials being
stockpiled on bare
ground presenting a
potential for
contamination of soils,
surface and ground
water.
3 Domestic waste such as Negative High Major Minor
food/meal debris,
packaging and sanitary
waste generated by
construction staff

OPERATIONAL

1 Overfull waste bins Negative High Major Minor

littering streets and
blockage of drainage
channels
2 Hazardous waste Negative Moderate Moderate Minor
materials being
stockpiled on bare
ground presenting a
potential for
contamination of soils,
surface and ground
water.

3 Any wastes being Negative High Major Negligible

ultimately disposed of at
a landfill will contribute
the volumes of waste and
hence the lifespan of the
landfill.

4 Where disposal occurs Negative Moderate Major Minor

within an unlined landfill
there is the potential for
leachate to develop and
drain into surface and
groundwater resources.

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Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 9-14
 Impact Receptor Character Ease of Pre- Post-
number Mitigation mitigation mitigation
Rating Rating

DECOMMISSIONING

1 Decommissioning waste: Negative High Major Minor

rubble, steel, glass,
packaging and hazard
demarcation tape
2 Hazardous waste Negative Moderate Major Minor
materials being
stockpiled on bare
ground presenting a
potential for
contamination of soils,
surface and ground
water.
3 Domestic waste such as Negative Moderate Moderate Minor
food/meal debris,
packaging and sanitary
waste generated by
construction staff

These impacts can be mitigated through proper management and control measures which are
contained within a Waste Management Plan. A Waste Management Plan (WMP) has been developed
for the Amhara IAIP and RTC sites. The WMP provides details on what waste management practices
should be applied within the facilities, how waste will be managed and what responsibilities fall to the
IPDC, Contractors and Enterprises. The WMP provides an order of preference for waste management
options in line with the waste hierarchy. This is an organic document that will need to be regularly
updated to include any changes that may occur in the science of waste management. Better waste
management reduces environmental pollution; diversion of waste from landfill decreases the need for
additional landfills; waste recovery, reuse and recycling reduce the consumption of natural resources,
likewise the minimisation of waste. The WMP is included in Appendix C-9

9.10 VISUAL
The proposed IAIP facility is situated in a rural area on the outskirts of Bure Town. The visual
absorption capacity is relatively good primarily due to the undulating nature of the topography. The
regular horizontal nature of the warehouses and compound wall are of a scale and size that is highly
congruent with the surround land uses to the north, the natural environment and agricultural activities.
In the context of the development level of Ethiopia, visual impacts arising from such mega projects are
considered by the local community receptors to be positive in general. This is because the IAIP/RTC
structures adds up to the overall modernization and development of the towns.
A breakdown of potential construction phase, operational phase and decommissioning phase visual
related impacts and ratings are provided in Table 9-7.
To view the full report with regards to potential visual impacts within the Amhara Region, refer to
Appendix C-10.
Table 9-9: Potential Visual Impacts in the Amhara IAIP

Impact Receptor Character Ease of Pre- Post-

number Mitigation mitigation mitigation
Rating Rating

CONSTRUCTION

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Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 9-15
 1 Construction equipment Negative Low Minor Minor
and dust
2 Site clearing Negative Low Minor Negligible
3 Physical impact on Negative Low Minor Negligible
landforms

OPERATIONAL

1 Intrusion on the sense Positive Not Moderate Moderate

of place and scenic applicable
landscape
Light Pollution Negative Low Moderate Minor
Roads and /or road Negative Low Minor Negligible
widening

DECOMMISSIONING

1 Construction equipment Negative Low Minor Negligible

and dust

The impact assessment has identified that the identified impacts can be effectively managed through
the implementation of mitigation measures identified within the ESMP (refer to Chapter 11).

9.11 BIODIVERSITY
The existing biodiversity components and associated key features which include typical flora and
fauna, protected areas and non-protected sensitive resources that are found inside and within the
vicinity of the project sites were identified in order to assess the potential impacts on the biodiversity
of the IAIP and RTC site associated with the proposed project. The baseline conditions within the
survey area have been determined through desk-based reviews of available information, field surveys
and consultations with concerned authorities.
Table 9-10 below indicates how the biodiversity within the Bure IAIP region may be impacted by the
proposed development.
To view the full report with regards to potential impacts on biodiversity within the Amhara Region,
refer to Appendix C-11.
Table 9-10: Potential Impacts on Biodiversity at the Bure in the Amhara Region

Impact Receptor Character Ease of Pre- Post-

number Mitigation mitigation mitigation
Rating Rating

CONSTRUCTION

1 Wetland Negative Moderate Major Minor

Loss/degradation of
wetland
2 Biodiversity Negative Moderate Minor Negligible
Loss/clearance of
vegetation
3 Biodiversity Negative Low Minor Negligible
Loss/clearance of
vegetation / scattered tree
stands

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Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 9-16
 Impact Receptor Character Ease of Pre- Post-
number Mitigation mitigation mitigation
Rating Rating

4 Biodiversity and habitat Negative Moderate Major Minor

Impact on the underneath
growth and shift on natural
water course caused by
the excavations,
stockpiling of excavation
soils, waste rubble and
excess materials
5 Habitat / wetland Negative Moderate Moderate Minor
Water quality deterioration
6 Habitat / wetland Negative High Moderate Minor
Lowering water table

OPERATIONAL

1 Wetland Negative Moderate Negligible Negligible

Loss/degradation of
wetland
2 Biodiversity Negative High Negligible Negligible
Loss/clearance of
vegetation
3 Biodiversity Positive Low Moderate Major
Revegetation of
indigenous plant species
in a buffer and greenery
area
4 Biodiversity and habitat Negative High Negligible Negligible
Impact on the underneath
growth and shift on natural
water course
5 Habitat / streams Negative Moderate Moderate Negligible
Water quality deterioration
/ Pollution
6 Habitat / wetland Negative Moderate Negligible Negligible
Lowering water table

DECOMMISSIONING

1 Wetland Negative Moderate Negligible Negligible

Loss/degradation of
wetland
2 Biodiversity Negative High Negligible Negligible
Loss/clearance of
vegetation
3 Biodiversity Positive Low Minor Major
Maintaining revegetated
indigenous plant species

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Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 9-17
 Impact Receptor Character Ease of Pre- Post-
number Mitigation mitigation mitigation
Rating Rating
in a buffer and greenery
area
4 Biodiversity and habitat Negative High Negligible Negligible
Impact on the underneath
growth and shift on natural
water course
5 Habitat / streams Negative Moderate Minor Negligible
Water quality deterioration
/ Pollution
6 Habitat / wetland Negative Moderate Negligible Negligible
Lowering water table

Table 9-11 below indicates how the biodiversity within the Motta RTC region may be impacted by the
proposed development.
Table 9-11: Potential Impacts on Biodiversity at the Motta RTC in the Amhara Region

Impact Receptor Character Ease of Pre- Post-

number Mitigation mitigation mitigation
Rating Rating

CONSTRUCTION

1 Wetland Negative Moderate Negligible Negligible

No wetlands has been
recorded in this proposed
project area
2 Biodiversity Negative Moderate Negligible Negligible
No natural vegetation has
been recorded in this
proposed project area
except weeds that
remained from farming
activity

OPERATIONAL

1 Wetland Negative Moderate Negligible Negligible

No wetlands has been
recorded in this proposed
project area
2 Biodiversity Negative High Negligible Negligible
No natural vegetation has
been recorded in this
proposed project area
except weeds that
remained from farming
activity
3 Biodiversity Positive Low Moderate Major
Revegetation of
indigenous plant species in
a greenery area

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Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 9-18
 Impact Receptor Character Ease of Pre- Post-
number Mitigation mitigation mitigation
Rating Rating

DECOMMISSIONING

1 Wetland Negative Moderate Negligible Negligible

Loss/degradation of
wetland- no wetland
habitat has been recorded
2 Biodiversity Negative High Negligible Negligible
Loss/clearance of
vegetation- No natural
vegetation has been
recorded
3 Biodiversity Positive Low Minor Major
Maintaining revegetated
indigenous plant species in
a buffer and greenery area

9.12 SOCIO-ECONOMIC
This section describes the potential impacts and consequences of interaction between the Project
activities and receptors. Where significance of the impacts is assessed as moderate to major,
mitigation measures, management and monitoring are proposed. The proposed mitigation and
management measures will be implemented at the Bure IAIP and Motta RTC sites and by their
contractors.
The identified impacts include effects associated with in-migration. Rather than assessing in-migration
separately, where in-migration is a contributing or driving factor for a particular impact, this is noted in
the sections below.
To view the full report with regards to potential socio-economic impacts within the Amhara Region,
refer to Appendix C-12.

9.12.1 EMPLOYMENT AND THE ECONOMY

Based on preliminary estimates, the construction stage of the Project will generate a range of new
jobs/employment opportunities during construction and new jobs during operation. The estimated
direct employment is presented in the table below based on the proposed phasing of the
development, see Table 9-12. Although these are preliminary estimates and caution needs to be
exercised when citing these numbers.
The construction stage of the Project will generate new jobs/employment opportunities during
construction, estimates on employment numbers were not provided within the MACE Feasibility
Report since the facility will be developed in a phased manner and therefore construction will happen
concurrently with operation. The MACE Feasibility Report presented direct and indirect employment
estimates, see Table 9-12 for the first five years. Following this, the facilities would be operational, as
such the number of people employed by the Project will decrease (the construction process lasting
approximately 5 years).
Table 9-12: Predicted Employment Numbers as a result of the operational phase IAIP and RTC in the
Amhara Region

Employment Type Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5

Direct employment 17,561 42,462 72,790 108,561 160,613

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Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 9-19
 Employment Type Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5

Indirect Employment 26,342 63,693 109,185 162,841 240,920

Source: MACE

In addition, the proposed Bure IAIP and Motta RTC sites will require goods and services throughout
their lifecycle. There are opportunities for local businesses to provide these goods and services (e.g.
catering for the workers camp, office-related supply opportunities and services such as cleaning, etc.).
As a result, existing local businesses may expand or new businesses may be established locally to
meet these demands – providing further employment opportunities. This is referred to as indirect
employment.
Although employment numbers are not available for the construction phase, it is reasonable to
assume that the number of people employed by the Project will decrease at the end of the
construction phase (the total phased construction process lasting approximately 15 years).

POTENTIAL IMPACT

The development will generate skilled and unskilled positions, with the number of unskilled positions
dropping substantially after the construction period. Given that most working age local people are
engaged in the agricultural farming activities, it is possible that the existing skills set among local
people of working age would not always be a perfect match for the direct employment opportunities
that will be created by the project.
Therefore, if the IPDC should consider organising training to create new skill set among local
residents and also capitalising on some skills that are transferrable from the agricultural farming
activities to the project in order to maximise local employment.

In terms of indirect employment, the realisation of opportunities will depend not only on the project,
but also on the initiative and business abilities of local entrepreneurs. Given the potential on a much
higher demand for new businesses in the region and the limited number of existing businesses, it is
anticipated that the number of opportunities to create business development opportunities and/or
indirect employment will be significant.

SIGNIFICANCE
The impacts on employment and economy that are likely to be triggered during the construction
stages of the project would be positive, direct, regional, long-term and of medium severity. The
probability of the impacts is considered to be high because the project is a significant and strategic
development in the area. The significance of these positive impacts on employment and economy is
therefore considered to be major and as a major positive impact does not need mitigation.
The operational impacts on economy and employment are also considered to be positive, direct,
regional, long-term and of low to medium severity (as the number of new jobs generated by the
project would tail off at the operation phase). The probability of the impacts occurring is considered to
be high. The significance of the impacts is considered to be moderate and as moderate positive
impact does not need mitigation.
For transparency purposes, the social impacts are presented in Appendix A of the Socio-economic
report (refer to Appendix C-12) in a series of self-explanatory tables which if needed, could be used
by the developer in their management reporting.

9.12.2 LAND ACQUISITION AND IMPACT ON LIVELIHOODS

The ESIA team conducted site observations and consultations with the affected people during the
construction stage of the Amhara IAIP Project, through both economic and physical displacement. It is
worth noting that although all land in Ethiopia belongs to the state, a number of individual farmers
either officially (through a land rental agreement) or unofficially (often, a verbal or no agreement), still
cultivate land and grow crops on the plots in the project area. The local authorities in Amhara started
the resettlement process a year ago.

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South West Amhara Region Page 9-20
The proposed Amhara Project, including the Bure IAIP and Motta RTC, will result in 369 individual
parties being affected by the proposed development, including:
 31 individuals whose residential properties will need to be moved (physical displacement),
 2 Government entities’ offices will also need to be moved (physical displacement),
 263 individuals whose by-product and main season crops are going to be lost due to land take by
the project (economic displacement),
 35 individuals whose eucalyptus trees will be affected (economic displacement),
 26 individuals whose high intensity/irrigated crops are going to be affected (economic
displacement), and
 3 individuals whose perennial crops will be affected (economic displacement).
 Additionally, 9 individuals were by mistake omitted by the local government officials from the
PAPs list and had been added to the list with full compensation for their affected crops (economic
displacement).
Further impact and mitigation for the resettlement process has been provided in a separate
Resettlement Action Plan (RAP).

POTENTIAL IMPACT
The land acquisition process that involves physical displacement will have a long term irreversible
negative impact on the agricultural activities of local farmers. Although such farmers could be
compensated for the lost crops (and residential buildings), they often lose at least one or two
harvests while looking for an alternative plot which is not guaranteed to be of the same quality and
size. This situation could have a long term impact on the entire household’s livelihood and food
security.

SIGNIFICANCE

The impacts on livelihood that are likely to be triggered during the construction and operation stages
of the project would be negative, direct, local, long-term (15 years of concurrent construction and
operation in total) and of medium severity (mainly due to the fact that some of the affected people
received alternative plots and others are currently in the process of finding one). The probability of the
impacts is considered to be high (the government already started the resettlement process a year
ago). The significance of this negative impact on project affected people’s (PAPs) livelihood is
therefore considered to be major negative and will require mitigation.
Although the PAPs will receive compensation, further best international practice mitigation measures
will be suggested in a separate Amhara RAP.

9.12.3 COMMUNITY HEALTH

Although it is currently unknown the total number of workers that will be employed during construction,
there will be potential for the workforce to introduce and/or increase the rate of spread of
communicable diseases in the project area. This includes the introduction of a new disease and/or a
more virulent strain of an existing disease.
However, the workforce is not the only factor that may contribute to the transmission of communicable
diseases. The project is also likely to result in in-migration (from other parts of Ethiopia). Similar to the
workforce, there is potential for in-migration to introduce and increase the rate of spread of
communicable diseases in the Project area (including sexually transmitted diseases/STDs).
There are a number of diseases that are already prevalent in the project area, which is contributing to
the current rates of morbidity and mortality. This includes malaria, typhoid (communicable disease)
and influenza (communicable disease) which during the household survey in the project area have
been identified as a key contributor in the local communities’ rates of morbidity.
Similarly to the community health impacts during the construction stage, there is potential for the
workforce to introduce and/or increase the rate of spread of communicable diseases in the project
area during operation. This includes the introduction of a new disease and/or a more virulent strain of
an existing disease.

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Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 9-21
The transmission of communicable diseases in the project area during construction and operation can
be exacerbated by a number of factors. Health care facilities are limited in the project area. Therefore,
the capacity (e.g. availability of diagnostic equipment, availability of medicine) to respond to an
increase in the transmission of communicable diseases could be limited.

POTENTIAL IMPACT
An increase in the transmission of communicable diseases may occur as the result of the introduction
of workers into the area. In terms of communicable diseases and in addition to the existing prevalence
of the malaria rates in the project area, of particular note and concern could be: tuberculosis and
HIV/AIDS (mainly through drug abuse/blood transfusions/sexual relationship, etc.).
If left untreated communicable diseases can lead to long-term health issues and therefore the impact
can be characterised as being long-term and in some instances permanent.
There is a new hospital located in Bure and a clinic centre adjacent to the proposed IAIP facility,
however these existing local health care facilities do not have sufficient capacity to respond to an
increase in the transmission of communicable diseases, potentially leaving the local residents
vulnerable.

SIGNIFICANCE
The impact on community health that is likely to be triggered during the construction stage of the
project would be negative, direct, local, long-term and of low severity (primarily due to low
population density). The probability of the impacts is considered to be medium. The significance of
this negative impact on community health is therefore considered to be moderate and requires
mitigation.
The operational impact on community health is also considered to be negative, direct, local, long-
term and of low severity (as the number of workers and associated in-migration would drop during
the operation phase). The probability of the impacts occurring is considered to be medium. The
significance of the impacts is considered to be moderate and requires mitigation.

9.12.4 COMMUNITY SAFETY AND SECURITY

There are a number of safety related issues that are likely to arise during the construction stage of
the project. These include:
 Traffic accidents - given the relatively low level of current road use and the fact that the project will
have separate and secure/fenced off access roads, this is unlikely to occur. Instead, the key issue
is likely to be the potential for an increase in accidents or incidents (particularly during
construction), which can lead to injuries and/ or fatalities;
 The presence of new infrastructure. There are often safety issues with the establishment of new
infrastructure – for example, community members interacting with unsecured equipment. This can
lead to onsite accidents and injuries; and
 The management of hazardous materials and waste. There are a number of Project activities that
will generate hazardous waste or perishable waste that if not being properly managed, could
contribute to spread of infectious and other diseases.
The Project will increase the number of vehicles on roads through the transport of workers, goods,
materials and machinery to and from the project site during construction. With an increase in vehicles,
particularly heavy haulage vehicles, comes the increased potential for accidents and injuries to occur.
In addition, the Project will require security. Security personnel will be employed during construction
and operation.

POTENTIAL IMPACTS

Impacts on community safety (e.g. possibility of accidents) and security (e.g. incidence of crime) can
result from an increase in traffic and in-migration in the project area, the establishment of onsite
infrastructure and the management of hazardous materials.

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Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 9-22
SIGNIFICANCE

The impact on community safety and security that is likely to be triggered during the construction
stage of the project would be negative, direct, local, long-term and of low severity (primarily due to
low population density). The probability of the impacts is considered to be low mainly due to robust
management plans that will be implemented by the IPDC.
The operational impact on community health is also considered to be negative, direct, local, long-
term and of low severity (as the number of workers and associated in-migration would drop during
the operation phase). The probability of the impacts occurring is considered to be low.
Due to the existing management measures, the local extent and significance of the potential impact,
the overall impact is assessed as minor negative during construction and operation and requires
mitigation.

9.12.5 ENVIRONMENTAL EMISSIONS

The construction activities will generate:
 Noise, which can result from a variety of onsite civil works activities (e.g. construction of
infrastructure, reversing sensors on large vehicles);
 Vibration, which may result from construction activities; and
 Dust, which can be generated through site grading, driving on dry, dusty and dirty roads. This can
impact the surrounding air quality, disrupting the amenity value of an area and potentially
impacting community health (e.g. further aggravating respiratory illnesses).
 The noise levels at receptors close to the site (within 500 m of the site boundary) will exceed the
IFC residential day-time noise guideline. Any receptors beyond 500m are expected to be below
the guideline. The construction activities will not occur at night.
During the operation activities the levels of noise and vibration are expected to reduce. Operational
noise levels are expected to meet the residential guideline at all receptors beyond 200 m from the
site.

POTENTIAL IMPACTS

In terms of noise, a detailed noise impacts assessment has been completed and should be referred
to. Increase in dust levels could generate impacts on local residents and the appropriate management
measures will be put in place by subcontractors.

SIGNIFICANCE
The off-site construction noise impacts identified would be negative, direct, local, short-term and of
low to medium severity. Given the variable nature of the construction activities and worst-case
assumptions adopted, the probability of the impacts occurring is medium (i.e. there is a fair chance
the impacts would be lower than predicted). The significance of the impacts is therefore considered to
be moderate.
The off-site operational noise impacts identified would be negative, direct, local, and long-term in
consideration of the baseline noise environment, the predicted levels are expected to be above the
applicable guideline criteria, and the impact severity is therefore considered medium. Given the
dependence on weather conditions and the worst-case assumptions adopted, the probability of the
impacts occurring is medium (i.e. there is a fair chance the impacts would typically be lower than
predicted). The significance of the impacts is therefore considered to be moderate.

9.12.6 COMMUNITY INFRASTRUCTURE AND SERVICES

The construction period will be phased with operation commencing while construction continues, this
is expected to last 15 years until construction phases are completed entirely. The majority of
construction workers will be from outside the area (as well as the influx associated with in-migration).
An increase in population in the wider Amhara Region (due to employment opportunities and in-
migration during construction) is likely to place additional pressure on existing infrastructure and

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Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 9-23
services (e.g. healthcare). This often results in a reduction in capacity of existing infrastructure and
services to meet the needs of the local residents (as well as the additional population added by the
Project); leading to diminished quality of services as well as reduced access to the existing
infrastructure.
However, during construction the workforce will be accommodated at camps and it is assumed that
sub-contractors will provide a range of on-site amenities inside the camps. This will, to some extent
minimise the need for the workforce to use (or rely on) local infrastructure, i.e. minimising the pressure
that may be experienced by community infrastructure and services. It is anticipated that at the
conclusion of the construction phase, the workers brought in from outside the area will leave.
In terms of the operation phase, it is anticipated that new direct and indirect jobs will be generated by
the operational activities. Given the duration of the project, it is anticipated that the operational
workforce will relocate to the region, potentially bringing their families with them which could place
some additional pressure on the local infrastructure. However given the nature of the project, it has
the potential to attract new and private investments in improved infrastructure, and assuming that
some workers will be sourced from the local area, it is anticipated that this additional pressure can be
accommodated.

POTENTIAL IMPACTS

During both the construction and operation phase, the project may place additional pressure on
existing healthcare facilities, for instance, should a worker become sick or an incident on site resulting
in an injury occur. However, there is limited capacity for the existing healthcare facilities to respond to
this demand (due to the limited number of health care workers, number of existing hospitals and
diagnostic equipment). For this reason, if healthcare is required, workers will likely need to use a
medical point located within their workers’ camp or other medical facilities located in Amhara Region.
A Community Health Management Plan will help reduce any pressure that may be placed on local
health care facilities.
In terms of the construction phase, the road infrastructure may be affected by increased traffic,
however, this impact is expected to be local in terms of the extent and occur over a short period of
time.
The above impacts may be greater depending on the degree of in-migration that occurs. This will
need to be monitored closely – and the impact revisited if this become an issue.

SIGNIFICANCE

The potential strain on existing infrastructure (roads & infrastructure wear and tear, and reduced
ability of local clinic to cope with the increased number of patients) would be negative, direct, local,
temporary and of low to medium severity. Given the variable nature of the potential transportation
activities (both timing-wise and with regards to precise identification of the roads that will be used
most) and difficulty to predict the extent and the number of medical cases that would require medical
facilities, worst-case assumptions were adopted. As such, the probability of the impacts occurring is
medium. The significance of the impacts is therefore considered to be moderate.
The potential strain on existing infrastructure (congested and/or closed roads, infrastructure wear and
tear, and reduced ability of local clinic to cope with the increased number of patients) would recede
when the project moves into the operational stage. As such, the impact severity is therefore
considered very low and the probability of the impacts occurring is medium. The significance of the
impacts is therefore considered to be minor.

9.12.7 OBSTRUCTION OF EXISTING ACCESS ROUTES

Development of the IAIP and RTC sites includes the establishment of a boundary wall to secure the
facilities. Due to the size of the proposed facilities the boundary walls will extend over a long distance.
In both Bure and Motta it has been identified that the IAIP and RTC developments, and associated
boundary walls of the sites, cross main access routes used by local communities. The IAIP site cuts-
off access of communities residing to the south of the Park from gaining access to Bure town. While
the RTC site cuts off an existing road utilised by local communities located to the east of the site to
access Motta.

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Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 9-24
POTENTIAL IMPACTS

Obstruction of the access routes will result in affected communities either not being able to access to
services in the town or alternatively have to travel further distances through agricultural fields and
undeveloped areas. This will potentially result in long delays and disruptions to the daily lives of the
affected communities. Furthermore, the movement of peoples and animals through agricultural fields
will result in damage to farmer’s crops.
If the construction of the developments is not properly managed it could result in impacts on the
natural environment due to poor construction practices.

SIGNIFICANCE
During the construction phase the potential disruption to the local communities would be negative,
direct, local, short to long-term and of medium to high severity. The extent of disruption at the
IAIP and RTC site varies with access along the existing road at the IAIP being maintained during
construction of the boundary wall while at the RTC site the construction activities have resulted in the
obstruction of the access road. Given the variable nature of the disruption activities at the two sites
and resulting distances to be travelled by affected parties, worst-case assumptions were adopted. The
probability of the impacts occurring is considered high. The significance of the impacts is therefore
considered to be Major.
During the operation phase the potential disruption to the local communities would be negative,
direct, local, long-term and of high severity. The probability of the impacts occurring is considered
high. The significance of the impacts is therefore considered to be major.

9.12.8 SUMMARY OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACTS

Development of the proposed project has the potential to result in significant socio-economic impacts.
Table 9-13 provides a breakdown of the identified potential construction phase, operational phase
and decommissioning phase socio-economic related impacts and ratings.
To view the full report with regards to potential impacts on socio-economics within the Amhara
Region, refer to Appendix C-12.
Table 9-13: Potential Impacts on the Socio-Economic Sector in the Amhara Region

Impact Receptor Character Ease of Pre- Post-

number Mitigation mitigation mitigation
Rating Rating

CONSTRUCTION

1 Employment and Positive Not Major Major

Economy Applicable
An increase in
employment opportunities
and demand for goods and
services are positive. The
impact is long-term
because it occurs during
the construction phase
which will last for an
estimated 15 year period.
The Project will provide
employment opportunities
for the wider Amhara
region; therefore, the
impact is regional.
2 Land Acquisition Negative Moderate Major Moderate

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Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 9-25
 Impact Receptor Character Ease of Pre- Post-
number Mitigation mitigation mitigation
Rating Rating
Loss of access to
agricultural land plots and
in some cases, loss of
residential buildings and
other assets (crops). The
impact is long-term
because the effect will be
long-lasting. The Project
will impact local farmers,
where some of them
received compensation
and moved on to other
areas, but others have
stayed because they did
not want to lose their
harvest - as they had no
information when the site
clearing activities will start.
3 Community Health Negative Moderate Moderate Moderate
Potential for the workforce
to introduce and/or
increase the rate of spread
of communicable diseases
in the project area. The
project is also likely to
result in in-migration (from
other parts of Ethiopia).
Similar to the workforce,
there is potential for in-
migration to introduce and
increase the rate of spread
of communicable diseases
in the Project area
(including sexually
transmitted
diseases/STDs).
4 Community Safety and Negative Moderate Minor Minor
Security
Potential safety and
security risks in the local
area. The impact is long-
term due to 15 year
construction period. The
impact is limited to local
settlements. The impact
likely occurs during the
construction phase with
the rare frequency. The
impact is limited to local
settlements. Short-term
impacts at relatively
regular intervals during the
construction phase.

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Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 9-26
 Impact Receptor Character Ease of Pre- Post-
number Mitigation mitigation mitigation
Rating Rating

5 Environmental Negative Moderate Moderate Minor

Emissions
Noise, which can result
from a variety of onsite
civil works activities (e.g.
construction of
infrastructure, reversing
sensors on large vehicles);
Vibration, which may result
from construction
activities; and dust, which
can be generated through
site grading, driving on
dry, dusty and dirty roads.
This can impact the
surrounding air quality,
disrupting the amenity
value of an area and
potentially impacting
community health (e.g.
further aggravating
respiratory illnesses).
6 Community Negative High Major Moderate
Infrastructure and
Services
Potential strain,
congestion, and wear and
tear for roads and strain
on medical facilities in the
local area. The impact is
limited to local
settlements. Temporary
impacts are expected at
irregular intervals during
the construction phase.
This would happen due to
workers influx.
7 Obstruction of existing Negative High Major Minor
access routes.
Development of the site
and associated
infrastructure may result in
the obstruction of existing
access routes utilised by
the local communities to
access services such as
schools, medical facilities
and markets.

OPERATIONAL

1 Employment and Positive Not Moderate Moderate

Economy Applicable

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Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 9-27
 Impact Receptor Character Ease of Pre- Post-
number Mitigation mitigation mitigation
Rating Rating
An increase in
employment opportunities
and demand for goods and
services are positive. The
impact is long-term
because it occurs during
the operation phase. The
Project will provide
employment opportunities
for the wider Amhara
region; therefore, the
impact is regional.
2 Livelihood/Sources of Negative High Major Minor
Income
Loss of access to
agricultural land plots and
in some cases, loss of
residential buildings and
other assets (crops). The
impact is long-term
because the effect will be
long-lasting. The Project
will impact local farmers,
where some of them
received compensation
and moved on to other
areas, but others have
stayed because they did
not want to lose their
harvest - as they had no
information when the site
clearing activities will start.
3 Community Health Negative Low Moderate Minor
There is potential for the
workforce to introduce
and/or increase the rate of
spread of communicable
diseases in the project
area during operation. This
includes the introduction of
a new disease and/or a
more virulent strain of an
existing disease. The
impact is long-term
because if diseases are
untreated the impact could
be long-lasting.
4 Pressure on existing Negative High Moderate Minor
services
The transmission of
communicable diseases in
the project area during
operation can be
exacerbated by a number

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Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 9-28
 Impact Receptor Character Ease of Pre- Post-
number Mitigation mitigation mitigation
Rating Rating
of factors. Health care
facilities are limited in the
project area. Therefore,
the capacity (e.g.
availability of diagnostic
equipment, availability of
medicine) to respond to an
increase in the
transmission of
communicable diseases
could be limited.
5 Community Safety and Negative Moderate Minor Minor
Security
Potential safety and
security risks in the local
area. The impact is long-
term due to 15 year
construction period. The
impact is limited to local
settlements. The impact
likely occurs during the
operational phase with the
rare frequency.
6 Environmental Negative Moderate Moderate Minor
Emissions
The impact is limited to
local settlements. Short-
term impacts with the rare
frequency during the
operation phase. During
the operation activities the
levels of noise and
vibration are expected to
reduce. Operational noise
levels are expected to
meet the residential
guideline at all receptors
beyond 200 m from the
site.

7 Community Negative High Minor Minor

Infrastructure and
Services
Potential strain,
congestion, and wear and
tear for roads and strain
on medical facilities in the
local area. The impact is
limited to local
settlements. Temporary
impacts are expected at
irregular intervals during
the construction phase.

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Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 9-29
 Impact Receptor Character Ease of Pre- Post-
number Mitigation mitigation mitigation
Rating Rating

8 Obstruction of existing Negative High Major Minor

access routes.
Development of the site
and associated
infrastructure may result in
the obstruction of existing
access routes utilised by
the local communities to
access services such as
schools, medical facilities
and markets.

DECOMMISSIONING

1 Employment Negative Moderate Major Moderate

The impact is long-term
because after
decommissioning the
permanent operation
employment opportunities
will be lost .It is expected
that some training/
retrenchment will be
provided prior during the
decommissioning stage
and thus people will be
able to find other jobs The
Project will provide
employment opportunities
for the wider Amhara
region; therefore, the
impact is regional.

From the table it is clear that land acquisition caused by the project will have a major negative impact
on the affected farmers, both during construction and operation phases. As a result of the land
acquisition process commencing prior to an international consultant’s involvement there is the potential
that not all historical land acquisition activities carried by the local authorities, comply with the AfDB
OS2 principals, although they are compliant with the national land acquisition regulations. This and
other issues will be covered in detail in a separate Amhara RAP.
Based on the information collected during the field visit, consultation sessions and site observations
the existing infrastructure and particular medical facilities are deemed inadequate even for the existing
population of the area. As a result it is highly likely that the existing facilities and infrastructure in the
project area will not be able to cope with the increased demand for services during the construction
stage in particular.

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Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 9-30
10 CUMULATIVE IMPACTS
The ESIA should investigate potential cumulative impacts that could occur as a result of the proposed
development. This chapter includes physical, biological and social cumulative impacts associated with
the proposed project.
The information which is presented below is a consolidation of the identified impacts associated with
the proposed Amhara IAIP and RTC. These impacts have been sourced from various specialist
reports, refer to Appendix C for the full specialist reports. This chapter considers the cumulative
effects that could arise from a combination of the Amhara IAIP and RTC project effects. In addition,
consideration has been given to the project impacts in combination with those of other existing or
planned developments in the surrounding area. The cumulative impact assessment includes
consideration of other developments which might take place as a consequence of the project, e.g. to
provide access, power or water supplies, sewage treatment or waste disposal, or to house or provide
jobs for people attracted to the area by the project.

10.1 SOILS
The purpose of this section is to identify the likely project cumulative effects. The description is based
on primary data obtained from site investigations. Table 10-1 summarises the impacts identified at
both the Amhara IAIP and RTC sites as being significant in terms of soil, land use and land capability.
To view the full report with regards to potential impacts on soils within the Amhara Region, refer to
Appendix C.
Table 10-1: Potential Cumulative Impacts on Soils in the Amhara Region

Impact Description of Impact Stage Ease of Pre- Post-

number Mitigation mitigation mitigation
Rating Rating

1 Erosion Negative Low Major Major

Eroded areas will
continue to spread,
unless stopped, resulting
in a cumulative negative
effect on the site’s
identified soils resulting
in large scale losses of
valuable topsoil and
erosion gullies forming.

2 Sedimentation Negative Low Major Major

Eroded soil particles may
end up in a nearby
watercourse, which runs
through the IAIP site, as
sedimentation

3 Loss of topsoil Negative High Moderate Moderate

Topsoil will be lost,
however lost topsoil can
be transferred to an
alternative area to
continue cultivation; there
is limited topsoil at the
IAIP site

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Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 10-1
 Impact Description of Impact Stage Ease of Pre- Post-
number Mitigation mitigation mitigation
Rating Rating

4 Compaction Negative Low Moderate Minor

Soil compaction results in
the change of the original
structure

5 Change in surface profile Negative Nil Minor Minor

The surface profile of the
sites will be changes to
create platform for the
agri-industrial zone
buildings

6 Change in land use Negative Nil Moderate Moderate

The land will undergo
permanent changes as
the land use will change
from farming to an agri-
industrial zone

7 Change in land capability Negative Nil Moderate Moderate

The proposed
development will
permanently alter the
lands capability

8 Dust creation Negative Moderate Moderate Minor

If bare surfaces and soil
stockpiles are not
watered and vegetated,
there will be high
amounts of dust creation

9 Contamination Negative Low Major Minor

Contamination occurs
due to the large vehicles
on site; this should be
prevented otherwise well-
drained after contact with
the pollutants to
decrease chances of
contaminating water
resources

The most significant cumulative impacts relate to soil erosion and sedimentation, eroded areas will
spread until measures are put in place to stop the erosion. As erosion is a risk at these sites and they
are close to watercourses (and watercourses run through the IAIP site), so is sedimentation. As
erosion will have a cumulative effect, so will sedimentation.

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Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 10-2
10.2 SURFACE WATER
This section of the report is to identify the potential risks associated with the surface water at the
proposed project site. There is no permanent flowing surface water resource on the site. The Yasmila
River, runs to the west of the IAIP site, flowing from Bure Town. This has a wide, large channel which
is heavily affected by erosion. There are an additional two drainage lines which cross the site, both
are seasonal water courses flowing in the heavy rainy season only. For the remainder of the year
these drainage lines remain wetland areas in their northern reaches due to springs which daylight just
north of the IAIP northern compound wall.
The table below identifies the potential impacts on surface water and the significance of the impact.
To view the full report with regards to potential impacts on surface water within the Amhara Region,
refer to Appendix C-2.
Table 10-2: Potential Cumulative Impacts on Surface Water in the Amhara Region

Impact Description of Impact Stage Ease of Pre- Post-

number Mitigation mitigation mitigation
Rating Rating

1 Altering the hydrological Negative Moderate Major Minor

regime of the Yasmila
River and drainage lines.

The primary cumulative impact of concern relates to the potential for negative impacts to occur on the
Yasmila River and drainage lines. The primary mitigation measures to implement in order to minimise
this impact include keeping hard standing areas to a minimum. The implementation of the requirement
set within Article 5(15) of the Industrial Parks Council of Ministers Regulation No 417/2017 will ensure
that 25% of each of the development plots within the IAIP remain undeveloped. For the remaining
75% of the site that is developed the Enterprises should be required to make use of permeable
paving. All pavements and car parks in communal areas will be built with the use of permeable
paving. Finally, where surface water exists the site, energy dissipators should be incorporated in order
to ensure erosion does not occur.

10.3 GROUNDWATER
Based on primary data obtained, groundwater use in the vicinity of the Bure IAIP site is extensive. The
majority of the town’s water supply is sourced from boreholes in and around the town. Two of the
Town’s water supply boreholes are located within relatively close proximity to the IAIP Project Site
(approximately 1.2km and 1.3km respectively). Private groundwater use around the IAIP site is
prolific, with five shallow hand dug wells and two springs being identified in the area. Water levels in
these wells were relatively shallow, with water levels ranging from 0mbgl to 8.27mbgl.
Groundwater use in Mota Town is also extensive, with the majority of the town’s water supply coming
from boreholes in and around the town. One deep groundwater borehole was identified approximately
850m north east of the RTC Site. The groundwater level in this borehole was 13.30 mbgl. Private
groundwater use around the IAIP site is prolific, with four shallow hand dug wells being identified in
the area.
It is possible that activities at the IAIP site will lower the groundwater levels through abstraction of
groundwater for use at the IAIP and RTC. The potential cumulative impacts on the groundwater is
presented in the Table 10-1 below. To view the full report with regards to potential impacts on ground
water within the Amhara Region, refer to Appendix C-3.

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Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 10-3
Table 10-3: Potential Cumulative Impacts on Ground Water in the Amhara Region

Impact Description of Impact Stage Ease of Pre- Post-

number Mitigation mitigation mitigation
Rating Rating

1 Contamination of Negative Low Moderate Minor

groundwater resources
from contaminated
surface water runoff or
subsurface leakages from
underground chemical
storage and/or effluent
systems

In order to minimise this impact, the IPDC is required to contain and treat surface water runoff in order
to prevent it entering the groundwater environment. The IPDC must continually monitor groundwater
quality in the vicinity of the site in order to quickly identify if contamination has occured. Based on the
findings of the impact assessment, it is concluded that the development and operation of the Amhara
IAIP and RTC will have a minor impact on the receiving groundwater environment.

10.4 WETLANDS
The purpose of this section is to identify the likely project cumulative effects. The site spans across
three (3) micro-catchments, with two drainage lines falling within the site boundary. These drainage
lines contain both permanent and seasonal wetland habitats. There are riverine wetland systems
located within the valley-bottom areas of the catchments. Additionally there are seasonal hygrophilous
grasslands located on the slope of the catchments leading towards these valley-bottom systems. The
RTC site showed no signs of wetland habitat within its boundary.
The Amhara IAIP site has a perennial river running along the western boundary of the site, with the
RTC site having an eroded drainage line running along the southern boundary of the site.
According to Dixon and Wood (2003) wetlands in Ethiopia are often perceived as impediments to
development and progress or as productive lands suitable for agriculture. The Ethiopian government
encouraged farmers to cultivate wetlands to compensate for more drought-induced food shortages.
The Rural Agricultural Development Department also developed its own programmes for draining
some larger wetlands for agriculture (Wood, 2000). In southwest Ethiopia, for example, the area of
wetlands converted to agricultural land increased from 28% in 2003 to 66% in 2006 (Legesse, 2007).
Similarly, a number of microfinance initiative groups were established in several towns to cultivate
peri-urban wetlands and produce bricks from wetland material. Consequently, several wetlands in
Ethiopia, either disappeared or are on the verge of drying out (Shewaye, 2008), while others rapidly
decline in water quality (Mereta et al., 2012).
In addition, the wetlands have been considered as wastelands and seen as nuisance to human
development (Dixon and Wood 2003; Bezabih and Mosissa 2017). This view has led to considerable
conversion of wetlands, which has usually been seen as a progressive public-spirited endeavor
believed to enhance the health and welfare of society, alleviate flooding, improve sanitation and land
reclamation. Moreover, the underlying causes of wetland loss are that they are assumed to be less
important than other priorities or tend to be regarded as free goods (Bezabih and Mosissa 2017).
This continued conversion or degradation of individual wetland systems has resulted in a cumulative
loss of wetland habitat at the landscape level within Ethiopia. The majority of the cumulative
hydrological impacts manifest downstream due to altered stream flow processes, e.g. the loss of a
wetland upstream which provided a function of streamflow regulation will result in water input into a
downstream system containing higher volumes and velocity and therefore a higher erosive force. This
will result in the erosion and potential loss of the downstream wetland, which then potentially will
result in the wetland system further downstream being impacted and so forth (Johnston, 1994).
Table 10-4 summarises the impacts identified at both the Amhara IAIP and RTC sites as being
significant in terms of wetlands. To view the full report with regards to potential impacts on wetlands
within the Amhara Region, refer to Appendix C-4.

ESIA Report
Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 10-4
Table 10-4: Potential Cumulative Impacts on Wetlands in the Amhara Region

Impact Description of Impact Stage Ease of Pre- Post-

number Mitigation mitigation mitigation
Rating Rating

1 Wetlands within greater Negative Low Moderate Moderate

landscape
Direct loss/ degradation
of natural wetland habitat
& biota

2 Wetlands within greater Negative Moderate Moderate Minor

landscape
Hydrological
functioning/regime
modifications

3 Wetlands within greater Negative Moderate Moderate Minor

landscape
Erosion and
Sedimentation and Water
Quality

4 Wetlands within greater Negative Moderate/Low Moderate Moderate

landscape
Loss of cumulative
wetland function

The current proposed layout would result in the loss of seasonal/temporary wetland habitat, therefore
required mitigation measures must be centred around ecological restoration or investing in improving
the ecological functioning of habitats remaining onsite. It is vital that the development does not result
in loss of wetland habitat outside of the proposed site boundary.
The regional hydrological functionality and connectivity must be encouraged through the use of
controlled stormwater release into the remaining systems onsite, permeable paving and green areas
within the development. The runoff regimes post-construction activities must match pre-construction
regimes (i.e. without resulting in increased peak discharge to water resources, soil saturation in non-
wetland areas and erosion/ sedimentation).
All stormwater outlets must be designed to dissipate the energy of outgoing flows to levels that
present a low erosion risk.
It is important that the correct species be utilised when rehabilitating the W1&3 systems and the
associated buffer and that an operational maintenance plan is developed to ensure these waterbodies
are maintained in a state that will continue to provide habitat for aquatic-dependent species. The plan
must include the control and maintenance of sediment and nutrient input into these systems to
prevent sedimentation and potential eutrophication. The maintenance of the systems within the
development will ensure that there are no negative impacts of the regional systems.
The rehabilitated remaining W1 & W3 systems and the buffer areas will potentially improve its current
state and ecological functionality and therefore improving the quantity and quality of goods and
services provided by the systems, regionally.

10.5 AIR QUALITY

The cumulative impacts of air quality include the residents living near the IAIP and RTC sites being
affected by a change in atmospheric chemistry. The table below highlights the cumulative impacts of

ESIA Report
Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 10-5
air quality. To view the full report with regards to potential impacts on air quality within the Amhara
Region, refer to Appendix C-5.
Table 10-5: The Potential Cumulative Impacts on Air Quality in the Amhara Region

Impact Description Character Ease of Pre- Post-

number Mitigation mitigation mitigation
Rating Rating

1 Residential Receptors within Negative Moderate Moderate Minor

immediate vicinity of site
boundary
Increased particulate and
gaseous concentrations

2 Residential Receptors Negative Moderate Minor Negligible

beyond site boundary
Increased particulate and
gaseous concentrations

The cumulative interactions of the air quality impacts are deemed to be of moderate significance for
receptors located within the immediate vicinity of the site boundary, however with mitigation this can
be reduced to a minor significance. With mitigation the receptors beyond the site boundary will
experience a negligible cumulative impact. Proposed mitigation measures include:
 Construction Phase: Wet suppression and wind speed reduction by use of wind barriers. In
operation, ensuring all roads are paved and open land is either vegetated or covered with
hardstanding will minimise dust suppression. In areas where open land will remain exposed
for a long period of the construction phase applying chemical stabilisation
 Operational Phase:
 Ensure that vehicles and other equipment are regularly inspected according to schedule
maintenance for proper exhaust emission;
 Train drivers to minimise speed limits on earthen roads especially in dry periods;
 Avoid burning of biomass as much as possible and use fire only in situations where this is
least environmentally damaging;
 Speed control using speed bumps.
 Bitumen surface all roads with speed controls;
 Dense vegetation planted on the roadside; and
 Work schedule to minimise disturbance.
Refer to Chapter 11 for the full Environmental and Social Management Plan to be applied at the
Amhara IAIP and RTC.

10.6 NOISE
The current noise climate at the IAIP site is typical of a predominantly a rural location with limited
anthropogenic activities occurring on the northern and western boundaries, therefore noise levels are
anticipated to increase substantially within the area with the introduction of the Amhara IAIP, based on
the fact that there is a lack of noise prior to the development of the proposed project.
The table below identifies the potential cumulative impacts of noise levels which may be caused by
the proposed project, as well as the severity of the impacts. To view the full report with regards to
potential impacts on noise levels within the Amhara Region, refer to Appendix C-7.

ESIA Report
Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 10-6
Table 10-6: Potential Cumulative Impacts of Noise in the Amhara Region

CUMULATIVE

1 Residential receptors Negative Moderate Moderate Minor

within 200m of the site
boundary Degradation of
noise climate /
annoyance

2 Residential receptors Negative Moderate Minor Negligible

beyond 200m of the site
boundary Degradation of
noise climate /
annoyance

The cumulative interactions of the noise impacts are deemed to be of moderate significance for
receptors located within the immediate vicinity of the site boundary, however with mitigation this can
be reduced to a minor significance. With mitigation the receptors beyond the site boundary will
experience a negligible cumulative impact. Proposed mitigation measures include:
 Construction Phase:
— Plan construction activities in consultation with local communities so that activities with the
greatest potential to generate noise are planned during periods of the day that will result in
least disturbance. Information regarding construction activities should be provided to all local
communities. Such information includes: Proposed working times; Anticipated duration of
activities; Explanations on activities to take place and reasons for activities; and contact
details of a responsible person on site should complaints arise;
— When working near a potential sensitive receptor, limit the number of simultaneous activities
as far as possible; and
— Using noise control devices, such as temporary noise barriers and deflectors for high impact
activities, and exhaust muffling devices for combustion engines.
 Operational Phase:
— Select equipment with lower sound power levels;
— Install silencers for fans;
— Install suitable mufflers on engine exhausts and compressor components;
— Install acoustic enclosures for equipment casing radiating noise;
— Improve the acoustic performance of constructed buildings by applying sound insulation;
— Ensure equipment is well-maintained to avoid additional noise generation; and
— The use of ear protection equipment for personnel working onsite in close proximity to noise
sources.
Refer to Chapter 11 for the full Environmental and Social Management Plan to be applied at the
Amhara IAIP and RTC.

10.7 TRANSPORT AND ACCESS

There are no cumulative transport impacts expected on the local road network.
 The Bure Town Structural Plan (only layouts provided) provides an intended land use plan for the
current extent of the town and future potential expansion areas. The current industrial
development occurring to the north of the site is the only known development in the vicinity of this
development, however given the smaller size of this development and its advanced stages it is
not anticipated that the cumulative impact of the two development’s traffic will result in significant
cumulative transport impacts on the local road network.
 The Motta Town Structural Report provides an intended land use plan for the current extent of the
town and future potential expansion areas. There are no known large-scale planned

ESIA Report
Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 10-7
 developments in the vicinity of this development, therefore no cumulative transport impacts are
expected on the local road network.
To view the full Traffic and transport report with regards to potential impacts within the Amhara
Region, refer to Appendix C-8.

10.8 WASTE MANAGEMENT

In the Bure and Motta towns, there are no organized and advanced waste management systems such
as collection, transport and disposal; therefore identifying the risks associated with waste
management is necessary. The table below highlights the cumulative impacts of the proposed project,
by taking into account the current waste management programs at the IAIP site and RTC site. To view
the full Waste Management Plan with regards to potential cumulative impacts on biodiversity within
the Amhara Region, refer to Appendix C-9.
Table 10-7: Potential Cumulative Impacts Associated with Waste Management in the Amhara Region

Impact Description of Impact Stage Ease of Pre- Post-

number Mitigation mitigation mitigation
Rating Rating

1 Residual wastes and Negative Low Major Moderate

industrial hazardous
waste and bio-medical
wastes are the only
wastes that will cumulate
outside the IAIP and
RTC. The remainder of
the waste streams will be
prevented, reused or
recovered.

No hazardous wastes shall be permitted to be disposed of outside the boundary of the IAIP or RTC
unless being transported to a sanitary landfill. The IPDC must place the responsibility of safe disposal
of hazardous waste on the generator. It will be the generators responsibility to ensure that the waste
collector which will be transporting the waste for disposal has obtained a permit from the Urban
Administration to do so in terms of Article 4(1) of the ‘Solid Waste Management Proclamation
513/2007. In addition, the Generator will need to provide evidence in writing from the receiving
disposal site of its capacity to recycle or dispose of the waste in an environmentally sound manner
(Article 6(3)). Proof of safe disposal should be provided to the IPDC, such as a waste disposal ticket
issued and date stamped by the sanitary landfill. This waste stream is anticipated to be small, limited
to cleaning materials and small quantities of bio-medical waste since most of the processing to be
undertaken on site is for the food industry and therefore hazardous process materials should be
limited.

10.9 VISUAL
The potential visual impacts were assessed during the scoping phase and identified as requiring a
visual impact assessment as visual impacts will occur as a result of the proposed. T
Table 10-8: Potential Cumulative Impacts Associated with Visual Impact Assessment in the Amhara
Region

Impact Description of Impact Stage Ease of Pre- Post-

number Mitigation mitigation mitigation
Rating Rating

1 The existing construction Negative Moderate Minor Negligible

related to the industrial
site adjacent and to the

ESIA Report
Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 10-8
 Impact Description of Impact Stage Ease of Pre- Post-
number Mitigation mitigation mitigation
Rating Rating
north of the Amhara site
will have a cumulative
negative impact on the
residential areas directly
to the west. The impacts
will be related to dust and
noise and will be
temporary in nature.
During the operational
stage the IAIP will be in
keeping with the
industrial warehouses to
the north and will be
marginally noticeable as
urban creep.

2 During the operational Negative Moderate Minor Not

stage the IAIP will be in applicable
keeping with the
industrial warehouses to
the north and will be
marginally noticeable as
urban creep.

he cumulative impacts identified related to the dust and noise community nuisance impacts being
compounded with additional developments occurring in the area and given the size of the site the
construction impacts will be for a long duration. This impact is easily mitigated and with mitigation the
significance is negligible. The Amhara IAIP will contribute to the urban creep given its location
adjacent to the newly developed industrial area on the fringe of Bure, resulting in loss of agricultural
land which is more natural and more visually and aesthetically appealing. This impact is considered of
minor significance but in the context of normal organic growth this is an acceptable impact. To view
the full report with regards to potential cumulative impacts on the visibility of the site within the
Amhara Region, refer to Appendix C-10.

10.10 BIODIVERSITY
The existing biodiversity components and associated key features which include typical flora and
fauna, protected areas and non-protected sensitive resources that are found inside and within the
vicinity of the project sites were identified in order to assess the potential impacts on the biodiversity
of the IAIP and RTC site associated with the proposed project. The baseline conditions within the
survey area have been determined through desk-based reviews of available information, field surveys
and consultations with concerned authorities. To view the full report with regards to potential
cumulative impacts on biodiversity within the Amhara Region, refer to Appendix C-11.
Table 10-9 below indicates how the biodiversity within the Bure IAIP and Motta RTC may be impacted
by the proposed development, respectively.
Table 10-9: Potential Cumulative Impacts on Biodiversity in the Amhara Bure IAIP

Impact Description of Impact Stage Ease of Pre- Post-

number Mitigation mitigation mitigation
Rating Rating

1 Wetlands and habitats Negative Low Moderate Moderate

ESIA Report
Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 10-9
 Direct loss/ degradation of
natural wetland habitat &
biota

2 Biodiversity Negative Moderate Negligible Negligible

No cumulative impact has
been observed

Table 10-10 below indicates how the biodiversity within the Motta RTC region may be impacted by
the proposed development.
Table 10-10: Potential Cumulative Impacts on Biodiversity in the Amhara Motta RTC

Impact Description of Impact Stage Ease of Pre- Post-

number Mitigation mitigation mitigation
Rating Rating

1 Wetlands and habitats Negative Moderate Negligible Negligible

No wetland habitat has
been recorded

2 Biodiversity Negative Moderate Negligible Negligible

No cumulative impact
has been observed

10.11 SOCIO-ECONOMIC
Development of the proposed project has the potential to result in significant socio-economic impacts.
The table below provides a summary of a demographic, cultural and economic overview of the Project
Area and also describes the physical infrastructure and services available in the Social Study Area.
The purpose of collecting this information is to provide baseline data for conducting the impact
assessment and to monitor and measure changes against the potential future changes to the Social
Study Area due to the presence of the Project.
To view the full report with regards to potential impacts on socio-economics within the Amhara
Region, refer to Appendix C-12.
Table 10-11: Potential Cumulative Impacts on the Socio-Economic Sector in the Amhara Region

Impact Description of Impact Stage Ease of Pre- Post-

number Mitigation mitigation mitigation
Rating Rating

1 Pressure on existing Negative Moderate Major Minor

infrastructure within Bure
Town and Motta, in
particular medical facilities
and police services.

2 Resettlement and land Negative Moderate Major Minor

acquisition displacing
farmers, their agricultural
activities including crops
and other assets

3 An increase of Positive Not Major

employment and diversity Applicable
of employment will benefit
the next generation by
generating alternative
revenue streams

ESIA Report
Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 10-10
 Impact Description of Impact Stage Ease of Pre- Post-
number Mitigation mitigation mitigation
Rating Rating

4 The combined impact on Positive Not Major

the economy of the Applicable
regional IAIP site and the
RTC sites will help
diversify the Gross
Domestic Product of
Ethiopia from being
primarily dependent on
agriculture. The potential
is great that these projects
combined will uplift the
economy.

10.12 CUMULATIVE IMPACTS

10.12.1 CUMULATIVE EFFECT OF COMBINED PROJECT IMPACTS

Cumulative impacts are generated as a result of a number of project effects interacting as well as
where an effect is not mitigated and continues causing increasing impacts. While some impacts may
be insignificant by themselves, cumulative impacts accumulate over time, from one or more sources
and can result in the degradation of important resources. Not all impacts will result in cumulative
impacts, however those that have been identified and are predicted to potentially occur have been
listed below in Table 10-12.
A cumulative interactions table illustrates how an impact on one variable can affect another and how
severe the cumulative impact is. To read the table, follow the y-axis from the top to the bottom of the
table, and see how severe the cumulative interactions are.
Table 10-12: Cumulative Interactions between Multiple Potential Impacts for the IAIP and RTC

Soils Surface Ground Air Noise Waste Biodivers Socio-

water water quality managem ity econom
ent ic

Socio- Minor Modera Modera Minor Modera Minor Minor

economic te te te

Biodiversit Negligi Negligi Negligi Negligi Negligi Negligible Negligi

y ble ble ble ble ble ble

Waste Major Major Major Modera Negligi Moderat Modera

managem te ble e te
ent

Noise Negligi Negligi Negligi Negligi Negligible Minor Modera

ble ble ble ble te

Air quality Negligi Modera Negligi Negligi Negligible Moderat Major

ble te ble ble e

Ground Negligi Modera Negligi Negligi Negligible Major Modera

water ble te ble ble te

ESIA Report
Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 10-11
 Soils Surface Ground Air Noise Waste Biodivers Socio-
water water quality managem ity econom
ent ic

Surface Low Major Negligi Negligi Negligible Major Major

water ble ble

Soils Major Modera Modera Negligi Negligible Major Modera

te te ble te

10.12.2 CONSIDERATION OF CUMULATIVE IMPACTS WITH OTHER

DEVELOPMENTS
It is also important for the ESIA to analyse the proposed projects in light of the surrounding land uses
and proposed developments. Both the Bure IAIP and Motta RTC sites selected are located on the
fringe of an urban centre. The Bure IAIP site is located on a plot of land situated on the edge of Bure
Town. Currently the land use of the site is agricultural where people living in the local vicinity are
engaged in the production of the major crops grown in the area. The Motta RTC site is located on land
that has been identified for manufacturing and warehouse uses although currently it is under
cultivation.
Bure Town is located at a group of hot springs which were considered to hold therapeutic properties.
The town has a popular market, known as the Bure market and two churches, three cemeteries, a
primary and secondary school and a university. The information provided by the IPDC with respect to
Bure Town’s Structural Plan, does not indicate any known proposed developments or future
expansion areas.
There will be associated infrastructure requirements such as roads, powerlines and sanitation
services infrastructure required as a result of the IAIP. All of these infrastructure projects will have a
limited footprint for which mitigation of impacts can be simply achieved. Each of these associated
infrastructure projects will be subject to an Environmental Impact Assessment which will need to
consider the IAIP and the impacts captured herein.

Legend:
MS1 – Medium & Large Scale Industry
SF1 – Reserved Area
SF3 – River & Stream Line
SF8 – Protected Forest
MS12 – Non-Pollutant Warehouse
S16 - University
S22 - Hospital
S32 – Multipurpose Hall
S42 – Protestant Church
RT3 – Car Parking
S41 – Orthodox Church
GAR32 - Forest
RT4 – Freight Terminal
CAB1 - Utilities

Figure 10-1 : Extract of the Bure Structure Plan

ESIA Report
Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 10-12
The proposed site is located within a large plot of land (MS1) which has an intended land use of
medium and large scale industry, see Figure 10-1. The approximate location of the IAIP site is shown
in purple. The site is well located for access to existing community services such as the Hospital,
University and an Orthodox Church. The proposed site does fall within the area covered by the
Structure Plan and will need to be incorporated in the future bland use planning for Bure. The
proposed IAIP will generate a new large population that will place significant much pressure on some
of the existing insufficient infrastructure and therefore the Park will incorporate community facilities
such as a clinic, schools and churches. The existing population will be able to utilise these services as
they will be placed outside the industrial parks compound wall. This will have a beneficial cumulative
effect on the existing communities living close to the south eastern section of the site as well as to
future new developments to the north.
There is currently construction occurring on the site immediately north of the IAIP in close proximity to
the western drainage line, shown in blue on Figure 10-1. The continued construction of the industrial
land north of the IAIP site will most likely occur simultaneously with the commencement of the IAIP
and therefore create the potential for cumulative negative noise and air quality affects of a moderate
significance to the local community. There is a residential area directly adjacent and to the north and
west of the industrial area and therefore dust and noise control measures will need to be closely
monitored and the ESMP implemented fully in order to manage the potential cumulative impacts. The
grievance mechanism for the community must be well implemented and tracked to ensure any issues
are dealt with in a timely manner.
 The Motta RTC site is proposed within the municipal planning area of Motta. The Motta Structure
Plan includes the RTC site with a manufacturing and storage land use. Currently the site and the
land to the north, east and much of the south is agricultural land under active operation. The site
to the northeast is proposed to be recreation and therefore little to no development is anticipated
on those sites. To the southeast is a planned land use mixture of recreation, manufacturing and
storage and special function, see Figure 10-2. These uses will potentially result in development,
however it is not clear when or if these sites will be developed in the next 5 years. As such it has
been assumed that these developments will occur incrementally and most likely be triggered by
the successes of the RTC. It is therefore not considered likely that the construction periods will
overlap. If development does occur on these sites it is anticipated that these will not commence
without due process being following and due consideration given to environmental and social
issues. Figure 10-3 provides the proposed distribution of manufacturing and storage land uses
across Motta. Provision is made for these land uses on the west and east of Motta providing an
even distribution of these services across the town, it is therefore not considered likely that
significant cumulative negative impacts would occur as a result of the proposed Motta RTC.
Therefore any future developments in the town are anticipated to have a negligible impact on the
site.

ESIA Report
Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 10-13
 Figure 10-2: Proposed Motta Land Use Plan

Figure 10-3: Proposed Manufacturing and Storage land use

ESIA Report
Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 10-14
11 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL
MANAGEMENT PLAN (ESMP)
11.1 INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES
This chapter presents the Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) which is aimed to
prevent, minimise or mitigate any potential adverse environmental and social impacts, and enhance
the Project’s beneficial impacts throughout the design, construction and operational phases.
The purpose of the ESMP is to ensure that environmental and social impacts and risks identified
during the ESIA process are effectively managed during the implementation of the proposed Project.
This ESMP has been prepared to identify the environmental and social management and mitigation
actions required to address any potential adverse impacts, enhance the Project’s beneficial impacts,
and monitoring requirements to ensure the implementation of the project is undertaken in accordance
with the requirements of the AfDB and applicable national legislation and regulations of the FDRE.
The objectives of this ESMP are therefore to:
 Set out an action plan of environmental and social management measures to be implemented
that aim to achieve the avoidance, minimisation or mitigation (including offset or compensation) of
adverse environmental and social impacts and enhance positive impacts of the project;
 Define specific actions to be taken, responsibilities for these actions, timeframes for
implementation; associated budget;
 Identify monitoring requirements in relation to positive and negative effects, environmental
performance, and compliance with statutory environmental and social regulations requirements
that are to be undertaken to ensure compliance or continued improvement throughout the
specified periods; and
 Outline consultative requirements and training / capacity building requirements deemed
necessary for effective implementation of the plan.
The ESMP is to be implemented and monitored by the Amhara IPDC as the project’s implementing
entity and will form the basis of site-specific management plans that will be prepared by the
contractors and sub-contractors as part of their construction methodology prior to works commencing.
The ESMP forms an integral part of an ESIA. It is considered a dynamic instrument as its
management actions may be subject to change as a result of feedback received during project
implementation and/or in response to unexpected impacts or impacts with a magnitude different to
that predicted in the ESIA. Monitoring will provide the information for periodic review and subsequent
alteration of the ESMP as necessary. This will ensure that undesirable impacts are detected early and
remedied effectively.
Best practice principles require that every reasonable effort is made to reduce and preferably to
prevent negative impacts while enhancing the benefits. These principles have guided the ESIA
process. In many cases, potential negative impacts have been avoided through careful design. The
ESIA involved concurrent and ongoing data collection and public consultation activities to date.
Since an ESMP continues to evolve in scope and depth with subsequent stages of the Project
preparation and implementation, the ESMP of this ESIA provides a first outline. Detailed stand-alone
sub-plans may be developed to specify ESMP issues in its further progress, such as detailed
Monitoring Plans, Emergency Response Plans, and Community Development Plans.
Annual monitoring reports will be compiled and made available to the relevant authorities and relevant
financial lenders. The reports shall cover the status of environmental and social, including health and
safety, related aspects like permits, status of compliance with obligations arising from such permits /
licences, exceedances of regulatory environmental standards with root cause analyses and details of
corrective measures implemented.

ESIA Report
Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 11-1
11.2 SUMMARY OF IMPACTS
Chapter 9 of the ESIA identifies the potential impacts, both positive and negative, associated with the
proposed Project. Table 11-1 summarises the identified potential impacts and the associated post-
mitigation significance rating for the various phases of the Project.
Table 11-1: Summary of impacts and post mitigation significance
Environment No. Impact Character Ease of Post-mitigation Rating
Mitigation Construction Operation Decommission
Soils 1 Erosion Negative Low Moderate Minor Moderate
2 Sedimentation Negative Low Moderate Minor Moderate
3 Loss of topsoil Negative High Negligible Negligible Negligible
4 Compaction Negative Moderate Moderate Major Negligible
5 Change in surface profile Negative Nil Major Negligible Negligible
6 Change in land use Negative Nil Major Negligible Negligible
7 Change in land capability Negative Nil Major Negligible Negligible
8 Dust creation Negative Moderate Minor Minor Minor
9 Soil Contamination Negative Moderate Minor Minor Minor
Surface 1 Hydro-carbon Negative Moderate Minor Negligible Minor
Water contamination from the
earth-moving machinery
and vehicles
2 Sedimentation of the Negative Moderate Minor Negligible Minor
Yasmila River and
drainage lines
3 Altering the hydrological Negative Moderate Negligible Minor Negligible
regime- Change in
Runoff Volume
4 Altering the hydrological Negative High Negligible Minor Negligible
regime-Change in runoff
velocity
Ground 1 Lowering of groundwater Negative Moderate Negligible Minor Negligible
Water levels
2 Contamination of Negative Moderate Negligible Minor Negligible
groundwater resources
3 Loss of recharge area for Negative None Negligible Moderate Negligible
the springs through
reduction of permeable
surface
4 Contamination of Negative None Negligible Minor Negligible
groundwater resources
from contaminated
surface water runoff or
subsurface leakages
from underground
chemical storage and/or
effluent systems
Wetlands 1 Direct loss/ degradation Negative Low Moderate Minor Negligible
of natural wetland habitat
& biota
2 Hydrological Negative Low Major Minor Moderate
functioning/regime
modifications
3 Erosion and Negative Moderate Moderate Minor Moderate
Sedimentation
4 Water Quality Negative Moderate Moderate Minor Negligible

ESIA Report
Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 11-2
 Environment No. Impact Character Ease of Post-mitigation Rating
Mitigation Construction Operation Decommission
Air Quality 1 Increased particulate and Negative Moderate Minor Minor Minor
gaseous concentrations
within immediate vicinity
of site boundary
2 Increased particulate and Negative Moderate Negligible Negligible Negligible
gaseous concentrations
on surrounding receptors
Noise 1 Degradation of noise Negative Moderate Moderate Minor Moderate
climate / annoyance (up
to 500m from the site
boundary)
2 Degradation of noise Negative Moderate Minor Negligible Minor
climate / annoyance
levels (further than 500m
from the site boundary)
Transport 1 Impact on safety of the Negative Low Minor Minor Minor
and Access community in the area
due to increased vehicle
volumes
Waste 1 Public Nuisance - Negative High Minor Negligible Minor
Management Inappropriate disposal of
construction waste

2 Hazardous waste Negative High Minor Minor Minor

materials being
stockpiled on bare
ground

3 Domestic waste Negative High Minor Negligible Minor

generated by
construction staff

4 Overfull waste bins Negative High Negligible Minor Negligible

littering streets and
blockage of drainage
channels
5 Hazardous waste Negative High Negligible Minor Negligible
materials being
stockpiled on bare
ground presenting a
potential for
contamination of soils,
surface and ground
water.
6 Disposal to unlined Negative High Negligible Minor Negligible
landfill impacting surface
and groundwater
resources.
Visual 1 Construction equipment Negative Low Minor Negligible Negligible
and dust
2 Site Clearing Negative Low Negligible Negligible Negligible
3 Physical impact on Negative Low Negligible Negligible Negligible
landforms
4 Intrusion on the sense of Negative Low Negligible Moderate Negligible
place and scenic
landscape
5 Light Pollution Negative Low Negligible Minor Negligible
6 Roads and /or road Negative Low Negligible Negligible Negligible
widening
Biodiversity 1 Loss/degradation of Negative Moderate Minor Negligible Negligible
wetland

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Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 11-3
 Environment No. Impact Character Ease of Post-mitigation Rating
Mitigation Construction Operation Decommission
(Bure IAIP) 2 Loss/clearance of natural Negative Moderate Negligible Negligible Negligible
vegetation,
3 Loss/clearance of natural Negative Low Negligible Major Major
vegetation/ trees
4 Impact on the Negative Moderate Minor Negligible Negligible
underneath growth and
shift on natural water
course
5 Water quality Negative Moderate Minor Minor Negligible
deterioration / pollution
6 Lowering water table Negative High Minor Negligible Negligible
Biodiversity 1 Loss/degradation of Negative Moderate Negligible Negligible Negligible
(Motta RTC) wetland
2 Loss/clearance of natural Negative Moderate Negligible Negligible Negligible
vegetation
3 Revegetation of Positive Low Negligible Major Major
indigenous vegetation
Socio- 1 Employment and Positive Not Major Moderate Moderate
Economic Economy Applicable
An increase in
employment
opportunities and
demand for goods and
services (although this
will reverse to moderate
negative during the
decommissioning stage)
2 Land Acquisition / Negative Moderate Moderate Minor Negligible
Resettlement
Loss of access to
agricultural land plots
and in some cases, loss
of residential buildings
and other assets (crops).
3 Community Health Negative Moderate Moderate Minor Negligible
Potential for the
workforce to introduce
and/or increase the rate
of spread of
communicable diseases
in the project area.
4 Community Safety and Negative Moderate Minor Minor Negligible
Security
Potential safety and
security risks in the local
area.
5 Environmental Emissions Negative Moderate Minor Minor Negligible
Nuisance from noise;
vibrations and dust.
6 Community Infrastructure Negative High Moderate Minor Negligible
and Services
Strain, congestion, and
wear and tear for roads
and strain on medical
facilities in the local area.
7 Obstruction of existing Negative High Minor Minor Negligible
access routes.

The non-implementation of the project will impede development and delay the industrialisation of the
agricultural industry in the Amhara Region.

ESIA Report
Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 11-4
11.3 MITIGATION AND ENHANCEMENT MEASURES
The ESIA stipulates the environmental standards to be adhered to by the parties involved in the
various phases of the project life cycle. As such the ESMP comprises of a section for each of the
following project life cycle phases:
 Planning and design;
 Construction;
 Operation; and
 Decommissioning.

11.3.1 PLANNING AND DESIGN PHASE

The planning and design phase of the project is not expected to have any direct impacts on the
environment. Consequently no management control measures are required and/or proposed.
Various layout options were considered to minimise the environmental impacts and the currently
proposed layout plan has been chosen on the basis of these considerations.

11.3.2 CONSTRUCTION PHASE

The proposed mitigation measures for the construction phase are detailed in Table 11-2.

11.3.3 OPERATION PHASE

The proposed mitigation measures for the operation phase are detailed in Table 11-3.

11.3.4 DECOMISSIONING PHASE

As the project is considered to be a permanent facility, detailed Decommissioning activities have not
been included. Consequently no management control measures are required and/or proposed at this
stage. These are to be identified prior to decommissioning, should such activities be required in the
future.

ESIA Report
Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 11-5
Table 11-2: Construction Phase Environmental and Social Management Plan

Environment No. Potential Impacts Proposed Mitigation and Benefit Enhancement Measures Institutional Timeframe / Due Cost Estimates Monitoring Applicable
Responsibility for Date Safeguards /
Implementation Documents

Soils S1 Erosion Soil protection strategies: IPDC / Contractor During site clearing Covered in Project See Monitoring Plan AFDB OS1
Eroded areas will continue (i) Placement of soil stockpiles so as to prevent exposure to wind and throughout Budget Ref. 11.4.3.2 IFC (World Bank)
to spread, unless stopped, and water erosion. construction EHS Guidelines for
resulting in a cumulative (ii) Access and haul roads should have gradients or surface Mining, 2007
effect on the site’s treatment to limit erosion, and road drainage systems should be Development
identified soils provided. Corporation
(iii) Terracing, slope reduction, runoff velocity limitation and the Regulations
installation of appropriate drainage; should be incorporated into (Amhara), 2017
the site management plan to limit soil erosion.
(iv) Reduce negative impacts to the site and surroundings by
controlling erosion and sedimentation.
(v) Soil erosion control measures shall conform to the best
management practices highlighted in the appropriate code.
(vi) Regular inspections will be undertaken to assess erosion and
sediment migration from topsoil stockpiles. Where unacceptable
rates of erosion are identified, remedial works will be undertaken,
or the stockpile will be relocated.
(vii) The size and area of stockpiles of soil will be minimised.
Stockpiles that may be susceptible to erosion must be terraced,
covered or have suitable erosion control measures such as silt
fences.
(viii) Soil stockpiles should be revegetated to protect the soils
against erosion
S2 Sedimentation Sedimentation control management measures: IPDC / Contractor During site clearing Covered in Project See Monitoring Plan AFDB OS1
Eroded soil particles may (i) Reduce and prevent off-site sediment transport by using and throughout Budget Ref.11.4.3.1 World Bank Group
end up in a nearby measures such as settlement ponds and silt fences. construction EHS Guidelines
watercourse, which runs (ii) The implementation of soil erosion mitigation measures will also Development
through the IAIP site, as mitigate against enhanced sedimentation. Corporation
sedimentation Regulations
(Amhara), 2017
S3 Loss of topsoil Topsoil management measures: IPDC / Contractor During site clearing Covered in Project See Monitoring Plan AFDB OS1
Topsoil will be lost, (i) Topsoil stripped should be stockpiled for rehabilitation. and throughout Budget Ref.11.4.3.1 World Bank Group
however lost topsoil can construction EHS Guidelines
(ii) Irrespective of where topsoil is stockpiled, it should be kept moist
be transferred to an and vegetated as soon as possible. Development
alternative area to Corporation
(iii) Topsoil stockpiles should be kept low (between 3 and 5 meters
continue cultivation; there Regulations
tall). It is recommended that the top 50cm of soil be stripped,
is limited topsoil at the (Amhara), 2017
where possible according to the guidelines below;
IAIP site
(iv) Demarcate the area to be stripped clearly, so that the contractor
does not strip beyond the demarcated boundary.
(v) The top 50cm of the entire area should be stripped, where the
soils are deep enough, and relocated by truck along set removal
paths.
(vi) The area to be stripped requires storm water management; the
in-flow of water should be prevented with suitable structures.
(vii) Prepare the haul routes prior to stripping.
(viii) Stripping should not begin in wet conditions.

ESIA Report
Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 11-6
 Environment No. Potential Impacts Proposed Mitigation and Benefit Enhancement Measures Institutional Timeframe / Due Cost Estimates Monitoring Applicable
Responsibility for Date Safeguards /
Implementation Documents
(ix) Within each stripping unit, segments should be stripped
progressively, ensuring that the dump truck used to move the
soils does not drive over the area to be stripped, but rather
behind it on the basal layer, in order to avoid compaction and
degradation of the topsoil properties (Humphries Rowell
Associates, 2000).
(x) When stockpiled soils are to be used elsewhere, the soil fertility
should be assessed to determine the level of fertilisation required
to sustain normal plant growth. The fertility remediation
requirements need to be verified at the time of rehabilitation. The
topsoil should be uniformly spread onto the rehabilitated areas
and care should be taken to minimise compaction that would
result in soil loss and poor root penetration (Viljoen and
Associates, 2012).
(xi) The MEFCC generally requires that maximum stockpile heights
for material management or resource recovery activities be in the
range of 3 to 5 metres. These stockpile height limits are largely
based on stockpile manageability, dust impacts, stability, potential
impacts to underlying infrastructure and fire risk. The height of
stockpiles should generally be lower than surrounding structures.
Greater stockpile heights will need careful and adequate
assessment of all the additional risks the increased height poses
and it must be demonstrated that these risks can be managed, as
excess height can also lead to other safety risks such as
instability.
(xii) Fertile topsoil is to be stockpiled before construction, for future
reuse or donation. The term ‘fertile’ is not defined here, so in the
case of the Amhara sites’ topsoil, it would depend on the need for
this soil elsewhere. The topsoil at the site had been successfully
used to grow crops in previous years.
(xiii) Topsoil within the top 25cm should be carefully extracted and
secured. Please note that the IFC (2007) guidelines refer to the
top 50cm being topsoil but the Industrial Parks Development
Corporation Document should be adhered-to in this case as it is
site-specific. Based on the soils identified at the sites, the deeper
topsoil’s are closer to 25cm in depth than 50cm and some are
extremely shallow.
(xiv) Topsoil mounds of 1-2m high are recommended. Please note
that the IFC (2007) guidelines specify stockpiles of 3-5m high,
but, again, as the Industrial Parks Development Corporation
Document is site specific, it should be adhered-to.
(xv) Stockpiled topsoil must be revegetated to protect against erosion,
discourage weeds and maintain active soil microbes.
S4 Compaction Compaction management measures IPDC / Contractor During site clearing Covered in Project See Monitoring Plan AFDB OS1
Soil compaction results in (i) Pre-defined, essential road routes should be clearly demarcated and throughout Budget Ref.11.4.3.1 World Bank Group
the change of the original and adhered-to on site to restrict soil compaction to certain areas. construction EHS Guidelines
structure (ii) Vehicles should not drive on soil when it is wet to avoid further Development
soil compaction. Having said this, once soil is well-compacted, Corporation
little further damage or rehabilitation can be done. Regulations
(iii) Soils must not be stripped when they are wet as this can lead to (Amhara), 2017
compaction and loss of structure.

ESIA Report
Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 11-7
 Environment No. Potential Impacts Proposed Mitigation and Benefit Enhancement Measures Institutional Timeframe / Due Cost Estimates Monitoring Applicable
Responsibility for Date Safeguards /
Implementation Documents

S7 Dust creation Dust suppression management measures: IPDC / Contractor During site clearing See Monitoring Plan AFDB OS1
If bare surfaces and soil (i) When stockpiling soil one runs the risk of producing dust. The and throughout Ref.11.4.3.1 World Bank Group
stockpiles are not watered advised longer-term solution to this problem is to vegetate the soil construction EHS Guidelines
and vegetated, there will as plant roots bind soil and protect the soil against the wind. Development
be high amounts of dust Good vegetation coverage is necessary for this to be successful. Corporation
creation (ii) As a shorter-term solution – for the period between stockpiling Regulations
and plant growth – keeping the stockpiles damp will mitigate (Amhara), 2017
against the risk of dust creation.
(iii) As mentioned, the MEFCC generally requires that maximum
stockpile heights for material management or resource recovery
activities be in the range of 3 to 5 metres. These stockpile height
limits are largely based on stockpile manageability, dust impacts.
(iv) Stockpiled soils should be located in areas where trees can act
as buffers to prevent dust pollution.
S8 Soil Contamination (i) On-site vehicles should be well-maintained, IPDC / Contractor Throughout Covered in Project See Monitoring Plan AFDB OS1, OS4
Contamination occurs due (ii) Drip trays should be placed under vehicles. construction Budget Ref. 11.4.3.1 and World Bank Group
to the large vehicles on 11.4.3.8 EHS Guidelines
(iii) On-site pollutants should be contained in a bunded area and on
site; this should be an impermeable surface. Development
prevented otherwise well- Corporation
(iv) One should identify potentially toxic overburden and screen with a
drained after contact with Regulations
suitable material to prevent mobilisation of toxins.
the pollutants to decrease (Amhara), 2017
chances of contaminating (v) Maintain control of substances entering the site,
water resources (vi) Provide adequate disposal facilities.
(vii) Enforce a non-polluting environment.
Surface Water SW1 Hydro-carbon (i) Maintenance of on-site vehicles; IPDC / Contractor Throughout Covered in Project See Monitoring Plan AFDB OS1, OS4
contamination of the (ii) Placement of drip trays under vehicles and relevant equipment construction Budget Ref. 11.4.3.3 World Bank Group
Yasmila river when stationary; EHS Guidelines
(iii) Fuel, lubricant and waste oil storage, dispensing and operating Development
facilities must be designed and operated in a way to prevent Corporation
contamination of water. Regulations
(Amhara), 2017
SW2 Sedimentation of the (i) Appropriate placement and terracing of soil stockpiles, IPDC / Contractor Throughout Covered in Project See Monitoring Plan AFDB OS1
Yasmila river and (ii) Appropriate drainage to be in place before construction takes construction Budget Ref. 11.4.3.3 World Bank Group
drainage line place; EHS Guidelines
(iii) Minimise the movement of heavy machinery around the areas Development
that are prone to erosion; Corporation
(iv) Construct during the dry season in close proximity to the river and Regulations
other surface water features. (Amhara), 2017

Air Quality AQ1 Air quality impacts (i) Apply methods to control open dust sources at construction sites, IPDC / Contractor Throughout Covered in Project See Monitoring Plan AFDB OS1, OS4
AQ2 Increased particulate and these include wet suppression and wind speed reduction construction phase Budget Ref. 11.4.3.4 USEPA, 1995
gaseous concentrations measures as a source of water and material for wind barriers tend
World Bank Group
affecting residential to be readily available. General control methods for open dust
EHS Guidelines
receptors within sources, as recommended by the USEPA, 1995)
Development
immediate vicinity of site See Appendix E-1 for general control methods
Corporation
boundary and receptors
Regulations
beyond site boundary
(Amhara), 2017
Noise N1 Acoustic impacts Management and technical options IPDC / Contractor Throughout Covered in Project See Monitoring Plan AFDB OS1, OS4
construction Budget Ref. 11.4.3.5

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Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 11-8
 Environment No. Potential Impacts Proposed Mitigation and Benefit Enhancement Measures Institutional Timeframe / Due Cost Estimates Monitoring Applicable
Responsibility for Date Safeguards /
Implementation Documents
Degradation of noise (i) Plan construction activities in consultation with local communities World Bank Group
climate / annoyance so that activities with the greatest potential to generate noise are EHS Guidelines
planned during periods of the day that will result in least Development
on residential disturbance. Information regarding construction activities should Corporation
receptors within and be provided to all local communities. Such information includes: Regulations
beyond 200m of the - Proposed working times; (Amhara), 2017
site boundary - Anticipated duration of activities;
- Explanations on activities to take place and reasons for
activities;
- Contact details of a responsible person on site should
complaints arise; and
(ii) Advise community on the grievance mechanism and grievance
submission procedure.
(iii) When working near a potential sensitive receptor, limit the
number of simultaneous activities to a minimum as far as
possible;
(iv) Using noise control devices, such as temporary noise barriers
and deflectors for high impact activities, and exhaust muffling
devices for combustion engines when working in close proximity
to sensitive receptors;
(v) Selecting equipment with the lowest possible sound power levels
as practically possible;
(vi) Ensuring equipment is well-maintained to avoid additional noise
generation;
(vii) Provide and ensure the use of ear protection equipment for
personnel working onsite in close proximity to noise sources;
(viii) Ensure that noise emanating from machinery, vehicles and
noisy construction activities (e.g. excavation, blasting) are kept at
a minimum for safety, health and protection of workers in the
vicinity of high noise levels and nearby communities; and
(ix) Noise levels reaching the communities from blasting activities (if
applicable) shall not exceed 90 dB(A).
Transport and T1 Increased vehicle/vehicle (i) It is recommended that due to the anticipated higher traffic IPDC / Contractor Throughout FDRE to determine See Monitoring Plan AFDB OS1
Access & vehicle/NMT accident volumes to and from the BURE IAIP during operation, a typical construction – outside of project Ref. 11.4.3.1 World Bank Group
risks on the local road access configuration of at least one of the accesses should budget EHS Guidelines
network include the following:
Development
- Access with 2 lanes In and 2 lanes Out; Corporation
- Main road with short (80 m) right-turn In lane; Regulations
- Main road with short (80 m) left-turn In lane; (Amhara), 2017
- Additional road signage & markings along the main road at all
the accesses; and
- Street lighting along the main road along the full length of the
property frontage.
Note, the configuration must be approved by the roads authority.
It is recommended that a second vehicle and pedestrian access be
provided to the IAIP via the adjacent road network to the north-west of
the site.

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Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 11-9
 Environment No. Potential Impacts Proposed Mitigation and Benefit Enhancement Measures Institutional Timeframe / Due Cost Estimates Monitoring Applicable
Responsibility for Date Safeguards /
Implementation Documents
These upgrades should be implemented for the construction phase to
ensure safe access to all construction vehicles, and the future
operation phase traffic

Waste WM1 Construction waste (i) Provide segregated waste receptacles within the construction IPDC / Contractor Throughout Covered in Project See Monitoring Plan AFDB OS1. OS4
Management WM2 Hazardous waste camp. construction Budget Ref. 11.4.3.6 World Bank Group
WM3 Domestic waste (ii) Provide dedicated bins for hazardous waste, located on EHS Guidelines
hardstanding within the construction camp. Development
(iii) Ensure waste receptacles are easily available. Corporation
(iv) Operate a clean site policy. Regulations
(Amhara), 2017
(v) All construction staff must be educated in waste management
procedures. Waste
Management Plan
(vi) All staff must be responsible to keeping all food and packaging
(Appendix C-9 of
waste on them to be disposed of at the waste bins within the
ESIA)
construction camp.
(vii) Sufficient temporary ablution facilities must be provided for staff
so they do not relieve themselves in the fields.

Biodiversity B1 Loss/degradation of The following mitigation measures are to be implemented. IPDC / Contractor During site clearing Covered in Project See Monitoring Plan AFDB OS1, OS3
B2 wetlands; Ministry of and throughout Budget Ref. 11.4.3.7 World Bank Group
(i) Maximum effort is to be made to retain natural vegetation and construction
B3 Loss/clearance of Environment, Forest EHS Guidelines
natural habitats in all parts of the proposed project area,
vegetation and Climate Change Development
B4 especially in wetland areas. Strict adherence to the identified
Impact on the underneath (MEFCC), Corporation
B5 wetland buffer area is to be maintained.
growth and shift on natural Amhara Regional Regulations
B6 (ii) Demarcate green buffer areas as no-go zones to retain natural
water course Environmental (Amhara), 2017
habitat throughout construction period;
Water quality deterioration Agency and at
(iii) Establish proper waste management, especially liquid effluents woreda level
Lowering water table so as not to pollute the natural vegetation, habitat and recipients
such as streams and seasonal rivers that pass through or in close
proximity to the project areas;
(iv) Plant indigenous trees in open spaces / green buffer areas, as
well as retain as much natural vegetation as possible within the
areas to regenerate;
(v) All staff are to be educated on how to maintaining remnant
vegetation and the importance the habitat plays in stabilising the
microclimate of the proposed project site and surrounding areas.
(vi) All streams or seasonal channels entering the site are to be
accommodated in green buffer areas where indicated or
alternatively water flow is to be maintained through the site to
ensure flow is retained at discharge points.
Socio- SE1 Employment and (i) IPDC, through its website, is to inform local businesses of IPDC / Contractor Prior to construction Covered in Project See Monitoring Plan AFDB OS1, OS5
Economic Economy contracting opportunities in a timely manner; and throughout Budget Ref. 11.4.3.9 World Bank Group
(ii) The IPDC is to maintain and regularly update a separate web construction EHS Guidelines
page on the developer website dedicated to local tenders for the Development
provision of goods and services. Such webpage should be widely Corporation
publicised by the developer. Regulations
(iii) The IPDC is to develop a Community Relations/CSR Policy, (Amhara), 2017
detailing contributions to local employment, training of young local
specialists and any other community-benefit initiatives.
(iv) The IPDC is to ensure that contractors are aware of the grievance
mechanism and grievance submittal process.

ESIA Report
Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 11-10
 Environment No. Potential Impacts Proposed Mitigation and Benefit Enhancement Measures Institutional Timeframe / Due Cost Estimates Monitoring Applicable
Responsibility for Date Safeguards /
Implementation Documents
(v) IPDC is to create and populate a database of all suitable local
service providers, prior to construction, to encourage more
opportunities for local businesses.
(vi) A Worker Influx Management Plan will need to be prepared to
define labour practices in line with international standards that will
need to be applied by the Contractors and their subcontractors,
as well as in the Project’s supply chain. The Worker Influx
Management Plan will need to be aligned with the developer’s
Grievance Mechanism to ensure that the procedure is
consistently implemented across all Project activities.
SE2 Impact on Livelihoods (i) Land acquisition and any displacement impacts on the project will IPDC / PIU Immediate TBD See Monitoring Plan AfDB OS2
through Land Acquisition be carried out in compliance with Ethiopian law and AfDB Ref:
Operational Safeguard 2- Involuntary Resettlement (OS2).
(ii) The MoI and the IPDC will seek to avoid physical displacement
where possible, and to minimise economic displacement.
(iii) Impacts on land and livelihoods shall be compensated.
(iv) Any affected standing crops will be compensated at current
market value to make sure that farmers to do lose harvest;
(v) The affected Orphan land, i.e. the remaining portion of the land
plot that remains with the farmer but made uneconomic and/or
too small to use, will be compensated in full;
(vi) Affected people will have access to an IPD, with the possibility for
aggrieved individuals to resort to a second tier of independent
review of the grievance.
(vii) Vulnerable people will be identified and specifically assisted as
needed.
(viii) Stakeholder Engagement Plan (SEP) is to be developed and
implemented with regards to keeping a regular dialogue with local
communities, and in particular, with affected people.
(ix) The IPDC/PIU need to follow the Resettlement Action Plan and
monitor internally and externally the resettlement and land
acquisition progress to ensure compliance the AfDB OS2 and
National policies.
SE3 Community Health (i) A Community Health and Safety Plan will need to be prepared IPDC / Contractor Throughout Covered in Project See Monitoring Plan AFDB OS1, OS5
which addresses potential health risks to local residents. The plan construction Budget Ref. 11.4.3.9 World Bank Group
will need to cover the following elements: EHS Guidelines
- To minimise the impact, a number of steps can be taken – Development
most of the measures largely include reducing the interaction Corporation
between the workforce and local residents. It is assumed that Regulations
the project will use dedicated workers camp to accommodate (Amhara), 2017
its workforce during construction. This will help to reduce the
interaction between workers and local communities.
- Implementation of Construction Environmental Management
Plan (CEMP) procedures and schedule, as well as
Environmental Monitoring Plan (Air Emissions, Dust) to see
how air quality data is changing.
- Early notification of local authorities on critical or
exceptionally busy construction periods and air-
polluting/dust- and noise-generating activities.

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Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 11-11
 Environment No. Potential Impacts Proposed Mitigation and Benefit Enhancement Measures Institutional Timeframe / Due Cost Estimates Monitoring Applicable
Responsibility for Date Safeguards /
Implementation Documents
- Dust suppression by water spraying, or other suitable means,
in dry seasons, particularly in the areas close to sensitive
residential and community receptors.
(ii) As part of the induction process for new employees and workers,
the Contractors are to provide training for all workers on the
transmission routes and common symptoms of communicable
diseases. This training will be supported by an ongoing
awareness campaign (posters located in common areas within
the camp). These measures can help reduce the potential for
workers to unknowingly transmit communicable diseases.
(iii) The workers camp is to include an internal first-aid ward and
medical staff being present at the camp which to some extent will
help to minimise the interaction between the workforce
(particularly temporary construction workers) and local residents.
(iv) The Community Health Management Plan is to be developed
covering details on a Workforce Code of Conduct including code
specific measures that target anti-social behaviour.
(v) Contractors’ are to comply with national HSE legislation and the
UNDP HSE Policies.
(vi) The project implementation team is to carry out regular audits of
the HSE Management system implementation by Contractors.
(vii) Implementation of the Health and Safety Management Policy and
Worker Influx Management Plan.
(viii) Provide the Project HSE Policies and Worker Influx
Management Policies to all contractors and subcontractors during
formal induction, including security contractors (if applicable).
(ix) One “umbrella” Project Grievance Mechanism, is to be developed
and accessible to all workers, including those who directly work
for the IAIPs development and also employed by contractors.
(x) The IPDC will ensure that Contractors will provide onsite first-aid
tents (one tent per site) to ensure that basic medical attention and
first aid treatment can be provided by a trained first-aider during
the hours that the work is being undertaken at the Project site.
For all medical incidents that require medical attention, the
contractors will quickly provide transportation to the Workers’
Camp clinic which will also help reduce the potential pressure on
local healthcare facilities.
SE4 Community Safety and (i) The project site is to be fenced, while any activities outside the IPDC / Contractor Throughout Covered in Project See Monitoring Plan AFDB OS1, OS5
Security main footprint are to be appropriately signposted. This will help construction Budget Ref. 11.4.3.9 World Bank Group
ensure that accidents associated with new infrastructure will be EHS Guidelines
minimised.
Development
(ii) Traffic Management Plans which will need to be prepared by Corporation
Contractors during the construction phase will further minimise Regulations
the potential risk of accidents, injuries and near misses. (Amhara), 2017
(iii) Provide the project HSE and Worker Management Plans to all
subcontractors during formal induction, including the security
contractors (if applicable).
(iv) A Project Code of Conduct and appropriate training for security
personnel are to be developed and implemented to ensure best
practice in running a secure site and implementing the Code of

ESIA Report
Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 11-12
 Environment No. Potential Impacts Proposed Mitigation and Benefit Enhancement Measures Institutional Timeframe / Due Cost Estimates Monitoring Applicable
Responsibility for Date Safeguards /
Implementation Documents
Conduct that fosters behaviours that helps to avoid, eliminate or
minimise the use of excessive force in potential conflict situations.
(v) The project Health, Safety and Security Management Plan is to
be provided to, and implemented by, all Contractors and
subcontractors.
(vi) The project Health and Safety Management Policy is to include
details of a ‘no tolerance to drugs and alcohol policy’, as well as
details on HIV/AIDS prevention, etc.
(vii) Stakeholder Engagement Plan (SEP) is to be developed and
implemented with regards to keeping a regular dialogue with local
communities.
(viii) One “umbrella” Project Grievance Mechanism, is to be
developed and accessible to all workers, including those who
directly work for the IAIPs development and also employed by
contractors, as well as the community.
SE5 Environmental Emissions Refer to Air Quality Section of ESMP.
SE6 Community Infrastructure (i) The Workers Camp is to provide in-house laundry, first-aid, IPDC / Contractor Throughout Covered in Project See Monitoring Plan AFDB OS1, OS5
and Services cooking, recreational, religious and common area facilities/rooms construction Budget Ref. 11.4.3.9 World Bank Group
which will help to reduce the need for workers to use local EHS Guidelines
infrastructure and services;
Development
(ii) The planned Workers Camp is to follow best practice guidance on Corporation
workers’ accommodation. Regulations
(iii) Implement a community health management plan in consultation (Amhara), 2017
with relevant stakeholders (e.g. local doctors and the local
authorities). This plan will ensure that appropriate and adequate
health care services are provided on site and at the
accommodation camp to address/ manage worker illnesses and
injuries.
SE7 Impacts on Livelihoods (i) Provide alternative access routes for affected communities to IPDC / FDRE During Construction TBD See Monitoring Plan AFDB OS1
Due to Obstruction of utilise to gain uninterrupted access to the required services. Ref:
Existing Access Routes

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Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 11-13
Table 11-3: Operation Phase Environmental and Social Management Plan
Proposed Mitigation and Benefit Enhancement Measures Institutional
Environment No. Potential Impacts Timeframe / Due Cost Estimates Comments / Applicable
Responsibility Date Further Action & Safeguards /
For Monitoring Documents
Implementation
Soils S1 Erosion (i) Regular inspection will be undertaken of all discharge points from IPDC Throughout Covered in Project See Monitoring Plan World Bank Group
Eroded areas will continue site for early detection of erosion areas; remedial works will be Operation Budget Ref. 11.4.4.1 EHS Guidelines
to spread, unless stopped, undertaken accordingly; Development
resulting in a cumulative (ii) Soil erosion control measures shall conform to the best Corporation
effect on the site’s management practices highlighted in the appropriate code. Regulations
identified soils (Amhara), 2017
S2 Contamination (i) On-site vehicles should be well-maintained, IPDC Throughout Covered in Project - AFDB OS1, OS4
(ii) Drip trays should be placed under stationary vehicles Operation Budget World Bank Group
(iii) On-site pollutants should be contained in a bunded area and on EHS Guidelines
an impermeable surface. Development
(iv) One should maintain control of substances entering the site. Corporation
(v) Provide adequate disposal facilities. Regulations
(Amhara), 2017
(vi) Enforce a non-polluting environment.
(vii) One should identify potentially toxic overburden and screen with a
suitable material to prevent mobilisation of toxins.
Surface Water SW1 Altering the hydrological (i) Keep the hard standing areas as minimal as possible; IPDC / Enterprises Throughout Covered in Project See Monitoring Plan World Bank Group
regime- change in runoff (ii) Introduce pervious paving in areas such as parking bays. Operation Budget Ref. 11.4.4.2 EHS Guidelines
volume Development
Corporation
Regulations
(Amhara), 2017
SW2 Altering the hydrological (i) Energy dissipaters should be implemented and maintained at IPDC During construction Covered in Project See Monitoring Plan World Bank Group
regime-change in runoff each discharge point. and throughout Budget Ref. 11.4.4.2 EHS Guidelines
velocity operation Development
Corporation
Regulations
(Amhara), 2017
Ground Water GW1 Lowering of groundwater (i) Supply alternate water sources to affected community members IPDC Throughout To be determined is See Monitoring Plan World Bank Group
levels should an impact be identified Operation required Ref. 11.4.4.3 EHS Guidelines
Development
Corporation
Regulations
(Amhara), 2017
GW2 Contamination of (i) Contain and treat surface water runoff in order to prevent it IPDC Throughout Covered in Project See Monitoring Plan AFDB OS1, OS4
groundwater resources entering the groundwater environment; Operation Budget Ref. 11.4.4.3 World Bank Group
(ii) Monitor groundwater quality in the vicinity of the site; See Monitoring Plan EHS Guidelines
(iii) A groundwater monitoring programme should be initiated once Ref. 11.4.4.3 Development
the IAIP and RTC Sites become operational in order to identify Corporation
any potential impacts to groundwater quality and quantity in the Regulations
area; and (Amhara), 2017
(iv) Should negative groundwater related impacts be identified,
alternative water supply options should be supplied to the
affected communities.

ESIA Report
Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 11-14
 Proposed Mitigation and Benefit Enhancement Measures Institutional
Environment No. Potential Impacts Timeframe / Due Cost Estimates Comments / Applicable
Responsibility Date Further Action & Safeguards /
For Monitoring Documents
Implementation
GW3 Loss of recharge area for (i) Monitor spring discharge in order to determine whether the IPDC Throughout See Monitoring Plan See Monitoring Plan AFDB OS1, OS4
the springs Amhara IAIP site has had a detrimental impact. Provide alternate Operation Ref. 11.4.4.3 Ref. 11.4.4.3 World Bank Group
water source should an impact be identified. EHS Guidelines
Development
Corporation
Regulations
(Amhara), 2017
GW4 Contamination of (i) Monitor spring discharge and groundwater quality IPDC Throughout See Monitoring Plan See Monitoring Plan AFDB OS1, OS4
groundwater resources Operation Ref. 11.4.4.3 Ref. 11.4.4.3 World Bank Group
EHS Guidelines
Development
Corporation
Regulations
(Amhara), 2017
Air Quality AQ1 Air quality impacts General recommendations for air quality management have been IPDC / Enterprises Throughout Covered in Project See Monitoring Plan AFDB OS1, OS4
AQ2 Increased particulate and provided in the draft Development Control Regulations for South West Operation Budget Ref. 11.4.4.4 World Bank Group
gaseous concentrations Amhara (2017) and include: See Monitoring Plan EHS Guidelines
affecting residential (i) Water the roads immediately before compacting to strengthen the Ref. 11.4.4.4 USEPA, 1995
receptors within road surface, otherwise traffic will soon beat back the road Design costs to be Development
immediate vicinity of site surface to pre-bladed condition; determined by each Corporation
boundary and receptors (ii) When possible, delay compacting until the beginning of the wet enterprise at design Regulations
beyond site boundary season or when water becomes more available; stage (Amhara), 2017
(iii) Ensure that vehicles and other equipment are regularly inspected
according to schedule maintenance for proper exhaust emission;
(iv) Truck drivers to minimise speed limits on earthen roads,
especially in dry periods;
(v) Avoid burning of biomass as much as possible and use fire only
in situations where this is least possible environmental damage;
(vi) Speed control using speed bumps; with permanent speed bumps
to be installed in villages and bazaars to reduce traffic speeds in
inhabited areas;
(vii) If water is available, the road surface can be sprayed on a
frequent schedule;
(viii) Bitumen surface roads to be constructed in bazaars, with
speed controls implemented;
(ix) Dense vegetation planted on the roadside; and
(x) Schedule work activities to minimise disturbance.
Preparation of an Environmental Management Plan is also required
for formulation, implementation and monitoring of environmental
protection measures during and after commissioning of the project.
As part of this this, the following is applicable to air quality:
(xi) Regular monitoring of fugitive emissions shall be conducted and
any abnormalities reported for immediate corrective measures;
(xii) Regular monitoring of ambient air quality in and around the site
shall be conducted;
(xiii) Unauthorised clearing and removal of vegetation should be
prohibited;

ESIA Report
Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 11-15
 Proposed Mitigation and Benefit Enhancement Measures Institutional
Environment No. Potential Impacts Timeframe / Due Cost Estimates Comments / Applicable
Responsibility Date Further Action & Safeguards /
For Monitoring Documents
Implementation
(xiv) Normal means of dust suppression, including watering of
roads, will be employed to minimise dust generation.
(xv) Occupational dust levels are to be monitored and managed as
required.
(xvi) The size and area of stockpiles of soil will be minimised.
Stockpiles that may be susceptible to erosion must be terraced,
covered or have suitable erosion control measures such as silt
fences;
(xvii) Access routes will use established roads where possible;
(xviii) The moisture content of access road surface layers will be
maintained through routine directional spraying or the use of an
appropriate dust suppressant as agreed with the Concerned
Authority; and
(xix) Off-road driving and the creation of new roads/tracks will be
avoided wherever possible.
(xx) Recommendations provided in the IFC EHS Guidelines for Air
Emissions and Ambient Air Quality are to be considered during
design of facilities to be established within the IAIP and RTC.
Sectoral specific EHS guidelines have also been developed for
the following:
- Breweries;
- Meat processing;
- Dairy processing; and
- Food and beverage processing.
Refer to Appendix E-2 for Sector Specific Guidelines
Noise N1 Acoustic impacts (i) Units with significant noise generating potential are to be housed IPDC / Enterprises Throughout Covered in Project See Monitoring Plan AFDB OS1, OS4
Degradation of noise within closed-wall buildings to limit the transmission of noise to Operation Budget Ref. 11.4.4.5 World Bank Group
surrounding receptors. See Monitoring Plan EHS Guidelines
climate / annoyance
(ii) As per the IFC EHS Guidelines for Noise Management, the Ref. 11.4.4.5 Development
on residential following noise reduction options should also be considered: Corporation
receptors within and - Selecting equipment with lower sound power levels; Regulations
beyond 200m of the (Amhara), 2017
- Installing silencers for fans;
site boundary
- Installing suitable mufflers on engine exhausts and
compressor components;
- Installing acoustic enclosures for equipment casing radiating
noise;
- Improving the acoustic performance of constructed buildings
by applying sound insulation;
- Installing acoustic barriers without gaps and with a
continuous minimum surface density of 10 kg/m2 in order to
minimize the transmission of sound through the barrier.
Barriers should be located as close to the source or to the
receptor location to be effective;
- Installing vibration isolation for mechanical equipment;
- Re-locating noise sources to less sensitive areas to take
advantage of distance and shielding;
- Siting permanent high noise generating facilities away from
community areas if possible;

ESIA Report
Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 11-16
 Proposed Mitigation and Benefit Enhancement Measures Institutional
Environment No. Potential Impacts Timeframe / Due Cost Estimates Comments / Applicable
Responsibility Date Further Action & Safeguards /
For Monitoring Documents
Implementation
- Taking advantage of the natural topography as a noise buffer
during facility design;
- Reducing project traffic routing through community areas
wherever possible; and
- Developing a mechanism to record and respond to
complaints.
As per the Development Control Regulation document for the Amhara
site (MACE, 2017), the following site designs will be followed:
(iii) Windows and openings to all building spaces intended for human
occupancy shall be orientated away from sources of distractive
noise or shall be provided with protections acceptable to the
building official;
(iv) Regular monitoring of ambient noise in and around the site shall
be conducted; and
(v) Alert public when loud noise will be generated.
Transport and T1 Traffic impacts (i) It is recommended that due to the higher traffic volumes to and IPDC / FDRE During construction Covered in Project See Monitoring Plan AFDB OS1
Access from the IAIP, the configuration of at least one of the accesses and throughout Budget Ref. 11.4.4.6 World Bank Group
should be improved to improve safety and operation of the Operation See Monitoring Plan EHS Guidelines
access. This will assist to decrease the risk of vehicle/vehicle Ref. 11.4.4.6 Development
and vehicle/NMT accidents in the vicinity of the site. The
TBD Corporation
mitigation measures (intersection upgrades, etc.) are to be in
Regulations
place from the Construction phase.
(Amhara), 2017
(ii) The required road signs, road markings and street lighting should
also be implemented at the accesses to ensure good intersection
operation and safety.
(iii) A suitable public transport stop should be provided on-site, to
ensure safety of passengers waiting for transport.
(iv) It is recommended that the trip generation of the IAIP and RTC
facilities be monitored annually to ensure that the access
intersections operate safely and with sufficient capacity and
acceptable levels of service.
(v) If the intersection performance deteriorates to unacceptable
levels in future, additional intersection upgrades should be
implemented.
(vi) An additional NMT access should be provided off the roundabout
located on the north-western edge of the site. This will allow a
shorter and more direct access to the site from the town, and will
also decrease NMT and public transport movements along the
federal highway to the main access.
Waste WM1 (i) Provide segregated waste receptacles to each Enterprise IPDC / Enterprises Throughout Covered in Project - AFDB OS1, OS4
Management operating within the IAIP or RTC. Operation Budget World Bank Group
(ii) Encourage Enterprises to operate a clean site policy and ensure EHS Guidelines
waste receptacles are easily available and ensure all their staff Development
are properly trained on the contents of the overarching Waste Corporation
Management Plan (WMP). Regulations
(iii) IPDC must ensure that waste is collected at least once a week for (Amhara), 2017
all Enterprises and where there is greater waste being generated Waste
by an Enterprise, waste collection must increase to twice a week Management Plan
for those specific Enterprises.

ESIA Report
Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 11-17
 Proposed Mitigation and Benefit Enhancement Measures Institutional
Environment No. Potential Impacts Timeframe / Due Cost Estimates Comments / Applicable
Responsibility Date Further Action & Safeguards /
For Monitoring Documents
Implementation
(iv) Provide dedicated bins for hazardous waste, located on
hardstanding within the designated Waste Management Area.
(v) All Enterprises that generate hazardous waste must be required
to deliver this to the waste management area every third day.
(vi) Apply the waste hierarchy and prevent waste from being
generated. The site will operate on a zero waste discharge basis
and therefore, no waste, with the exception of small quantities of
hazardous waste will be permitted to be disposed of outside of
the IAIP and RTC.
(vii) Operate a 'Zero Waste Discharge' facility.
(viii) Enforce the implementation of the Waste Hierarchy.
(ix) Ensure all Enterprises are contractually committed to
implementing the WMP.
(x) No waste from the IAIP and RTC sites may be permitted to be
disposed of within a landfill with the exception of small quantities
of industrial hazardous Waste and bio-medical waste. Since there
are no sanitary landfills within Bure and Motta which are the
closest urban areas to the site, these wastes must be transported
to the nearest sanitary landfill.
(xi) Limit the volumes of residual wastes, industrial hazardous waste
and bio-medical wastes streams.
(xii) Encourage Enterprises to use alternative products to reduce
hazardous rating.
(xiii) Investigate and support the development of a Sanitary Landfill
within the vicinity of the sites.
Visual V1 Light Pollution The following mitigation measures can be implemented in order to IPDC During Construction Covered in Project See Monitoring Plan
minimise impacts from the lighting design of the facility: Budget Ref.

(i) Light spills can be completely avoided by careful lamp design

selection and positioning.
(ii) Lighting near or above the horizontal should be avoided to reduce
glare and sky glow (the brightening of the night sky).
(iii) Good design, correct installation and ongoing maintenance are
essential to the effectiveness of lighting schemes.
(iv) Lighting schemes should be designed to ensure unnecessary or
superfluous lighting is turned off when not needed. Apply ‘part-
night lighting’ to reduce any potential adverse effects e.g. when a
business is closed or, in outdoor areas, switching-off at quiet
times between midnight and 5am or 6am.
(v) Impact on sensitive wildlife receptors throughout the year, or at
particular times (e.g. on migration routes), may be mitigated by
the design of the lighting or by turning it off or down at sensitive
times.
V2 Roads and /or road The following mitigation measures can be implemented in order to IPDC During construction Covered in Project See Monitoring Plan
widening minimise impacts from permanent vegetation clearing and road and operation Budget Ref.
construction:
(i) Establish vegetative screens /shelterbelts along highly visible
roads.

ESIA Report
Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 11-18
 Proposed Mitigation and Benefit Enhancement Measures Institutional
Environment No. Potential Impacts Timeframe / Due Cost Estimates Comments / Applicable
Responsibility Date Further Action & Safeguards /
For Monitoring Documents
Implementation
(ii) Natural vegetation must be re-established on disturbed areas
after construction.
(iii) Roads and drainage for runoff should be appropriately stabilised
to avoid erosion and visual scars.
Biodiversity B1 Natural habitats The following mitigation measures are to be implemented. IPDC Prior to operation Covered in Project See Monitoring Plan AFDB OS1, OS3
B2 Amhara Regional and throughout Budget Ref. 11.4.4.8 World Bank Group
(i) Develop proper management measures for maintenance of the operation
Environmental EHS Guidelines
buffer and green areas to be protected on site.
Agency and at Development
(ii) All staff are to be educated on how to maintaining remnant woreda level Corporation
vegetation and the importance the habitat plays in stabilising the
Regulations
microclimate of the proposed project site and surrounding areas.
(Amhara), 2017
Socio- SE1 Employment and (i) Maintain and regularly update a separate web page on the IPDC Throughout Covered in Project See Monitoring Plan AFDB OS1, OS5
Economic Economy developer website dedicated to local tenders for the provision of operation Budget Ref. 11.4.4.7 World Bank Group
goods and services. Such webpage should be widely publicised EHS Guidelines
by the developer.
Development
(ii) A Worker Influx Management Plan will need to be prepared to Corporation
define labour practices in line with international standards that will Regulations
need to be applied by EPC Contractors and their subcontractors, (Amhara), 2017
as well as in the Project’s supply chain. The Worker Influx
Management Plan will need to be aligned with the developer’s
Grievance Procedure to ensure that the procedure is consistently
implemented across all Project activities.
SE2 Community Health (i) Implementation of a Health and Safety Management Policy and IPDC Throughout Covered in Project See Monitoring Plan AFDB OS1,
Worker Influx Management Plan. operation Budget Ref. 11.4.4.7 OS5World Bank
(ii) Provide the project HSE and Worker Influx Management Policies Group EHS
to all subcontractors during formal induction, including the Guidelines
security firms. Development
(iii) One “umbrella” Project Grievance Mechanism, extended and Corporation
accessible to all workers, those who directly work for the IAIPs Regulations
development and also employed by contractors. (Amhara), 2017
(iv) On-going monitoring and evaluation of the community health
situation will be needed. If monitoring indicates an increase in the
transmission of communicable diseases, the mitigation measures
will need to be revised.
SE3 Community Safety and (i) Ensure that a Project Code of Conduct and appropriate training IPDC Throughout Covered in Project See Monitoring Plan AFDB OS1,
Security for security personnel are implemented to ensure best practice in operation Budget Ref. 11.4.4.7 OS5World Bank
running a secure site and implementing the Code of Conduct that Group EHS
fosters behaviours that help to avoid, eliminate or minimise the Guidelines
use of excessive force in potential conflict situation. Development
Corporation
Regulations
(Amhara), 2017
SE4 Environmental Emissions Refer to Air Quality Section of ESMP.
SE5 Community Infrastructure (i) Develop and implement a community health management plan in IPDC Throughout Covered in Project See Monitoring Plan AFDB OS1,
and Services consultation with relevant stakeholders (e.g. local doctors and the operation Budget Ref. 11.4.4.7 OS5World Bank
local authorities). This plan will ensure that appropriate and Group EHS
adequate health care services are provided on site and at the Guidelines

ESIA Report
Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 11-19
 Proposed Mitigation and Benefit Enhancement Measures Institutional
Environment No. Potential Impacts Timeframe / Due Cost Estimates Comments / Applicable
Responsibility Date Further Action & Safeguards /
For Monitoring Documents
Implementation
accommodation camp to address/ manage worker illnesses and Development
injuries. Corporation
Regulations
(Amhara), 2017

ESIA Report
Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 11-20
11.4 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MONITORING
PROGRAMME

11.4.1 OVERVIEW
Environmental monitoring is an essential tool in relation to environmental management as it provides
the basis for rational management decisions regarding impact control. Monitoring should be
performed during all stages of the project to verify the impact predictions and to ensure that the
impacts are no greater than predicted.
By using the information collected through monitoring, environmental management plans can be
improved when necessary (e.g. adapting mitigation measures to changing situations throughout the
project construction and operation) to ensure that the anticipated impacts are mitigated. Should the
environmental monitoring determine construction works or operations pose an environmental concern;
the works or operation will be modified or halted.
The objectives of the environmental monitoring programme include the following:
 To monitor the changes in the environmental conditions by the construction and operation of the
proposed Project;
 To check on whether mitigation and benefit enhancement measures have actually been adopted,
and are proving effective in practice;
 To provide a means whereby any impacts which were subject to uncertainty at the time of
preparation of the ESIA, or which were unforeseen, can be identified, and to provide a basis for
formulating appropriate additional impact mitigation measures; and
 To provide information on the actual nature and extent of key impacts and the effectiveness of
mitigation and benefit enhancement measures which, through a feedback mechanism, can
improve the planning and execution of future, similar projects.
There are two basic forms of monitoring:
 Compliance monitoring, which checks whether prescribed actions have been carried out, usually
by means of inspection or enquiries, and
 Effects monitoring which records the consequences of activities on one or more environmental
components, and usually involves physical measurement of selected parameters or the execution
of surveys to establish the nature and extent of induced changes.
For this project, it is recommended to carry out both compliance and effects monitoring. However,
during construction compliance monitoring will play a major role in checking whether recommended
impact mitigation and management plans have been carried out or not. This is because most impact
control takes the form of measures incorporated in project designs and contract documents. The
extent to which recommendations on these matters, as set out in the ESIA and ESMP, are complied
with plays a major part in determining the overall environmental performance of the project.
The environmental monitoring plan outlined below and summarised in Table 11-4 and Table 11-6
describes the particular resources that will be monitored through the construction and operation
phases of the project respectively. The types of data that will be collected to describe each resource
are also included in these tables.

11.4.2 MONITORING TO ESTABLISH BASELINE

The quality of environmental assessment usually to a large extent constrained by limitation of baseline
information and data time series. The environmental baseline conditions, which will form a basis for
some of the monitoring activities, were determined by the ESIA studies during the pre-construction
Phase. However, there is a need for additional information about present status and development
trends for good predication of impacts of the project environment.

ESIA Report
Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 11-21
A monitoring regime is to begin at the earliest convenience to be established against which changes
during construction, and on into operation, can be assessed.
Therefore, it is recommended for the IPDC to set-up an environmental and social monitoring system
and establish a databases as well as support system for data storage and dissemination. Such
system might be established for general state of the environment reporting.

11.4.3 MONITORING PLAN: CONSTRUCTION PHASE

11.4.3.1 GENERAL
Environmental monitoring during the construction phase will comprise two principal groups of
activities:
 Review of the contractor’s plans, method statements, temporary works designs, and
arrangements so as to ensure that environmental protection measures specified in the contract
documents are adopted, and that the contractor’s proposals provide an acceptable level of impact
control.
 Systematic observation of all site activities and the contractor’s offsite facilities including stockpile
areas, as a check that the contract requirements relating to environmental matters are in fact
being complied with, and that no impacts foreseen and unforeseen are occurring.
Most of the monitoring will comprise visual observations during site inspection and will be carried out
at the same time as the engineering monitoring activities. Site inspections will take place with
emphasis on early identification of any environmental problems and the initiation of suitable remedial
action. Where remedial actions have been required on the part of the contractor, further checks will
need to be made to ensure that these are actually being implemented to the agreed schedule and in
the required form. All sites where construction is taking place will be formally inspected from an
environmental viewpoint on a regular basis.
These activities will also be integrated with other construction supervision and monitoring activities to
be carried out by the IPDC. The IPDC will decide on the appropriate course of action to be taken in
cases where unsatisfactory reports are received from field staff regarding environmental matters. In
the case of relatively minor matters, advice to the contractor on the need for remedial action may
suffice, but in all serious cases, the IPDC should issue a formal instruction to the EPC Contractor to
take remedial action, depending on the extent of his delegated powers.
IPDC, as an implementing agency of this project, has the responsibility to be involved with the
construction supervision team to see the implementation of this environmental monitoring plan. The
IPDC will establish an Environmental Management Unit (EMU) at site office level and is responsible to
coordinate the environmental management and monitoring activities on a day-to-day basis.
The EPC contractor will assign an Environmental Inspector and to undertake check monitoring on an
intermittent basis.
Furthermore, condition 24(2) of the Industrial Park Proclamation No. 886/2015 states that, “The
Ministry of Environment and Forest shall establish an office within industrial parks for the application,
supervision, protection and enforcement of environmental norms, standards, safeguards,
management and mitigation plans within the Industrial Parks”.
In addition to visual observation, it is particularly important that monitoring should also include limited
informal questioning of members of the local community and their leaders who live near to the project
since they may be aware of matters which are unsatisfactory, but which may not be readily apparent
or recognised during normal site inspection visits.
In the following sections, monitoring activities are presented for various impact components during the
construction phase. Table 11-6 below outlines the overall package of environmental monitoring that
will be carried out in relation to the Project. The table also assigns responsibilities for each monitoring
activity, and proposes parties capable of carrying out the monitoring on behalf of the IPDC.

ESIA Report
Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 11-22
11.4.3.2 SOIL EROSION
The EMU is to ensure the effectiveness of erosion and sedimentation control measures to be
implemented during construction stage.

11.4.3.3 SURFACE WATER QUALITY

Monitoring of water quality will ensure proper implementation of the identified mitigation measures for
the construction phase and complying with the Water Pollution control Regulation.
The water quality monitoring program should also include the potable water supplied to the
construction work camps and work sites. Periodical water analysis of the drinking water provided to
the workers and an awareness program on safe water shall be performed in order to limit waterborne
diseases.

11.4.3.4 AIR QUALITY

Particulate matter (PM) at the constructions sites and roads used by trucks for haulage of materials,
will be visually monitored. Monitoring will be carried out throughout the construction activities on a
daily basis. If nuisance dust is generated around the site during the construction period, it will be the
responsibility of EMU to ensure that appropriate control measure are taken.
Inspection of stock piled material sites is to be undertaken on a regular basis to ensure suitable
mitigation measures are in place. In addition, trucks and machinery shall occasionally be inspected
unannounced regarding engine emissions (i.e., when black clouds of soot are visible). Engine
maintenance shall be requested in case of any deficiency noticed.

11.4.3.5 NOISE
The implementation of the identified mitigation measures will be monitored during construction
activities. The noise level at construction sites will be monitored with portable sound level meters once
a week and upon receipt of complaints. Thus compliance with the Regulation on the Assessment and
Management of the Environmental Noise and Regulation of Worker’s Health and Work Safety will be
ensured.
If nuisance noise is generated around settlement areas during the construction period, it will be the
responsibility of the EMU to ensure that appropriate control measure are taken.

11.4.3.6 WASTE MANAGEMENT

Wastes will be handled to ensure compliance with related Ethiopian Legislation, and internationally
accepted standards. To handle all types of wastes properly during construction, a waste management
plan has been prepared and implementation of the measures proposed in these plans will be
monitored regularly to comply with all relevant legislation and standards.
All the records for storage, transportation and treatment of these wastes will be kept as required by
the management plans. The EMU shall check on regular basis the activity in the waste management
areas.

11.4.3.7 NATURAL VEGETATION

It is the responsibility of EMU together with the Woreda office of Agriculture and Rural Development to
ensure that the recommended mitigation measures for natural vegetation are implemented.
Parameters to be monitored include areas of woodland in the vicinity of the project sites to ensure
deforestation does not take place. The monitoring would allow EMU to assess that the cutting and
removal of trees and bush is carried out in accordance with proper forest conservation practices.

ESIA Report
Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 11-23
11.4.3.8 EQUIPMENT, FUEL STOAGE AND MAINTENANCE
It will be the responsibility of EMU to check on the proper storage and operations of equipment, fuel
storage and handling facilities and maintenance areas to ensure these facilities are safe and secure.

11.4.3.9 SOCIO-ECONOMIC
COMMUNITY HEALTH
On-going monitoring and evaluation of the community health situation is to be undertaken. If
monitoring indicates an increase in the transmission of communicable diseases, the mitigation
measures will need to be revised.
SAFETY
Occupational health and safety issues of the IAIP and RTC operation will be monitored to ensure
compliance with legislation related to occupational health and safety management.
COMPENSATION AND RESETTLEMENT
Monitoring of the following aspects are to be undertaken:
 Changes in economic and social status of compensated and resettled population including
livelihood improvement, effectiveness and timing of public information/participation and
consultation activities;
 Implementation and effectiveness of social development plans;
 Effectiveness of resettlement planning, complaints or grievances regarding resettlement and
effectiveness of corrective/preventive activities performed for them.
The main type of monitoring to be adopted for the purpose of this project will be both internal and
external performance monitoring. Accordingly, the IPDC will undertake continuous and systematic
performance monitoring of the resettlement process.

ESIA Report
Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 11-24
Table 11-4: Monitoring Plan - Construction Phase

No. Parameter to be Location Measurement Frequency Institutional Cost (Birr)

monitored Responsibility

1 Erosion and Sedimentation Construction sites, stockpile Observation and Continuous controls EPC Contractor, Covered in Project
areas, access roads reporting regarding and monthly EMU Budget
the provisions in reporting
Erosion and
Sediment Control
Plan

2 Air Quality Construction sites, stockpile Observation and Continuous EPC Contractor, Covered in Project
areas, access roads inspection throughout the EMU Budget
construction period

3 Air Quality Trucks and machinery Observation and Occasionally EPC Contractor, Covered in Project
exhausts inspection throughout EMU Budget
construction period

4 Noise Near settlements and Portable sound level Once a week and EPC Contractor, 200,000 for
construction sites meters for upon complaints EMU equipment
measuring noise
levels

5 Waste Management At construction sites and Observation and Monthly EPC Contractor, Covered in project
camp facilities record keeping EMU budget

6 Natural Vegetation IAIP site Observation and Monthly EMU / ARD Covered in project
record keeping budget

6 Equipment, fuel storage Construction camp and Visual inspection Monthly EPC Contractor, Covered in project
and handling and workshop EMU budget
maintenance

ESIA Report
Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 11-25
 No. Parameter to be Location Measurement Frequency Institutional Cost (Birr)
monitored Responsibility

7 Health and Safety All work places Observation Daily / Monthly EPC Contractor, Covered in Project
inspection and EMU budget
reporting

8 Environmental Monitoring - Monitoring of the Monitoring EMU / EPC 100,000 per year
Coordination implementation and continuously Contractor
success of the
Reporting bi-
mitigation measures
annually
(including the
relevant
environmental and
health and safety
plans)
Reporting on
monitoring results,
and compliance with
relevant legislation,
contract and
technical
requirements

9 Resettlement and Monitoring of the Resettlement Action Plan (for details see RAP Report)
Socioeconomic

ESIA Report
Proposed Amhara IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 11-26
11.4.4 MONITORING PLAN: OPERATION PHASE
Monitoring will be an integrated part of operation of the project to comply with the standards and
improve management practices.
The principal fields of interest requiring monitoring during operation phase are discussed below and
summarized in Table 11-6.

11.4.4.1 SOIL EROSION

The EMU is to ensure the effectiveness of erosion control measures to be implemented during the
operation phase.

11.4.4.2 SURFACE WATER QUALITY

Monitoring of water quality will ensure proper implementation of the identified mitigation measures for
the construction phase and complying with the Water Pollution control Regulation.
The surrounding water courses must be monitored upstream and downstream of the IAIP site. Details
of the monitoring protocols are defined below.
SAMPLING LOCATION AND FREQUENCY
The Yiser River must be monitored on a monthly basis upstream and downstream of the. Three
surface water sampling locations have been identified and are summarised in Table 11-5.
Table 11-5: Surface Water Sampling Locations

Sample name Sampling Point Latitude Longitude

AHASW01 Site boundary near SW discharge points 10.699300°N 37.067350°E

AHASW02 Perpendicular to site 10.693480°N 37.070740°E

AHASW06 Site boundary near SW discharge points 10.695383°N 37.081740°E

AHASW08 Downstream of site 10.686980°N 37.084440°E

SAMPLING METHODOLOGY
The surface water samples must be collected directly into laboratory supplied sample containers.
Surface water samples must be obtained from at least 10cm below the water surface wherever possible,
with the bottle opening facing upstream. Sample containers must be kept closed and in a clean condition
up to the point of sampling.
Monitoring must be undertaken according to internationally accepted protocols, ensuring that the
potential for cross contamination is minimised (i.e. during sampling, new disposable latex gloves must
be worn at each sampling point).
For each sampling point, the temperature, pH and electrical conductivity must be measured in-situ using
a calibrated multi-parameter and recorded. This information, as well as the physical and environmental
information of each sampling point (e.g. visual, olfactory observations and flow conditions) must be
recorded on designated field data sheet.
On each sample, the following must be recorded to ensure proper identification:
 Site Name (e.g. Amhara IAIP);
 Sample Location and Sample Type (e.g. Amhara SW01); and
 Sample Date and Time.
Sample containers must be kept closed and in a clean condition up to the point of sampling. Post
sampling, all samples must be stored in a temperature controlled cooler box (below 4 oC), which is kept

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sealed and dust-free, until samples are dispatched to the laboratory for analysis. Any glass sample
vessels must be wrapped in bubble wrap to prevent breakages.
ANALYTICAL PROGRAMME
The analytical schedule for the surface water samples is included in the below:
 Metals and metalloids: aluminium, arsenic, barium, beryllium, boron, cadmium, chromium, copper,
iron, lead, manganese, mercury, nickel, potassium, selenium, vanadium and zinc;
 Anions: chloride, cyanide, phosphate, sulphate fluoride, ammoniacal nitrogen as N and NH 3,
TON, nitrate as N and nitrite as N;
 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD);
 Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD);
 General: TOC, pH, electrical conductivity, DO, TDS and Total Suspended Solids (TSS).
The pH and electrical conductivity measured in-situ must be validated through laboratory testing.
DATA QUALITY
A factual and interpretive report should be drafted in accordance with the monitoring reporting
requirements stipulated in the IFC guidelines. The report should include a description of the
methodologies followed, the analytical results obtained and associated interpretation in line with the
defined water quality guidelines.
The precision of the sampling and analysis must be assessed through a comparison of the original and
duplicate sample analytical results. This must be done through a quality assurance/quality control
programme (i.e. obtain the percentage variance of the duplicated sample).
Should negative surface water related impacts be identified at root cause investigation should be
undertaken and corrective actions identified and implemented.

11.4.4.3 GROUNDWATER MONITORING

A water quality monitoring program with adequate resources and management oversight should be
developed and implemented to meet the objective(s) of the monitoring program. The water quality
monitoring program should consider the following elements:
 Monitoring parameters: The parameters selected for monitoring should be indicative of the
pollutants of concern from the process, and should include parameters that are regulated under
compliance requirements;
 Monitoring type and frequency: Wastewater monitoring should take into consideration the
discharge characteristics from the process over time. Monitoring of discharges from processes
with batch manufacturing or seasonal process variations should take into consideration of time-
dependent variations in discharges and, therefore, is more complex than monitoring of continuous
discharges. Effluents from highly variable processes may need to be sampled more frequently or
through composite methods. Grab samples or, if automated equipment permits, composite
samples may offer more insight on average concentrations of pollutants over a 24-hour period.
Composite samplers may not be appropriate where analytes of concern are short-lived (e.g.,
quickly degraded or volatile).
 Monitoring locations: The monitoring location should be selected with the objective of providing
representative monitoring data. Effluent sampling stations may be located at the final discharge,
as well as at strategic upstream points prior to merging of different discharges. Process
discharges should not be diluted prior or after treatment with the objective of meeting the
discharge or ambient water quality standards. Monitoring boreholes should be placed both up
gradient and down gradient of the operations, and take preferential groundwater flow paths into
consideration
 Data quality: Monitoring programs should apply internationally approved methods for sample
collection, preservation and analysis. Sampling should be conducted by or under the supervision
of trained individuals. Analysis should be conducted by entities permitted or certified for this
purpose. Sampling and Analysis Quality Assurance/Quality Control (QA/QC) plans should be
prepared and, implemented. QA/QC documentation should be included in monitoring reports.

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Groundwater monitoring should be conducted on a quarterly basis.
Should negative groundwater related impacts be identified, alternative water supply options should be
supplied to the affected communities

11.4.4.4 AIR QUALITY MONITORING

Regular monitoring of ambient air quality in and around the site shall be conducted during the
operation phase, following commencement of the park.

11.4.4.5 NOISE MONITORING

Regular monitoring of ambient noise in and around the site is to be conducted during the operation
phase, following commencement of the park. Should complaints be received at any point noise
monitoring is to be undertaken to determine the source of the noise and corrective actions are to be
identified and implemented.

11.4.4.6 TRAFFIC MONITORING

The trip generation of the IAIP and RTC facilities be monitored annually, during the operational phase,
to ensure that the access intersections operate safely and with sufficient capacity and acceptable
levels of service.

11.4.4.7 SOCIO-ECONOMIC
COMMUNITY HEALTH
On-going monitoring and evaluation of the community health situation is to be undertaken. If
monitoring indicates an increase in the transmission of communicable diseases, the mitigation
measures will need to be revised.
SAFETY
Occupational health and safety issues of the IAIP and RTC operation will be monitored to ensure
compliance with legislation related to occupational health and safety management.
COMPENSATION AND RESETTLEMENT
Monitoring of the following aspects are to be undertaken:
 Changes in economic and social status of compensated and resettled population including
livelihood improvement, effectiveness and timing of public information/participation and
consultation activities;
 Implementation and effectiveness of social development plans;
 Effectiveness of resettlement planning, complaints or grievances regarding resettlement and
effectiveness of corrective/preventive activities performed for them.
The main type of monitoring to be adopted for the purpose of this project will be both internal and
external performance monitoring. Accordingly, the IPDC will undertake continuous and systematic
performance monitoring of the resettlement process.

11.4.4.8 CONSTRUCTION SITE RESTORATION

This programme will be maintained for only a short duration during the construction period and the
clean-up of the construction site. The programme will have the responsibility of ensuring that the EPC
contractor implement environmental precautions and that the required landscaping and re-vegetation
programme are implemented as part of the construction demobilisation process.

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11.4.5 CHECKING AND CORRECTIVE ACTION

INSPECTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE AND MONITORING

Environmental monitoring of site activities is undertaken through a set of inspection reports and
incidents forms. An Environmental Inspection Reports (EIR) is to be issued to Site Management when
the Environmental Inspector identifies negative impacts, poor environmental practices and/or breach
of the standards and its procedures. This is normally supported by photographic evidence.

NON-CONFORMANCE, CORRECTIVE AND PREVENTIVE ACTION

When procedures are not followed, action is taken to prevent the occurrence of environmental
problems.
Non-conformances include breach of environmental legislation and failure to follow ESMP
procedures. The Environmental Inspectors and EMU are to investigate the cause of non-conformance
in order to determine appropriate corrective actions. Once and corrective actions are complete, the
non-conformance is closed and no further action is required.

RECORDS

The Environmental Inspectors and EMU keep records of the documentation of the environmental
inspection and monitoring. These records include:
 Environmental Inspection Reports;
 Monthly Environmental Summary;
 Environmental Incidents and any no-conformance reports;
 Corrective and preventive actions;
 Complaints;
 Permits and approvals;
 Employer/Consultant and EPC Contractor internal minutes of meeting; and
 Environment audit findings.
Records shall be kept to demonstrate the environmental performance at the site. This serves as a
basis for interested parties to evaluate the site’s performance. The records shall be legible, identifiable
and accessible.

11.4.6 MONITORING FRAMEWORK

Effective monitoring of all stages of the project could be managed through an environmental
management team. The principal aim of the environmental management team would be advising the
project authorities and local administration about the best practicable means for protecting the
environment during all stages of the project's life span.
It would provide the IPDC with proposals for monitoring the environment, and indicate operational
procedures for protecting the environment.
The primary responsibility of this monitoring plan is of the IPDC who is the Project Developer. The
Environmental monitoring plan will be administered within the IPDC project coordination office. The
EMU will begin the implementation of the programme by forming a team of specialists to assist in
monitoring the environmental effects during the construction period.
Independent external environmental monitoring may also be considered by MEFCC for the activities
that are not under the responsibility of the IPDC.
In addition, there are other agencies that have the responsibility and authority to monitor some of the
measures. It is also recommended that the IPDC involves other Agencies (including MEFCC) and
subcontractors as required to form the environmental management team.
During the construction phase, the EPC contractor will designate an Environmental Inspector who will
be responsible for environmental monitoring issues regarding the Project.

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It is recommended that a formal annual audit of environmental and social performance is undertaken
by an independent body.

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Table 11-6: Monitoring Plan - Operation Phase

No. Parameter to be Location Measurement Frequency Institutional Cost (Birr)

monitored Responsibility

1 Surface Water Quality Upstream and downstream Sampling and Monthly IPDC/EMU 100,000 per year
of the IAIP at 4 identified analysis
locations Physical, chemical
parameters
2 Groundwater Both up gradient and down Sampling and Quarterly IPDC/EMU 100,000 per year
gradient of the operations analysis
Physical, chemical
parameters
3 Air Quality Sensitive receptors around Observation and Quarterly IPDC/EMU 200,000 per year
the IAIP site inspection /
sampling and
analysis
4 Noise Sensitive receptors around Portable sound level Once a week and EPC Contractor, Equipment cost
the IAIP site meter for measuring upon complaints EMU included in
noise levels construction budget
5 Traffic Access intersections at IAIP Observation and Annual IPDC/EMU Covered in operation
and RTC sites reporting cost
6 Health and Safety All work places Visual inspection Monthly EMU Covered in operation
and reporting / cost
Health and safety
survey
7 Environmental Monitoring - Monitoring of the Monitoring EMU Covered in operation
Coordination implementation and continuously and cost
success of the Reporting bi-
mitigation measures annually
Reporting on
monitoring results,
and compliance with
relevant legislation,

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 No. Parameter to be Location Measurement Frequency Institutional Cost (Birr)
monitored Responsibility
contract and
technical
requirements
8 Resettlement and Monitoring of the Resettlement Action Plan (for details see RAP Report)
Socioeconomic

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11.5 PUBLIC CONSULTATION AND DISSEMINATION OF
INFORMATION
Public Consultation was initiated in 2015 by the IPDC during the initial phase of the Project and
continued in 2016 and 2017. The public consultation has been conducted to ensure that the project
has taken full account of the priority concerns of PAPs and other relevant stakeholders in order to
make the IPDC (the project developer) aware about the potential adverse impacts of the project and
concerns raised by the stakeholders.
The FDRE Constitution, Article 92, states that; “People have the right to full consultation and to the
expression of their views in the planning and implementation of environmental policies and projects
that affect them directly”.
Public consultations were held as part of the ESIA process with Federal, Regional, Zonal, Woreda
and local officials and institutions, PAPs, community elders, etc. with the following key objectives
among others:
 To develop and maintain avenues of communication between the project and stakeholders in
order to ensure that their views and concerns are incorporated into the ESIA and associated
management plans, with the objectives of reducing or offsetting negative impacts and enhancing
benefits from the project;
 To inform and discuss about the nature and scale of adverse impacts and to identify and prioritise
the remedial measures for the impacts in a more transparent and direct manner;
 Include the attitudes of the community and officials who will be affected by the project so that their
views and proposals are mainstreamed to formulate mitigation and benefit enhancement
measures;
 Increase public awareness and understanding of the project, and ensure its acceptance; and
 To inform local authorities of the impacts and solicit their views on the project and discuss their
share of the responsibility
The stakeholder consultation process undertaken as part of the ESIA is discussed in Chapter 7.

11.6 ORGANISATIONS AND INSTITUTIONS RESPONSIBLE

FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF THE ESMP

11.6.1 INTER-ORGANISATIONAL COORDINATION

It is recognised that effective Environmental Management will only be achieved only if it is undertaken
as a fully integrated part of the overall project management. In order to effectively implement a
comprehensive environmental management plan, the coordination of efforts of the various Federal
and Regional Agencies is necessary with a concept comprising three sub-components, namely:
 A clear framework of inter-organisational coordination measures;
 A specific information strategy; and
 A tailored capacity building program.
The key organisations for the implementation of the ESMP during the construction phase are the
IPDC and EPC contractor. During the operation phase the IPDC is the major responsible agency.
There are other government agencies which will have the responsibility for implementation of certain
mitigation and monitoring activities and their activities will be coordinated by the IPDC.

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The main responsible institutions for implementation, coordination and administration of the
Environmental management plan set out in this ESMP is summarised in Table 11-7.
Table 11-7: Main responsible institutions for implementation of the ESMP

Organisation Role Construction Operation Responsibility in ESMP

IPDC Project   Implementation of RAP

Developer and
Coordination with other
Agency
agencies
responsible for
operating the Monitoring
IAIP and RTC
During operation phase
responsible for the IAIP
and RTC

EPC Contractor Construction  Implementation of

activities mitigation measures
Monitoring (For the
construction phases)

MEFCC Agency   Monitoring/ auditing for

responsible for compliance with Federal
monitoring / and Regional
auditing of Environmental
environmental Regulations
pollution

Ministry of Agency   Monitoring public health

Health and responsible for
Regional Health public health
Bureau

Ministry of Agency   Monitoring / auditing

Labour and responsible for
Social Security occupational
health

IPDC and Agency   Implementation of RAP

Federal responsible for
Monitoring of
Government resettlement and
compensated families
construction of
relocation sites

11.6.2 IPDC ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING UNIT

The main responsibilities of the Environmental Monitoring Unit (EMU) include:
 Review and approve of the environmental components of the EPC contractor’s project plan.
 Ensure that mitigation measures, conditions and specifications are fully implemented during
construction and resolving problems as encountered.
 Supervise restoration of construction area that was affected during construction period of the
project to its natural state.
 Conducting periodic environmental monitoring during construction and operation phases.

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 Monitoring proper implementation during resettlement and post resettlement of communities.
 Liaise with members of the public, local organizations, government and non-governmental
organizations; and,
 Report results of mitigation and monitoring activities to the MEFCC, Regional Environmental
offices and other relevant parties.

11.6.3 MINISTRY OF ENVIRNMENT FORESTY AND CLIMATE CHANGE

As per Proclamation 803/2013 (amendment), the Ministry of Environment, Forestry and Climate
Change (MEFCC) has the powers and duties to:
 Coordinate measures to ensure that the environmental objectives provided under the Constitution
and the basic principles set out in the Environmental Policy of Ethiopia are realised.
 Establish a system for environmental impact assessment of public and private projects, as well as
social and economic development policies, strategies, laws and programmes.
 Establish a system for the evaluation of the environmental impact assessment of investment
projects submitted by their respective proponents by the concerned sectorial licensing organ prior
to granting a permission for their implementation in accordance with the Environmental Impact
Assessment Proclamation.
Article 24(2) of the Industrial Park Proclamation No. 886/2014 requires the MEFCC to establish offices
within the industrial parks for the application, supervision, protection and enforcement of
environmental norms and standards, safeguards, management and mitigation plans within the
industrial parks.

11.6.4 EPC CONTRACTOR

The EPC contractor will assign an Environmental Inspector during the construction phase. The
Environmental Inspector is responsible to:
 Check compliance with recommended conditions in the contract, ESIA and ESMP;
 Review the effectiveness of mitigation measures for proper management of construction risks and
uncertainties;
 Review the effectiveness of environmental management plan for the construction activities.
 Recommend modifying or halting construction activities, or developing appropriate mitigation
measures in case of unpredicted adverse effects on the environment or if environmental
monitoring determine construction works pose environmental concern;
 Identify and liaise to promote social integration and the development of mutually satisfactory
solutions to problems affecting local communities; and
 Provide advice and assistance, as and when required, on aspects of environmental management.

11.7 REPORTING AND REVIEWING

11.7.1 GENERAL
The management measures identified in the ESMP concern actions to be taken in order to prevent, or
mitigate, environmental or social impacts, or to enhance positive impacts. A system of reporting and
auditing of the ESMP commitments is required to assess the degree of success in terms of
implementation of the ESMP. This will apply to IPDC and the EPC Contractor.
The expected reports include:
 Site Environmental Management Plan,

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 Site Inspection and
 Progress Reports.
Each of these organisations will provide monthly reports on the actions taken in the previous month to
fulfil the ESMP. The IPDC will be able to draw on the reports it receives from the contractor and
augments these reports with a report of its own performance.
A complete set up to handle and manage data and information generated from the management plan
and other monitoring activities will be established. Therefore, the EMU shall maintain all necessary
records related to environmental management and monitoring.
The MEFCC will be required to randomly verify the actual performance of the EPC Contractor and the
EMU Team.
It is recommended that a formal annual audit of environmental and social performance be carried out
by an independent entity.

11.7.2 RECORD KEEPING AND REPORTING

Records of significant environmental matters, including monitoring data, accidents and occupational
illness, and spills, fires and other emergencies shall be maintained.
Recorded information shall be reviewed and evaluated to improve the effectiveness of the ESMP. An
annual summary of the above information shall be provided to statutory authorities, if required.

11.8 PROJECT FEEDBACK ADJUSTMENT

11.8.1 PROJECT FEEDBACK

The monitoring programme will establish effective feedback mechanisms so that the performance and
effectiveness of the various elements of the ESMP can be evaluated, and if necessary corrective
actions can be implemented.
The monitoring results as well as the report on environmental performance and the occurrences of
unforeseen circumstance may also be used to modify and reshape the project’s construction methods
and/or operation.
The ESMP is to be available at the project offices for all employees of the project.

11.8.2 AMENDING THE ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

The ESMP has been developed with project knowledge and information available to-date. As project
scheduling plans are developed and changed, and construction techniques determined, components
of the ESMP might require amending.
The IPDC may periodically revise the ESMP in consultation with the EPC Contractor, and subject to
approval from the MEFCC, to accommodate changes in work and site conditions.

11.8.3 CHANGE MANAGEMENT

The ESMP is a working document that changes during the life of the project. Therefore, in the event
that compliance regarding environmental requirements is determined to be inadequate, or to address
unforeseen or unexpected conditions, changes to project design, procedures, process or activities can
be proposed at any time during the project. Should the environmental monitoring also determine
construction works or operation pose an environmental concern, the works or operation will be

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modified or changed to adopt mitigation measures to changing situations throughout the project
construction and operation phases.
The EMU is responsible to ensure operations are conducted as recommended in the ESMP and in
accordance with statutory requirements and recommends any necessary changes to the plan. The
change management processes include the following:
 Identification of item/situations potentially requiring change;
 List and document the reason for making changes to ESMP;
 Preparation of change request document that:
— outlines the nature of the item/situation requiring change,
— outlines impacts of the change (cost, schedule, safety, operability, etc.), and
— identifies potential biophysical, socio-economic or health concerns.
 Review of the proposed changes to ensure that environmental protection measures will be
adopted and the proposal provides an acceptable level of impact control;
 Documentation of the approval or rejection of the change request;
 Implementation of the approved change, including communication to appropriate parties
concerning the nature, scope and timing of the change; and
 Summary of project changes and status to be included in the monthly reports and the annual
environmental status report.
When a procedure is amended to suit a particular type of environment, both the IPDC and the EPC
contractor are responsible for managing changes within their respective areas of responsibility. The
EPC contractor is responsible for ensuring that construction staff are aware of any changes to the
ESMP and revised procedures.

11.9 CONTINGENCY PLANS

The IPDC is to develop a contingency plan which is designed to take account of a possible future
events or circumstance including accidents, fires, hazardous spills, natural disasters that may affect
the IAIP and RTC facilities.
The IPDC are to ensure that each facility develops a site specific contingency plan for each
development with the parks.
These plans are to be reviewed and updated on an annual basis.

11.10 PROJECT GRIEVANCE AND REDRESS

MECHANISM

11.10.1 OS REQUIREMENT ON GRMS

In OS 1, the AfDB requires the establishment of a “credible, independent and empowered local
grievance and redress mechanism to receive, facilitate and follow up on the resolution of the affected
people’s grievances and concerns regarding the environmental and social performance of the project.
The local grievance mechanism needs to be sufficiently independent, empowered and accessible to
the stakeholders at all times during project cycle and all responses to grievances shall be recorded
and included in project supervision formats and reports.”
The aim of a project Grievance and Redress Mechanism (GRM) is therefore to enable people fearing
or suffering adverse impacts to be able to be heard and assisted.

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11.10.2 OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF A GRM
A project GRM is a systematic process for receiving, evaluating and facilitating resolution of affected
people’s project-related concerns, complaints and grievances about the borrower’s/client’s social and
environmental performance on a project.
The GRM provides a structured and managed way of allowing the concerns of affected people to be
heard and addressed.

11.10.3 DEVELOPING AND IMPLEMENTING A GRM

DEVELOPING A GRM
The process by which a complaint will be accepted or rejected needs to be carefully designed, and
should maximise interactivity and cultural sensitivity. The acceptance/rejection of a complaint should
go through a discussion stage where the plaintiff and the GRM staff interact on the grounds and
motives of the complaint, after which the plaintiff should clearly and transparently be told whether or
not the complaint is eligible and will be processed. It is best if the acceptance/rejection of the
complaint is based on objective criteria that are posted by the GRM, including a written copy
displayed in the public access area of the GRM in an appropriate language.
The processing of the complaint, if accepted should go through various phases:
 Filing of the complaint and labelling with an identification code, communicated immediately to the
plaintiff.
 Assessment of the complaint (including severity of the risk/impact).
 Formulation of the response.
 Selection of the grievance resolution approach is key. There are four general approaches to
choose from:
— The project’s management proposes a solution.
— The community and the project’s management decide together.
— The project’s management and the community defer to a third party to decide.
— The project’s management and the community utilise traditional or customary practices to
reach a solution.
“Decide together” approaches are usually the most accessible, natural and unthreatening ways for
communities and a project’s management to resolve differences. With the potential to resolve perhaps
the majority of all grievances, “decide together” should be the centrepiece of any grievance
mechanism’s resolution options.
The relevant GRM is to be developed in line with Section 7 of the Industrial Parks Council of Ministers
Regulations No. 417/2017.

IMPLEMENTING A GRM
During project implementation, five steps may be required:
 Establish human resources and logistics.
 Introduce the GRM to project staff.
 Communicate with the local communities to build awareness.
 Train and support participants.
 Develop a monitoring programme.
An internal communication campaign among the key project staff should highlight that the function of
the GRM is not to put blame on individuals or to identify mistakes and other errors, but rather that it

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identifies the risk of unintended negative impacts so as to avoid them altogether or, at worst, to
compensate for them if intervention/warning comes too late.
Effective communication also needs to be established with the community itself to explain that the
GRM, what the goals and roles of the GRM are and how GRM intervention can or should be triggered.
This effort should follow these key principles:
 Develop simple, visually engaging marketing materials;
 Provide materials in an understandable format and language; and
 Use face-to-face, informal meetings in local communities.
Finally an important element of implementation is monitoring and reporting, including evaluating
success and identifying need for improvement.

11.10.4 LOCAL COMMUNITIES

The IPDC and the EPC contractor should be prepared to respond to the communities, concerns
related Project. A grievance mechanism is proposed to be established to receive and facilitate
resolution of the affected communities concerns. Liaison groups significantly reduce the aggravation
and hostility of locals to the IPDC and the EPC contractor and their staff.
During construction phase, it is recommended that a community Liaison group be established.
Therefore, both the IPDC and the EPC contractor should assign the responsibility of liaising with local
communities and local authorities to their respective Community Development and Liaison (CDL)
Officer. The CDL will be permanently on site and will provide effective liaison to promote social
integration, and the development of mutually satisfactory solutions to problems affecting local
communities.
Regular interaction with local communities by the CDL will ensure that many problems are dealt with
at an early stage and effectively. Both the IPDC and the EPC contractor’s PRs will be available to deal
with issues arising out of construction sites. Therefore, it is recommended that the CDL be allocated
an office at both sites.
Any aggrieved local residents can bring their grievance to the IPDC or the EPC contractor at any
reasonable time and the matter will be discussed and dealt with in appropriate manner. The
grievances shall be addressed promptly, using an understandable and transparent process, which
shall be readily accessible to all segments of the neighbouring communities.
Complaints shall be resolved through negotiations with the community. In the negotiation it is
recommended to involve existing community institutions like the Kebeles and others community
leaders.
Appropriate public addressing systems shall be used as well as other means to announce certain
events, such as programmed hours of explosions (if applicable) during construction, hazardous
activities for the people to be aware of, closure of roads for certain hours due to construction activities,
etc.
This office will deal with the day-to-day information needs of the local people. Furthermore, provision
of information regarding the project shall circulate to the local population through their leaders.

11.10.5 CONSTRUCTION WORKERS

The EPC contractor shall develop a grievance mechanism for workers and their organizations to raise
reasonable workplace concerns. The mechanism will involve an appropriate level of management and
address concerns promptly, using a transparent process.

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11.11 TRAINING AND CAPACITY BUILDING
If the environmental management and monitoring programme is to be successfully implemented it is
recommended that a various training be provided. In general, training should be composed of
workshops, in-service training, and in-service formal courses.

11.11.1 IPDC

IN-SERVICE TRAINING AND TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE

The technical assistance will facilitate adequate on-the-job training and technology transfer, enabling
the EMU staff to undertake their monitoring activities during the Construction and Operation Phases of
the Project.
The Technical Assistance Project will have the following overall aims:
 to help the EMU to implement the core obligations with respect to the Environmental Measures,
including the continuous review of the ESMP;
 to help the EMU to monitor all obligations with respect to the environmental measures;
 to provide on-the-job training to EMU staff as well as the employees of the consultants involved in
various activities. They shall participate in environmental awareness training seminars and
workshops This will help to build technical expertise in the environmental and social aspects of
the Project;
 to assist the EMU to coordinate its work with other government authorities and non-government
agencies concerned with the Environmental Objectives; and
 to instruct EMU staffs in the proper techniques of Project inspection, monitoring, use of field
monitoring equipment, data analysis and reporting.
It is proposed that the training should be aimed at IPDC personnel and in particular, the staff
members of the EMU. Training arrangements would need to be discussed in detail with the IPDC to
establish precise objectives and requirements, so that the course content can be specifically targeted
at real needs.

11.11.2 OTHER FEDERAL AND REGIONAL LEVEL AGENCIES

In an effort to strengthen institutional capacity and environmental awareness, seminars and
workshops to be organised under this project should also be open for individuals from concerned
ministries and agencies such as the MEFCC, Amhara’s office of Environmental Protection, the
Regional Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Development, Regional and Woreda level Environment
departments, etc. The objectives of the seminar-workshops are to ensure environmental awareness,
knowledge and skill for the implementation of this ESMP.

11.11.3 TRAINING CONSTRUCTION WORKERS

The foremen, operators, and work crews (including any subcontractors) will be trained so that they
understand the specific environmental issues on the work site and their responsibilities. All personnel
are to receive a brief environmental and safety training course.

LOCAL RECRUITMENT PLAN

Condition 28(1) of the Industrial Park Proclamation No. 886/2015 states that the Labour Proclamation
No. 377/2003 (as amended) is applicable in any Industrial Park. Additional condition 28(4) indicates
that the Ministry of Industry shall organise technical and vocational training programs in collaboration
with the concern government entities and IPDC whenever necessary.

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Proposed Bure IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 11-41
A Local Recruitment Plan is to be prepared for both the construction and operations phases, aimed at
maximising employment opportunities for the PAPs and local communities and to manage
expectations and the potential for influx into the area during the construction and operation phase of
the Project. The Plan is to take into account vulnerable groups such as women, youth and Project
PAPs.
The Plan is to include details for job training and capacity building prior to and during the construction
and operation activities. The Plan is to also include procedural guidelines and a code of conduct
concerning employment and workforce in order to encourage appropriate work ethics and behaviour.
This is particularly important where employment opportunities will be realised by individuals outside of
the Project area.
Finally, this Plan is to include an on-going communication strategy to clearly and consistently disclose
information regarding employment opportunities and contracting procedures, with the idea of
managing expectations of job opportunities, and therefore influx of workers. Key messages may
include the number of positions available, the timeframe for employment availability, and an
explanation of the contracting process.
Influx management will also involve a coordinated approach which key stakeholders with
responsibility for issues related to influx, including governmental offices and agencies, NGOs, and
local communities, where relevant.

HEALTH AND SAFETY PLAN

To address both occupational and community health and safety risks, a Health and Safety (H&S) Plan
is to be prepared for both the construction and operations phases. It is to include a company policy,
and measures included within are to comply with national laws and the AFDB ISS. Aspects to be
covered in this Plan include:
 Health and safety training for all employees;
 Health and safety training on the use of chemical and hazardous materials;
 Provision of the appropriate Personal Protective Equipment (PPE);
 Traffic management plan and driver training;
 Accident prevention monitoring;
 Training in the use of all equipment;
 Safeguards of environmental pollution of water resources;
 Safeguards in hazardous materials handling and transportation;
 First Aid access and communications; and
 Emergency Response Procedures.
In addition, health education with regard to communicable diseases is to be undertaken as part of the
induction training for workforce members. This is to include health education on sexually transmitted
diseases (STDs) as well as diseases such as malaria.
Provision is to be made for education awareness of communicable diseases within the wider
community. If possible, this is to be undertaken in collaboration with NGOs relevant to health care,
and the local administration.

COMMITMENT TO WORKERS’ RIGHTS

The Project needs to ensure its policy and procedural consistency with international standards related
to workers’ rights. This includes:
 Observing statutory requirements relating to minimum age for employment of children and
meeting international standards of not employing any persons under the age of 14 for general
work and no persons under the age of 18 for work involving hazardous activity.

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Proposed Bure IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 11-42
 Ensuring acceptable conditions of work including observing national statutory requirements
related to minimum wages and hours of work.
 Meeting international standards related to paying all wages, including bonuses and premium pay
for overtime work, to all employees in a timely fashion and in a manner consistent with ILO
Convention 95
 There should be clearly benchmarked payment schedules in the Contractors‟ contracts.
 Having Contractors commit that they will not take any action to prevent employees from
exercising their right of association and their right to organise and bargain collectively.
 Ensuring no workers are charged fees to gain employment on the Project.
 Ensuring rigorous standards for occupational health and safety are in place.
 Having Contractors base employment decisions on principles of non-discrimination and equal
opportunity, in particular fair and equal pay, especially for women carrying out the same work as
men.
 Having Contractors establish a labour grievance mechanism and documenting its use for
complaints about unfair treatment or unsafe living or working conditions without reprisal. Access
to labour grievance mechanisms needs to stress its relevance for both genders.
As emphasised above, these commitments need to be passed on to Contractors and Sub-contractors
via main and subcontract clauses, and requirements to address them in management systems and
work procedures.

PROJECT CODE OF CONDUCT

It is recommended that the Project establish a Code of Conduct for the labour force. The Code of
Conduct recognises the provision of resources by the employer and shares responsibilities among the
workers for the use of equipment, procedures and training. It aims to contribute to a harmonious
relationship with local communities, to reduce behaviours that could lead to social conflict, and to
prevent further environmental degradation.
Typical issues to be addressed would include:
 Proper use of PPE and other work equipment that has been provided;
 Discreet sexual behaviour that takes into consideration messages about HIV/AIDs sexually
transmitted diseases;
 Restrictions related to consumption of alcohol and drugs;
 Respect for the local community and its cultural norms in which labourers are working; and
 Professional behaviour and integrity when dealing with the public.

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Proposed Bure IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 11-43
12 CONCLUSIONS
This ESIA has been undertaken in accordance with Ethiopian Legislation and the African
Development Bank (AfDB) Operating Safeguards. Chapter 1 of this ESIA includes Table 1-3 which
provides a summary of the contents of each chapter that is required in order for the ESIA to meet the
AfDB requirements.
The scoping stage of the ESIA identified the need to consider potential impacts during the
construction and operational phases of the Project on: soils, surface water, ground water, air quality,
climate change, noise, transport and access, waste management, visual impacts, biodiversity and
socioeconomic on the functionality of the Project.
The majority of impacts were assessed to be of minor negative significance with mitigation. The major
and moderate residual negative effects of the project arise from the risk of soil erosion, sedimentation,
soil compaction, ground water contamination and degradation of noise climate during construction.
These impacts are anticipated to occur during the construction period but most will be removed during
operation all will be removed with the exception of sedimentation and groundwater contamination.
Both sedimentation and groundwater contamination remain risks throughout the life of the project.
Ongoing monitoring of surface and groundwater will ensure these impacts are identified in a timely
manner and dealt with immediately if they occur. Therefore these impacts are deemed appropriate for
the size and extend of the project proposed and are accepted impacts of construction which if
managed well can be minimised. The remaining moderate impact relates to loss of access to
agricultural land plots and in some cases, loss of residential buildings and other assets (crops). These
impacts have occurred as a result of the proposed site supporting existing agricultural practices.
These impacts are being mitigated through payment of compensation, access to training and
reallocation of land. The Amhara Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) deals with these issues and others
and will be a live document that will be implemented post authorisation. In addition the Stakeholder
Engagement Plan (Appendix B-1) contains a summary of consultation completed to date as well as
the consultation that should occur into the Project Execution phase.
The major negative impacts identified relate to change in surface profile, land use and land capability.
These impacts are expected and irreversible following development but are considered acceptable
consequences of a transformation project such as this. In addition, the anticipated significant negative
impact identified in relation to the potential lack of jobs in the even that the IAIP is decommissioned,
highlights the value the employment opportunities being offered by this project are to the economy
and the local communities. There will be a negative impact on the livelihoods of the local community
gaining employment from the facility.
The major and moderate residual positive effects of the project arise from the revegetation of
indigenous plant specialist in the buffer and greenery areas and an increase in employment
opportunities and demand for goods and services in the region. In addition, there is a further positive
impact associated with the IAIP and that relates to sense of place. Overall the community consultation
process undertaken as part of this ESIA has shown an overwhelming support of the Amhara Regional
project even by the project affected people. The community believe that a development of this scale
and magnitude, offering large employment opportunities will uplift the whole community and make
Bure Town a destination. The visual impact of the park is seen as positive, representing progression
and advancement in the agricultural sector through industrialisation.
A number of measures have been identified as necessary to minimize and control the risk of erosion
and water pollution to surrounding farming activities. Water use and pollution would need to be
monitored in the future to limit residual effects on other water users and aquatic ecosystems.
The proposed Amhara Project, including the Bure IAIP and Motta RTC, will result in 369 individual
parties being affected by the proposed development, including:
 31 individuals whose residential properties will need to be moved (physical displacement),
 2 Government entities’ offices will also need to be moved (physical displacement),

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Proposed Bure IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 12-1
 263 individuals whose by-product and main season crops are going to be lost due to land take by
the project (economic displacement),
 35 individuals whose eucalyptus trees will be affected (economic displacement),
 26 individuals whose high intensity/irrigated crops are going to be affected (economic
displacement), and
 3 individuals whose perennial crops will be affected (economic displacement).
 Additionally, 9 individuals were by mistake omitted by the local government officials from the
PAPs list and had been added to the list with full compensation for their affected crops (economic
displacement).
Resettlement Action Plan has been developed as part of the Project, which focuses on displacement
issues in more detail.
The project also has a number of broader benefits that have been identified, mainly associated with
economic well-being of the local community. The industrialisation of the agricultural sector provides
employment transition opportunities for farmers and their children. The Bure IAIP and Motta RTC
would increase incomes, provide greater food security and more employment opportunities.
It must be noted that during this ESIA process, construction works for the boundary wall had already
commenced and therefore some of the impacts included in this report include impacts from existing
construction activities. Commencement of construction without receiving an environmental certificate
does not follow the traditional environmental certificate process and this issue should be looked into by
IPDC.
Key significant changes to the design which occurred as a result of the ESIA relate to the protection
and retention of the eastern drainage line which crosses the site in a north to south direction. The
revised Masterplan incorporates this natural feature into the design and provides a suitable buffer to
allow this area to maintain its ecosystem processes. Furthermore, through consultation discussions
were held around the segregation of the primary access route for communities located to the south of
the identified site to get to Bure. The IPDC is providing an access road to service the community’s
needs, see Chapter 4.
The Stakeholder Engagement process as part of the Project has been summarised in Chapter 7 of
this ESIA and the Stakeholder Engagement Plan is included as Appendix B-1. The Stakeholder
Engagement built on the existing work done by the local authority and has further established links
with representatives for stakeholder groups; facilitated data collection; identified concerns and
opportunities.
An Environment and Social Management Plan (ESMP) has been developed. The ESMP represents
Amhara Industrial Parks Development Corporation’s commitment to address and manage the
potential negative and positive impacts associated with the Bure IAIP and Motta RTC projects. The
key intent of the ESMP is to ensure that the environmental and social objectives of the project are met
and it is based on the various components of the Project throughout design, construction and
operational phases. The ESIA has not identified any fatal flaws which would restrict the development
of the proposed Amhara IAIP and RTC.

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Proposed Bure IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region Page 12-2
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ESIA Report
Proposed Bure IAIP and Motta RTC, Amhara
South West Amhara Region
APPENDIX

A MEFCC LICENCE FOR ZGEC

APPENDIX

B STAKEHOLDER
CONSULTATION
 APPENDIX

B-1 STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT

PLAN
 APPENDIX

B-2 BACKGROUND INFORMATION

DOCUMENT
 APPENDIX

B-3 STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT

CONSULTATION MINUTES
APPENDIX

C SPECIALIST REPORTS
 APPENDIX

C-1 SOILS
 APPENDIX

C-2 SURFACE WATER

 APPENDIX

C-3 GROUNDWATER
 APPENDIX

C-4 WETLANDS
 APPENDIX

C-5 AIR QUALITY

 APPENDIX

C-6 CLIMATE CHANGE

 APPENDIX

C-7 NOISE
 APPENDIX

C-8 TRANSPORT AND ACCESS

 APPENDIX

C-9 WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN

 APPENDIX

C-10 VISUAL
 APPENDIX

C-11 BIODIVERISTY
 APPENDIX

C-12 SOCIO-ECONOMIC
APPENDIX

D ESIA CONSOLIDATED IMPACT

SIGNIFICANT MATRIX
APPENDIX

E AIR QUALITY MITIGATION

RECOMMENDATION TABLES AS
PER THE ESMP
 APPENDIX

E-1 RECOMMENDED MITIGATION

MEASURES FOR GENERAL
CONSTRUCTION
 APPENDIX

E-2 RECOMMENDATIONS TO REDUCE

EMISSIONS DURING THE
OPERATIONAL PHASE
APPENDIX