GYLES BRANDRETH

_ EVERYMAN'S ©
CLASSIC
PUZZLES

ieloyuimaichanmeagt-vate| (c\oe-bq-Bdal-yq-pbauvallcment-\ope-haatg
Puzzles have fascinated and exercised
people for centuries. And in recent years
there has been an upsurge in interest in
puzzles — more puzzle magazines, for
instance, exist currently than ever before.
Now, for the first time, over 300 classic
puzzles of the world — past, present and future
—have been brought together in one book.

There are puzzles here from old Arabic,

Greek and Hindu sources; from medieval
scholars; from some of the past masters
such as Lewis Carroll, Sam Loyd and
H.E. Dudeney; and from many of the modern
masters, such as Martin Gardner, Pierre
Berloquin, Boris Kordemsky, Hubert Phillips,
Torquemada, Afrit and Jack Luzzatto. There
are puzzles involving numbers, words,
shapes, coins, matches, chess, calculators
and computers. There are puzzles involving
logic and quick thinking, and a special
section of classic puzzles for children.
In short, there is something for everyone in
these pages.

Every puzzle has an indication of the

approximate level of difficulty. Readers will
find that some are simple while others are
fiendish! All the solutions are at the back of
the book. Whatever your taste in puzzles you
will find an unparalleled range inside —
classic examples ofa pursuit that is as
popular today as at any time in history.

£8.95
net UK price
 Digitized by the Internet Archive
in 2022 with funding from
Kahle/Austin Foundation

https://archive.org/details/everymansclassicO000unse_|5g3
EVERY MIAN SiGLASSIGPUZZLES
By the same author, published by Dent

Everyman’s Book of Indoor Games

Everyman’s Book of Solo Games
Everyman’s Book of Children’s Games
 Everyman’s
Classic Puzzles

GY LES*BRANDRETH

J. M. Dent & Sons Ltd

London Melbourne
First published 1985
© Gyles Brandreth 1985

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may

be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted,
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of
J. M. Dent & Sons Ltd.

This book is set in 10/12 VIP Melior by

D. P. Media Limited, Hitchin, Hertfordshire
Printed in Great Britain by
Richard Clay plc, Bungay, Suffolk, for
J. M. Dent & Sons Ltd
Aldine House, 33 Welbeck Street, London W1M 8LX

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

Brandreth, Gyles
Everyman’s classic puzzles.
1. Classic puzzles
1. Title
793.73 GV1493
ISBN 0-460-04676-4
 CONTENTS

Introduction vii

Old Masters:
Ancient Greeks — Arab and Hindu-— French — Lewis Carroll — Sam
Loyd — H. E. Dudeney 1
Child’s Play 15
Number Puzzles 21
Circles, Squares and Angles 33
NWN
WwW
fF
ao Three-Dimensional Puzzles:
Coins — Dominoes — Pentominoes — Chess — Solitaire 41
Logic Puzzles 53
Visual Puzzles 61
Wordplay 71
oD
SI
co)
i) Crosswords and Friends:
Cryptic Acrostics, a Spiralword and Codeword 85
10 Quick Thinking 105
ial Modern Masters:
Hubert Phillips — David Wells — Pierre Berloquin — Boris
Kordemsky — Martin Gardner — David Silverman 109
12 Tomorrow’s Classics:
Cubes — Pocket Calculators — Science Fiction and Science Fact —
Computer-Generated Puzzles 119
13 Solutions 127

Index of Puzzles 179

7 6 Ont i | oe, —anea ‘nego )- aun a
- 20 mus (ares) Gage os ©
~ mae 7) €\:
INTRODUCTION

It seems that mankind has always enjoyed puzzles. In the earliest

recorded literature, in scripture and in legend, we find riddles, enigmas
and conundrums. It seems that as soon as man invented language he
invented word puzzles. Mathematical puzzles, too, are as old as
mathematics itself. Indeed some branches of mathematics — topology
and probability theory are two modern examples — originated from the
study of puzzles.
This book opens with aselection of puzzles from ancient Greece and
it concludes with three programs to enable computers to generate
brand-new puzzles — from the cradle of civilization to tomorrow’s tech-
nology! — taking as its scope the best of every type of puzzle of past,
present and future.
In this book you will find puzzles from old Arabic and Hindu
sources, puzzles devised by medieval scholars, puzzles from such emi-
nent Victorians as Lewis Carroll. You will find many traditional puzzles
that have been passed on from generation to generation. You will find
puzzles composed by a British prime minister and a British monarch.
You will find the best creations of the greatest names in puzzledom —
people such as Sam Loyd, H. E. Dudeney, Afrit, Torquemada, Ximenes,
Hubert Phillips, Martin Gardner. Although the sources of inost of the
puzzles are English and American, the world of puzzledom is interna-
tional, and you will also find puzzles translated from other languages
such as French and Russian.
Whatever your taste in puzzles, you will find in this book a wealth of
interest. There are word puzzles, number puzzles, logic puzzles, chess
puzzles, visual puzzles, puzzles with coins, with matches, with
dominoes, and much, much more besides.
All the puzzles have star ratings to indicate level of difficulty. Such
gradings can only be subjective and approximate, but they are often
found to be helpful. Here is what they indicate:
* Very easy
Easy
xxx Average
sxee Difficult
race Fiendish
The most comprehensive puzzle collection ever assembled lies in
wait for you. Enjoy it! “A
6 ib Ody
[te
 -
:

7 te

ee ee
\ ea Ye Ali o é
a ee
: She
pan 6 get
ead
Denr etm o>. <Ageepe

ee ee ee ee se *
> =aywee, Bee pa
152 2)
Parsee? © <a 410% 8 Gn > 6 a ae a
& ghia ool ya le Qt jaeae* e mie -
, 2 o eh la eres
igo : = > (eae, Sot ie ent SA se 4 7
teeny tur? eh = (44 Yew hee oe Sat 8 Uh. otee
ee ee ee ee td
“hatGe aa re 2G (!) CE 0Rye, ae ab « se
7 Grete -samrh 4 hue Gee, Gems SA o el Gaeeere) | tar _
7 ae = _ i > 66s

S| ena atime <t MA Qe) naomieslewrwween

TAR . dapestl> emia td vee Sree
a armen ese es) capG etd. | Hi tee 7
> mae - > DHX) OCP a = ve ew
cp 7 > 2614 14 Oe
_ Stee twee 9) a oS ne —eeeT!
a beige « — ar OPee .<0iis taper 4 me Capea
= oe — S och, o ioe — ? 7
ao 7S \ Ghee - Sos = ine a | ;

a wl, frat bah as od 04 OF eQuLy Gate w7kst Cqe jsgilp a :

ac, 44 se : we a¢ oul ming o st abd: 6 lt ’ ; -_

ihon( pi} gre? Neale ore) igi

Gil Ae dane) 2 -
—T x - hell
1. OLD MASTERS

THE ANCIENT GREEKS

The ancient Greeks took mathematics quite seriously. The names of
Euclid and Pythagoras, for example, are familiar to every scholar. But
when they were not busy dropping perpendiculars and constructing
squares on hypotenuses, they could relax with an entertaining puzzle,
like the five that follow.

1. The Statue of Pallas ««

The following inscription was on a statue of Pallas Athene: ‘I, Pallas, am
made of beaten gold, the gift of the poets. Half was given by Kariseus, an
eighth by Thespis; Solon gave a tenth, and Themison a twentieth. The
remaining nine talents were the gift of Aristodicus.’
How many talents of gold were there in the statue?

2. The Mule and the Donkey «

According to legend, Euclid was the author of this puzzle.‘A mule anda
donkey were carrying a load of sacks. The donkey groaned, so the mule
said to him: ‘“‘Why are you complaining? If you gave me one sack, I
would have twice as many as you; and ifIgave you one of my sacks, then
we would have equal loads.” ’
How many sacks was each carrying?

3. The House of Pythagoras **

Polykrates the money-lender said to Pythagoras: ‘Blessed Pythagoras,
scion of the Muses, answer my question. How many scholars dwell in
your house?’
Pythagoras replied: ‘I will tell thee, Polykrates. Half of the scholars
are dedicated to literature; a quarter apply themselves to the study of the
wonders of nature; and one-seventh contemplate in silence. There are
also three women, of whom the greatest is Theano. That is the number of
scholars beneath my roof.’
How many scholars were in the house of Pythagoras?
Old Masters

4. The Graces and the Muses «

The three Graces were carrying baskets of apples, in each basket the
same number of apples. They met the nine Muses, and gave them each
the same number of apples, and so the nine Muses and the three Graces
had each the same number.
How many apples were in each basket?

5. Demochares «
Demochares has lived one-fourth ofhis life as a boy, one-fifth as a youth,
one-third as a man, and has spent thirteen years in his dotage. How old is
Demochares?

SOME OLD ARAB AND HINDU PUZZLES

Other ancient civilizations, too, produced their share of mathematics
and mathematical puzzles. The following two puzzles, one from the
Arabic, the other from the Hindu tradition, both existed for centuries
before they were ever written down.

6. The Hungry Hunter *«

A hungry hunter chanced to meet two shepherds, one of whom had three
small loaves, and the other five small loaves, all the loaves being of equal
size. When the hunter asked them for food, they decided to divide the
loaves equally among the three of them. The hunter thanked the
shepherds and gave them eigiit piastres. How should thie shepherds
divide the money?

7. The Dish of Potatoes «*

Three travellers stopped at a tavern and ordered a dish of potatoes for
supper. When the landlord brought in the potatoes, the men were all
asleep. The first of the travellers tu awake ate a third of the potatoes and
went back to sleep without disturbing his companions. The second
traveller awoke, ate a third of the remaining potatoes and went back to
sleep. A little later the third traveller did the same. When they were all
three sleeping again, the landlord came in to clear the table and found
eight potatoes left.
How many potatoes had the landlord provided initially?
 Old Masters 3

SOME OLD FRENCH PUZZLES

The following five puzzles come from two French collections of
mathematical problems, written by Chuquet in 1484 and by Clavius in
1608.

8. A Length of Cloth «
Out of a length of cloth one-third is black, one-quarter is bleached, and
the remaining 8 yards are red. How long is the length of cloth?

9. A Man and His Money «=

A man spends one-third of his money, and loses two-thirds of the
remainder at dice, leaving 12 ducats in his pocket. How much money did
he have originally?

10. The Value of a Cloak «

As wages for a year’s work, a servant is promised 100 ducats and a cloak.
The servant, however, leaves after only seven months, and receives the
cloak and 20 ducats as his due.
How much is the cloak worth?

11. The Merchant «*

A merchant visits three markets. At the first he doubles his money and
spends 30 ducats. At the second he trebles his money and spends 54
ducats. At the third he increases his money fourfold and spends 72
ducats. If he has 48 ducats left, how much did he have to start with?

12. Customs Duties «~«

Two wine merchants arrive at the gates of Paris. One has 64 and the other
20 barrels of wine. Since they have not enough money to pay the customs
duties, the first pays 40 francs and 5 barrels of wine, and the second pays
2 barrels of wine but receives 40 francs in change.
What is the value of each barrel of wine, and what is the duty
payable on it?
4 Old Masters

PUZZLES OF LEWIS CARROLL

Lewis Carroll, the creator of Alice In Wonderland, was also Charles
Lutwidge Dodgson, mathematician and logician. His puzzles bring
together the strands of fantasy and logic, as is demonstrated by the
following eleven puzzles.

13. A Stick I Found «

A stick I found that weighed two pound:
I sawed it up one day
In pieces eight of equal weight!
How much did each piece weigh?
(Everybody says ‘a quarter of a pound’, which is wrong.)

14. The Governor of Kgovjni **

The Governor of Kgovjni wants to give a very small dinner party, and
invites his father’s brother-in-law, his brother’s father-in-law, his
father-in-law’s brother, and his brother-in-law’s father. Find the number
of guests.

15. Up Hill and Down Hill *«

Two travellers spend from 3 o’clock till 9 in walking along a level road,
up a hill, and home again: their pace on the level being 4 miles an hour,
up hill 3, and down hill 6. Find the distance walked: also (within half an
hour) the time of reaching the top of the hill.

16. A Circular Railway ***

(a) Two travellers, starting at the same time, went opposite ways round a
circular railway. Trains start each way every 15 minutes, the easterly
ones going round in 3 hours, the westerly in 2. How many trains did each
meet on the way, not counting trains met at the terminus itself?
(b) They went round as before, each traveller counting as ‘one’ the train
containing the other traveller. How many did each meet?
 Old Masters 5

17. Five Sacks ««

There are 5 sacks, of which Nos. 1 and 2 weigh a total of 12 lbs; Nos. 2
and 3, 13% lbs; Nos. 3 and 4, 1112 lbs; Nos. 4and 5, 8 lbs; Nos. 1,3and 5,
16 lbs.
Find the weight of each sack.

18. Scarves **
L makes 5 scarves, while M makes 2: Z makes 4 while L makes 3. Five
scarves of Z’s weigh one of L’s; 5 of M’s weigh 3 of Z’s. One of M’s is as
warm as 4 of Z’s; and one of L’s as warm as 3 of M’s.
Which is best, giving equal weight in the result to rapidity of work,
lightness and warmth?

19. A Spiral Walk ==*

An oblong garden, half a yard longer than wide, consists entirely of a
gravel-walk, spirally arranged, a yard wide and 3,630 yards long. Find
the dimensions of the garden.

20. Casualties ««
If 70 per cent have lost an eye, 75 per cent an ear, 80 per cent an arm, 85
per cent a leg, what percentage, at least, must have lost all four?

21. Three Sons ««

A man has three sons. At first, two of the ages are together equal to the
third. A few years afterwards, two of them are together double the third.
When the number of years since the first occasion is two-thirds of the
sum of the ages on that occasion, one age is 21.
What are the other two ages?

22. The Monkey and the Pulley «*

A weightless and perfectly flexible rope is hung over a weightless,
frictionless pulley attached to the roof of a building. At one end is a
weight which exactly counterbalances a monkey at the other end.
Old Masters

If the monkey begins to climb, what will happen to the weight — will
it remain stationary, will it rise or will it fall?

23. The Captive Queen **«

A captive queen and her son and daughter were shut up in the top room
of a very high tower. Outside their window was a pulley with a rope
around it, and a basket fastened to each end of the rope of equal weight.
They managed to escape with the help of this and a weight they found in
the room, quite safely. It would have been dangerous for any of them to
come down if they weighed 15 lbs more than the contents of the other
basket, for they would do so too quick, and they also managed not to
weigh less either.
The one basket coming down would naturally of course draw the
other up.
The queen weighed 195 lbs, daughter 105, son 90, and the weight
75 lbs.
How did they all escape safely?

SAM LOYD
Sam Loyd (1841-1911) was America’s (and possibly the world’s) great-
est creator of puzzles. He produced his first chess problem at the age of
fourteen, and within a few years was acknowledged as the best in this
field. For more than fifty years his puzzles appeared in countless news-
papers and magazines. He also pioneered the use of puzzles as novelty
advertising giveaways, demonstrating his unique blend of creativity and
flair for publicity.
None of Loyd’s puzzles appeared in book form during his lifetime. It
was only after his death that his son, Sam Loyd Junior, collected his
father’s work to form the Cyclopaedia of Puzzles, which was published
in 1914. The following eleven puzzles come from that mammoth opus.

24. The Stenographer’s Salary «=

Here is a problem from the ordinary affairs of life which is as interesting
as it is puzzling to all who tackle it. The ‘Boss’ was feeling pretty good
the other day, so he said to his stenographer:
‘Now, Mary, in view of the fact that you never indulge in useless
vacations, I have determined to raise your salary $100 every year. Begin-
 Old Masters

ning from today, for the ensuing year you will be paid weekly at the rate
of $600 a year; next year at the rate of $700, the next at $800, and so on,
always increasing $100 per year.’
‘On account of my weak heart,’ replied the grateful young woman, ‘I
suggest that it would be safer to make the change less abrupt. Start the
salary from today on the basis of $600 a year, as suggested, but at the end
of six months raise the yearly salary $25, and continue to give me a $25
yearly raise every six months, so long as my services are satisfactory.’
The boss smiled benignly upon his faithful employee as he accepted
the amendment, but a twinkle in his eye set some of the boys to figuring
whether or not the boss made a wise move by accepting her proposition.
Can you tell?

25. Carnival Dice Game «=

The following dice game is very popular at fairs and carnivals, but since
two persons seldom agree on the chances of a player winning, I offer it as
an elementary problem in the theory of probability.
On the counter are six squares marked 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. Players are
invited to place as much money as they wish on any one square. Three
dice are then thrown. If your number appears on one die only, you get
your money back plus the same amount. If two dice show your number,
you get your money back plus twice the amount you placed on the
square. If your number appears on all three dice, you get your money
back plus three times the amount. Of course if the number is not on ny
of the dice, the operator gets your money.
A player might reason: the chance of my number showing on one
die is 1/6, but since there are three dice, the chances must be 3/6 or 1/2,
therefore the game is a fair one. Of course this is the way the operator of
the game wants everyone to reason, for it is quite fallacious.
Is the game favorable to the operator or the player, and in either case,
just how favorable is it?

26. Texas Drovers **

Three Texas drovers met on the highway and proceeded to dicker as
follows.
Says Hank to Jim: ‘I’ll give you six pigs for a hoss; then you'll have
twice as many critters in your drove as | will have in mine.’
Says Duke to Hank: ‘I’ll give you fourteen sheep for a hoss; then
you'll have three times as many critters as I.’
Says Jim to Duke: ‘I’ll give you four cows for a hoss; then you'll have
six times as many critters as I.’
Old Masters

From these interesting facts can you tell just how many animals
were in each of the three droves?

27. Jack Sprat **«

According to Mother Goose, Jack Sprat could eat no fat and his wife
could eat no lean.
Together they could eat a barrel of fat pork in sixty days, whereas it
would take Jack thirty weeks to perform this feat alone.
Together they could consume a barrel of lean pork in eight weeks,
although his wife alone could not dispose of it in less than forty weeks.
Assuming that Jack would always eat lean pork whenever it was
available and this his wife would do the same with fat, how long would it
take both of them to eat a barrel of mixed pork, half fat and half lean?

28. The Leaning Tower of Pisa ***

If an elastic ball is dropped from the Leaning Tower of Pisa at a height of
179 feet from the ground, and on each rebound the ball rises exactly one
tenth of its previous height, what distance will it travel before it comes to
rest?

29. The Shy Storekeeper =

‘Give me three skeins of silk and four of worsted,’ said little Susie as she
placed 31 cents, the correct amount, on the counter.
As the storekeeper went to get the goods, Susie called out, ‘I’ve
changed my mind. I'll take four skeins of silk and three of worsted.’
‘You’re just one cent shy,’ remarked the storekeeper as he placed the
goods on the counter.
‘Oh no,’ said Susie as she picked up the goods and skipped out of the
store. ‘You are just one cent shy!’
What was the price of silk and worsted?

30. Carousel *«
While enjoying a giddy ride on the carousel, Sammy propounded this
problem: ‘One-third of the number of kids riding ahead of me, added to
three-quarters of those riding behind me gives the correct number of
children on this merry-go-round.’
How many children were riding the carousel?
 Old Masters

31. Mrs Wiggs’ Cabbages **

Mrs Wiggs explained to Lovey Mary that she has a larger square cabbage
patch now than she had last year and will therefore raise 211 more
cabbages. How many of our mathematicians and agriculturalists can
guess the number of cabbages Mrs Wiggs will raise this year?

32. How Wide Should the Strip Be? :

Farmers and laborers who have no great skills in mathematics will often
solve, in a practical way, some very difficult problems. I call the atten-
tion of our puzzlists to the clever way in which a couple of farmers
adjusted their affairs.
A Texas ranchman, who owned more land than he could conve-
niently farm, leased half of a certain field to a neighbor. This field was
2,000 yards long by 1,000 yards wide, but because of certain bad streaks
which ran through the land it was decided that a fairer division would be
obtained by cutting a band around the field than by dividing it in half.
I presume our puzzlists will find no great difficulty in determining
the width of a border strip, to be cut all round that field, that will contain
exactly half of the total crop. There is a simple rule which will apply to
any rectangular field.

33. Quick Deal *«

While the suburban boom is on, we will take occasion to tell how a
real-estate speculator stopped off at a wrong station and, having acouple
of hours to wait for the next train, made a quick and profitable deal. He
bought a piece of land for $243 which he divided into equal lots, then
sold them at $18 per lot, cleaning up the whole transaction before his
train arrived. His profit on the deal was exactly equal to what six of the
lots originally cost him.
How many lots were in that piece of land?
10 Old Masters

34. Sam Loyd’s Boxes * ++

(Equipment: Sets for several of these games have been produced com-
mercially, but you can make your own cardboard versions very simply.)
1. The 14—15 Box was probably Sam Loyd’s most famous — and frustrat-
ing — creation:

LI) 4)
[sie] Lz]{8)

As you can see, fifteen blocks are arranged in a square box in regular
order, but with the 14 and 15 reversed. The game consists of moving
the blocks about, one at a time, to bring them back to the present
position in every respect except that the error in the 14 and 15 is
corrected.
2. Once you have solved the original problem, have a go at this one.
Start again with the blocks as in the original puzzle and move them so
as to get the numbers in regular order, but with the vacant square at
the upper left-hand corner instead of the lower right-hand corner.
3. This time, start with the blocks as before, but turn the box a quarter
way round and move the blocks until they are as shown below.
4 8 WA

3 ff Atal aS

a M8) A 14

1 5 Shes!

4. Finally, start as before, then shift the pieces until they form a magic
square, the numbers adding to thirty along all vertical and horizontal
rows, and the two diagonals.
5. In this box we have nine letters rather than fifteen numbers and the
game begins with the box looking like this:
 7 _ Old Masters 11

Now the aim of the game is this: moving one block at a time, restore
the letters to their correct alphabetical order:
Beeb. 4C

D :E i

G” H

H. E. DUDENEY
Henry Ernest Dudeney (1847-1930) was England’s greatest creator of
puzzles, and the only contender with Sam Loyd for the world title.
Dudeney and Loyd corresponded frequently during their lifetimes and
were friendly rivals

35. Mistaking the Hands «««

‘Between two and three o’clock yesterday,’ said Colonel Crackham, ‘I
looked at the clock and mistook the minute hand for the hour hand, and
consequently the time appeared to be fifty-five minutes earlier than it
actually was.’ What was the correct time?

36. The Leap-year Ladies ***

Last leap-year ladies lost no time in exercising their privilege of making
proposals of marriage. If the figures that reached me from an occult
source are correct, the following represents the state of affairs in this
country.
A number of women proposed once each, of whom one-eighth were
widows. In consequence, a number of men were to be married, of whom
one-eleventh were widowers. Of the proposals made to widowers, one-
fifth were declined. All the widows were accepted. Thirty-five forty-
fourths of the widows married bachelors. One thousand two hundred
and twenty-one spinsters were declined by bachelors. The number of
spinsters accepted by bachelors was seven times the number of widows
accepted by bachelors. Those are all the particulars that I was able to
obtain. Now, how many women proposed?

37. Exploring the Desert ***

Nine travellers, each possessing a car, meet on the eastern edge of a
desert. They wish to explore the interior, always going due west. Each
12 Old Masters

car can travel forty miles on the contents of the engine tank, which holds
a gallon of fuel, and each can carry nine extra gallon cans of fuel and no
more. Unopened cans can alone be transferred from car to car. What is
the greatest distance at which they can enter the desert without making
any depots of fuel for the return journey?

38. The Labourer’s Puzzle ««

Professor Rackbrane, during one of his rambles, chanced to come upon a
man digging a deep hole.
‘Good morning,’ he said. ‘How deep is that hole?’
‘Guess,’ replied the labourer. ‘My height is exactly five feet ten
inches.’
‘How much deeper are you going?’ said the professor.
‘Lam going twice as deep,’ was the answer, ‘and then my head will
be twice as far below ground as it is now above ground.’
Rackbrane now asks you if you could tell how deep that hole would
be when finished?

39. Mr Gubbins in a Fog **

Mr Gubbins, a diligent man of business, was much inconvenienced by a
London fog. The electric light happened to be out of order and he had to
manage as best he could with two candles. His clerk assured him that
though both were of the same length one candle would burn for four
hours and the other for five hours. After he had been working some time
he put the candles out as the fog had lifted, and he then noticed that what
remained of one candle was exactly four times the length of what was left
of the other.
When he got home that night Mr Gubbins, who liked a good puzzle,
said to himself, ‘Of course it is possible to work out just how long those
two candles were burning today. I'l] have a shot at it.’ But he soon found
himself in a worse fog than the atmospheric one. Could you have
assisted him in his dilemma? How long were the candles burning?

40. The Railway Station Clock «*«

A clock hangs on the wall of a railway station, 71 ft 9 in long and 10 ft
4 in high. Those are the dimensions of the wall, not of the clock! While
waiting for a train we noticed that the hands of the clock were pointing
in opposite directions, and were parallel to one of the diagonals of the
wall. What was the exact time?
 Old Masters 13

41. The Spot on the Table «««

A boy, recently home from school, wished to give his father an exhibi-
tion of his precocity. He pushed a large circular table into the corner of
the room, so that it touched both walls, and he then pointed to a spot of
ink on the extreme edge.
‘Here is a little puzzle for you, pater,’ said the youth. ‘That spot is
exactly eight inches from one wall and nine inches from the other. Can
you tell me the diameter of the table without measuring it?’
The boy was overheard to tell a friend, ‘It fairly beat the guv’nor’; but
his father is known to have remarked to a City acquaintance that he
solved the thing in his head in a minute. J often wonder which spoke the
truth.

42. The Fifteen Orchards «*«

In the county of Devon, where the cider comes from, fifteen of the
inhabitants of a village are imbued with an excellent spirit of friendly
rivalry, and a few years ago they decided to settle by actual experiment a
little difference of opinion as to the cultivation of apple trees. Some said
they wanted plenty of light and air, while others stoutly maintained that
they ought to be planted pretty closely, in order that they might get
shade and protection from cold winds. So they agreed to plant a lot of
young trees, a different number in each orchard, in order to compare
results.
One man had asingle tree in his field, another had two trees, another
had three trees, another had four trees, another five, and so on, the last
man having as many as fifteen trees in his little orchard. Last year a very
curious result was found to have come about. Each of the fifteen indi-
viduals discovered that every tree in his own orchard bore exactly the
same number of apples. But, what was stranger still, on comparing notes
they found that the total gathered in every allotment was almost the
same. In fact, if the man with eleven trees had given one apple to the man
who had seven trees, and the man with fourteen trees had given three
each to the men with nine and thirteen trees, they would all have had
exactly the same.
Now, the puzzle is to discover how many apples each would have
had (the same in every case) if that little distribution had been carried
out. It is quite easy if you set to work in the right way.
 - Z — ey ray
cee ootad 18) Meghan) tal! nd
_ a Lat pI<2
piOD
aiOeil
sh
of hare
ares) ous (e Lo
hale e
; geet wn
ae aly
;
‘ites pm te dtr be sts) Ge Qe wo & ims
ObmresiTig0, inte < fi 0 wees Ah dap Palmpacast
apart F272 Sart 39 Obs 2.28 «~ w Ss a ae _ 22 die)
ae
_
iw SOs
n

CA
: 2

FS) ese Hy
a
a
>

>
7

=es “= =
_

et
ely ere
:
it i PAP
ree we a ~s
ee
ba : a
1 e om ey 7
og @ 7
#
_) 7% : _ : 7 P ee eo af om ) eer <=> ag 7
- x = a = (= GW J O40 nn eee oe
: - Ey ae
; Oa) ¥ 7 _
TVR eae
7,
Pos a a
ee
7 ' ; io - = - ba 7, a) vi 7 i.

|
a

RE
ed

Pete
7
7 =| : cc
me
“eat ot
cae ae ‘ a a,
al
7 :
eae «Pe
: : St
a i ei Tee
a) < Pi ar 77 oe 3 Ege
a se q > to6 | Sa (=e rt Ns of ef oe ~
ats
a
4
> or » eg *o a
F
ns '
—< oe as. vy a 7 GG
; i 7
e) a
>.
eo
0 AR se, Wie
aur 7 vive Lew
a, nndfw Sele A Gre in 7.
j Ay Gare venga ‘ww TS yr
on-aly ek ra
+ _
fag
oh
7
a. we 7
2. CHILD’S PLAY

43. *
If a brick weighs 9 lb and half a brick, what is the weight of a brick and a
half?

44, *
Rearrange the following eleven letters to make just one word:
USTOODWERNJ

45. *
The windows on all four sides of my house face south. How is that
possible?

46. *
Can you punctuate the following sentence in order to make sense of it?
SMITH WHERE JONES HAD HAD HAD HAD HAD HAD HAD HAD
HAD HAD HAD THE EXAMINERS’ APPROVAL

47. *
A man, looking at a portrait, said:
‘Brothers and sisters have I none,
But this man’s father is my father’s son.’
What is the relationship between the speaker and the subject of the
portrait?

48. *
When the day after tomorrow is yesterday, today will be as far from
Sunday as today was from Sunday when the day before yesterday was
tomorrow. What day is it?

49. *
Can you translate this:
YYURY YUBICURY Y4ME
16 Child’s Play

50. *
A frog at the bottom of a well climbs up 3 ft every day, but slips back 2 ft
during the night. How long will he take to reach the top, if the well is
20 ft deep?

51. *
If it takes five men six hours to dig seven holes, how long does it take one
man to dig half a hole?

52. *
Take the letters ERGRO. Put three letters in front of it, and put the same
three letters after it, to form a common English word.

ae Ay
What is the next letter in this series?
Ot ie heok SeSeee

54. *
Arrange the numbers from 1 to 9 in a square grid, as shown, so that each
row and each column and the two main diagonals add up to 15.

55. *
Now arrange the numbers from 1 to 16 in a four by four square, so that
each row and each column and the two main diagonals add up to 34.

56. *
Ken Tucky is 40. Louise Yanner is 13. How many years ago was Ken four
times as old as Louise?

Ay ees
A combined collection of dogs and chickens has 43 heads and 120 feet.
Of the collection, how many are dogs and how many are chickens?
 Child’s Play 17

58. *
If a third of six were three, what would the half of twenty be?

59. *
A farmer, when asked what number of animals he had, replied: ‘They’re
all horses but two, all sheep but two, and all pigs but two.’
How many animals had he?

60. *
Three-fourths of a cross, and a circle complete,
Two semi-circles at a perpendicular meet;
Next add a triangle which stands on two feet,
Two semi-circles and a circle complete.
What is being described in this verse?

Gls.
Seven ears of corn are in a hollow stump. How long will it take a squirrel
to carry them all out, if he carries out three ears a day?

62. *
A son asked his father how old he was, and received the reply: ‘Your age
is now one-quarter of mine, but five years ago it was only one-fifth.’
How old is the father?

63. *
If it takes three minutes to boil one egg, how long will it take to boil two
eggs?

64. ~*
What are the next two letters in this series:
Pe oe ek EM a. os

65. *
What common chemical compound is represented by the following
letters?
HIJKLMNO
18 Child’s Play

66. *
How many times does the letter S occur in the name of the longest river
in the world?

67. *
What number gives the same result when it is added to 112 as when it is
multiplied by 114?

68. *
How many times can you subtract the number 2 from the number 25?

69. *
What is the closest relation that your mother’s brother’s brother-in-law
could be to you?

70. *
A man drives his car a certain distance at 60 mph and arrives at his
destination one hour earlier than if he had driven at 50 mph. What was
the distance?

71. *
A soldier is on parade and facing due west. The sergeant-major shouts at
him:
‘Right turn!’
‘About turn!’
‘Left turn!’
In which direction is the soldier now facing?

12.1%
Mary had a tiny lamb,
Its wool was pallid as snow,
And any spot that Mary did walk
This lamb would always go.
This lamb did follow Mary to school,
Although against a law;
How girls and boys did laugh and play,
That lamb in class all saw.
In what way is this odd? Think!
 Child’s Play 19

73.
Two cyclists, twenty miles apart, start at the same instant and ride
towards each other along a straight road at a speed of ten miles per hour.
At the same instant a fly on the forehead of one of the cyclists starts to fly
at fifteen miles per hour directly towards the other cyclist, lands on his
forehead, and then flies back and forth over the continuously decreasing
distance between the two cyclists until it is finally squashed as the
foreheads of the two cyclists bump together.
How far has the fly flown, when all his journeys are added together?

74, *
There are three ordinary playing cards in a row. A diamond is on the left
of a spade (though not necessarily next to it); an Eight is on the right of a
King; a Ten is on the left of a heart; a heart is on the left of a spade.
What are the three cards?

75. *
If on January 1st you go to sleep at eight o’clock at night, having set your
alarm clock to wake you at 9 a.m., and you sleep soundly until woken by
the alarm, how many hours sleep will you get?

76. *
A tramp makes his own cigarettes from cigarette ends he collects.
Seven ends will make a cigarette. He has collected 49 ends. How many
cigarettes can he make from these?

77.
Three missionaries and three cannibals have to cross ariver. They havea
boat, but it will only hold two people at a time. Cannibals must never be
allowed to outnumber missionaries on either bank.
How do they get across the river?

78. *
Bill could never tell the truth. Tom could never tell a lie. One of them
said, ‘The other one said he is Bill.’ Which one said that?

79. *
In a drawer there are five identical pairs of black socks and five identical
pairs of brown socks, all jumbled together. If it was completely dark,
how many socks would you need to take from the drawer to be sure of
getting a matching pair?
20. Child’s Play

80. >
There are five packets of sweets on a table. Four of the packets contain a
total of 84 sweets. The fifth packet contains 4 sweets less than the
average of the five packets.
How many sweets are there in the fifth packet?

81. *
Find a three-letter word which can go in front of any of the following
words to form a new word.
TON PET ROT

82. *
Rearrange each of these words to form a girl’s name:
ARMY DINE YACHT
TEAK SAIL IDEAL
YAM HURT AIRMAN

83. *
Rearrange each of these words to form a boy’s name:
RICE LINE EYRIC
EEL SAIES NAILED
ANTS EVENTS WANDER

84. *
The following words have had all their vowels removed. Can you work
out what the words should be?
PL A game played on horseback
PL A game played on a table
NN _ A vegetable
B A musical instrument
KLL A musical instrument
CLL A musical instrument
CN A type of boat
Ss Relaxation
3. NUMBER PUZZLES

85. Pocket Money =:

A father divided a certain number of pounds among his four children. To
the first he gave a part, to the second one-third of what was left after the
first’s share, to the third he gave five-eighths of what was left, and to the
fourth the balance, which equalled two-fifths ofthe first child’s share. No
child received as much as £20.
How much money did the father distribute, and how much did each
child receive?

86. Boat Race **

In a time race, one boat is rowed over the course at an average of 4 yards
per second, another moves over the first half of the course at the rate of
3% yards per second, and over the last half at 442 yards per second,
reaching the winning post 15 seconds later than the first. Find the time
taken by each.

87. 1105 **
The sum ofthe squares of two consecutive numbers is 1105. What are the
two numbers?

88. Division «*
Divide 100 into two parts, so that a quarter of one exceeds one-third of
the other by 11.

89. Find Three Numbers «*

Find three numbers such that the first with half of the other two, the
second with one-third of the other two, and the third with one-fourth of
the other two, shall each be equal to 34.
22 Number Puzzles

90. Strange Squares ***

The square of 45 is 2025. If we split this in two, we get 20 and 25. 20 plus
25 is 45 — the number we started with.
Find two other numbers with four-digit squares that exhibit the
same peculiarity.

91. December and May «*«*

An old man married a young woman. Their combined ages amounted to
100. The man’s age multiplied by 4 and divided by 9 gives the woman’s
age.
What were their respective ages?

92. A Walking Expedition **

Jim and Bill set out on a walking expedition at the same time — Jim from X
to Y, and Bill from Y to X.
On reaching Y, Jim immediately sets off back to X. Now, Jim reaches
Y four hours after meeting Bill, but he reaches X three hours after tneir
second meeting. In what time did each perform the journey?

93. Banker’s Order «*

A man went into a bank with exactly $1000, all in $1 bills. He gave the
money to a cashier and said, ‘Put this money into ten bags in such a way
that if Icall and ask for any number of dollars up to $1000, you can give
me the exact amount by handing over one or more bags, without having
to open any of the bags.’
How was the cashier to comply with these instructions?

94. Paintings by Numbers **

An art dealer has a certain number of paintings for sale. He sells half the
paintings and one more to one customer, half the remainder and one
more to a second customer, half the remainder and one more to a third
customer, half the remainder and one more to a fourth customer — by
which time he has sold all the paintings. How many had he?
 Number Puzzles 23

95. Groceries **
My five grocery items each weighed a whole number of ounces, and the
total weight was less than two pounds. With a balance scale, I found the
following three inequalities, and in each case, the addition of the banana
to the lighter side turned it into the heavier side.
(a) tomato and apple together failed to balance the orange.
(b) apple and orange together failed to balance the tomato.
(c) tomato and orange together failed to balance the potato.
I also found the following instances of equality:
(d) apple balanced the banana and tomato together.
(e) tomato and potato together balanced the other three items.
What was the weight of each item?

96. State of the Poll ««

In aconstituency in which each elector may vote for two candidates, half
of the constituency vote for A, but divide their votes among B, C, DandE
in the proportion of 4,3,2,1. Half the remainder vote for B, and divide
their votes between C, D, E in proportion 3, 1, 1. Two-thirds of the
remainder vote for D and E, and 540 do not vote at all.
Find the state of the poll, and the number of electors.

97. A Certain Number «*«

There is a certain number consisting of three digits which is equal to 36
times the sum of its digits. 7 times the leftmost digit plus 9 is equal to 5
times the sum of the remaining digits. 8 times the second digit minus 9 is
equal to the sum of the first and third.
What is the number?

98. Rope *«*

A man ordered a length ofrope by telephone, but when he went to collect
it he found that the assistant had miswritten the order by interchanging
feet and inches. As a result, the rope was only 30 per cent of the length
that the man wanted.
What length of rope did he order?
24 Number Puzzles

99. A Powerful Number ****

There is a certain number whose third and fourth powers, taken
together, use all the digits from 0 to 9, each once and once only. What is
the number?

100. Pairs of Weights «**

With a pair of each of four different weights, any whole number of
pounds from 1 pound up to 170 pounds can be weighed. What are the
weights?

101. Four Dresses ***

A woman has four dresses for which she paid a total of £80. The first
dress cost as much as the second plus half of the third. The second cost as
much as the fourth minus the cost of the third. The third cost one-third of
the first. The fourth cost as much as the second and third together.
What was the price of each dress?

102. What is the Number? ««

There is a certain number such that the square of its half is equal to the
number with its digits reversed. What is the number?

103. Gamblers «*
Three gamblers — Abe, Bert and Cal—sit down to play cards. As aresult of
the first game, Abe lost to each of Bert and Cal as much money as they
started the game with. In the second game Bert lost similarly to each of
Abe and Cal. And in the third game — you guessed it — Cal lost similarly
to each of Abe and Bert. Each man then had $40.
How much money had each man when they started to play?

104. Escalation «**

On one of the escalators on the London Underground, | find that if Iwalk
down 26 steps I need 30 seconds to get to the bottom; but if Imake 34
steps then I need only 18 seconds to reach the bottom.
 Number Puzzles 25

If the time is measured from the instant that the top step begins to
descend to the time I step off the last step at the bottom on to the level
platform, what is the height of the stairway in steps?

105. Fours and Fives *

Find the smallest number that, when divided by 45, 454, 4545 and
45454, leaves the remainders 4, 45, 454 and 4545 respectively.

106. Going Home ***

My friend Alex, who lives in the country, caught an earlier train home
than usual yesterday. His wife normally drives to the station to meet
him. But yesterday he set out on foot from the station to meet his wife
part way. He reached home 12 minutes earlier than he would have done
had he waited at the station for his wife. The car travels at a uniform
speed which is five times Alex’s speed on foot. Alex reached home at
exactly six o’clock. At what time would he have reached home if his
wife, forewarned of his change of plan, had met him at the station?

107. Life Spans ***

The life span of a whale is 4 times that of a stork, which lives 85 years
longer than a guinea pig, which lives 6 years less than an ox, which lives
9 years less than a horse, which lives 12 years longer than a chicken,
which lives 282 years less than an elephant, which lives 283 years longer
than a dog, which lives 2 years longer than a cat, which lives 135 years
less than a carp, which lives twice as long as a camel, which lives 1,066
years short of the total of all the creatures’ life spans.
What is the life span of each creature?

108. Circuits ***

David and Jonathan start together from the same point on a circular path
and walk round, each at his own pace, until both arrive together at the
starting point.
If David performs the circuit in 3 minutes 44 seconds and Jonathan
in 6 minutes 4 seconds, how many times does each go round the path?
26 Number Puzzles

109. 365 ***

If we multiply 64253 by 365 we get the product 23452345, where the first
four digits are repeated. What is the largest number that can be multip-
lied by 365 to produce a similar product of eight digits with the first four
digits repeated in the same order? There is no objection to a digit being
repeated within the first four.

110. Coaches **«

A coach operator, not having room in his garage for eight of his coaches,
increased the size of his garage by 50%, and then had room for eight
more coaches than the number he owned.
How many coaches did he own?

111. Loading a Cart *«

If a man can load a cart in ten minutes, and a friend can load it in five
minutes, how long will it take them both to load it, working together?

112. Measuring Sticks **

A measuring stick, 13 inches long, needs only four marks on it so that it
can measure any whole number of inches from 1 to 13. The marks are at
the 1, 2, 6and 10 inch positions. From 0 to 1 measures 1 inch, from 0 to 2
measures 2 inches, from 10 to 13 measures 3 inches, from 2 to 6 measures
4 inches and so on.
On a measuring stick 36 inches long, what is the smallest number of
marks needed so that it can measure any whole number of inches from 1
to 36? And where should the marks be placed?

113. Burning the Candle at Both Ends ««

One-third of an hour after a candle was lighted, the other end was also
lighted. It took a further one-third of an hour for the candle to burn out. If
the candle was lighted at both ends at the start, and one end was
extinguished when only the middle one-third of the candle remained,
how long in all would it take to burn the candle out?
 Number Puzzles 27

114. Ferry-Boats ***

Two ferry-boats start at the same time from opposite sides of a river,
travelling across the water on routes at right angles to the shore. Each
boat travels at a constant speed, though their two speeds are different.
They pass at a point 720 yards from the nearest shore. Both boats remain
at their slips for ten minutes before starting back. On the return trips,
they meet 400 yards from the other shore.
How wide is the river?

115. Find Two Numbers ***

Find two numbers such that the square ofthe first plus the second equals
11, and the square of the second plus the first equals 7.

116. Wine and Water «***«

There are two barrels, one of which holds thirty gallons more than the
other. The larger barrel is filled with wine and the smaller one with
water.
Ten gallons are drawn from each barrel. That from the first barrel is
poured into the second, and vice versa. Each barrel is shaken thoroughly
to mix the contents. Again ten gallons are taken from each barrel, and
that from each is poured into the other.
If the larger barrel now contains thirteen gallons of water, what is
the total capacity of the smaller barrel?

117. Palindromic Pairs «**

Did you know that certain pairs of two-digit numbers have the same
product when both numbers are reversed? For example:
12x 42 = 24 xX 21
121 62 = 36%) 21
12 X 84 = 48 X 21
23 X96 = 69° 3Z
24 X 63 = 36 X 42
24 X 84 = 48 X 42
26 X 93 = 39 xX 62
46 X 96 = 69 x 64

There are six other sets of numbers of this nature. How many can
you find?
28 Number Puzzles

118. A Way to Weigh ***

Five children found a method of getting themselves all weighed on an
automatic weighing machine with just one coin. Two of them got on the
stand at the same time, and one child changed places with another until
all the ten possible pairs had been weighed. The weights, in pounds,
were as follows: 114, 115, 118, 119, 121, 122, 123, 125, 126 and 129. Can
you work out their individual weights?

119. One to Nine ***

A puzzle which has long been popular is to place plus and minus signs,
wherever one cares to, between the digits 1, 2,3, 4, 5,6, 7, 8 and 9soas to
make the resulting expression equal in value to 100. The digits must
remain in the original sequence. A typical solution is:
UW ses) = 45 Seb) ae (ae i a SS Te

In this solution, six plus and minus signs were used. Can you find
another solution, using the fewest possible signs?

120. Nine to One «««

This is similar to the previous problem, the difference being that the
digits have to be in the sequence 9, 8, 7, 6,5, 4, 3, 2, 1. Here is one typical
solution:
OB es ae On to Oe Sorte Su ee eo ()()

But the aim is to find a solution using the fewest possible plus and minus
signs.

121. A Question of Age **

A man and his wife had three children — John, Ben and Mary. The
difference between the parents’ ages was the same as between John and
Ben and between Ben and Mary. The ages of John and Ben, multiplied
together, equalled the age of the father, and the ages of Ben and Mary
multiplied together equalled the age of the mother. The combined ages
of the family amounted to ninety years.
What was the age of each person?
 Number Puzzles 29

122. The Bag of Nuts **

Three boys were given a bag of nuts, and they agreed to share out the nuts
in proportion to their ages, which together amounted to 1712 years. The
bag contained 770 nuts, and for every four nuts Joe took, Jack took three,
and for every six that Joe took, Jim took seven.
How many nuts did each boy take, and what are their respective
ages?

123. Strange Multiplication ***

If Imultiply 51,249,876 by 3 (thus using all the nine digits once and once
only) I get 153,749, 628 (which again contains all the nine digits once).
Similarly if Imultiply 16,583,742 by 9, the result is 149,253,678.
Now, take 6 as your multiplier and try to arrange the remaining
eight digits so as to produce by multiplication a number containing each
of the nine digits.

124. Curious Numbers ****

The number 48 has this peculiarity, that if you add 1 to it, the result is a
square number (49, the square of 7) and if you add 1 to its half, you also
get a square number (25, the square of 5).
Can you find the next three smallest possible numbers that also have
this peculiarity?

125. Find a Square ***

What is the smallest square number that ends with the greatest possible
number of identical non-zero digits?

126. Pandigital Fractions **«*

Using all the digits from 1 to 9 (each digit being used once and once only)
it is possible to form a fraction equal in value to a half, thus:
6729
13458
Using these nine digits, see if you can form fractions equal in value to:
(a) a third
30 Number Puzzles

b) a quarter
) a fifth
a0) a sixth
e) a seventh
f) an eighth
) a ninth

127. Four Primes ***

A, B, C and D represent four different digits such that ADDD, AACA,
BCDB and BDAC are prime numbers.
What digits do the letters represent?

128. ABCD *#*

Once again, A, B, C and D represent four different digits. These digits
may be combined in different ways to give 24 different four-digit num-
bers. These 24 numbers include:
Four prime numbers
7 products of two odd primes
1 square of a prime
8 numbers divisible by 2, but not by 4
2 numbers divisible by 4, but not by 8
1 number divisible by 8, but not by 16
1 number divisible by 16
What are these numbers?

CRYPTARITHMETIC
In the following five puzzles, each letter represents a different digit.
Your task is to discover which digit each letter represents.

129. Send More Money «==

SEND
_MORE +
MONEY
 Number Puzzles 31

130. Sixty ==

TEN
TEN
PO Rata 3
ol BG. eg

131. Scrabble ««
CEP Toks
ALPHABET +
SCRABBLE

132. Not Red Jam **

NOT =mME RED =mME JAM =meE
3 6 9

133. Presidential ««
LYNDON
Bax
JOHNSON

134. A Long Division ***

See if you can reconstruct this long division, given only one ofthe digits.
There is a unique answer.
G2 Gp ES oe 3

KKK Re
RS IE ie Oe.

FOR
Re

5
ArSe 3

xk *

x kK KK

Ke

He: Ke

* KKK
4. CIRCLES, SQUARES AND ANGLES

135. Cross Cut 1 *«

Divide a cross, such as that shown in the diagram, into four pieces with
two straight cuts, so that the pieces may be put together to form a perfect
square.

136. Cross Cut 2 **«

Can you divide this shape into four pieces, identical as to size and shape,
so that the pieces may be put together to form a perfect square?

137. Seven Lines ***

What is the largest number of non-overlapping triangles that can be
produced by drawing seven straight lines? The diagram shows how
seven lines can produce six non-overlapping triangles, but you ought to
be able to find a much better solution than this.
34 Circles, Squares and Angles

138. Folding a Triangle Vy Vp Vy

Given a perfectly plain square piece of paper, how would you fold itso as
to form the largest possible equilateral triangle? The triangle with sides
equal in length to the sides of the square, as shown in the diagram, will
not be the largest possible. No markings or measurements may be made
except by the creases themselves.

139. Folding a Hexagon ***

You are given a perfectly plain square sheet of paper. How would you
fold it so as to make creases that will form a regular hexagon, as shown in
the diagram? You are not permitted use of a ruler ora pencil or any other
instrument whatever.
 Circles, Squares and Angles 35

140. The Side of a Square ~*

How long is the side of a square whose area is equal to twice the sum of
its sides?

141. A Strange Island «+

There is an island in the form of asemi-circle. Two men start froma point
on the diameter; one walks along the diameter, and the other at right
angles to it. The former reaches the extremity of the diameter after
walking 4 miles, and the latter the boundary of the island after walking 8
miles. Find the area of the island.

142. The Crescent Puzzle «2%

The crescent is formed by two circles, and C is the centre of the larger
circle. The width of the crescent between B and D is 9 inches, and
between E and F 5 inches. What are the diameters of the two circles?

143. The Six-Sided Field «**

A farmer owns a field in the shape of a regular hexagon, each side being
40 yards in length. He has a donkey tethered by a rope 50 yards long
which is fastened to a post in one corner of the field.
How many square yards of the field may the donkey graze over?
36 Circles, Squares and Angles

144. The Garden Path ***«

A man has a rectangular garden, 55 yards by 40 yards, and he makes a
diagonal path, one yard wide, exactly in the manner indicated in the
diagram. What is the area of the path?

55

40

(Note that the width ofthe path is exaggerated in the diagram for the sake
of clarity.)

145. A Triangular Question ***

A right-angled triangle has sides that are all a whole number of inches.
One of the sides is 47 inches long. What are the lengths of the other two
sides?

146. The Ladder ***

A ladder was fastened against a high wall of a building. A man unfas-
tened it and pulled it out four yards at the bottom. It was then found that
the top of the ladder had descended just one-fifth of the length of the
ladder. What was the length of the ladder?
 Circles, Squares and Angles 37

147. The Bell Rope «*«

A bell rope, passing through the ceiling above, just touches the belfry
floor, and when you pull the rope to the wall, keeping the rope taut, it
touches a point just three inches above the floor, and the wall was four
feet from the rope when it hung at rest.
How long was the rope from floor to ceiling?

148. Dividing a Garden *«

Mr Budd has a square garden, containing twelve trees, as in the
illustration.

How may he divide his garden into four parts, all identical as to size
and shape, so that each part contains three trees?

149. Quartering the Circle ***

With three lines of equal length it is very easy to divide a circle into three
equal parts, as shown here:

The problem, however, is to divide a circle into four equal parts,

using three lines of equal length. The lines do not have to be straight, but
they must not cross.
38 Circles, Squares and Angles

150. The Potato Puzzle *=*

Take a circular slice of potato, place it on the table, and see into how
many pieces you can divide it with six cuts ofa knife. Of course you must
not readjust the pieces or pile them after a cut. What is the greatest
number of pieces you can make?

The illustration shows how to make sixteen pieces. This can, of

course, be easily beaten.

151. Splitting a Horseshoe **

With two straight-line cuts, can you divide a horseshoe, such as that
illustrated, into six pieces?

152. The Carpet-Fitter’s Problem «<<

A carpet-fitter had a piece of carpet shaped like this:
 Circles, Squares and Angles 39

How could he cut it into four pieces, so that they could be rearranged to
form a square?

153. The Joiner’s Problem ++~

as
2282

A joiner has a piece of wood as shown in the diagram.

2 2

a
How can he cut it into only two pieces that can be fitted together to forma
chessboard?

154. The Dressmaker’s Problem <«<~

A dressmaker has 2 piece of checkered cloth with four buttons attached,
as illustrated here.
40 Circles, Squares and Angles

How can she cut it into four pieces, identical as to size and shape,
each piece to contain one button?

155. Star-Maker **«~«

You are given an octagonal shape with an octagonal hole in the middle.

The problem is to cut it into eight pieces, all identical as to size and
shape, which can be put together again to form an eight-pointed star,
again with an octagonal hole in the middle.

156. Cigarette Boxes ****

A manufacturer sends out his cigarettes in boxes of 160. They are packed
in eight rows of 20 each, and exactly fill the box. Could he, by packing
differently, get more than 160 into the box? If so, what is the greatest
number that he could add? At first sight it sounds absurd to expect to get
more Cigarettes into a box that is already exactly filled, but a moment’s
consideration should give you the key to the paradox.
5. THREE-DIMENSIONAL PUZZLES

COIN PUZZLES

157. Coin Triangle «=

Arrange ten coins in the form of a triangle, as shown in the diagram.

@)
Cre
oe
Qo2 @
Now turn the triangle upside down by moving just three of the
coins.

158. Eight in a Row **

Place eight coins in a row, the first four showing heads and the last four
showing tails.
In four moves — each move consisting of moving two adjacent coins
to anew position — you have to rearrange the coins so that the heads and
tails are alternating. You are not allowed to turn over any of the coins,
and when you have finished you must not be left with any gaps in the
row.

159. Seven-Coin Rounders **

Place seven coins, all heads up, in a circle. Starting from any coin, count
1, 2, 3 in aclockwise direction and turn the third coin over. Repeat the
process, beginning from any ofthe coins that are still heads up. Continue
until ali but one of the coins are tails up.
42 Three-dimensional Puzzles

160. Five Rows <<

Take ten coins and arrange them in five rows with four coins in each row.

161. Nine Rows “<<

Take twenty-seven coins and arrange them in nine rows with six coins in
each row.

162. Twelve Rows <<*=

Take thirteen coins and arrange them in twelve rows with three coins in
each row.

163. Twenty-One Rows «<<

Take twenty-two coins and arrange them in twenty-one rows with four
coins in each row.

164. Star Trek <<-<

On asheet of paper draw an eight-pointed star, and number the pointsLo as
shown in the diagram. Place a coin heads up on point 1, another coin
1
 Three-dimensional Puzzles 43

heads up on point 3, a coin tails up on point 6, and another coin tails up

on point 8.

The puzzle is to transfer the two coins that are heads up to the points
occupied by the coins that are tails up, and vice-versa. You are allowed
seven moves. You may only move one coin at a time, although in each
move you may move the coin along one line to a vacant point, or along
more than one line in succession provided that the coin rests in a vacant
point at the end of each line.

MATCH PUZZLES

165. Leave Three Triangles **

Arrange twelve matches as shown in the diagram.

AA
\ZM7
Now move four matches so as to leave just three equilateral
triangles.

166. Twelve Matches ***

For each of these little problems start with twelve matches laid out like
this:

Move two matches and make seven squares.

Move three matches and leave three squares.
Move four matches and leave two squares.
Move four matches and leave three squares.
Move four matches and make ten squares.
Remove two matches so as to leave two squares.
44 Three-dimensional Puzzles

167. Match Spiral *«

With thirty-five matches form a spiral as shown in the diagram.

|
a==@D aD a=e=Dp c==Dp> oD

|
|
|
Gees Cee Gees Gse= Ga
|
Now transform the spiral into three squares by moving just four of
the matches.

DOMINO PUZZLES

alle
The oldest known set of dominoes was discovered in 1922 in the tomb of
King Tutankhamen of Egypt (c. 1371—c. 1352 BC) and can be seen today

slelelelale
ABBBSBE
FBEBEEE
 Three-dimensional Puzzles 45

in the Tutankhamen Museum in Cairo. It seems generally agreed that

dominoes actually originated in China and were introduced into Europe
by Venetian traders in the fourteenth or fifteenth century AD. From Italy
they were introduced into France, and it is believed that the English first
learned about dominoes from French prisoners-of-war during the
Napoleonic Wars at the beginning of the nineteenth century.
Dominoes are rectangular tiles, made usually from bone, ivory,
wood or plastic. A standard European set consists of 28 tiles. The face of
each tile is divided by a central line into two equal squares, each of
which is either blank or marked with pips from one to six in number.
This set is also known as the Double-6 set, as the double-6 is the top
domino in the set. All the puzzles here are played with this set.

168. Six Square ««

Take the 6 lowest dominoes in the set — the 0/0, the 0/1, the 0/2, the 1/1,
the 1/2 and the 2/2 —and arrange them in a square, so that each side of the
square contains the same number of pips.

169. Six Rectangle **

Using the same 6 dominoes as in the previous puzzle, form a rectangle,
so that each of the four sides of the rectangle contains the same number
of pips.

170. Ten Square **

Using the 10 lowest dominoes in the set — all the dominoes up to the
double-3 — form a square, so that the number of pips on each side of the
square is the same and so that none of the joins match.

171. Three Rectangles *«*

Using the 15 lowest dominoes in the set — all the dominoes up to the
double-4 — form 3 separate rectangles of 5 dominoes each so that each of
the 12 sides (that is to say, all 4 sides of each of the 3 rectangles) contain
the same number of pips.
46 Three-dimensional Puzzles

172. Five Lines ***

Using the same 15 dominoes as in the last puzzle, form 5 lines, with 3
dominoes in each line, so that in each of the 5 lines the joins match and
there are exactly the same number of pips in each line.

PENTOMINOES
Pentominoes were introduced to the world by a Californian mathemati-
cian, Solomon W. Golomb, in an article published in the American
Mathematical Monthly in 1954.
Starting from the definition of a domino as two squares ‘simply
connected’ (i.e. joined along their edges) he coined the word polyomino
to describe the class of shapes formed by squares connected in this way.
A monomino is a single square, a domino 2 squares simply connected, a
tromino 3 squares, a tetromino 4 squares, a pentomino 5 squares, a
hexomino 6, and so on.
From the family of polyominoes, it is the pentomino which has
attracted the most interest because of its considerable recreational
potential.
There are twelve distinct ways in which five squares can be joined
together to form a pentomino. These twelve shapes constitute a set of
pentominoes, which can either be bought from a shop or made at home.
The twelve pieces in the set look like this:

Fb Feae cepBe
He
Sit.
ih aa
These pentominoes form the basis of a number of interesting
puzzles.
 Three-dimensional Puzzles 47

173. Pentomino Puzzles «**

(a) Using any four pentominoes, form a 4 by 5 rectangle.
(b) Using any five pentominoes, form a 5 by 5 square.
(c) Using any six pentominoes, form a 5 by 6 rectangle.
(d) Using any seven pentominoes, form a 5 by 7 rectangle.
(e) Using any eight pentominoes, form a 4 by 10 rectangle.
(f) Using any nine pentominoes, form a 3 by 15 rectangle.
(g) Use all twelve pentominoes to form a 4 by 15 rectangle.

174. A Square with a Hole **«

Using all twelve pentominoes, form an 8 by 8 square with a 2 by 2 square
hole in the centre.

175. Pentomino Triplication ****

Select any one of the pentominoes. Using nine of the remaining pen-
tominoes form a large-scale version of the selected pentomino, each
dimension being three times greater than the original.

CHESS PROBLEMS

176. ***
These five classic chess problems are all the work of Sam Loyd. See if you
can solve them.
48 Three-dimensional Puzzles

(a) How can White play and mate on his third move at the latest, against
any black defence?

xa iweeaz

(b) If both sides make exactly the same moves, how can White mate in
four? See if you can find both the possible solutions.

(c) How can White play and force mate on his third move, against any
black defence?
 Three-dimensional Puzzles 49

(d) How can White play and force mate on his third move, against any
black defence?

(e) (i) Place the black king where he would be stalemated.

(ii) Place the black king where he would be checkmated.
(iii)Place the black king where he would be checkmated next move.
(iv) Place the black king on a square where he can never be check-
mated.

SOLITAIRE PUZZLES
The Solitaire board is normally made of wood or plastic and has 33 holes
to hold the pieces, which are usually small marbles or pegs. (The French
board has 37 holes, and is hexagonal in shape.)
50 Three-dimensional Puzzles

@L@SO5
@S5Oc@s

000-0-
@2030805
OS
O50
OK
OO
Or O°
OSOSORODO=
@~

There are anumber of puzzles for the solitaire board, but the method
of making moves is common to all of them. A counter may be moved only
by jumping it over a neighbouring counter to a vacant space directly on
the other side. The counter which was jumped over is then removed
from the board. Jumps may be made only horizontally or vertically —
diagonal moves are not permitted.
The number of jumps made in a game of solitaire equals the number
of counters removed. However, a series of consecutive jumps made at
one time with a single counter can be regarded as a single move; hencea
player can aim not merely at solving a given puzzle but also at finding
the solution that requires the minimum number of moves.

177. The Latin Cross **

Start with six counters forming the shape of a cross, filling holes 5, 9, 10,
11, 17 and 24. The object is to remove five counters in five moves and
leave the remaining counter in the centre of the board (hole 17).

178. The Greek Cross **

Start with nine counters arranged in the form of a cross, filling holes 5,
10, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 24 and 29. The object is to remove eight counters
and leave the remaining counter in the centre of the board (hole 17). It is
possible to do this in six moves.
 Three-dimensional Puzzles 51

179. The Triangle **«

For this puzzle you start with sixteen counters forming a triangle over
holes 5, 9, 10, 11, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 and 21-27. Can you reduce this
formation to a solitary counter in the centre of the board? Can you do it in
eight moves?

180. The Square ****

Start with the board set out as for standard solitaire — all the squares
occupied, except the central one (17). The aim is to finish with eight
counters left on the board, in the form of a square, occupying holes 9, 10,
11,16, 18, 23, 24 and 25.
 ¢ @ hen lite! @ <p Fe
Lamp iettears taf! veneee., freltrermn
Grutor)Ai.be 26 001 vie
> ea. 6, 22 O_O .7)
oor Gla sae 7 a = ae |

79) > ‘ Towa ae) ham oi @aere ‘ait

0) aie Spee2S 8 4 Ae. spe *2 we
>s z > “Saw ! 2S oe - =4end >»
‘. » Oe dea bath cami eupiet aly.
> ques - a -
- —
a >2 bee oly ©

o 77 (segs

— = =p = = ne

= aad

: Ss - r
@ Ty ag _ a

ae so

.
rm i _—

mi tx
owe ve ‘ae i Glee oe
be , sa ang, a. Pema: ;
oso by) (ip (Salem Myele 7 eared
a
1 as (ees a
6. LOGIC PUZZLES

181. One Question «=

A hiker comes to a fork in the road and doesn’t know which way to go to
reach his destination. There are two men at the fork, one of whom always
tells the truth while the other always lies. The hiker doesn’t know which
is which, though. He may ask one of the men only one question to find
his way. Which man does he ask, and what is the question?

182. The Missing Dollar **

Three men registered in a hotel and asked for three separate rooms at ten
dollars each, so the clerk received thirty dollars from the three men. The
next day the clerk found that these three rooms should have been let for
twenty-five dollars instead of thirty dollars, so he called the page boy
and gave him the five dollars rebate to give back to the three men. The
boy, however, who was not very honest, gave the men one dollar each
and kept two dollars for himself. This meant that each man, instead of
paying ten dollars, actually paid nine dollars. This makes twenty-seven
dollars for the three men; the page boy had two dollars; 27 plus 2 equals
29, so where did the other dollar go?

183. King Arthur’s Knights *«*

King Arthur sat at the Round Table on three successive evenings with
his knights — Beleobus, Caradoc, Driam, Eric, Floll and Galahad — but on
no occasion did any person sit next to anyone who had sat next to him
before. On the first evening they sat in alphabetical order round the table.
But afterwards King Arthur arranged the two next sittings so that he
might have Beleobus as near to him as possible and Galahad as far away
from him as could be managed. How did he seat the knights to the best
advantage, remembering that rule that no knight may have the same
neighbour twice?
54 Logic Puzzles

184. Mary’s Age ***

The combined ages of Mary and Ann are 44 years, and Mary is twice as
old as Ann was when Mary was half as old as Ann will be when Ann is
three times as old as Mary was when Mary was three times as old as Ann.
How old is Mary?

185. Shunt «=
A locomotive, L, is on the main line of a railway. The trucks, marked 1
and 2 in the diagram, are on sidings which meet at the points, where
there is room for one truck only but not for the locomotive.

The problem is to swap the positions of the two trucks and leave the
locomotive in its original position on the main line. The locomotive may
push or pull the trucks — it may go between them, pulling one and
pushing the other — but no truck may move without the locomotive.

186. The Eight Engines *«*

The diagram represents the engine-yard of a railway company under
eccentric management. The engines are allowed to be sationary only at
the nine points indicated, one of which is at present vacant. It is required
to move the engines, one at a time, from point to point, in seventeen
moves, so that the engines shall be in numerical order round the circle,
with the central point left vacant. But one of the engines has had its fire
 Logic Puzzles 55

drawn and therefore cannot move. How is the thing to be done? And
which engine remains stationary throughout?

187. Bathing Beauties **«

Of the three finalists in the bathing beauty contest, Jane is older than the
redhead, but younger than the hairdresser. Judy is younger than the
blonde, while Jennifer is older than the brunette. The typist 1s the
receptionist’s younger sister.
Can you give the hair-colouring and profession ofeach girl in order
of age?

188. Weight Lifters *«*

Boris, Sergei, Tam and Viktor are weight lifters. Viktor can outlift Tam,
but Sergei can outlift Viktor. Tam can outlift Boris, but Sergei can outlift
Tam. Therefore:
(a) Both Boris and Sergei can outlift Viktor.
(b) Viktor can outlift Boris but can’t outlift Tam.
(c) Viktor can outlift Boris by more than he can outlift Tam.
(d) None of the above.
Which of these is correct?
56 Logic Puzzles

189. A Game of Cards *«**

Dwight had been playing cards with three ofhis friends. Thinking about
the game afterwards, he recalled these facts:
1. Ambrose and Bertram had better scores than the doctor.
2. Ambrose first dealt to Bertram, then to Mr Hooper, then to the
accountant, and then to himself.
3. In the last hand, Bertram dealt to the priest, to Mr Hooper, to
Clint, and then to himself.
4. Mr Eastwood went home before Clint did.
5. The doctor had a better score than Mr Grimm.
6. Mr Fuller went home before the priest.
With these facts, sprinkled with a little logical deduction, you ought
to be able to work out who was who. For example, what were the
musician’s first and last names?

190. Take Four Girls **=*

1. Ann is younger than the dancer, who lives directly west of Barbara.
2. The dancer lives directly north of Miss Green, who lives exactly five
miles from Cathy, who lives exactly two miles from the singer.
3. The pianist is older than Miss White and Diana is older than the
actress.
4. Cathy is older than Miss Brown, who lives exactly three miles from
Barbara, who lives directly south of Miss Black.

How far does Diana live from Ann? And which of the four girls is
the oldest?

191. The Triple ‘A’ Club ***

The membership of the Triple ‘A’ Club is drawn from three professions —
auditors (who always tell the truth), advertising men (who always lie),
and actors (whose statements are alternately true and false, or false and
true).
Although I am not a member, I have occasion to visit the club from
time to time. Here is what happened on four of my recent visits.
(a) I was introduced on one occasion to three new members, one being
from each profession. Their names were John, Paul and George. Each of
them made two statements as follows:
 Logic Puzzles 57

John: ‘I am not an advertising man’.

‘Paul is not an actor’.
Paul: ‘I am not an advertising man’.
‘George is not an auditor’.
George: ‘Iam not an advertising man’.
‘John is not an actor’.
What was the profession of each new member?
(b) On another occasion I met three members, a representative of each
profession, whose names were Tom, Dick and Harry. When I enquired
about their professions and ages, each made two statements as follows:
Tom: ‘Harry is an auditor’.
‘Dick is older than Harry’.
Dick: ‘Harry is an actor’.
‘Harry is older than Tom’.
Harry: ‘Tom is an advertising man’.
‘Tom is older than Dick’.
What is the profession of each member, and how do their ages compare?
(c) On yet another occasion I asked three members, one from each
profession, about their earnings. Their names were David, Lloyd and
George, and each made two statements as follows:
David: ‘I am an actor’.
‘IT earn more than George’.
Lloyd: ‘I am an auditor’.
‘I earn more than David’.
George: ‘I am an advertising man’.
‘T earn more than Lloyd’.
What is the profession of each member and how do their earnings
compare?
(d) The club committee consists of three members, one from each pro-
fession, who fill the roles of chairman, secretary and treasurer. The
present committee members are Freeman, Hardy and Willis. I asked two
of them about the composition of the committee, and this is what they
told me:
Freeman: ‘I am not an actor’.
‘Hardy is not the chairman’.
Hardy: ‘I am not an auditor’.
‘Willis is not the secretary’.
Can you name the person who fills each post on the committee, and
identify his profession?
58 Logic Puzzles

192. Islands in the Sun «**

In the Gulf of Lug there are five islands, each with a different number of
inhabitants. A different language is spoken on each island (reflecting the
chequered colonial past of the area), and each island’s economy is based
on a different exported commodity.
From the facts below, see if you can work out the details of each
island’s population, language and export.

1. Cetri has 1 million inhabitants.

2. The island which exports bananas has a smaller population than the
island on which Dutch is spoken.
3. The island on which Spanish is spoken does not export precious
stones.
4. The island which exports coffee has a population of 2 miilion.
5. Auni’s population is double that of the island on which English is
spoken.
6. The island which exports emeralds has a population of 5 million.
7. Bebi is not the island with 3 million inhabitants.
8. The population of the island which exports amethysts is half that of
the island on which French is spoken.
9. Equin has 1 million fewer inhabitants than the island which exports
dates.
10. Dequar’s 4 million inhabitants outnumber the population of the
island on which Portuguese is spoken.

193. Do It Yourself «««

On my bookshelves I have five books concerned with do-it-yourself
subjects. From the facts below, see if you can work out the title and
author of each book, the colour of its cover and the number of pages it
contains.
(Note: the name of an author is not a reliable guide to the name of the
book written by that author.)

1. Painting and Decorating has 50 more pages than the book with the
white cover.
2. The book by Walter Wall has a blue cover.
3. The book by Bernard Cole has 20 more pages than Domestic Insula-
tion.
4. Carpet Fitting does not have a blue cover.
5. The book with the yellow cover has 170 pages.
6. The book by Matt Coates has 70 fewer pages than the book with the
green cover.
 Logic Puzzles 59

7. Improve Your Garden has 300 pages.

8. Indoor Heating was written by Celia Holmes.
9. The book with the white cover has 190 pages.
10. The book by Anita Lawn has a red cover and 220 pages.

194. Lewis Carroll’s Symbolic Logic ***

In each of these problems by Lewis Carroll, you have to find the ‘ultimate
conclusion’ that can be drawn from the statements given. You do this by
taking any two statements with a common term and seeing what conclu-
sion can be drawn from them. Combine the result with another statement
that has a term in common and draw another conclusion from them.
Continue in this way until you reach the final conclusion that can be
drawn — this will be the same no matter in which order you combine the
statements.
Perhaps an example will make the process clearer. Take the follow-
ing statements:
a. There are no pencils of mine in this box.
b. No sugar-plums of mine are cigars.
c. The whole of my property, that is not in this box, consists of
cigars.
From (a) and (c) we may conclude ‘All my pencils are cigars’. Combining
this result with statement (b), we obtain the ultimate conclusion that ‘No
pencils of mine are sugar-plums’.

1 a. Noacrobatic feats, that are not announced in the bills ofacircus,

are ever attempted there.
b. No acrobatic feat is possible, if it involves turning a quadruple
somersault.
s) No impossible acrobatic feat is ever announced in a circus bill.

2 a. No birds except ostriches are 9 feet high.

b. There are no birds in this aviary that belong to any one but me.
c. No ostrich lives on mince-pies.
d. I have no birds less than 9 feet high.

3 a. No interesting poems are unpopular among people of real taste.

b. No modern poetry is free from affectation.
c. All your poems are on the subject of soap-bubbles.
d. No affected poetry is popular among people of real taste.
e. No ancient poem is on the subject of soap-bubbles.
60 Logic Puzzles

I call no day ‘unlucky’, when Robinson is civil to me.

. Wednesdays are always cloudy.
. When people take umbrellas, the day never turns out fine.
. The only days when Robinson is uncivil to me are Wednesdays.
. Everybody takes his umbrella with him when it is raining.
My ‘lucky’ days always turn out fine.

. Animals are always mortally offended if I fail to notice them.

. The only animals that belong to me are in that field.
. No animal can guess a conundrum unless it has been properly
trained in a Board-School.
. None of the animals in that field are badgers.
. When an animal is mortally offended it always rushes about
wildly and howls.
I never notice any animal unless it belongs to me.
. No animal that has been properly trained in a Board-School ever
rushes about wildly and howls.

o>) . The only animals in this house are cats.

. Every animal is suitable for a pet, that loves to gaze at the moon.
. When I detest an animal, | avoid it.
. No animals are carnivorous, unless they prow] at night.
No cat fails to kill mice.
No animals ever take to me, except what are in this house.
. Kangaroos are not suitable for pets.
. None but carnivora kill mice.
I detest animals that do not take to me.
eeeAnimals that prowl at night always love to gaze at the moon.
mee)
la
feb
ow
al
vel
deo
7. VISUAL PUZZLES

195. Distances ***

Which is the greatest distance: from A to B or from B to GC?

196. Arcs **
If the circle represented by arcs A, B and C were completed, which
would have the greatest diameter?
62 Visual Puzzles

197. A Curious Cube ««

(a) Is the cube viewed from above or below?
(b) Is the line across the corner of the cube straight or bent?

198. Two Lines **

Which line is the longer: AC or BD?
A

ie)
 Visual Puzzles 63

199. Three Lines **

Which of these three lines is the longest: the top one, the middle one or
the bottom one?

ges
pS i eel benpe ene sael

200. Five Shapes **

Which of these five shapes is the largest and which is the smallest?

201. Two Circles *«*

Which of the two circles is the larger?
64 Visual Puzzles

202. Horizontals **
Which ofthe two horizontal lines is longer, the top one of the bottom
one?

203. The Cretan Labyrinth «*

 Visual Puzzles 65

The first and the best-known of all the ancient mazes was the Cretan
Labyrinth designed by Daedalus as a devilish den for the famous
Minotaur. Theseus slew the Minotaur and made his escape from the
labyrinth. He used some thread of course, provided by Ariadne.
You're not so lucky. Start at the centre of the labyrinth and see if you
can find your way out. This maze is very simple, as long as you can stop
your eyes playing tricks with you.

204. The Somerton Maze *:

At Somerton in Oxfordshire, there is a turf path one foot wide and twelve
hundred feet long, constructed as shown in the diagram below.
Most mazes are easier to trace on paper than they are on the ground.
But in this case, although it is very simple to follow the actual turf path,
tracing the route on paper is rather more difficult.

It is the dark line you have to follow. See if you can trace it to the
centre.
66 Visual Puzzles

205. Crossings ***

You cannot get to the centre of this maze without crossing some lines.
What are the least number of lines you need to cross to get from B to A?

206. The Philadelphia Maze **«*

This maze is the creation of H. E. Dudeney, who posed the question: how
many ways are there to the centre?
(CAUTION: It is reported that one person who tried to solve this
puzzle drove himself to the point of insanity and took his own life!)
 Visual Puzzles 67

207. Trick Donkeys «««

This is one of the most famous puzzles of Sam Loyd.
If the puzzle is cut along the dotted lines, how can the three pieces

ated
heet
eke
leds
dete
dhe
|sched
dekekebtetete |
i
SS
eee
68 Visual Puzzles

be arranged — without folding — so that the two jockeys ride the two
donkeys?

TANGRAM PUZZLES
Tangrams are an ancient form of puzzle from China. A tangram set
consists of seven pieces, formed by dissecting a square as shown in the
diagram.

The object of atangram puzzle is to arrange the seven pieces to form

a specified shape. All the pieces must be used, and no piece may overlap
another.

208. Tangram Teasers ***

See if you can make each of these shapes with the seven tangram pieces.
 Visual Puzzles 69

aneWee
4}
mR
=: Sai
209. Tangram Digits «**

Arrange the tangram pieces to make each of the digits from 1 to 8, as

shown.
70 Visual Puzzles

SEAS
210. Two Tangram Gentlemen «**
In this puzzle by H. E. Dudeney, the two gentlemen seem to be identical
except that one has a foot which the other lacks. Yet both figures
were made using all seven pieces of the tangram set, with no pieces

74
overlapping.
Can you create each of the two figures with the tangram pieces?
8. WORDPLAY

211. Double Meanings ««

Find a single word which may mean the same as either word in the pair.
For example, the answer to THROW ACTORS would be CAST.
1. Clever pain.
Produce whip.
Support couple.
Contrary talk.
Impartial goal.
AS
le
eo Absolute state.

212. Palindromes ««
The solution to each clue is a palindromic word (one that is the same
when read from right to left as from left to right).
1. Wisecrack.
Action.
Twelve.
Former Middle-East rulers.
Made into a god.
Ome
wh Principle.

213. Letter Transpiants *«

Form each pair of words into a pair of synonyms by transplanting a
single letter from one word into the other. For example, POTION and
PIERCE would become PORTION and PIECE.
1. OAK & WEST.
TINE & BID.
FOG & BLEAT.
AGE & RANGER.
SHEAR & CAR.
AID & SCOUR.
RAVER & ASSET.
LAVE & QUITE.
SPINY & GRATE.
= SOMNAARWN
. FLIT & CROQUET.
72 Wordplay

214. A Common Property **

The verbs BRING, BUY, CATCH, FIGHT, FREIGHT, SEEK, TEACH and
THINK share a common property that no other common verbs in the
English language possess. What is it?

215. Double Letters ***

There are several letters which frequently occur as doubles in English
words. Double L, double T, and double S are all very common. But can
you find words containing the following doubled letters?
HH IE KK UU VV WW
Your answers might be very obscure words, but they need not be — our
answers are all perfectly common words in everyday use.

216. Words of Note ***

Using the musical notes C, D, E, F, G, A, and B, what is the longest word
that can be played on a piano? That is, using any of these letters, as many
or as few times you like, but using no other letters, what is the longest
word you can find? No foreign or hyphenated words, please.

217. Triple Word Squares *:*

A word square is an arrangement of words one below another in the form
of a square so that they read the same horizontally and vertically.
Below are the clues for three such word squares. There’s just one
snag — the three sets of clues have been shuffled together, and you have to
work out which clue belongs to which word square. To help you the
central letters have already been inserted.
1. Group of eight; Delight; Striped quadruped.
Illegal activity; Mistake; Midday meal
Bury; Weary; Fetch.
Musical composition; View; Correct.
SelM
apie Termagant; Inert gas; Toy bear.
 Wordplay 73

218. Rhyme Time ***

The ten words and expressions given here (some of which are French) all
rhyme with NO, and yet each ends with a different letter of the alphabet:
DOUGH WOE OHO
WHOA DE TROP APROPOS
SOL ROW BON MOT
GATEAU
Now, can you find as many words and expressions as possible, ending
with different letters of the alphabet, that rhyme with the word SAY?
You may use the French language, and you should be able to find ten or
more.

219. Anagrams Plus C **

By adding a C to each of the words below, then shuffling the letters, it is
possible to form a new word. Add another C, shuffle again, and a third
word appears. For example, by adding C to ESAU, you can create
CAUSE. Add another C, and you have ACCUSE.
See how many you can solve, avoiding plurals and verbs ending in
5:
OIL TAPE HERE LEAN LOUL
HAT OUST NEAR HATE SELLE
ARK OAST SEAR HEAD NOSE
IRK ROSE SOUR RILE NEAT

220. Three Riddles «**

(a) My first is in BORDER and also in BED;
My second’s in ROLL but never in BREAD;
My third is in MILE but isn’t in METRE;
My fourth’s found in PINT but not found in LITRE;
My fifth’s not in PAIN but always in ACHE;
My sixth is in PIE but never in CAKE;
My seventh is found both in ANKLE and KNEE;
My whole is a creature that swims in the sea.

(b) My first is in SUGAR but is not in SWEET;

My second’s in WARMTH but isn’t in HEAT;
My third is found not in HILLS but in DALES;
While my fourth is seen in RIVETS not NAILS;
My fifth’s in FIANCEE and also in WIFE;
74 Wordplay

And my sixth appears both in TROUBLE and STRIFE;

My seventh’s in LADY but never in LORD;
My whole is a force that can’t be ignored.

My first is in LADY but isn’t in MAN;

My second’s in TIN but is not in CAN;
My third is found both in SCOTLAND and WALES;
My fourth is in HILLS as well as in DALES;
My fifth is in BLUE but is not in BLACK;
My sixth is in PARCEL and also in PACK;
My seventh’s in SHOUT but isn’t in SHREIKING;
My whole may be heard, in a manner of speaking.

221. Two Double Riddles ***

Each of these riddles has two equally correct answers — you have to find
both.

(a) My first is in SPLIT but is not in TEAR;

My second’s in APPLE and also in PEAR;
My third is in BITTER but is not in SOUR;
My fourth is in MOMENT but is not in HOUR;
My fifth is in QUADRANT as well as in SQUARE;
My sixth is in CIRCUS but is not in FAIR;
My seventh’s in SHINE and also in SHEEN;
My whole, you will see, has leaves that are green.

My first is in RABBIT but is not in HARE;

My second’s in BRACE but is not in PAIR;
My third is in LADDER but is not in CLIMB;
My fourth is in LEMON and also in LIME;
My fifth is in AUNT but is not in NIECE;
My sixth is in GANDER but is not in GEESE;
My seventh is seen both in GRANDMA and DAUGHTER;
My whole is an island surrounded by water.

222. American Names «**

Which state of the USA does TINA come from? Well, it could be either
norTh carolINA or wesT virgINiA, because both these states contain the
letters of her name in the correct sequence.
 Wordplay 75

Here are ten more names. See if you can find their states of origin.
(a) EVA (f) RHODA
(b) MAE (g) DIANA
(c) ALAN (h) SYLVIA
(d) ANTON (i) DEAN
(e) NESTA (j) SHARON

223. Linkwords ***

The clues, which are in random sequence, define eight five-letter words.
Solve the clues, and then insert the answers one below another in the
diagram in the correct sequence so that each word differs from the
preceding word by only one letter.
The first and last letters have been inserted to guide you.

(a) Depart
Animal
Weighty
Brag
Hire
Shore
Hoist
Minimum

(b) Chest
Fetch
Dense
Inebriated
Lorry

Edge
Ruse
Beverage
76 Wordplay

224. Confusibles ***

This puzzle consists of pairs of words which are quite different in
meaning but are frequently confused with each other. For example,
FLAUNT and FLOUT, LUXURIANT and LUXURIOUS. See how
many of the ten pairs you can identify.
(a) A hospital for the treatment of chronic diseases
An institution for the promotion of health
(b) To reveal
To depreciate
(c) Beggary
Dishonesty
(d) To command solemnly
To renounce
(e) To irritate or scrape
To censure or reprimand
(f) To rout
To make uneasy
(g) Corrupt
Pardonable
(h) To write or compose
To charge with a crime
(i) Self-pleased
Pleasing to others
(j) Occurring every two years
Occurring twice a year

225. Consecutive Letters ***

The word ABSCOND contains the four consecutive letters ABCD, in the
correct order. Indeed the word ABSCONDED contains the letters
ABCDE. See if you can find words that contain the following groups of
letters in the correct order.
DEFG FGHI. HIJK MNOP -QRST RSTU XYZ

226. Alphabetical Shifts

Consider the word COLD. If you shift each letter forward three positions
in the alphabet, C becomes F, O becomes R, L becomes O, and D becomes
G — so you end up with a new word, FROG.
Similarly, BALK can be turned into ONYX by shifting each letter
forward 13 positions in the alphabet.
 Wordplay 77

We have performed a similar process on 10 five-letter words. How

rapidly can you work backwards from the words given here, and deter-
mine what words we started with?
(a) BEEFS (f) FERNS
(b) INGOT —(g) JOLLY
(c) LORRY (h) TOFFS
(d) SORRY _(i)_:- TIFFS
(e) FREUD‘ (j) TIGER

227. Word Patterns ***

(a) There are 52 distinct patterns which can be displayed by five-letter
words. For example, SATIN, with no repeated letters, has the pattern
12345; TRUTH, having the first and fourth letters the same, has the
pattern 12314; RACER, having the first and fifth letters the same, has the
pattern 12341; and LEVEL, having the first and fifth letters the same, as
well as the second and fourth, has the pattern 12321.
See if you can find examples for the following patterns:
12344 WAZA WASAS WANS
WA AS AS 1233S UA iA
223 WAL SIS: 12332 NAA
WANS WAI 11231 WA ae
als ails) WA PZ alet2,

(b) Examples of patterns of six-letter words are:

SENSES = 123121 TITBEL = ANSI
HUBBUB =123323 MAMMAL = WAS
SEETEE = 123322 ACACIA = 1 ahi
Now see if you can find words displaying the following patterns:
ere 2 NABSWAS: ASS d2323
WAG VAI 12425 AL T22320 VASA
WAAM G2 WANA 123443 123344

228. Typewriter Words ***

(a) OWERT
Y U.ko P
ASDFGHJKL
LGV BN wy
This is the order in which letters appear on a standard typewriter
keyboard. ASH, RUG and TUG are three words whose letters occur in
‘typewriter order’. Can you find longer examples? What is the longest
such word you can find? Doubled letters (as in TOO) are acceptable.
78 Wordplay

(b) What is the longest word that can be typed using just the letters on
the top row of the typewriter keyboard — Q, W, E, R, T, Y, U, I, O, P?
QUIRE and PEPPER are two examples, but no doubt you will be able to
find longer words than these.
(c) What is the longest word that can be typed using just the letters on
the second row of the typewriter keyboard — A, S, D, F,G, H, J, Kand L?

229. A,E,LO,U
(a) FACETIOUS is one English word which contains the five vowels
A,E,I,O,U in the correct sequence, each vowel occurring once and only
once. Can you think of another common English word which shares this
property?
(b) There are, of course, many other words containing one occurrence
of each ofthe five vowels, but in a different order. See if you can think ofa
word containing the five vowels in each of the sequences shown below:
AILEOU OEAUT AUIOE ATOUE EQUA!
IOUAE EUVUOTA BUAIC OAVUIE OVER!
UATOE WOlrAgE

230. Headliner «=
There are many words which form another word when the initial letter is
removed. The pairs of clues for the columns in this puzzle refer to such
words.
One clue defines the whole word; the other clue defines the word
that is formed when the initial letter of the first word is removed. Either
clue may come first in the pair.
For example, if the clue was ‘Correct; shining’ the answer would be
B-RIGHT.
If you complete all the columns correctly, the headline formed by
the initial letters will spell out the name of a famous person.

Column 1. SUFFER; PRISON.

Column 2. ASSENTED; AVARICE.
Column 3. IN GOOD TIME; ALMOST.
Column 4. MOVEMENT; FEELING.
Column 5. AFT; SEVERE.
Column, 6. MORE CERTAIN; MONEY-LENDER.
Column 7. WITHOUT DIFFICULTY; SUGGEST.
Column 8. DIFFICULTIES; FOREIGN CURRENCY.
Column 9. ODD; ALIENATE.
Column 10. TIDY; DINE.
 Wordplay 79

231. Single-Word Anagrams ***

If you were asked to provide a single-word anagram of PARTISAN, it
should not take you too long to find the answer ASPIRANT. See how
long it takes you to find a single-word anagram for each of the following
words:
(a) TREASON (i) ESTIMATING
(b) OBEYING (j) CONSIDERATE
(c) BESTIARY (k) EXCITATION
(d) ASSAYING (1) LEGISLATOR
(e) MASCULINE (m) CENTRALISE
(f) DICTIONARY (n) INCONSIDERATE
(g) BARGAINED (0) CEPHALOMETRIC
(h) CATECHISM (p) VICEPRESIDENTS

CHARADES
If you have ever played the party game of Charades (or seen it played as a
panel game on TV) you will know what to expect here. A piece of verse
defines a word — firstly syllable by syllable (‘my first’, ‘my second’, etc.)
and then the whole word (‘my whole’). You have to guess the word being
thus defined.
Here are two examples of the genre, which reached the height of its
popularity in the late Victorian period.
80 Wordplay _

232. Beside the Brook

Beside the brook one summer day
When Nature all was merry,
I saw a gypsy maiden stray,
As brown as any berry;
She with the limpid waters quenched her thirst,
And picked a simple salad of my first.

The woodbine and the eglantine,

The woodruff and the mallow,
Delight to twine and intertwine
Beside that streamlet shallow;
And kissed by sunlight and caressed by dews,
My second in the air around diffuse.

The sun went down, the twilight fell,

Outshone the stars unnumbered;
Each floweret closed its honeyed cell,
And nature softly slumbered.
While pale and cold across the heavens stole,
In modest maiden majesty, my whole.

233. Rifle Practice ==

It was a gallant Volunteer,
And he went forth to shoot;
He always went the bull’s-eye near,
And hit thrice to boot;
And he was clearly not the worst
Who aimed his rifle at my first.

And while the yards they fired were few,

Upon his feet stood he;
But when the distance greater grew,
He knelt upon his knee;
And when the widest space was reckoned,
He lay down flat upon my second.

Within the hut the marker stood,

To score down every shot;
He signalled those whose aim was good,
And those whose aim was not;
 Wordplay

When to the bull’s-eye bullets whirred,

He bade the red flag do my third.

Awakened by the early spring,

And taking little heed,
A poor unhappy giddy thing
Went straying o’er the mead,
And so got shot! Your tears control,
"Twas not a child — ’twas but my whole.

234. An Enigma **

A word there is of plural number,

Foe to ease and tranquil slumber;
Any other word you take
And add an S will plural make.
But if you add an S to this,
So strange the metamorphosis;
Plural is plural now no more,
And sweet what bitter was before.
This enigma was composed by the British Prime Minister George
Canning (1770-1827).

235. Queen Victoria’s Acrostic «=

This puzzle is said to have been composed by Queen Victoria to enter-
tain the royal children — presumably, on this occasion she was amused.
If you solve the clues correctly, the initial letters will be found to
spell out the name of a town in England, and the final letters, read
upwards, will spell out what that town is famous for.
1. A city in Italy
. A river in Germany
A town in the United States
A town in the United States
A town in Holland
The Turkish name for Constantinople
A town in Bothnia
A city in Greece
CHNOTAWLH
A circle on the globe
82 Wordplay

236. Doublets «««

This type of puzzle was invented by Lewis Carroll. Here he describes the
puzzle in his own words:
‘The rules of the puzzle are simple enough. Two words are pro-
posed, of the same length; and the puzzle consists in linking these
together by interposing other words, each of which shall differ from the
next word in one letter only. That is to say, one letter may be changed in
one of the given words, then one letter in the word so obtained, and so
on, till we arrive at the other given word. The letters must not be
interchanged among themselves, but each must keep its own place. As
an example the word ‘‘head”’ may be changed into “‘tail’’ by interposing
the words “heal, teal, tell, tall’’. I call the two given words ‘‘a Doublet”’,
the interposed words ‘‘Links’’, and the entire series ‘‘a Chain’’, of which I
here append an example:
HEAD
heal
tresaol
te ll
(hal
Tabi
‘It is, perhaps, needless to state that it is de rigueur that the links should
be English words, such as might be used in good society.’
You should now be ready to tackle the following Doublets.

E
(a) Change WET to DRY
(b) Cover EYE with LID
(c) Make EEL into PIE
(d) Prove RAVEN to be MISER
(e) Change OAT to RYE
(f) Make TEA HOT

(g) Drive PIG into STY

(h) Change FISH to BIRD
(i) REST on SOFA

5 Links
(j) . Dip PEN into INK
(k) Touch CHIN with NOSE
(1) | Change TEARS into SMILE
(m) PITCH TENTS
 Wordplay 83

(n) Turn POOR into RICH

(o) Evolve MAN from APE
(p) Make FLOUR into BREAD
(q) Get COAL from MINE
(r) Stow FURIES in BARREL

s) Make WHEAT into BREAD

t) Raise FOUR to FIVE
) Make HARE into SOUP
v) Prove PITY to be GOOD
w) Make BLACK WHITE
x) Run COMB into HAIR
y) WHIP LASH
Z) Sell SHOES for CRUST
aa) Make BREAD into TOAST

(bb) STEAL COINS

(cc) Get WOOD from TREE
(dd) Prove GRASS to be GREEN
(ee) Change ELM into OAK
(ff) Combine ARMY and NAVY
(gg) Place BEANS on SHELF
(hh) BUY an ASS
(ii) Raise ONE to TWO

8 Links
(3)) Change CAIN into ABEL
(kk) Change BLUE to PINK

9 Links
(11) Pay COSTS in PENCE
(mm) Put LOAF into OVEN
(nn) Make KETTLE HOLDER

10 Links
(00) Prove ROGUE to be BEAST
(pp) QUELL a BRAVO
(qq) Trace RIVER to SHORE

12 Links
(rr) Turn WITCH into FAIRY
84 Wordplay

237. Find the States «*«

Enter the answers to the cryptic clues (all five-letter words) in the
diagram. The columns containing the first and last letters of the answers
will then spell out the names of two American states. Then rearrange the
letters contained in the shaded squares to give the name of a third
American state.
i . Now his tricks include a game of cards.
Is little Susan having children?
It’s an odd mark.
Fowl with headdress on.
The weight of a wild cat.
Fasteners at one’s fingertips.
Mistakes with underwear.
Harden in river.
CONRAAWH
Scandinavian boatmen or seafarers take part.
9. CROSSWORDS AND FRIENDS
(the spellings in the answers to the clues that follow are American or
English according to the nationality of the compiler)

238. The Original Crossword «««

The world’s first crossword was published in the newspaper The New
York World in December 1913. It was the work of Arthur Wynne, an
expatriate Liverpudlian. Here it is:
28 What bargain hunters 20-21 Fastened.
enjoy. 24-25 Found on the seashore.
4-5 A written 10-18 The fibre of the gomuti
acknowledgement. palm.
6-7 Such and nothing more. 6-22 What we all should be.
10-11 A bird. 4-26 A day dream.
14-15 Opposed to less. AMAL A talon.
18-19 What this puzzle is. 19-28 A pigeon.
Dees An animal of prey. F-7 Part of your head.
26-27 The close of a day. 23-30 A river in Russia.
28-29 To elude. 1-32 To govern.
30-31 The plural of is. 33-34 An aromatic plant.
8-9 To cultivate. N-8 A fist:
IZ-N3 A bar of wood or iron. 24-31 To agree with.
16-17 What artists learn to do. Gal Part of a ship.
20-29 One.
TPA Exchanging.
Gens To sink in mud.
13-21 A boy.

diese
ee aeale
86 Crosswords and Friends

239. The Crossword Clown «**

This crossword was published by H. E. Dudeney in 1925.
We give a portrait of our old friend, the Clown. The words defined
begin at the numbers and go horizontally or vertically, as the case may
be, and stop at the blacked-out squares. Every blank square has to be
filled with a letter.
HORIZONTAL VERTICAL
ay Actruat To cultivate.
4 A boat. A youngster.
6 Conflict. The mark.
8 ‘An excellent substitute A conveyance.
for butter’. A period.
For example. A conveyance.
A drink beheaded. Ideal gardens.
Answers. ONO
PWN Military dinners.
A knot. ico) A season of the Church.
A throw. ‘The’ in foreign language.
A sail. Exclamation of disgust.
Therefore. A congealed liquid.
Either. A grain.
An English county. Surmounts.
A well-known boxer. Slang for all correct.
A poet. Belongs to.
A tear.
From.
Open.
Behold.
 Crosswords and Friends 87

240. The Alphabet»:

Here is another unusual crossword by H. E. Dudeney.
The point of this crossword is that every one of the twenty-six letters
of the alphabet is used once and only once. We give the definitions, but
do not indicate the locations of the words or their direction, horizontal or
vertical.

DEFINITIONS
A metal. Parts of trees. To annoy. Whim or imagination. A sign, example.
What person or persons. A man’s shortened Christian name. To puzzle
or make sport of.

241. Knock Knock ****

Edward Powys Mathers produced crosswords for The Observer, under
his pseudonym of Torquemada, from 1926 until 1939. He is acknow-
ledged to be one of the founding fathers of the cryptic crossword as
we know and love it today. Here is one of his typically entertaining
creations.
To save space it must be imagined that each italic clue has been
prefaced by the first player saying ‘Knock Knock’, the second saying
‘Who’s there?’ and the first replying with a given-name. In the clue itself
the second player asks ‘Given-name who?’ and the first player amplifies
his previous answer,
e.g. ‘Ebenezer who?’ ‘Ebenezer black wood’
‘Eulalia who?’ ‘Eulalia nate my affections’
‘Cecilia who?’ ‘Cecilia game than I thought’
ACToss Down
1 ‘Blank who?’ ‘Blank sitting 1 \ ‘Blank who?’ ‘Blank a
down a minute?’ 9 § wireless?’
7 ‘Blank who?’ ‘Blank ’d love 2 reversed. Brownsea Island is
ta”. in this harbour.
88 Crosswords and Friends

Across Down
14 ‘Blank who?’ ‘Blank no-how’. 3 ‘Blank who?’ ‘Blank note
15 reversed. Lear had a runcible 9 of it’.
one. tf ‘Blank who?’ ‘Blank attack of
16 Mulde contributes to me. itch’.
17 It’s awkward to find the Lord ‘Blank who?’ ‘Blank fool,
Chancellor upside down in aren’t you?’
the street on a rainy day. reversed Volume of a
19 Plant obtainable from high particle of dust.
ground overlooking a river ‘Blank who?’ ‘Blank I haven’t
valley. had a drink all day’.
22 reversed. A theocracy. Room for a dislocated 25.
23 Wore a russet mantle in ‘Blank who?’ ‘Blank and a
Shakespeare. small stout’.
25 Out of the eater came forth ‘Blank who?’ ‘Blank ropodist
meat. called about my corns?’
26 ‘Food for his... , repasture My small brother goes round
for his den’. the meadow.
28 A peep into taste. reversed. 27.
29 See 33. I’m in from the sign.
30 ‘Blank who?’ ‘Blank terrible reversed. ‘Blank who?’
state of affairs’. ‘Blanks pictures’.
31 reversed. 54. reversed. Impetus.
oz ‘Blank who?’ ‘Blank fool and ‘Blank who?’ ‘Blank mow the
caught a cold’. lawn’.
35 \‘Blank who?’ ‘Blank the ‘On Ararat there grew a vine;
42 § bounds of possibility’. When ... from her bathing
37. ‘Blank who?’ ‘Blank out and rose’.
do it again’. Gets into a 26 ac. with 29.
39 Vowels of 53. ‘Blank who?’ ‘Blank elephant
40 ‘Blank who?’ ‘Blank by a never forgets’.
tiger’. With or may say without if
44 you are slow to learn.
\Make a song about it.
‘Blank who?’ ‘Blank who
‘Blank who?’ ‘Blank ute ickle waits’.
sing’. My first is unchecked in 28,
49 ‘Blank who?’ ‘Blank, where is and my second in 13, 21, 23
fancy bred?’ dn., 52 and 55.
53 Creeper formed of Edmund ‘Blank who?’ ‘Blank did
and, his son Charles. me wrong’.
99 ‘Blank who?’ ‘Blank pants, I More than the reverse of
make-a you another pair’. negative colours.
56 reversed. Better in character “acim oared;, like God's
than sugar. own head’.
 Crosswords and Friends 89

Down
45 reversed. There can bea chick
before and a hen behind.
294 Almost poached rat.
47
51 reversed. First half of 41.
52 reversed. 39 do.
54 reversed. 31.

ROR
ie CCE ER
i aE of Ree
ee
Eola le aoe en

242. A Crossword by Afrit ***

While Torquemada’s crosswords were appearing in the Observer,
another English master of the crossword, A. F. Ritchie, better known as
Afrit, was entertaining readers of the magazine The Listener. Here is an
Afrit puzzle which is rather easier than most of his crosswords but every
bit as entertaining.
Across Down
1 Hemaybea’richtintheheid, 1 You can’t say he hasn’t gota
but he’s aye wandering (5). shilling to his name (5).
4 Curious fellow: he usually 2 He’ll keep you in order, and
has to pay sixpence (6). the motor, too. There’s
8 The fragrance of an old something in that (7).
amour. It seems to have gone 3 A laying down of the law.
off a bit! (8). Still it doesn’t tell you to
9 Pat says he made all the follow Father (5).
running, and ofcoursethings 4 Doas the doctor does, and the
have to be to run smoothly (5). praise will be equally divided (8).
90 Crosswords and Friends

Across Down
11 The sum I do here has 5 There’s a hindrance en route,
chemical results (6). and that makes the game
We They have ends, but they’re merely one of chance (8).
really beginnings — twelve a It really is a moving spectacle
year (7). to see Mother after the cows!
18) Summary way of making a ‘Tear asunder a broken reed’
cab start (8). is one account of it, but it’s
14 Stop! — or proceed slowly if another kind of account
the road is (5). which usually is (8).
15 To make these you begin with A design which is revealed in
leaves, and end with roots — the name of the Law (6).
even if they end in smoke (8). 10 An untidy study is naturally
19 Is it his unnatural need and bound to be (5).
baffled rage which makes him She doesn’t sound as if she
so false, the rat? (8). were mass-produced, so she
22 Men go like this, little man should render good service
(5). (8).
24 Truly rural, he is, though not 17 Considerably abashed, as
till he’s had his beer! (8). Vera would be by a proposal
27 It takes two on ’em to do it like this! (8).
properly (7). 18 To get across, let art go one
28 Not experienced, so if you way and poetry the other (8).
haven’t got the right ’un try 20 You can’t approve his way of
the left ’un (6). getting money, especially as
29 It’s dear and old when you he’s got enough under his
sing about it, but it sings for head to keep a roof over his
the camper when it’s new and head (7).
cheap (5). 2a Foxes had them long before
30 Hides away, but shows that the wireless was thought of
the island lies between the (6).
South and South-east (8). 22, This is desire in an
31 You may safely do so to the immoderate degree, so the
baby; otherwise you might get degree should be modified
landed! (6). and diminished (5).
32 Lots and lots, though they 23 Spoil a good drink? Why, it’s
may be reduced to ashred (5). the outside edge! (6).
29 Pitch and toss. If you’re right
in this you won't be left in this
(5).
26 They make an end of
themselves, being mere
creatures of fancy (5).
 Crosswords and Friends 91

hd aa ae
oe eae
a as

243. A Crossword by Ximenes ****

Ximenes, whose real name was Derrick Somerset MacNutt, was the
successor of Torquemada in the Observer, and was probably the greatest
crossword compiler of all time. Here is one of his difficult puzzles.
Across Down
1 Dam chilly in Scotland (5). il Strutter, and what he isn’t,
5 Rush needed here — it could seen at a fair (7).
be prussic (7). z Pitch with a hole, spoilt — I
11 This fruit will be nearly made was cautious (10).
into jelly if you turn the gas 3 Bits of lava envelop
out (10). unfortunate one (7).
12 Audibly masticate a pie and Tipple before a series of
thin cake (8). excitements (5).
14 In black I win — more often Irish tenant has a small boat
than not (4). and a row (7).
15 Almost a stink about a cap 7 Antelope occupying aden got
that’s red (7). up (6).
16 Sat working with hardened 8 Pages and pages make a big
. felon in prison (6). bore — skim (4).
92 Crosswords and Friends

Across Down
18 See where a river runs with 2 Salt, asmall portion found in
broad branches (5). feathers (8).
IG) Old Soldier afire in 10 Lester’s first in a race — no
anticipation (7). longer rare (5).
24 Car tire has become 13 Tiny nail to cut into a
unpredictable (7). pendulous tree (10).
25 I’m rapid: if unfinished, I Ivf A soft sheen in a sheaf of
show impatience (5). volutes (8).
26 Yearly split — so will one 20 Pains once taken about sin of
shock the kids? (6) the world (7).
28 About to sprout: those that 744 Rout of German — nought;
don’t will die (7). should be Austrian (7).
30 It’s an advantage to move like ZZ. Nasty disease — its cure is
a crab (4). complicated (7).
Sill Indian farmer in daze, mind Jammed and stuck about
arrested (8). right-hand side (6).
Bye Film presentations, big bits to Confront angry mongrel (5).
be scrapped (10). In flight — it’s terrible (5).
33 Modern poet seems to be What Jock hoes, upwards — its
extravagant (7). edge is sharp (4).
34 Rude men, baffled by aitches
(5).

ene re

i
:

RR
PERS
See
 Crosswords and Friends 93

244. Contrary Crossword ***

The answers are words opposite in meanings to the clues. For example if
the clue is FINISH the answer might be START or BEGIN.
Also, the answers are inserted not from left to right (ACROSS) and
from top to bottom (DOWN) as in a normal crossword, but from right to
left (BACK) and from bottom to top (UP).
BACK UP
1 Affluent (5). 5 Prose (5).
2 Helps (7). 7 Relaxed (5).
3 Figurative (7). 8 Shallowness (5).
4 Adorned (5). 9 Children (6).
6 Takes (5). 10. Conceal (7).
8 Concentrated (7). 11 Darken (7).
12 Worked (6). 13 Hero (7).
14 Multiply (6). 19 Commons (5).
15. Health (7). 20 Truly (7).
16° Sour(5); 24 *Atiract (5).
17 Equatorial (5). 22 Debit (6).
18 Success (7). 23 Believed (7).
22,: Lax (7). 24 Humility (5).
25 Sluggish (5). 25 Accepted (7).

iz
—
94 Crosswords and Friends

245. An Anagram Crossword ***

This puzzle is by Michael Curl, who creates crosswords for a number of
British newspapers and magazines.
In this crossword the clues are simply anagrams.
Across Down
1 Centaurs. 1 Hearty.
5 Rested. 2 Enters.
9 Sceptres. 3 Tassel.
10 Recipe. 4 Stagnation.
11 Shingled. 6 Resisted.
12esomalt 7 Engrains.
14 Undressing. 8 Treaties.
18 Impression. 13 Coordinate.
22 Dagger. 15 Picadors.
23 Salesmen. 16 Berthing.
24 Routed. 17 Insecure.
25 Presides. 19 Peered.
26 Trance. 20 Recede.
27 Gantries. 21 + Stares.
 Crosswords and Friends 95

246. Two Miniature Crosswords «**«

These two crosswords by Michael Curl are small but perfectly formed.

(a)
Across Down
1 Greek horseman. 1 Overturn? It’s a measure of
5 Some epic adored by a one’s bigheadedness!
bullfighter. 2 Acoin is collected as capital.
6 Dante is translated in lieu. 3 Aspeech—and where it should
7 Confused as sleep slips away. be delivered?
Sort of red rose found in church.

(b)
Across Down
1 House in open land? 1 Fall from a harvester?
5 Actor — one appearing in 2 Ragtime composition for a
musical. sleuth.
6 Asian queen in New Spain. 3 If you want a personal view,
7 Reunite, somehow, in a train. there’s nothing to a cogwheel.
4 It’s unusual for a saint to
wander.
96 Crosswords and Friends

247. A Crossword by Luzzatto ***

The modern American crossword has evolved in quite a different way
from its British counterpart. Here is an example by Jack Luzzatto, one of
the most popular crossword compilers in America.
Across Down
1 Criticize for error. 1 Western card game.
6 —— kebab. 2 Cooking fragrance.
11. Epoch. 3 Brown oil paint.
14 Steel shielding. 4 Sop for a tot.
15 Made a bridge of boats to 5 Coatrack.
cross a river. 6 Damages out of malice.
17. White oak of California. 7 Integrity.
18 <A time between. 8 Bank dividend: Abbr.
19 Eggs with imagination. 9 Stanches.
21 Hurts and disables. 10 Israeli dance.
22 Hindu dress. 11 Count each one.
23 Quiet periods. 12 Colorful warblers.
25 Overrule. 13 Soft drink.
27 Magician’s word. 16 Martini additive.
29 Icy pinnacle amidacrevasse. 20 Slight quake.
30 Hot dry desert wind. 24 Sycophant.
33 Boola-boola university. 26 Group of eight.
35 Superb craftsmanship. 28 Rolls of names, for duty.
36 Device to change function. 29 Spanish title.
38 Dining alcove. 30 —— Guitry, French actor.
40 Central: Abbr. 31 Boy paragons: 2 wds.
41 Waterless. 32 Makes many copies.
43 Wooded area. 34 Long-term convicts.
44 Fine threads. 37 Latvian seaport capital.
46 Categories of plants or 39 Delible.
animals. 42 Step out onto the landing
48 Letter A, in communications. strip.
49 A well-planned crime. 45 Rajah’s wife.
50 Heroic tale. 47 Approached.
54 Submarine detector. 49 Morse
56 Spaces for stowing cargo. 51 Repeatedly.
58 Of atomic particles. 52 Beau ——.
60 Shame. 53 Partner of sackcloth.
61 Weaken the foundation. 55 Land measure.
62 Chosen few. 57 Chinese money of account.
63 Manuscripts: Abbr. 58 Not talking.
64 Waned. 59 Movement for freedom, for
65 Consonants said softly. short.
 Crosswords and Friends 97

fae |

248. Another Crossword by Luzzatto ***

Here is another crossword by Jack Luzzatto.
Across Down
1 Drank. 1 Questioned to clear up doubt.
8 Intimidator. 2 Rattle.
14 Experience. 3 Steele’s literary partner.
15 Poison gas from antimony. 4 Professional charges.
16 Wins affection. 5 Monk’s title.
17. Four-element vacuum tube. 6 Fine-plumed heron.
18 Former Brazilian money. 7 Bedded down in a flophouse.
19 Breakout. 8 Paces.
21 Flee. 9 Mention.
22 U.S. tax service. 10 Hebrew patriarch: Abbr.
23 Ship ends. 11 Broadway girl of the past.
98 Crosswords and Friends

Across Down
24 Encircled. 12 Sufferer.
25 Summon forth. 13. Return to earth.
27 Acted so. 15 Substitute actor.
28 Dwindle. 20 Lots of trouble for the police.
29 Abnegation. 23 Scorched.
31 Martial. 24 Arises.
33 Lack of originality. 26 Handy travel sack.
35 Frill or ruffle. 28 Valve in a wind instrument.
38 Mental lethargy. 30 Mae West role.
42 Tale of a classic siege. 32 French plural article.
43 Used to be. 34 Haulable by rope.
45 Think so. 35 Andiron.
46 Ladder step. 36 Howl weirdly.
47 Mine disaster. 37 Skater.
49 Run the engine. 39 Bayou canoe.
 Crosswords and Friends 99

Across Down
50 Large deer. 40 Single installment in a
51 Threads for cloth. magazine: 2 wds.
52 Sun hat. 41 Heaps abuse upon.
53 Doggone stupid. 44 Strokes on typefaces.
55 Outside the law. 47 Twigs or shoots for grafting.
57 Of the eared seals. 48 Small island.
58 Main movie on program. 51 Paté de —— gras.
59 Slaves of the lamp. 52 .Head: Fr.
60 City roads. 54 Last workday for most: Abbr.
56 Household god.

249. Cryptic Acrostic 1 ***

Solve the clues and place the answers into one of the two smaller grids
next to their clue letters. Then transfer the letters of the answers to their
matching numbered squares in the large grid where a quotation will
appear.
The initial letters of the answers will spell out the title of the book,
and its author, from which the quotation was taken.
It’s worth starting up in the valley
Concentrating under canvas?
Terribly loud game
Do nothing to produce bread
Electrical connection between Mars and Venus?
River seen on golf-course?
Edward’s little cuddly toy
Eastern agreement for viewers
Young animal with an islander
Do they entertain armies?
The man composing a song
Maigret’s sort of music?
West gets taken outside, being obscene
Part of the body that produces music?
Object seen when night falls?
Faith is tied up, so we hear
Engrave some sketches
Short of fibre
Reckless skin complaint
Beginning with the exterior group?
Almost night? Almost!
The short measure is a crime!
axis
>shoe
CHU
DO Anaesthetic
PAT
ZZ
POM could be there
100 Crosswords and Friends

r)

Pp ~

re
0

SEIMEI
IEE
r
-

ae f| w0

Rae eee) Beta

xz
Dee
1

ES Ke

clea) kek Uesnediel

1 ede eee ee
Smeal mmbledeiadie ie
iia © inal
iia adil il
edad aefresPFE[orc
Willie] ©idling) cicdie
elle SEES Piola
tt ih bh mi
Cee eee
 Crosswords and Friends 101

250. Cryptic Acrostic 2 *:*

Solve the clues and place the answers into one of the two smaller grids
next to their clue letters. Then transfer the letters of the answers to their
matching numbered squares in the large grid where a quotation will
appear.

yO i a
102 Crosswords and Friends

The initial letters of the answers will spell out the title of the book,
and its author, from which the quotation was taken.
Turner is a cheat! (7)
A fish had a weed (7)
Charm one’s way in (8)
Several new shows! (7)
Making a request like a ruler (6)
He does not believe in Castro (7)
Now present — but not in any place (7)
But rings may be splitting (8)
Rhetoric — or standing beside a politician (7)
Lash pet dog (7)
Study, perhaps, requiring a sweep? (5)
Basket that may be an impediment? (6)
Learner, terrible but legal (6)
Sailors in the drink (8)
Break the law to obtain riches (6)
Royal Engineers have two to mend (6)
Employ sound sheep (4)
Ron goes back to people in the county (7)
Chicken or cow on a road (6)
>KCHYRONZEZPATIOMMOND
Observing eastern espionage (7)

29L |30R Siw [2a2A [33 [Baur BIT

a ers 1475 UAE |SoE P Pp 1S3amn

SIC SQW {60T [6IL [62 63c &s bor

dil ii =i
i a ii
ida isi eee
lini salina
lad [is | See i aE
 Crosswords and Friends 103

251. Spiralword ***

The answers are to be entered spirally into the diagram, the last two or
more letters of each answer forming the beginning of the next one.
1 Unassuming. 18 Burdensome.
2 Warship. 19 Person seizing power.
3) Fur, 20 Ground that’s always frozen.
4 Planet. 21 Salary.
5 Notwithstanding. 22 . Strive.
6 Absolutely necessary. 23 Suave.
7 Height. 24 The drink of the gods.
8 Flood. 25 Craftsman.
9 Japanese entertainer. 26 Firedog.
10 Disadvantage. 27 Wild ass.
11 Competent. 28 Scholarly.
12 Young hare. 29 Storm.
13. Game dog. 30 Dagger.
14 Word for word. 30 Poison.
15 Huge. 32 Blue dye.
16 Signalling system. 33 Giant champion of the
17 American state. Philistines.

|
L.
—

ae
el

EL Biwi
—_—
—

23

_
ais
op)
104 Crosswords and Friends

252. Codeword ***

In this crossword each letter of the alphabet is represented by a number.
The problem is to work out which letter each number represents. We
have given you three letters to start you off. If you fill in these letters
wherever the corresponding number occurs in the diagram, it should not
take you too long to determine the other letters.

ES
>|
Bt
Pz
eae
10. QUICK THINKING

253. **
Which number gives the same result when it is divided by —6 as when it
is subtracted from —6?

254, **
Which three numbers give the same result when they are added as when
they are multiplied together.

255. *
There are five apples in a basket and five people in aroom. How can you
give an apple to each person and still leave an apple in the basket?

256. ***
The number 1729 is the smallest number that may be expressed as the
sum of two cubes in two different ways. What are the two ways?

257. *%
Which are there more of: inches in a mile or Sundays in a thousand
years?

258. **
Which are there more of: seconds in a week or feet in 100 miles?

259. **
Which is heavier: 1000 kilograms or 1 ton?

260. **
Which is longer: 250 centimetres or 8 feet?

261. =
Which is colder: minus 40 degrees Centigrade or minus 40 degrees
Fahrenheit?
106 Quick Thinking

262. **
Which is longer:
(a) 666 days or 95 weeks? (d) 666 millimetres or 2 feet?
(b) 666 inches or 55 feet? (e) 666 minutes or one-fourteenth
(c) 666 hours or 28 days? of a week?

263. **
A driver goes once round a 5-mile circular track at 30 miles per hour.
How fast must he travel on the second lap in order to average 60 miles
per hour for the two laps?

264. **
What is the value of one-half of two-thirds of three-quarters of four-fifths
of five-sixths of six-sevenths of seven-eighths of eight-ninths of nine-
tenths of 1000?

265. **
In a race, the runner who came three places in front of the runner who
finished last came two places ahead of the runner who came seventh.
How many finished the race?

266. **
A man smoked 100 cigarettes in five days, each day smoking six more
than on the previous day.
How many cigarettes did he smoke on the first day?

267. #*
If you put a coin into an empty bottle and then insert a cork into the neck
of the bottle, how can you get the coin out of the bottle without taking out
the cork or breaking the bottle?

268,=
A man had a square swimming pool in his garden with a tree growing at
each corner, like this:
 Quick Thinking 107

How could he double the size of his swimming pool, keeping it square,
without cutting down or moving any of the trees?

269. **
Can you draw four straight lines through these nine dots without lifting
your pen from the paper?
e ¢ e
° @ e
ee e

270. **
If Isaid to you ‘I will bet you £1 that if you gave me £2 I will give you £3 in
return’ would that be a good bet for you to accept?

271. **
A’s watch is 5 minutes fast but he thinks it is 10 minutes slow. B’s watch
is 10 minutes slow but he thinks it is 5 minutes fast. They both plan to
catch the 12 o’clock train. Who gets to the station first?

272. **
A boy has as many sisters as brothers, but each sister has only half as
many sisters as brothers.
How many boys and how many girls are there in the family?

273. **
How many triangles are there in this diagram?

274, **
lam thinking of a three-digit number. If you subtract 8 from it, the result
is divisible by 8. If you add 9 to it, the result is divisible by 9. If you
subtract 7 from it, the result is divisible by 7. What is the number?
108 Quick Thinking

What is the sum of all the integers from 1 to 2000?

276. sss
How many times on average must an ordinary six-sided die be tossed
before every number from one to six comes up at least once?

277. **%
A traveller in a strange country, with no map. comes to a crossroads
where a signpost has been knocked down. How can he find his way
without asking anyone for directions?

278. *<*<*%
If twenty people, on parting, all shake hands with each other once, how
many handshakes will there be altogether?

279, **
Show how six sixes can equal a gross.

280. <<
Can you think of common English words containing:
(a) two double E's?
(b) two double O's?
(c) two double S's?
(d) two double F's?

281. sss
Can you think of common English words of 9 letters containing:
(a) five E's?
(b) five S's?
11. MODERN MASTERS

HUBERT PHILLIPS
Hubert Phillips has had thousands of puzzles published both under his
own name and his pseudonym of ‘Caliban’ — in publications such as the
Daily Telegraph, the Evening Standard, the New Statesman, the Law
Journal and countless others.

282. Good Eggs ****

‘You don’t like arithmetic, child?’ said Humpty Dumpty. ‘I don’t very
much.’
‘But I thought you were good at sums,’ said Alice.
‘So Iam,’ said Humpty Dumpty. ‘Good at sums; oh, certainly. But
what has that to do with liking them? When I qualified as a Good Egg —
many, many years ago, that was — I got a better mark in arithmetic than
any of the others who qualified. Not that that’s saying a lot. None of us
did as well in arithmetic as in any other subject.’
‘How many subjects were there?’ said Alice, interested.
‘Ah!’ said Humpty Dumpty, ‘I must think. The number of subjects
was one-third of the number of marks obtainable in any one subject. And
I ought to mention that in no two subjects did I get the same mark, and
that is also true of the other Good Eggs who qualified.’
‘But you haven’t told me —’ began Alice.
‘I know I haven’t,’ said Humpty Dumpty. ‘I haven’t told you how
many marks in all one had to obtain to qualify. Well, I’ll tell you now. It
was a number equal to four times the maximum obtainable in one
subject. And we all just managed to qualify.’
‘But how many —’ said Alice.
‘’'m coming to that,’ said Humpty Dumpty. ‘How many of us were
there? Well, when I tell you that no two of us obtained the same assort-
ment of marks —a thing which was only just possible — you’ll be well on
the way to the answer. But to make it as easy as I can for you, Pll put it
another way. The number of other Good Eggs who qualified when I did,
multiplied by the number of subjects (I’ve told you about that already),
gives a product equal to half the total number of marks obtained by each
Good Egg. And now you can find out all you want to know.’ He com-
posed himself for a nap.
110 Modern Masters

Alice was almost in tears. ‘I can’t,’ she said, ‘do any of it. Isn’t it
differential equations, or something I’ve never learned?’
Humpty Dumpty opened one eye. ‘Don’t be a fool, child,’ he said
crossly. ‘Anyone ought to be able to do it, who is able to count on five
fingers.’
What was Humpty Dumpty’s mark in arithmetic?

283. Helpuselph **«

A settler in the island of Helpuselph applied to the Governor for some
land. ‘How much would you like?’ asked the Governor.
‘About 100 square miles.’
‘Okay,’ said the Governor. ‘You may choose a rectangular parcel of
land in the township of Little Rainfall. Its dimensions must be such that,
if one side of the rectangle were 5 miles longer, and the other 4 miles
longer, the area of the rectangle would be twice as great; and its peri-
meter must be exactly 46 miles.’
The applicant duly selected and fenced his land in accordance with
these conditions. But he got away with six square miles more than the
Governor had anticipated.
What was the area of the selected rectangle?

284. Dodecahedra ****

| have an indefinite number of regular dodecahedra, indistinguishable
in appearance from one another. I have pots of red and blue paint. If each
face of each dodecahedron is to be painted red or blue, how many
dodecahedra which are distinguishable from one another shall I be able
to produce?

DAVID WELLS
Here are three puzzles from David Wells, professional puzzler and
games inventor, and former editor of the magazine Games and Puzzles.

285. Behind the Scenes «**

The results were about to be announced in the annual Ruritanian song
festival, but there was apparently some delay. Gradually the word was
passed round that one of the four finalists, instead of giving three marks
 Modern Masters 111

to the other finalist he rated highest, and two marks for the next best
finalist and one mark for the third best (naturally no finalist was asked to
rate his own song), had reversed the marks given, hoping to improve his
own chances. He had given one mark to his best choice, two marks to his
middle choice and three marks to the finalist he actually thought worst.
The commotion was of course tremendous and it only increased
when it was revealed that two of the other finalists had taken exactly the
same dishonest step in the hope, so they thought, of improving their
chances.
Before these revelations were made all four finalists had been tied
on six points. When the judges eventually reversed the marking orders
of the three dishonest finalists, in what place did the honest singer find
himself?

286. Electronic Lullaby *«

Our small neighbour was given an electronics set for Christmas and we
have had no peace since. His latest model is an electronic organ. Unfor-
tunately, it only plays three notes: a high note, ping, a middle note,
mmmmmm, and a low note, boing. He has wired these up so that the
same note repeated, for example ping-ping, is immediately followed by
an mmmmmm. A note followed by a lower note is followed in turn by
ping, and a note following a lower note is then followed by a boing.
Really quite impressive for a twelve-year-old, but the contraption is
getting on our nerves. Can you explain why?

287. Trigger Happy ***

‘So how much do we know?’ asked Patterson, doodling with his pencil
on the desk.
‘It’s a five-figure number and it’s a perfect square,’ replied Gerson,
‘but don’t forget that if we get the wrong number the mechanism will jam
and we’ll lose all chance of detonating it.” He drummed his fingers. The
phone rang. He picked it up.
‘Good heavens! Yes!’ He looked at Patterson. ‘The first two figures
are 69, and it reads the same either way! That must fix it, surely? The
number is palindromic.’ Patterson scribbled quickly on his pad. ‘26...
265... 264, ah, 264 squared is 69696, just amoment...mmmm, that’s
it.’ He looked up at Gerson and grinned. Gerson picked up the phone and
spoke quickly, then sat back and said nothing. After several minutes, the
phone rang again and he picked it up confidently . ‘Yes? It’s ...
jammed?’ Beads of sweat appeared on his forehead and Patterson felt
sick. What had gone wrong?
susan marine
PIERRE BERLOQUIN
The puzzles of Pierre Berloquin are tremendously popular in his native
France. He has published several books of puzzles, as well as many other
beoks about indoor games, and has regular columns in the magazine
Science et Vie and in the Paris newspaper Le Monde. Here are two
puzzles selected from his warks.

288. Cross-Country <<<

Every month Timothy, Urban and Vincent ran cross-country before
breakfast.
After a manth they realize that Timothy has finished before Urban
more often than after him and that Urban has finished before Vincent
more often than after him.
Is it possible that Vincent has finished before Timothy more often
than after him?

289. Five Friends <<<

Five friends, Andrew, Bemard, Claude, Donald and Eugene, each havea
son and a daughter. Their families are so close that each has married his
daughter to the son of one of his friends, and as a result the daughterin-
law of the father of Andrew’s son-in-law is the sister-in-lew of Bernard's
son, and the son-in-law of the father of Qaude’s daughter-in-lew is the
brother-in-law of Donald's daughter.
But although the daughter-in-law of the father of Bemard’s
daughter-in-law has the same mother-in-law as the son-in-law of the
father of Donald's son-in-law, the situation is simplified by the fact that
no daughter-in-law is the sister-in-law of the daughter of her father-in-
law.
Who married Eugene's daughter?

BORIS KORDEMSKY
Boris Kordemsky, who was born in 1907, is a retired secondary school
mathematics teacher living in Moscow. He has produced several books
on mathematics and on mathematical recreations. But itis for his collec
tion of puzzles, Mathematical Know-how, first published in 1956, that
he is famous. This work has been translated from the original Russian
 Modern Masters 114

into Ukrainian, Estonian, Lettish and Lithuanian. Outside the USSR

translations of the book have appeared in Bulgaria, Hungary, Rumania,
Poland, Czechoslovakia, France, Germany, China, Japan and Korea. The
following four puzzles are taken from this collection.

290. Down and Up ¢+~

A boy presses a side of a blue pencil to a side of ayellow pencil, holding
both pencils vertically. One inch of the pressed side of the blue pencil,
measuring from its lower end, is smeared with paint. The yellow pencil
is held steady while the boy slides the blue pencil down 1 inch, continu-
ing to press it against the yellow one. He returns the blue pencil to its
former position, then slides it down 1 inch. He continues until he has
lowered the blue pencil 5 times and raised it 5 times — 10 moves in all.
Suppose that during this time the paint neither dries nor diminishes
in quantity. How many inches of each pencil will be smeared with paint
after the tenth move?
This problem was thought up by the mathematician Leonid Mik-
hailovitch Rybakov while on his way home after a successful duck hunt.
What led him to make up this puzzle is explained in the answer, but
don’t read it until you have solved the problem.

291. Large Segments Instead of Small +++

In the Soviet machine industry a marker is a man who draws lines on a
metal blank. The blank is cut along the lines to produce the desired
shape.
A marker was asked to distribute 7 equal-sized sheets of metal
among 12 workers, each worker to get the same amount of metal. He
could not use the simple solution of dividing each sheet into 12 equal
parts, for this would result in too many tiny pieces. What was he to do?
He thought awhile and found a more convenient method.
Later he easily divided 5 sheets for 6 workers, 13 for 12, 13 for 36, 26
for 21, and so on.
What was his method?

292. A Jar with Lead Shot ++

The builders of an irrigation canal needed a lead plate of a certain size.
but had no lead in stock. They decided to melt some iead shot. But how
could they find its volume beforehand?
114 Modern Masters

One suggestion was to measure a ball, apply the formula for the
volume of a sphere, and multiply by the number of balls. But this would
take too long, and anyway the shot wasn’t all the same size.
Another was to weigh all the shot and divide by the specific gravity
of lead. Unfortunately, no one could remember this ratio, and there was
no manual in the field shop.
Another was to pour the shot into a gallon jug. But the volume of the
jug is greater than the volume of the shot by an undetermined amount,
since the shot cannot be packed solid and part of the jug contains air.
Do you have a suggestion?

293. A Singular Trip ****«

Two boys go on a bicycle trip. En route one of the bicycles breaks down
and has to be left behind for repairs. They decide to share the remaining
bicycle. They start simultaneously, one on bicycle, one on foot. At a
certain point the cyclist dismounts, leaves the bicycle behind, and
continues on foot. His friend, when he reaches the waiting bicycle,
mounts it and rides until he catches up with his friend, who takes the
bicycle, and so on.
How far from their destination should the bicycle be left behind the
last time so they reach the destination simultaneously? The distance
from breakdown to destination is 60 miles, and they each walk 5 miles
per hour and bicycle 15 miles per hour.

MARTIN GARDNER
Martin Gardner, born 1914, is well known for his recreational mathema-
tics columns in Scientific American, which ran for over two decades,
and for the numerous collections of puzzles and mathematical diver-
sions that he has had published. Here are three examples.

294. The Circle on the Chessboard «:*

A chess board has squares that are two inches on the side. What is the
radius of the largest circle that can be drawn on the board in such a way
that the circle’s circumference is entirely on black squares?
 Modern Masters 115

295. Dividing the Cake **««

There is a simple procedure by which two people can divide a cake so
that each is satisfied he has at least half: One cuts and the other chooses.
Devise a general procedure so that n persons can cut a cake into n
portions in such a way that everyone is satisfied he has at least 1/n of the
cake.

296. Three Prisoners ****

Three men — A, B and C— were in separate cells under sentence of death
when the state governor decided to pardon one of them. He wrote their
names on three slips of paper, shook the slips in a hat, drew out one of
them, and telephoned the prisoner governor, requesting that the name of
the lucky man be kept secret for several days. Rumour of this reached
prisoner A. When the governor made his morning rounds, A tried to
persuade the governor to tell him who had been pardoned. The governor
refused.
‘Then tell me,’ said A, ‘the name of one of the others who will be
executed. If B is to be pardoned, give me C’s name. If C is to be pardoned,
give me B’s name. And if I’m to be pardoned, toss a coin to decide
whether to name B or C.’
‘But if you see me toss the coin,’ replied the wary governor, ‘you'll
know that you’re the one pardoned. And if yousee that I don’t toss acoin,
you'll know it’s either you or the person I don’t name.’
‘Then don’t tell me now,’ said A. ‘Tell me tomorrow morning.’
The governor, who knew nothing about probability theory, thought
it over that night and decided that if he followed the procedure sug-
gested by A, it would give A no help whatever in estimating his survival
chances. So next morning he told A that B was going to be executed.
After the governor left, A smiled to himself at the governor’s stupid-
ity. There were now only two equally probable elements in what
mathematicians like to call the ‘sample space’ of the problem. Either C
would be pardoned or himself, so by all the laws of conditional probabil-
ity, his chances of survival had gone up from 4 to ¥%.
The governor did not know that A could communicate with C, in an
adjacent cell, by tapping in code on a water pipe. This A proceeded to do,
explaining to C exactly what he had said to the governor and what the
governor had said to him. C was equally overjoyed with the news
because he figures, by the same reasoning used by A, that his own
survival chances had also risen to 42.
Did the two men reason correctly? If not, how should each have
calculated his chances of being pardoned?
116 Modern Masters

DAVID SILVERMAN
David Silverman, a resident of Los Angeles, established his reputation
on the basis of one incredible book called Your Move as a brilliant creator
of original puzzles. The following three puzzles are taken from that
book.

297. The Truel «***

After a mutual and irreconcilable dispute among Red, Black and Blue,
the three parties have agreed to a three-way duel. Each man is provided a
pistol and an unlimited supply of ammunition. Instead of simultaneous
volleys, a firing order is to be established and followed until only one
survivor remains.
Blue is a 100 per cent marksman, never having missed a bull’s-eye in
his shooting career. Black is successful two out of three times on the
average, and you, Red, are only a 1/3 marksman. Recognizing the dispa-
rate degrees of marksmanship, the seconds have decided that you will be
the first and Black second in the firing order.
Your pistol is loaded and cocked. At whom do you fire?

298. Yes or No? ***

This is a variation of the game Twenty Questions, with a bit of What’s My
Line? thrown in to make it more interesting.
Red and Black each covertly write down an integer from 1 to 100.
The objective is to guess the other player’s number first. Questions may
be asked concerning the opponent’s number provided that they can be
answered truthfully with a ‘yes’ or ‘no’. A player is permitted to continue
asking questions so long as he receives ‘yes’ answers. ‘The first ‘no’
transfers the role of questioner to the opponent.
The conservative Twenty Questions strategy of questioning in such
a manner as most nearly to equalise the chance of ‘yes’ and ‘no’ answers
is most effective in that game. Using it, you can, in only twenty ques-
tions, invariably pinpoint any number in the range of 1 to 500,000. Butin
the game Yes or No? this may not be the best way to proceed.
Suppose you are the first player. What will your questioning
strategy be, and how much of an advantage do you feel you have over
your opponent?
 Modern Masters 117

299. Modified Russian Roulette ****

In this harmless version of Russian Roulette, two players alternately
shoot a six-shot revolver, only one chamber of which contains a car-
tridge, at a target. The player who first gets a ‘bang’ rather than a ‘click’ is
the loser.
There is an option, however. At any turn, instead of shooting the
next chamber, a player may randomly spin the magazine before shoot-
ing. Once either player elects to spin before shooting, all successive
shots, if any, must be preceded by a spin.
You have first shot. Do you spin first and shoot, or shoot without
spinning?
After you have worked this one out, decided what you would do as
the first player in the misére version (first player to get a ‘bang’ wins).
aa =
6@ gifs) & busteal amar oanie_auneed oanes
Gadt>-410°9s' oclnmmans piltl ogy ne
aemegy Yogyritn lel ates § way seis
je é @WAszi«F:
Ss.
a ee | : see
— . ana =e Gi and ats (ep oe ins
fas aie oat ta mae, Ga Sep Aer! ==
Gun ots) 200 enix ede eles aa

-——_

: : Sk ee . oo so o7ets
wr ion, ei~e=> toe oa 6 Ge
. ar coer
: Pe al ey ee ae
C25 Oh erties Core Tat
7 ’ Ar) vey

é ¢ 7 ad _ = Aa?

= _
= 7 ier 7

7 op Te | Ls
a Cd wie «ay
id ee 2
a ae

a a pte =e Gos “a
» _—

= 7 ¢_ ir ary a <2
ay 7 S' ga’ Ont seer

Tore FH =r (on an” how

. 7 => Oly ‘our mney

a a @8 ow “Siang
: nee Oats = bath emer.
12. TOMORROW’S CLASSICS

RUBIK’S CUBE
Rubik’s Cube was a major world-wide sensation in 1980—1. Although the
craze has now abated, the cube still continues to generate interest. It is
used by teachers of mathematics as a teaching aid when dealing with
group theory and the mathematics of symmetry. It has been given a
permanent place in the New York Museum of Modern Art. But more
importantly, as far as we are concerned, it continues to be the basis for
new puzzles.
The three puzzles included here all involve producing a pattern
from a ‘plain’ cube — that is, you start with a cube on which all nine
squares on each face are similarly coloured.

(In the diagram, the faces you can see are yellow, blue and red; the faces
you cannot see are green, white and orange. It may be that the cube you
use for these puzzles has a different colour arrangement — don’t worry,
the patterns produced will be the same even if the colours vary).

300. Cross-Check «**

Starting with a plain cube, find the moves necessary to produce a
cross-check pattern on all the six faces, as shown in the diagram.
120 Tomorrow’s Classics

301. Stripes ***

Starting with a plain cube, find the moves necessary to produce a stripe
on four of the faces, as shown in the diagram.

302. Dots *«***

Starting with a plain cube, find the moves necessary to produce a pattern
like that shown, in which each of the six faces has a central ‘spot’ of a
different colour from the rest of the face.
 Tomorrow’s Classics 121

POCKET, CALCULATOR ‘PUZZLES

303. A Common Factor «***

Perform these calculations:
8 X 473 =
9 X 351 =
15 X 93 =
21 X 87 =
27 X 810=
25) << AN =
What is the common factor?

304. Another Common Factor ***

Perform these calculations:
ASS <2 =
we Se A\ks) =
193. <7. —
IE KX BS) =
13s2 42
154243) —
What is the common factor?

305. Hidden Significance **

Perform the following calculations on your calculator. Each answer has
some literal significance. If you don’t see it at first, try looking at the
answer from a different perspective.
(a) (366 < 10) + (4 x 11)
(b) (366 X 15) + (4 X 55)
(c) (366 X 16) — (3 X 41)
(d) (366 X 19) + (3 X 17) + 100
(e) (366 X 20) + (9 X 44)
(f) (366 X 21) + (4 X 37)
(2) (366822) 412307 + 119
(h) (366 X 867) + (5 X 43)
122 Tomorrow’s Classics

SCIENCE FICTION AND SCIENCE FACT

The next two puzzles are Science Fiction Puzzle Tales by Martin
Gardner — but today’s science fiction is tomorrow’s science fact.

306. Tube Through the Earth ***»

In the twenty-third century an enormous gravity transport tube, with a
diameter of 20 metres, was constructed straight along the earth’s axis to
join the metropolises of North Polaris and South Polaris. Through this
tunnel cylindrical cars carrying both supplies and people were dropped
from one city to the other. All friction was eliminated by maintaining a
vacuum inside the tube, and by using magnetic fields to keep the cars
away from the tube’s side. The trip from pole to pole took only slightly
longer than 42 minutes.
How many of the following questions about the transport tube can
you answer?
(1) As the car travels from North Polaris to the earth’s centre, does its
velocity increase, decrease, or stay the same?
(2) Does the car’s acceleration increase, decrease, or remain the same?
(3) If you are riding in a car and it stops halfway down to the earth’s
centre, would you weigh less or more on a spring scale than on the
earth’s surface?
(4) At what point during the trip would you experience zero gravity?
(5) At what spot does the car reach maximum speed, and how fast is it
going?
(6) If acar fell down a similar tube through the centre of the moon,
would the time for a one-way trip be shorter or longer than 42
minutes?
(7) A famous SF story was written about an attempt to dig a deep hole
below the earth’s crust. It turns out that the earth is a living organ-
ism, and when its epidermis is punctured the earth lets out a mighty
yell of pain. What is the story’s title and who wrote it?

307. Vacation on the Moon ****

Edgar D. Twitchell, a New Jersey plumber, was on his way to the moon
for a three-week holiday. The rocket ship was too small to generate
artificial gravity by spinning, so Twitchell had the strange sensation of
feeling his weight steadily diminish as the ship sped towards its destina-
tion. When it reached the spot where earth’s stronger gravity field was
exactly balanced by the moon’s weaker field, zero g prevailed inside the
 Tomorrow’s Classics 123

ship. All passengers were kept fastened to their seats, but Twitchell
enjoyed the floating feeling nonetheless as he twiddled his thumbs and
contentedly puffed a cigar.
Many hours later the ship slowly settled next to one of the huge
domes that house the US moon colony, its descent cushioned by rocket
brakes. Through the thick glass window by his seat Twitchell caught his
first glimpse of the spectacular lunar landscape. Several large seagulls,
with tiny oxygen tanks strapped to their backs, were flying near the
dome. Above the dome an American flag fluttered in the breeze.
Although it was daylight, the sky was inky black and splattered
with twinkling stars. Low on the horizon a rising ‘New Earth’ showed a
thin bluish crescent of light with several faint stars shining between the
crescent’s arms. As Twitchell later learned, the moon makes one rotation
during each revolution around the earth. Because a rotation takes about
twenty-eight days, it takes the earth about fourteen days to rise and set on
the moon.
On the sixth day of his vacation, Twitchell was allowed to put on a
space suit and hike around the crater in which the dome had been built.
After bounding along for a while he came upon a group of children, in
pink space suits, playing with boomerangs. One girl tossed a boomerang
that made a wide circle and Twitchell had to duck as it whirled past his
helmet. Behind him he heard it thud against a large boulder. He turned
to look, but the curved stick had fallen into the rock’s ebony shadow
where it instantly seemed to vanish. Since there is no atmospheric
scattering of light on the moon, objects cannot be seen in shadows
without a flashlight.
The sun was low in the sky when Twitchell began his walk. Now it
was sinking out of sight. The ‘terminator’, that sharp line separating the
lunar day from night, was gliding across the gray terrain toward the
brightly lit dome at a speed of about 40 miles an hour— much too fast for
Twitchell to keep up with it by vigorous hopping. Overhead a meteor left
a fiery trail as it fell to the moon’s surface.
Twitchell was so exhausted when he returned to his quarters that he
fell asleep on his bed, fully clothed, and did not awake until the rising
sun flooded his room with brilliant sunlight.

How many scientific mistakes can you find in the above narrative?

COMPUTER-GENERATED PUZZLES
Perhaps the puzzles of the future will all be created (and solved?) by
computers. Here, as a harbinger of things to come, are three puzzle-
124 Tomorrow’s Classics

generating programs by Michael and David Curl, which are designed to

be run on home micro-computers. Each of these programs generates
puzzles of a particular format but, by using random variables, is able to
produce a large number of different puzzles within that format. The
programs will ask for your answers and will tell you whether you are
right or wrong.
If you have a Spectrum computer, you can type in and run the
programs just as they are shown here. If you own a different type of home
computer, you will probably have to make one or two slight amend-
ments to the programs before you can use them.

308. ‘Age Puzzle’ Program

10 RANDOMIZE
20 CES
30 LET ted=5+INT (10*RND)
40 LET diff=2+INT (8*RND)
50 PRINT AT 3,10
60 PRINT TAB 10;“AGE PUZZLE”
70 PRINT AT 7,0
80 PRINT INK 3;‘ Dave is ”’;
90 PRINT INK 2;diff
100 PRINT INK 3;‘‘years older than Ted”’
110 PRINT AT 9,0
120 PRINT TAB 2;INK 3;‘The sum of their age is ”’;
130 PRINT INK 2;diff+(2*ted)
140 PRINT AT 13,0
150 PRINT TAB 8;INK 3;‘‘How old is Ted?”
160 INPUT TAB 12;INK 3;“‘Age??”;INK 2;answer
170 IF answer=ted THEN GO TO 500
180 PRINT AT 17,10
190 PRINT INK 1;TAB 5;FLASH 1;‘ Sorry, that’s wrong ”
200 PRINT INK 1;TAB 5;FLASH 1;‘‘The correct answer is ”’
210 PRINT INK 1;FLASH 1;ted;“ ”’
220 PAUSE 300
230 GO TO 20
500 PRINT AT 17,10
510 PRINT TAB 5;INK 1;FLASH 1;‘‘ CORRECT! Well done! ”
520 FOR n=1 to 5:BEEP .15,n:NEXT n
530 PAUSE 200
540 GO TO 20
 Tomorrow’s Classics 125

309. ‘Integer Product’ Program

10 RANDOMIZE
20-GUS
30 LET x=5+INT (15*RND)
40 PRINT AT 4,0;INK 43‘xxxxxxxxXxxXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX”
50 PRINT AT 4,7;INK 3;“ PRODUCT PUZZLE ”
60 PRINT AT 7,0
70 PRINT INK 1;“ Three consecutive integers are multiplied together”
80 PRINT AT 10,0
90 PRINT TAB 2;INK 2;‘‘The product is ”’;
100 PRINT INK 2:x*(x+1)"(x+2)
110 PRINT AT 12,0
120 PRINT INK 1;‘‘ What is the lowest of the 3. integers?”’
130 INPUT answer
140 IF answer=x THEN GO TO 500
150 PRINT AT 16,0
160 PRINT TAB 8;INK 3;FLASH 1;“ You’re wrong! ”
170 PRINT AT 18,0
180 PRINT TAB 2;INK 3;FLASH 1; ‘“‘The correct answer is ”’
190: PRINTZINK 3:FLASH 1:x;"
200 PAUSE 300
210 GO TO 20
500 PRINT AT 16,0
510 PRINT TAB 2;INK 3;FLASH 1;‘‘Sure looks right to me! ”
520 For n=—10 TO 30:BEEP .005,n:NEXT n
530 PAUSE 100
540 GO TO 20

310. ‘Rectangle Puzzle’ Program

10 RANDOMIZE
20 CLS
30 LET x=1+INT (10*RND)
40 LET y=x+1+INT (10*RND)
50 PRINT AT 3,7;
60 PRINT “RECTANGLE PUZZLE”
70 PRINT AT 7,0;
80 PRINT INK 1;‘‘The perimeter of a rectangle is ”’
90 PRINT TAB 3;INK 3;2*(xt+y)
100 PRINT AT 9,0
110 PRINT INK 1; ‘The area is ”
120 PRINT TAB 3;INK 3;x*y
126 Tomorrow’s Classics

430: PRINT ATL 93:5

140 PRINT INK 2;‘‘What’s the length of the shorter sides?”
150 INPUT answer1
160 PRINT AT 13,5
170 PRINT INK 2;‘‘What’s the length of the longer sides? ”’
180 INPUT answer2
190 IF answer1=x AND answer2=y THEN GO TO 500
200 PRINT AT 16,10
210 PRINT INK 3;TAB 4;FLASH 1;“ Sorry — you’re wrong ”
220 PRINT AT 17,0
230 PRINT INK 3;TAB 4;FLASH1;‘‘The CORRECT answers are ”
240 PRINT INK 2;TAB 12;x;‘ & ’;y
250 PAUSE 300
260 GO TO 20
500 PRINT AT 15,10
510 PRINT
520 PRINT TAB 10;INK 1;FLASH 1;‘‘ Well done! ”
530 FOR n=1 TO 30
540 BORDER INT (RND*8)
550 BEEP .01,(INT (RND*80))—40
560 NEXT n
570 BORDER 7
580 GO TO 20
13. SOLUTIONS

OLD MASTERS
1. 40 talents.

2. The donkey had five and the mule seven sacks.

3. 28 scholars.

4. The minimum number of apples per basket is 4, but any multiple of 4

provides any equally valid solution.

5. 60 years old.

6. The ‘obvious’ solution, 3 piastres and 5 piastres, is wrong. The 8

piastres was in payment for 224 loaves. Therefore one loaf is worth 3
piastres. Since each ate 224 loaves, the first shepherd gave 1 of a loaf to
the hunter, and the other shepherd gave 243. Therefore 1 piastre should
go to the first shepherd, and 7 piastres to the second shepherd.

leat

8. 19.2 yards.

9. 54 ducats.

10. 92 ducats.

11. 29 ducats.

12. The value ofa barrel is 110 francs, and the duty payable is 10 francs.

13.
In Shylock’s bargain for the flesh was found
No mention of the blood that flowed around:
So when the stick was sawed in pieces eight,
The sawdust lost diminished from the weight.

14. One. In this genealogy, which demonstrates the relationships,

128 Solutions

males are denoted by capitals, and females by small letters. The governor
is E and his guest is C

HS,
24 miles; half past six.
A level mile takes quarter of an hour, up hill one third, down hill one
sixth. Hence to go and return over the same mile, whether on the level or
on the hill-side, takes half an hour. Hence in six hours they went 12 miles
out and 12 back. If the 12 miles out had been nearly all level, they would
have taken a little over 3 hours; if nearly all up hill, a little under 4. Hence
342 hours must be within half an hour of the time taken in reaching the
peak; thus, as they started at 3, they got there with half an hour of half
past six.

16. (a) 19 (b) The easterly traveller met 12, the other 8.

17.
542,642, 7, 442, 332.
The sum ofall the weighings, 61 lbs, includes sack 3 thrice and each
of the others twice. Deducting twice the sum of the first and fourth
weighings, i.e. 21 lbs for thrice 3 —i.e. 7 lbs for sack 3. The rest follows.

48. The order is M, i, 2.

19. 60 yards by 60% yards.

20. 10 per cent.

217-15 and 16:

22. As the monkey climbs, the weight will rise by the same amount.

(a) The weight is sent down; the empty basket comes up.
(b) The son goes down; the weight comes up.
(c) The weight is taken out; the daughter goes down; the son up.
 Solutions 129

(d) The son gets out; the weight goes down; the empty basket up.
(e) The queen goes down; daughter and weight come up; daughter gets
out.
(f) The weight goes down; empty basket up.
(g) Son goes down; weight comes up.
(h) Daughter removes weight, and goes down; son comes up.
(i) Son sends down weight; empty basket comes up.
(j) The son goes down; weight comes up.
(k) Son gets out; the weight falls to the ground.

24.
In the puzzle of the young stenographer’s salary, she gains $12.50 the
first year, but after that loses steadily. Some puzzlists fall into the error of
adding the whole of each raise in a lump sum at the end of every six
months, whereas the salary was raised each time to a yearly basis of $25
better, which is only an improvement of $12.50 every six months. Of
course a raise of $100 per year would give the stenographer in five years,
$600 plus $700 plus $800 plus $900 plus $1,000, equalling $4,000.
Instead of which the stenographer loses $437.50 by her own plan, as
follows:
Yearly basis
Pars srr ImOmins.. oa ee ae eae en. $300.00 $600
SECON SUX UMOMUNS cs. weed eGo hee 312.50 625
WIT SIN IONNSE), hey Soho homens Oe wi 325.00 650
PUSAN SALAS 58 oda oesn ease mtss 337.50 675
BE SEATON akc nel ccd eo MIS sca ee OR 350.00 700
SSE STX MOTUS ios od actenieli sas54,008 Shs 362.50 25
SOVCIE SIX IMONTIG...6.6. 2. sles nol sg 26 375.00 750
Bigiatha SI SAGINES rig adac els cc aan rs Bes 387.50 775
PUURSELE: SUK IS Oe aches cen ge cases. Sosa 400.00 800
Deri SK MONA conns oy vase sad es ce woes 412.50 825

20
Out of the 216 equally probable ways the dice may be thrown, you will
win on only 91 of them, lose on 125. So your chance of winning at least as
much as you bet is 91/216, your chance of losing 125/216.
If the dice always showed different numbers, the game would be a
fair one. Suppose each square is covered with a dollar. The operator
would, on each roll that showed three different numbers, take in three
dollers and pay out three. But on doubles he makes a dollar and on
triples he makes two dollars. In the long run, for every dollar wagered by
a player, regardless of how he places the money and in what amounts, he
can expect to lose about 7.8 cents. This gives the operator a profit of 7.8
per cent on each dollar bet.
130 Solutions

26.
Hank had 11 animals, Jim 7, and Duke 21, making 39 animals altogether.

27.
From the facts given we can conclude that Jack eats lean pork at the rate
of 1 barrel in 10 weeks, therefore he would finish the half-barrel of lean in
5 weeks. During this same period, his wife (who eats fat at a rate of 1
barrel in 12 weeks) would consume 5/12 of a barrel of fat. This would
leave 1/12 of a barrel of fat for both of them to eat at a rate of 1 barrel in 60
days. They would finish the fat in 5 days, so the total amount of time
would be 35 days plus 5 days, or 40 days altogether.

28.
The ball would travel a distance of 218.7777.... feet, or 218 feet, 91/3 inches.

29.
Susie paid five cents for silk, four cents for worsted.

30.
The number of children on the carousel, including Sammy himself, was
thirteen.

31.
Last year Mrs Wiggs raised 11,025 cabbages on a square with 105 patches
on the side. This year she will raise 11,236 cabbages on a square with 106
patches on the side.

32.
In that interesting problem of the reapers who cut a swath around a
rectangular field until half the crop was gathered, I find that they had a
simple rule. They said: ‘One-quarter the difference between a short cut
cross lots, and round by the road.’ Mathematicians will understand it
better if we say: from the sum ofthe two sides subtract the diagonal of the
field and divide the remainder by four.
The field was 2,000 yards long by 1,000 yards wide. Using a tape
line, those honest farmers found that the diagonal from one corner to the
opposite one was a little over 2,236 yards. To go ‘round by the road’, of
course, was 3,000 yards, so the difference was a little less than 764 yards.
One-quarter of this is just a bit shy of 191 yards (190.983), which is the
width the border strip should be.

33. The land was divided into 18 lots.

 Solutions 131

34. Sam Loyd’s Boxes

1. Sam Loyd writes: ‘The original problem is impossible to solve
except by such skullduggery as turning the 6 and 9 blocks upside down.
One of the puzzle’s peculiarities is that any such interchange involving
two blocks immediately converts the puzzle to a solvable one. In fact,
any odd number of interchanges has the same effect, whereas an even
number leaves the puzzle unsolvable as before.’
2. 44 moves are required to get the vacant square in the top left-hand
corner ail 1278670, 10, 2 87, 4.3" Ondo Opdtsn Owl Zee.
10,0, 4, 14, 01 8G, 13, 9°12, 4, 0, 04> Oy Oy 1a, 14, 10020
3. 39 moves are required to solve the third problem: 14, 15, 10, 6, 7, 11,
23, 10613; 90, 1s 23s 4,0, be, 19,20; 13,9, 5,14 25 3, 4, 6, 12,19, 14nkS, 9,
95 2, O54 Gs 2:
4. The magic square can be produced in fifty moves: 12, 8, 4, 3, 2, 6, 10,
9.:93,05.14. 12.8, 457,109, 14, 1256,4.-7.,.10,9,.6,.2,.3,.10,
9,65 5; 19203,
By Oh Gan No 1s Ale sh Ol, eae Saleh ley, Ble
5. This puzzle can be solved in 23 moves — the fewest possible. Move
the blocks in the following order: A, B, F, E,C, A, B, F, E,C, A, B, D, H, G,
A; 8B, 0) AG.) KE; ¥.

35. The time must have been 554, minutes past two o’clock.

36.
The correct and only answer is that 11,616 ladies made proposals of
marriage. Here are all the details, which the reader can check for himself
with the original statements. Of 10,164 spinsters, 8,085 married
bachelors, 627 married widowers, 1,221 were declined by bachelors,
and 231 declined by widowers. Of the 1,452 widows, 1,155 married
bachelors, and 297 married widowers. No widows were declined. The
problem is not difficult, by algebra, when once we have succeeded in
correctly stating it.

37.
The nine men, A, B, C, D,E, F, G, H, J, all go 40 miles together on the one
gallon in their engine tanks, when A transfers 1 gallon to each of the
other eight and has 1 gallon left to return home. The eight go another 40
miles, when B transfers 1 gallon to each of the other seven and has 2
gallons to take him home. The seven go another 40 miles, when C
transfers 1 gallon to each of the six others and returns home on the
remaining 3 gallons. The six go another 40 miles, when D gives each of
five 1 gallon and returns home. The five go 40 miles, when E gives each
of four 1 gallon and returns home. The four go another 40 miles, when F
gives each of three 1 gallon and returns home. The three go 40 miles,
when G gives each of two 1 gallon and returns home. The two go 40
132 Solutions

miles, when H gives 1 gallon to J and returns home. Finally, the last man,
J, goes another 40 miles and then has 9 gallons to take him home. Thus J
has gone 360 miles out and home, the greatest distance in a straight line
that could be reached under the conditions.

38.
The man said, ‘I am going twice as deep’ not ‘as deep again’. That is to
say, he was still going twice as deep as he had gone already, so that when
he had finished, the hole would be three times its present depth. Then
the answer is that at present the hole is 3 ft 6 ins deep and the man 2 ft
4 ins above ground. When completed the hole will be 10 ft 6 ins deep,
and therefore the man will be 4 ft 8 ins below the surface, or twice the
distance that he is now above ground.

39.
The candles must have burnt for 334 hours. One candle had one-
sixteenth of its total length left and the other four-sixteenths.

40. The time must have been 4374; past two o’clock.

41.
The ordinary schoolboy would correctly treat this as a quadratic equa-
tion. Here is the actual arithmetic. Double the product of the two dis-
tances from the walls. This gives us 144, which is the square of 12. The
sum of the two distances is 17. If we add these two numbers, 12 and 17,
together, and also subtract one from the other, we get the two answers
that 29 or 5 was the radius. Consequently the diameter was 58 inches or
10 inches. But a table of the latter dimensions would be absurd. There-
fore the table must have been 58 inches in diameter.

42.
The number must be the least common multiple of 1, 2, 3, etc., up to 15,
that, when divided by 7, leaves the remainder 1, by 9 leaves 3, by 11
leaves 10, by 13 leaves 3, and by 14 leaves 8. Such a number is 120. The
next number is 360,480, but as we have no record of a tree — especially a
very young one — bearing anything like such a large number of apples,
we may take 120 to be the only answer that is acceptable.

CHILD’S, PLAY
43. 27 lbs.

44, JUST ONE WORD.

 Solutions 133

45. I have built my house at the North Pole.

46. Smith, where Jones had had ‘had’, had had ‘had had’. ‘Had had’ had
had the examiners’ approval.

47. The speaker was looking at a portrait of his son.

48. Sunday.

49.
Too wise you are,
Too wise you be;
I see you are
Too wise for me.

50. Eighteen days (on the eighteenth day he would reach the top and not
slip back).

51. You can’t dig half a hole!

52. UNDERGROUND.

53. E (the letters in the series are the initial letters of: one, two, three,
four... and so on).

55.

56. Four years ago.

57. 17 dogs and 26 chickens.

58.. 15:
134 Solutions

59. 3 animals.

60. The word TOBACCO.

61. It will take 7 days — each day the squirrel carries out one ear of corn
and the two ears on his head.

62. 80 years.

63. 3 minutes.

64. Nand T, these being the next letters of the alphabet composed solely
of straight lines.

65. Water, the chemical formula being H,O (H to O).

66. None — the longest river is the Nile.

O70 3:

68. Once — after that you'll be subtracting from 23, then from 21, and so
on.

69. Father.

70. 300 miles.

71. East.

72. The nursery rhyme has been rewritten so that it does not contain a
single occurrence of the letter E — usually the commonest letter in the
English language.

73. 15 miles.

74. The Ten of Diamonds, the King of Hearts and the Eight of Spades.

75. One.

76. Eight —he makes seven cigarettes, smokes them, and makes another
cigarette from those ends.

77. A missionary and a cannibal cross. The missionary returns. Two

cannibals cross. One cannibal returns. Two missionaries cross. One
 Solutions 135

missionary and one cannibal return. Two missionaries cross. One can-
nibal returns. The remaining two cannibals cross.

78. Bill.

79.

80. 16.

81. CAR.

82. Mary (or Myra), Kate, Amy (or May), Enid, Lisa, Ruth, Cathy, Delia,
Marian (or Marina).

73. Eric, Lee, Stan, Neil, Silas, Steven, Cyril, Daniel, Andrew.

84. Polo, Pool, Onion, Oboe, Ukelele, Cello, Canoe, Ease.

NUMBER PUZZLES
85. The father distributed £39. The first child received £15, the second
£8, the third £10, and the fourth £6.

86. First boat — 15 minutes 45 seconds; second boat — 16 minutes.

87. 23 and 24.

88. 76, 24.

89. IO), AA, As

90. 55? = 3025. 997 = 9801.

91. Man 69 years 12 weeks; Woman 30 years 40 weeks.

92. Jim 18 hours; Bill 2212 hours.

93. The contents of the ten bags should be $1, $2, $4, $8, $16, $32, $64,
$128, $256 and $489.

94. 30 (16, 8, 4, 2).

136 Solutions

95. Potato 11 ounces, orange 7 ounces, apple 5 ounces, tomato 3 ounces,

banana 2 ounces.

96. A 3240. B 2916. C 1944. D 2052. E 1728. Electors 6480.

97. 324.

98. 9 feet 2 inches.

99.
The third and fourth powers must contain 10 digits between them, so the
number sought can only be 18, 19, 20 or 21. Of these, 20 and 21 are bound
to duplicate zeros and ones, respectively. Testing 18 and 19 reveals that
18 is the answer. The third and fourth powers of 18 are 5832 and 104,976.

100. 1, 4, 16, 64.

101. £24, £20, £8, £28.

102. 18.

103. Abe $65, Bert $35, Cal $20.

104.
If Iwalk 26 steps, Ineed 30 seconds; and if Iwalk 34 steps, I need only 18
seconds. Multiply 30 by 34 and 26 by 18, and we get 1020 and 468.
Divide the difference (552) by the difference between 30 seconds and 18
seconds (12 seconds). The answer is 46, the number of steps in the
stairway, which descends at the rate of 1 step in 112 seconds. The speed
at which I walk on the stairs does not affect the question, as the step from
which I alight will reach the bottom at a given moment, whatever I do in
the meantime.

105.
The smallest such number is 35,641,667,749. Other numbers with the
same properties may be found by adding multiples of 46,895,573,610 to
the aforementioned number.

106.
The car, when Alex met it, would have reached the station in another six
minutes. So Alex had been walking for 30 minutes. Hence, had his wife
met Alex at the station, he would have arrived 24 minutes earlier at the
point where he actually met the car. So he would have arrived home at
DAolOx
 Solutions 137

107.
The camel lives 75 years, the carp 150, the cat 15, the dog 17, the
elephant 300, the chicken 18, the horse 30, the ox 21, the guinea pig 15,
the stork 100, the whale 400 years.

108. David 13 times, Jonathan 8 times.

109.
Multiply 273863 by 365 and the product is 99959995.
Working the problem backwards, any number whatever that con-
sists of eight digits with the first four repeated is divisible by 73 (and by
137), because 73 times 137 is 10001. If it ends with 5 or 0, it is divisible by
365 (5 times 73). Taking all this into account, the highest possible
product can be written down at once.

110. 40 coaches.

111. 3% minutes.

112. Eight marks are required — at the 1, 3, 6, 13, 20, 27, 31 and 35 inch
positions.

113. Thesecond way is really the same as the first in reverse — either way
it takes 40 minutes (24 of an hour) to burn the candle out.

114. The river is 1760 yards wide. The time that the boats stayed at their
slips is of no relevance.

215) 3-and 2.

116. 20 gallons.

117.
13 X% 62° = 26 X31
Pie 93 ="39 X31
2X Bl 128ex 21
23 X 64 = 46 X 32
34 X 86 = 68 X 43
36 X 84 = 48 X 63

118.
Call the children A, B, C, D and E in order of their weights, A being the
lightest and E the heaviest. A and B together weigh 114 pounds, Dand E
together weigh 129 pounds. These four together weigh 243. The total
138 Solutions

weight of all five is 303 pounds (add all the pairs together and divide by
4, since each child was weighed four times). Hence, C weighs 60 pounds.
The lightest and next lightest but one weighed 115 pounds — hence A
must be 55 pounds. The rest is straightforward. The individual weights
are 55, 59, 60, 63 and 66 pounds.

119. 123 — 45 — 67 + 89 = 100 (using three signs).

120. 98 — 76 + 54 + 3 + 21 = 100 (using four signs).

121. The father and mother were both 36. The three children — triplets —
were all 6 years old.

122. Joe’s share was 264, Jack’s 198, and Jim’s 308. Their ages are 6, 412
and 7 years, respectively.

D233 2,047,
09 lex Or 195523776346.

124.
1,680 (1681 is the square of 41, 841 is the square of 29).
57,120 (57,121 is the square of 239, 28,461 is the square of 169).
1,940,448 (1,940,449 is the square of 1,393, 970,225 is the square of
85).

125.
If a square number ends in identical digits, those digits must be 4. But it
is not possible for there to be more than three identical digits, so the
solution is 1444 (the square of 38).

126.
There are many possible solutions for each fraction. Here are some
representative solutions:

(a) 5832 (b) 3942 (c) 2769 (d) 2943

17496 15768 13845 17658

(e) 2394 (f) 3187 (g) 6381

16758 25496 57429

127.
Since each letter is a final digit, they must be 1, 3, 7 and 9. A and C must
be 1 or 7, otherwise the numbers ADDD and AACA would be divisible by
3. Thus B and D must be 3 or 9.
 Solutions 139

BCDB, thus, may be 3193, 3793, 9139 or 9739. But 3193 is divisible
by 31 and 9139 is divisible by 13. So BCDB may be 3793 or 9739— in both
cases, C = 7 and hence A = 1.
BDAC must be 9317 or 3917, but 9317 is divisible by 7, so BDAC =
$917. Therefore A-= 1, B= 3, C=7, D = 9.

128. The four primes are 1483, 4813, 4831 and 8431.

129. 9567
1085
10652

130. 850
850
29786
31486

131. 7088062
17531908
24619970

132. 219 _ 73 438 _ 73 697

= 94

133. 570140
6
3420840

134. 97809
124 | 12128316
1116
968
868
1003
992
1116
1116
140 Solutions

CIRCLES, SQUARES AND ANGLES

ein:
136.

137. As shown in the diagram, eleven non-overlapping triangles can be

produced by seven lines.

138.
Fold the square in half and make the crease FE. Fold the side AB so that
the point B'lies on FE, and you will get the points G and H, from which
you can fold HGJ. While B is on G, fold AB back on AH, and you will have
the line AK. You can now fold the triangle AJK, which is the largest
equilateral triangle obtainable.
 Sohsions: 144
D J E Cc

Pes ge |
A ad B

\ ‘ ‘ ‘ Ng *N ‘ ‘

©)7ekBMee
- HE
SMES
BRK
ReES
ES eee
eee

Folding the paper in half horizontally and vertically we obtain the lines
AOB and COD. We then get EH and FG by folding the edges over to the
centre line COD, thus bisecting AO and OB.
We fold over AJ so that Jlies on the line EH —at the point E. We do the
same at the other three corners to obtain the points F, G and H.
Then it is a simple matter to fold AE, EF, FB, BG, GH and HA to give
the hexagon AEFBGH.

140. 4.

141. 157% square miles approximately.

142.
Referring to the original diagram, let AC be x, let CD be x—9, and let EC
be x—5. Then x—5 is a mean proportional between x—9 and x, from
which we find that x=25. Therefore the diameters are 50 ins. and 41 ins.
respectively.

143. 2513.28 square yards, approximately.

144.
The area of the path is exactly 66%4 square yards, which is clearly seen if
you imagine a little triangular piece cut off at the bottom and removed to
142 Solutions

the top right corner. Here is the proof. The area of the garden is
55 X 40 = 2,200. And (5514 X 40) + 66%, also equals 2,200. Finally the
sum of the squares of 5343 and 40 must equal the square of 667%, as it
does.

145. The triangle has integral sides of 47, 1104 and 1105 inches.

146.
The distance from the top of the ladder to the ground was “/; of the
length of the ladder. Multiply the distance from the wall — 4 yards — by
the denominator of this fraction — 5 — and you get 20. Now deduct the
square of the numerator from the square of the denominator of 4/;, and
you have 9, which is the square of 3. Finally, divide 20 by 3, and there is
the answer: 67 yards.

147. The bell rope must have been 32 feet 112 inches in length from
ceiling to floor.

148.

149.
Divide the diameter of the circle into four equal parts. Then describe
semicircles on each side of the diameter as shown.
 Solutions 143

150.
As many as 22 pieces may be obtained by the 6 cuts. The illustration
shows a pretty symmetrical solution.

The rule in such cases is that every cut shall intersect every other cut
and no two intersections coincide; that is to say, every line passes
through every other line, but more than two lines do not cross at the same
point anywhere. There are other ways of making the cuts, but this rule
must always be observed if we are to get the full number of pieces.

151.

apo
144 Solutions

155. The diagram shows how it is done. @ exe

 Solutions 145

156.
We place 20 cigarettes in the bottom layer. In the second layer, instead of
having 20, we place 19, arrange as shown in the diagram. Then we
continue with alternate layers of 20 and 19.

Original method New method

Let us suppose the diameter of a cigarette is 2 units. The second and

subsequent layers, using our new method, will add only 1.732 units to
the height. The depth of the box is 16 units, since it originally contained
eight layers. With our new method we shall get nine layers — 2 plus
8 X 1.732 is equal to 15.856. So with five layers of 20 and four layers of
19 we shall get 176 cigarettes into the box.

THREE-DIMENSIONAL PUZZLES

L57-
Move coin 1 to below the bottom row, between coins 8 and 9. Then move
coins 7 and 10 to the left of coin 2 and to the right of coin 3.

158.
Move coins 6 and 7 to the left of coin 1. Move coins 3 and 4 to the right of
coin 5. Move coins 7 and 1 to the right of coin 2. Move coins 4 and 8 to the
right of coin 6.

159.
Each time, after turning over a coin, start again from the coin that is three
further on from the coin that you have just turned over.

160.
146

he
Solutions

we
162.

163.
KES Zas Ly
ae /
aie VAX
Wes
Ss me
S39 LAS
(1) Move from 1 to 5.
(2) Move from 3 to 7 to 1.
(3) Move from 8 to 4 to 3 to 7.
(4) Move from 6 to 2 to 8 to 4 to 3.
(5) Move from 5 to 6 to 2 to 8.
(6) Move from 1 to 5 to 6.
(7) Move from 7 to 1.
== 62 Cees @ew oe | ai
Je71

a=], «==Dp aD GED =p

Solutions
147
148 Solutions

EOE
BL
SCO
.

172. 0/0 — 0/4 — 4/4

0/1 — 1/4 — 4/2
1/1 — 1/3 — 3/3
1/2 — 2/2 — 2/3
2/0 — 0/3 — 3/4
 Solutions 149

173.
There are several solutions for each rectangle. Here are some typical
solutions.

(c)

| | itn

(d) (e)

(f)
150 Solutions

174. Here is one possible solution:

175. Here is a solution for the ‘cross’ pentomino.

176.
(a) 1 Q-KB1 B—-N7 or Rp moves 2 Q-QN1 and 3 QxRP (or Q-R7). If 1
... B-B6 or B-Q5 2 Q-Q3. If 1. . . B-K4 or B—B3 2 Q-KB5. If 1. . . P-N6
2 N—-N6 ch PxN 3 Q-R3 mate.
(b) 1 P-QB4 P-—QB4 1 P-Q4 P—Q4
2Q-R4 Q-R4 2 QQ3 QA-03
3 Q-B6 Q-B6 3 Q-KR3 Q-KR3
4 QxB mate 4 QxB mate

(c) 1 P-R8=B. If 1...K-—B1 2 P-N8=Q ch. If 1... K—K1 2 K-K6. If 1

... K-N1 2 K-N6.
 Solutions 151

(d) 1 B~B5 NxB 2 Q—-QR7 any 3 Q-N1 mate. If 1... any other move 2
Q-—Q7 and 3 Q-Q1 mate.
(e) (i) Black’s KR8 (ii) Black’s K6 (iii) Black’s QR1 (iv) Black’s KN2.

t77, 43 — 23
45 — 43
93 — 33
23 — 43
42 — 44

178. 45 — 47
43 —45
64 — 44 — 46
24 — 44
47 — 45 — 43
42 —44

179. 54 — 74
43 — 63
44 — 46
34 — 36 — 56 — 54
15 — 35
I/3—J3a— 33 — Sd
65 — 45 — 25 — 23 — 43
42 — 44

180. 42 — 44 Le IAL,
23 — 43 65— 45
31 — 33 BY— NE
34 — 32 45— 65
§1—31-—33 47— 45
43 —23 13
— 33
45 — 43 14 — 34
64 — 44 15 — 35
a2 — 54 Las
44 — 64 74 —54
25 — 45 TA
37 — 35
152 Solutions

LOGIC PUZZLES

181.
Either man should be asked the following question: ‘IfIwere to ask you if
this is the way I should go, would you say yes?’ While asking the
question, the hiker should be pointing at either of the directions going
from the fork.

182.
The clerk gave back 5 dollars and kept 25 dollars. The boy gave each man
1 dollar and kept 2 dollars. Each man paid 9 dollars which, less the 2
dollars kept by the boy, makes the 25 dollars given to the clerk.

183.
On the second evening King Arthur arranged the knights and himself in
the following order round the table: A, F, B, D, G, E, C. On the third
evening they sat thus: A, E, B, G, C, F, D.
He thus had B next but one to him (the nearest possible) on both
occasions, and G was the third from him (the furthest possible) on both
occasions. No other way of seating the knights would have been so
satisfactory.

184.
The age of Mary to that of Ann must be in the ratio of 5 to 3. As the sum of
their ages was 44, Mary was 27% and Ann 16%.

185.
The locomotive pushes truck 1 up to the points, then returns to the
opposite siding and pushes truck 2 up to truck 1 at the points. The two
trucks are then pulled by the locomotive down the siding and pushed on
to the main line to a position between the two sidings. Truck 1 is then
uncoupled and left standing while the locomotive pulls truck 2 along
the main line in order to push it up to the points where it is left. The
locomotive returns to truck 1, pulls it along the main line and then
pushes it up the siding to its required final position. The locomotive then
proceeds up the other siding to the points to pull truck 2 to its required
position, then uncouples and returns to the main line.
 Solutions 153

186.
The engine that has had its fire drawn and therefore cannot move is No.
5. Move the other engines in the following order: 7, 6, 3, 7, 6, 1, 2, 4, 1, 3,
8, 1, 3, 2, 4, 3, 2 — seventeen moves in all, leaving the engines in the
required order.

187.
Jennifer, the blonde hairdresser, is the oldest; Jane, the brunette recep-
tionist, comes next; and Judy, the red-headed typist, is the youngest.

188.
(c) Viktor can outlift Boris by more than he can outlift Tam.

189.
The musician is Bertram Fuller.
Here is an outline ofthe solution, giving only the successive conclu-
sions: Dwight is Mr Hooper, Clint is the accountant, Bertram is the
musician, Ambrose is the priest, Dwight Hooper is the doctor, Ambrose
is not Mr Grimm, Mr Eastwood is Ambrose, Clint is not Mr Fuller, Clint is
Mr Grimm (the accountant), and Bertram Fuller is the musician.

190.
Diana lives two miles from Ann, and Cathy Black is the oldest of the four
girls.

191.
(a) John is an advertising man; Paul is an actor; George is an auditor.
(b) Harry the actor is older than Dick the auditor who is older than Tom
the advertising man.
(c) George the actor earns more than David the advertising man who
earns more than Lloyd the auditor.
(d) Freeman the auditor is the chairman; Hardy the actor is the treasurer;
Willis the advertising man is the secretary.

192.
Cetri, 1 million, English, amethysts.
Auni, 2 million, French, coffee.
Equin, 3 million, Portuguese, dates.
Dequar, 4 million, Spanish, bananas.
Bebi, 5 million, Dutch, emeralds.
154 Solutions

193.
Carpet Fitting by Matt Coates has a yellow cover and 170 pages.
Indoor Heating by Celia Holmes has a white cover and 190 pages.
Domestic Insulation by Anita Lawn has a red cover and 220 pages.
Painting and Decorating by Bernard Cole has a green cover and 240
pages.
Improve Your Garden by Walter Wall has a blue cover and 300 pages.

194.
1. No acrobatic feat which involves turning a quadruple somersault is
ever attempted in a circus.
2. No bird in this aviary lives on mince-pies.
3. All your poems are uninteresting.
4. Rainy days are always cloudy.
5. No badger can guess a conundrum.
6. I always avoid a kangaroo.

VISUAL PUZZLES

195. The distance from A to B is the same as the distance from B to C.

196. They are all equal.

197.
(a) It is impossible to say whether the cube is viewed from above or below
— it could be either.
(b) The line is perfectly straight.

198. AC and BD are the same length.

199. All three are the same length.

200. All five are equal in area.

201. The two circles are the same size.

202. Despite the evidence of your eyes, both horizontal lines are the
same length.
 Solutions 155

N oS Se) \ ‘ ’ LPs'
‘ \ \ U /

eee
==
a
- !

\ 1 '
L '

-—/-- -—
8Neon

204. There is only one route to the centre.

156 Solutions

206. There are 640 routes to the centre.

NSN

208. (a)
Solutions 157
158 Solutions

WORDPLAY

211. 1.SMART 2.CROP 3.BRACE 4.CONVERSE 5. OBJECTIVE

6. UTTER

212. 1.GAG 2. DEED 3. NOON 4. SHAHS 5. DEIFIED 6. TENET

213.
1. SOAK & WET 2. TIE & BIND 3. FLOG & BEAT 4. RAGE & ANGER
5. SEAR & CHAR 6. ACID & SOUR 7. AVER & ASSERT 8. LEAVE &
QUIT 9. SPIN & GYRATE 10. FLIRT & COQUET.

214. The past tense of the eight verbs all rhyme with TAUT.

215. WITHHOLD, SKIING, BOOKKEEPER, VACUUM, NAVVY,

POWWOW.

216.
There are several 7-letter words: ACCEDED, BAGGAGE, CABBAGE,
DEFACED and EFFACED. There is also at least one 8-letter word:
CABBAGED.

217. ZEBRA OCTET BLISS

ERROR CRIME LUNCH
BRING TIRED INTER
RONDO EMEND SCENE
ARGON TEDDY SHREW

218. YEA, A PIED, SUNDAE, WEIGH, QUAI, OK, SOLEIL,

DOSSIER, BEAUJOLAIS, SOBRIQUET, DAY, CHEZ.

219. OIL, COIL, COLIC. SEAR, SCARE, SCARCE.

HAT, CHAT, “CATCH. SOUR, SCOUR, CROCUS.
ARK, RACK, CRACK. LEAN, LANCE, CANCEL.
IRK, RICK, CRICK. HATE, °~@GHEA T.CACHET,
TAPE, EPAGT,. “ACCEPT. HEAD, ~ AGHED;” CACHED:
OUST, SCOUT, STUCCO. RILE, RELIC, CIRCLE.
OAST, COAST, ACCOST, LOUT, -GLOUT.- OCCULT
ROSE, SCORE, SOCCER. SPITE, SEPTIC, SCEPTIC:
HERE, CHEER, ~“CRECHE. NOSE, SCONE, SCONCE.
NEAR, CRANE, CANCER. NEAT, “ENACT. ACCENT:

220. (a) DOLPHIN

(b) GRAVITY
(c) DIALECT
 Solutions 159

221. (a) LETTUCE, SPINACH

(b) BERMUDA, ICELAND

222.
(a) NEVADA (b) MAINE (c) MARYLAND (d) WASHINGTON
(e) MINNESOTA (f) RHODE ISLAND (g) INDIANA
(h) PENNSYLVANIA (i) RHODE ISLAND (j) SOUTH CAROLINA.

223. (a) COAST (b) BRING

BOAST BRINK
BEAST DRINK
LEAST DRUNK
LEASE TRUNK
LEAVE TRUCK
HEAVE TRICK
HEAVY THICK

224. SANATORIUM, SANITARIUM

DESCRY, DECRY
MENDICITY, MENDACITY
ADJURE, ABJURE
ABRADE, UPBRAID
DISCOMFIT, DISCOMFORT
VENAL, VENIAL
INDITE, INDICT
_ COMPLACENT, COMPLAISANT
BIENNIAL, BIANNUAL
ETESTE
SEER
—

225. DEFYING, FIGHTING, HIJACK, MONOPOLY,

QUERIST, UNDERSTUDY, OXYGENIZE.

226.
(a) ADDER (1 letter back) (b) CHAIN (6 letters back) (c) FILLS (6 letters
back) (d) MILLS (6 letters back) (e) COBRA (3 letters back) (f) BANJO
(4 letters back) (g) CHEER (7 letters back) (h) SNEER (1 letter back)
(i) SHEER (1 letter back) (j) PECAN (4 letters back).

227.
There are many possible answers but here are mine: (a) 12344 — GLASS;
11232 — LLAMA; 12123 — COCOA; 12132 - MAMBA; 12133 — AMASS;
12213 — ALLAY; 12231 — SEEDS; 12233 — COOEE; 12312 — VERVE;
12313 — ENDED; 12323 — CEDED; 12331 — TWEET; 12332 — MANNA;
11231 — EERIE; 12113 — LULLS; 12131 — RARER; 12311 — FLUFF; 12232
— ERROR; 12322 — LEVEE; 12112 - MAMMA.
160 Solutions

(b) 123232 - BANANA; 123321 — REDDER; 122132— TEETHE; 122323 —

NEEDED; 122131 — EFFETE; 121223 - COCOON; 121133 — TATTOO;
122321 — DEEMED; 123443 — GROTTO; 123123 - MURMUR; 123212 —
REVERE; 123344 — TOFFEE.

228.
(a) 4-letter examples: RASH, RISK.
5-letter examples: TOPAZ, WEEPS.
7-letter example: WETTISH.
(b) TYPEWRITER is usually considered to be the longest word using the
letters on the top row. There are several other 10-letter words though —
REPERTOIRE, PROPRIETOR and PERPETUITY — and there are also a
couple of 11-letter words —- PROPRIETORY and RUPTUREWORT.
(c) The longest common word is FLASKS. Longer, though less common,
words are HALAKAH, FLAGFALL and HAGGADAH.

229. (a) ABSTEMIOUS

(b) There are other possible solutions, but these are probably the
most common words:
AIEOU — Ambidextrous EUOIA — Pneumonia
OEAUI — Overhauling EUAIO — Reputation
AUIOE — Cautioned OAUIE — Consanguine
AIOUE — Anxiousness OUEAI — Housemaid
EOUAI — Encouraging UAIOE — Ultraviolet
IOUAE — Discourage UOIAE — Unsociable

230.
1.J-AIL 2. A-GREED 3.N-EARLY 4.E-MOTION 5.A-STERN 6. U-
SURER 7. S-IMPLY 8. T-ROUBLES 9. E-STRANGE 10. N-EAT. (JANE
AUSTEN)

(a) SENATOR (b) BIOGENY (c)SYBARITE (d) GAINSAYS

(e) CALUMNIES (f) INDICATORY (g) GABARDINE (h) SCHEMATIC
(i) ENIGMATIST (j) DESECRATION (k) INTOXICATE (1) ALLEGORIST
(8 J) INTERLACES (n) CONTAINERISED (0) PETROCHEMICAL
(p) PREDICTIVENESS.
232. CRESCENT (CRESS, SCENT).

233. BUTTERFLY (BUTT eTURE, FLY):

234. CARES, CARESS.

 Solutions 161

235.
1. NAPLES 2.ELBE 3. WASHINGTON 4. CINCINNATI 5. AMSTER-
DAM 6. STAMBOUL 7. TORNEA 8. LEPANTO 9. ECLIPTIC.
This gives NEWCASTLE and COALMINES.

te ewee
WET, bet, bey, dey, DRY.
EYE, dye, die, did, LID.
EEL, e’en, pen, pin, PIE.
RAVEN, riven, risen, riser, MISER.
OAT, rat, rot, roe, RYE.
Oe
a2
Se
eh
© TEA, sea, set, sot, HOT.

PIG, wig, wag, way, say, STY.

FISH, fist, gist, girt, gird, BIRD.
REST, lest, lost, loft, soft, SOFA.
PEN, e’en, eel, ell, ill, ilk, INK.
NOSE, note, cote, core, corn, coin, CHIN.
TEARS, sears, stars, stare, stale, stile, SMILE.
PITCH, pinch, winch, wench, tench, tenth, TENTS.
res
hes
SB
So
& POOR, boor, book, rook, rock, rick, RICH.
APE, are, ere, err, ear, mar, MAN.
FLOUR, floor, flood, blood, brood, broad, BREAD.
at MINE, mint, mist, most, moat, coat, COAL.
|ba FURIES, buries, buried, burked, barked, barred, BARREL.

WHEAT, cheat, cheap, cheep, creep, creed, breed, BREAD.

FOUR, foul, fool, foot, fort, fore, fire, FIVE.
HARE, hark, hack, sack, sock, soak, soap, SOUP.
PITY, pits, pins, fins, find, fond, food, GOOD.
BLACK, blank, blink, clink, chink, chine, whine, WHITE.
See
ey
ne,
eeeCOMB, come, home, hole, hale, hall, hail, HAIR.
WHIP, whit, wait, want, cant, cast, last, LASH.
SHOES, shops, chops, crops, cross, cress, crest, CRUST.
OoONS<
=)
BREAD, break, bleak, bleat, blest, blast, boast, TOAST.
oweCrwCr~r

STEAL, steel, steer, sheer, shier, shies, shins, chins, COINS.

TREE, free, flee, fled, feed, weed, weld, wold, WOOD.
GRASS, crass, cress, tress, trees, frees, freed, greed, GREEN.
ELM, ell, all, ail, air, fir, far, oar, OAK.
2
Se
oe
Oo
ee
(S.
©) ARMY, arms, aims, dims, dams, dame, name, nave, NAVY.
BEANS, beams, seams, shams, shame, shale, shall, shell, SHELF.
= BUY, bud, bid, aid, aim, arm, ark, ask, ASS.
GO
21)
__
PN ONE, owe, ewe, eye, dye, doe, toe, too, TWO.
162 Solutions

CAIN, chin, shin, spin, spun, spud, sped, aped, abed, ABEL.
BLUE, glue, glut, gout, pout, port, part, pant, pint, PINK.
COSTS, posts, pests, tests, tents, tenth, tench, teach, peach,
peace, PENCE.
LOAF, leaf, deaf, dear, deer, dyer, dyes, eyes, eves, even, OVEN.
KETTLE, settle, settee, setter, better, betted, belted, bolted,
bolter, bolder, HOLDER.
ROGUE, vogue, vague, value, valve, halve, helve, heave, leave,
lease, least, BEAST.
QUELL, quill, quilt, guilt, guile, guide, glide, glade, grade, grave,
brave, BRAVO.
RIVER, rover, cover, coves, cores, corns, coins, chins, shins,
shine, shone, SHORE.
WITCH, winch, wench, tench, tenth, tents, tints, tilts, tills, fills,
falls, fails, fairs, FAIRY.

237.
1. WHIST 2. ISSUE 3. STAIN 4. CAPON 5. OUNCE 6. NAILS 7. SLIPS
8. INURE 9. NORSE.
States: WISCONSIN, TENNESSEE, LOUISIANA.

CROSSWORDS AND FRIENDS

 Solutions 163

239.
Horizontal: 1. FIG 4. CANOE 6. WARFARE 8. MARMALADE 10. E.G.
11. EA 12. SOLUTION 17. SNAG 18. CAST 19. SHEET 20. SO 22. OR
23. NORFOLK 29. FIRPO 30. POE.
Vertical: 1. FARM 2.INFANT 3.GOAL 4.CAR 5.ERA 6. WAGON
7. EDENS 8. MESSES 9. EASTER 13. LAS 14. UGH 15. ICE 16. OAT
21. ON 22. O.K. 24. OF 25. RIP 26. FRO 27. OPE 28. LO.

240.

241.

rR|o |B
rH|1 Ticar ie lalaheGo
Mp ir lo[ele |mary [|S (NA Tk
felu [Rit Plt [Die s|BINA|S|
Notes
Across: 15. REV. NONSENSE SONGS, PREFACE, ‘HE WEARETH A
RUNCIBLE HAT’. 19. RAND 23. HAMLET 11 166 25. LION 26. LOVE’S
LABOUR’S LOSTIV 1 79. 28. PEER 44 and 48. LAY ABOUT IT. 53. THE
TWO KEANS.
Down: 7 REV. & 5. MOTE 10. LION 18. BR.ROUND LEA 21. (MIND.S.,
DAL SEGNO 27. FRANCIS THOMPSON, MISTRESS OF VISION, XIII
36. TUT(OR) 41. D-YES 43. ANCIENT MARINER, II 45. REV.
CHICK-PEA, PEAHEN 50 & 47. I.E. POUCHED RAT.
164 Solutions

242.
Across: 1. NOMAD 4. PARKER 8. MALODOUR 9. OILED 11. SODIUM
12. CALENDS 13. ABSTRACT 14. TARRY 15. CHEROOTS
19. RENEGADE 22. GNOME 24. VILLAGER 27. EMBRACE 28. UNFELT
29. DIXIE 30. SECRETS 31. DANDLE 32. HERDS.
Down: 1. NABOB 2. MONITOR 3. DOGMA 4. PRACTISE 5. ROULETTE
6. KINEMA 7. RENDERED 8. MOSAIC 10. DUSTY 16. HANDMAID
17. OVERAWED 18. TRAVERSE 20. GRAFTER 21. EARTHS 22. GREED
23. MARGIN 25. LURCH 26. ELVES.

243.
Across: 1. CAULD 5. SCIRPUS 11. JARGONELLE 12. CHUPATTY
14. KIWI 15. STAMMEL 16. STALAG 18. LOBED 19. HOPLITE
24. ERRATIC 25. CHUTE 26. PARENT 28. RESPIRE 30. EDGE
31. ZEMINDAR 32. SCREENINGS 33. SPENDER 34. GOTHS.
Down: 1. COCKSHY 2. ACHITOPHEL 3. LARPILLI 4. DRAMA
6. COTTIER 7. INYALA 8. REAM 9. PLUMBITE 10. SEELD
13. WEEPING ASH 17. APLUSTRE 20. TERRENE 21. MARENGO
22. ICTERUS 23. SEIZED 25. CROSS 27. AWING 29. PEEN.

244.
Back: 1. NEEDY 2. HINDERS 3. LITERAL 4. PLAIN 6. GIVES
8. DILUTED 12. PLAYED 14. DIVIDE 15. ILLNESS 16. SWEET
17. POLAR 18.. FAILURE 22. .\CAREFUL 25. RAPID:
Up: 5. VERSE 7. TENSE 8. DEPTH 9. ADULTS 10. DISPLAY
11. LIGHTEN 13. VILLAIN 19. LORDS 20. FALSELY 21. REPEL
22. CREDIT 23. DOUBTED 24. PRIDE 25. REFUSED.

245.
Across: 1. ETRUSCAN 5. DESERT 9. RESPECTS 10. PIERCE
11. HINDLEGS 12. ARTIST 14. UNDERSIGNS 18. PERMISSION
22. RAGGED 23. NAMELESS 24. DETOUR 25. DISPERSE 26. CANTER
27. ANGRIEST.
Down: 1. EARTHY 2. RESENT 3. STEALS 4. ANTAGONIST
6. EDITRESS 7. EARNINGS 8. TREATISE 13. DECORATION
15. SPORADIC 16. BRIGHTEN 17. SINECURE 19. DEEPER 20. DECREE
21. ASSERT;

(a) Across: 1.CENTAUR 5. PICADOR 6. INSTEAD 7. ELAPSES

Down: 1.CAPSIZE 2.NICOSIA 3. ADDRESS 4. REREDOS
(b) Across: 1. COMMONS 5. OLIVIER 6. PERSIAN 7. RETINUE
Down: 1.CROPPER 2.MAIGRET 3. OPINION 4. STRANGE
 Solutions 165

248.

eles Presse
eeOgS ie
sis <)e|
EJ

iacacstalr
1%)

249.
A. Value B. Intent C. Ludo D. Loaf E. Earth F. Tees G. Teddy H. Eyes
J. Cuban K. Hosts L. Anthem M. Ragtime N. Lewd P. Organ Q. Thing
R. Trust S. Etch T. Brief U. Rash V. Outset W. Nigh X. Theft Y. Ether.
166 Solutions

Quotation: ‘These struggles with the natural character, the strong native
bent of the heart, may seem futile and fruitless but in the end they do
good.’
Villette, Charlotte Bronte.

250.
A. Twister B. Haddock C. Entrance D. Reveals E. Asking F. Infidel
G. Nowhere H. Bursting J. Oratory K. Whippet L. Dusty M. Hamper
N. Lawful P. Absinthe Q. Wealth R. Repair S. Ewes T. Norfolk U. Cow-
ard V. Espying.
Quotation: ‘In Autumn the partridges whirred up, birds in flocks blew
like spray across the fallow, rooks appeared on the grey watery heavens
and flew cawing into the winter.’
the Rainbow, D. H. Lawrence.

251.
1. Modest 2. Destroyer 3. Ermine 4. Neptune 5. Nevertheless 6. Essen-
tial 7. Altitude 8.Deluge 9.Geisha 10.Handicap 11. Capable
12. Leveret 13. Retriever 14. Verbatim 15.Immense 16. Semaphore
17. Oregon 18.Onerous 19. Usurper 20. Permafrost 21. Stipend
22. Endeavour 23. Urbane 24.Nectar 25. Artisan 26. Andiron
27. Onager 28. Erudite 29. Tempest 30. Stiletto 31. Toxin 32. Indigo
33. Goliath.

252.
 Solutions 167

QUICK THINKING

203s 2.

PAST tl 4s tosh

255. Give the fifth person the basket with the apple still in it.

206.4612 28 410°.

257. Inches in a mile (63,360 to about 52,000).

258. Seconds in a week (604,800 to 528,000).

259. 1 ton.

260. 250 centimetres.

261. They are both the same.

262. 666 days.

d) 666 millimetres.
e) One-fourteenth of a week.

263. He cannot average 60 miles per hour for the two laps —unless he
covers the second lap in no time at all!

264. 100. The fractions cancel out to leave one-tenth of 1000.

265. 8.

266. 8.

267. Push the cork into the bottle, then shake out the coin.
168 Solutions

268.

The diagram shows how it may be done.

209.

270. No. I would take your £2, say ‘I lose’, and give you £1. You would
have won the bet but lost £1.

271. A gets to the station first. B probably misses the train.

272. Four boys and three girls.

273. Thirty-five.

274. 504.

Zio7 2001000:

276. 14.7 times. (This is found by taking the sum of 1 + 6/5 + 6/4 + 6/3 +
6/2 + G1).

277. He stands the signpost up so that the arm indicating the place he
has come from is pointing in the correct direction. The other arms will
then point correctly too.

278. 190.

279. 66077
O60) ae GraaO:
 Solutions 169

280. (a) teepee (b) voodoo (c) assess (d) riffraff

281. (a) beekeeper (b) assessors.

MODERN MASTERS

282.
Humpty Dumpty’s mark in arithmetic was 10.
There were altogether seven Good Eggs who qualified, because the
number of marks necessary to qualify was 4 x 3 xX the number of sub-
jects, and at the same time twice as many as the number of Good Eggs
besides Humpty Dumpty, who qualified, multiplied by the number of
subjects.
There must have been at least five subjects, because the total number
of marks necessary to qualify was four times the maximum obtainable in
one subject and no marks were repeated in any one score.
In the case of five subjects, there are exactly seven ways to score:
COPS BO seed ee Ze
GOR Worle Siac Leta,
GOR Wb 1 lez Ss
6Or= abel el dea
GOR—sl be 14a eZee allOS 9
COFFS Samoa Zeetic
0) ae IS) ee I ae Ue)
In the case of more than five subjects, there are many more than
seven ways to score.
Humpty Dumpty’s mark in arithmetic, therefore, was 10.

283.
The two sides of the rectangle total 23 miles. Hence, ifm miles be one
side of the rectangle,
mir" 4)( 23 = ne 4) = 223 a)
So m is either 14 or 8.
The Governor had had in mind a rectangle 15 miles by 8 miles
(which is half the area ofarectangle 20 miles by 12 miles). The applicant
selected a rectangle 14 miles by 9 miles (which is half the area of a
rectangle 18 miles by 14 miles).
So the area in question was 126 square miles.

284.
The number of distinguishable dodecahedra is 96, subdivided thus, in
respect of colour distribution:
170 Solutions

Faces 12,0 2,
as a Z
ORZ, 6
9,3 10
8,4 24
od 28
(66 24
Total _
96

285.
The original scores of 6 points to each finalist must have come from 4
first, second and third placing each. When the three dishonest singers
reversed their order of marking, the 3 points and 1 point scored by the
honest singer were reversed, but his total remained at 6. The other three
finalists, however, when the marks were reversed, gained 2, lost 2, or
stayed the same, depending on whether they scored 1, 2 or 3 from the
honest singer. So the final scores were 8, 6, 6 and 4, and the honest singer
was tied second.

286.
If the first two notes are mmmmmm-mmmmmm, then it will settle down
and play mmmmmm for ever. If the first two notes are anything else, then
it soon settles into this rather over-simple tune:
ping-boing-ping-boing-ping-boing....

287.
The phrase, ‘it reads the same either way’ did not mean that it was
palindromic. It meant that it read the same upside down as the right way
up! It was in fact 263? which is 69169. This was the code number.

288.
Yes, it is. Suppose the three friends have run thirty times with these
results:
For the first ten days the order of finish is Timothy, Urban, Vincent.
For the next ten days it’s Urban, Vincent, Timothy.
For the last ten days it’s Vincent, Timothy, Urban.
Timothy finished before Urban twenty days out of thirty.
Urban finished before Vincent twenty days out of thirty.
Vincent finished before Timothy twenty days out of thirty.
 Solutions 171

289.
The last fact given means that no one married his son and daughter to the
son and daughter of the same friend.
Let us call the five friends by their initials.
‘Daughter-in-law of the father of A’s son-in-law’ means A’s daugh-
ter. ‘Son-in-law ofthe father of C’s daughter-in-law’ means C’s son. Then
A’s daughter is the sister-in-law of B’s son, which can only mean that her
brother (A’s son) married B’s daughter. Similarly, C married his daugh-
ter to D’s son.
Who is the husband of D’s daughter? He cannot be C’s or A’s son. Let
us suppose he is B’s son. Then C’s daughter’s mother-in-law is Mrs D,
while A’s son’s mother-in-law is Mrs B. So D’s daughter can’t have
married B’s son.
It follows that D’s daughter married E’s son. D’s daughter and B’s
son have a common mother-in-law: Mrs E.
Eugene’s daughter is married to Bernard’s son.

290.
At the start, one inch of the yellow pencil gets smeared with wet paint.
As the blue pencil is moved downward, a second inch of the blue
pencil’s length is smeared. After the next upward movement the second
inch of the blue pencil smears a second inch of the yellow pencil.
Each pair of down-up moves of the blue pencil smears one more
inch of each pencil. Five pairs of moves will smear five inches. This,
together with the initial inch, makes 6 inches for each pencil.
(Looking at his boots, Leonid Mikhailovich noticed that their entire
lengths were muddied where they usually rub each other while he
walks.
‘How puzzling,’ he thought. ‘I didn’t walk in any deep mud, yet my
boots are muddied up to the knees.’
Now you understand the origin of the puzzle.)

291.
He noticed that 74. = 1/3 + 4, so he cut 4 sheets into 12 thirds, and 3
sheets into 12 fourths. Each worker got one third and one fourth, or 7p.
For the other distributions, he used:
6 — Y, eta Y,

a adie ea)
Mag tg tg
2¢,, = 4, + 4, and so on.
292.
They poured the shot into the jug and then poured in water, which filled
all the spaces between the pellets. Now the water volume plus the shot
volume equalled the jar’s volume.
172 Solutions

Removing the shot from the jar, they measured the volume of water
remaining, and subtracted it from the volume of the jar.

293.
They will always reach the destination simultaneously, no matter where
the bicycle is left behind for the last time.

294.
If you place the point of a compass at the centre of a black square on a
chessboard with 2-inch squares, and extend the arms of the compass a
distance equal to the square root of 10 inches, the pencil will trace the
largest possible circle that touches only black squares.

295.
Several procedures have been devised by which n persons can divide a
cake in n pieces so that each is satisfied he has at least 1/n of the cake. The
following system has the merit of leaving no excess bits of cake.
Suppose there are five persons: A, B, C, D, E. A cuts off what he
regards as '/; of the cake and what he is content to keep as his share. B
now has the privilege, if he thinks A’s slice is more than 1, of reducing it
to what he thinks is '/, by cutting off a portion. Of course if he thinks it is
1; or less, he does not touch it. C, D and E in turn now have the same
privilege. The last person to touch the slice keeps it as his share. Anyone
who thinks that this person got less than 1 is naturally pleased because
it means, in his eyes, that more than */, remains. The remainder of the
cake, including any cut-off pieces, is now divided among the remaining
four persons in the same manner, then among three. The final division is
made by one person cutting and the other choosing. The procedure is
clearly applicable to any number of persons.

296.
The answer is that A’s chances of being pardoned are 4, and that C’s
chances are 2.
Regardless of who is pardoned, the governor can give A the name of
a man, other than A, who will die. The governor’s statement therefore
has no influence on A’s survival chances; they continue to be 4.
What about prisoner C? Since either A or C must die, their respec-
tive probabilities for survival must add up to 1. A’s chances to live are ¥;
therefore C’s chances must be 74. This can be confirmed by considering
the four possible elements in our sample space, and their respective
initial probabilities:
1. C is pardoned, governor names B (probability ¥)
2. B is pardoned, governor names C (probability 1)
3. A is pardoned, governor names B (probability \)
 Solutions 173

4. A is pardoned, governor names C (probability 4%)

In cases 3 and 4, A lives, making his survival chances 1. Only cases
1 and 3 apply when it becomes known that B will die. The chances that it
is case 1 are ¥3, or twice the chances (',) that it is case 3, so C’s survival
chances are two to one, or %.

297.
At nobody. Fire your pistol in the air, and you will have the best chance
of all three of the truellists. Certainly you don’t want to shoot at Black. If
you are unlucky enough to hit him, Blue will polish you off on the next
shot. Suppose you aim at Blue and hit him. Then Black will have first
shot against you and his overall probability of winning the duel will be
4,, yours 4%. Not too good. (You are invited to confirm Black’s winning
probability of % by summing the infinite geometric series: 74 +
(1/3) (24)(24) + (¥)(%)(¥)(%4)(24) . . .) But if you deliberately miss, you will
have the first shot against either Black or Blue on the next round. With
probability 24, Black will hit Blue, and you will have an overall winning
probability of 34. With % probability, Black will miss Blue, in which case
Blue will dispose of his stronger opponent, Black, and your overall
chance against Blue will be 1%.
Thus by shooting in the air, your probability of winning the truel is
25,,, (about 40%). Black’s probability is §, (about 38%), and poor Blue’s is
only % (about 22%).
Is there a lesson in this which might have application to the field of
international relations?

298.
Your strategy should be quite different from that best pursued in Twenty
Questions. One way to proceed is to start with the question ‘Is your
number bigger than 1?’ If you get a ‘yes’ response, your next question
will be ‘Is it bigger than 2?’ and so on up the line. In this manner, the first
‘no’ answer you receive will pinpoint your opponent’s number, which
you will promptly guess the next time you assume the role of questioner.
The only way your opponent can win, therefore, is to guess your
number on his first round of questions. His chance of doing so is 1 out of
100, so your advantage in this game, as first questioner is 99 to 1. As the
size of the range of numbers increases, the first player’s advantage
increases correspondingly.

299.
Let P be the probability of winning for the first player who spins. In one
out of six cases, he loses immediately. In the other five, the other player
will have the same probability P of winning. Thus P = % (1—P) and
P = 5,,. Now let N be the number of chambers remaining, assuming
174 Solutions

neither player has yet exercised the spin option. The chance of winning
is not better than (N—1)(1—P)/N if no spin is made, and this chance is
always less than %, except when N = 6, in which case it is equal to %1.
(Obviously spinning prior to the first shot does not affect the first
player’s odds, provided his opponent plans to spin on his turn.)
It follows that, after the first shot, it is always desirable to spin, and
that prior to the first shot it apparently makes no difference! For if you
elect not to spin and get a ‘click’, your opponent, who may not have
worked out the game, is liable not to spin either, in which case (provided
he also gets a ‘click’) you will spin prior to the third shot. By not spinning,
you offer him the opportunity of foolishly lowering his odds by 4 per
cent. Had you spun prior to the first shot, he would have had no oppor-
tunity of making a mistake, and would be compelled to adopt the best
strategy. So your best chance is obtained by not spinning prior to the first
shot, and spinning on all successive shots.
In the misére version, analysis is more difficult. Working backward,
on the fifth shot, spinning gives odds of 6/11 against 1/2 without spin-
ning. So spinning is superior at shot five. At shot four, spinning gives
odds of 6/11 against 1/3 + 2/3 x 5/11 or 7/11 without spinning, so that no
spinning is superior. At shot two, no spinning gives odds of 1/5 + (4/5 X
5/11) = 31/55, making no spinning the better percentage play. It follows
that the first player should deny his opponent the opportunity of elect-
ing not to spin and should spin prior to his first shot, giving himself
maximum odds of 6/11.

TOMORROW’S CLASSICS

300.
Apply 180-degree turns to each of the faces in the following sequence:
top, bottom, right, left, front, back.

301.
Apply 180-degree turns to the following faces: front, right, back, front,
right, back.

302.
Apply the following 90-degree turns: front clockwise, back anticlock-
wise, top clockwise, bottom anticlockwise, right clockwise, left anti-
clockwise, front clockwise, back anticlockwise.
 Solutions 175

303.
The answers are: 3784, 3159, 1395, 1827, 2187, 1435. The common factor
is that in each multiplication, the answer consists of the same digits as
the numbers being multiplied.

304.
The common factor is that each of the digits from 1 to 9 appears once and
only once in the answer and the numbers being multiplied.

305.
Each of the answers, looked at upside down, spells out a word.
(a) 3704 (hole) (b) 5710 (oils) (c) 5733 (eels) (d) 7105 (soil)
(e) 7714 (hill) (f) 7734 (hell) (g) 53751 (isles)
(h) 317537 (Leslie)

306.
(1) The car’s velocity steadily increases from zero at the start to maxi-
mum at the earth’s centre, and steadily decreases thereafter to zero at the
other end.
(2) The car’s acceleration is maximum at the start (32 feet per second per
second). It decreases as it approaches the earth’s centre, where it
becomes zero. After that it accelerates negatively until it reaches the
other end.
(3) Halfway down the tube, in a stationary car, you would weigh much
less than on the earth’s surface because of the gravitational pull of the
earth above you.
(4) You would be in free-fall throughout the entire trip, and therefore
always in a state of zero gravity.
(5) Thecar reaches a top speed at the earth’s centre of about 17,700 mph,
or almost 5 miles per second.
(6) Onthe moon acar falling through the moon’s centre would complete
the trip in about 53 minutes; on Mars, in about 49 minutes.
(7) Thestory is ‘When the Earth screamed’ by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. It
tells how Professor George Edward Challenger, the hero of Doyle’s novel
The Lost World, penetrates the earth’s ‘skin’, causing it to how! with
pain.

307.
(1) Rocket ships are in ‘free fall’ as soon as they leave the earth. From the
time the motors are turned off to the time they are used again for altering
course or braking, there is zero gravity inside a rocket ship.
(2) Cigars won't stay lit in zero gravity unless you constantly wave them
about. Gases produced by the burning of tobacco must be carried upward
by the buoyancy of air, in turn caused by gravity pulling air down.
176 Solutions

(3) Birds can’t fly on the moon because there is no air against which
their wings can push or support them when gliding.
(4) No air, no breezes, no rippling flags on the moon.
(5) Although in daytime the lunar sky is indeed dark, there is so much
reflected light from the moon’s surface that stars are not visible to
unaided eyes. They can be seen through binoculars.
(6) Even at night, stars on the moon never twinkle. Twinkling on earth is
caused by movements of the atmosphere.
(7) For stars to be visible inside the arms of a crescent earth they would
have to be between earth and the moon.
(8) The moon does rotate once during each revolution around the earth,
but since it always keeps its same face towards the earth, the earth does
not rise and set. From any given location on the earth side of the moon,
the earth remains fixed in the sky.
(9) Without air a boomerang can no more operate on the moon than a
bird can keep itself aloft.
(10) Twitchell couldn’t have heard the boomerang strike the boulder
because sound requires an atmosphere to transmit its waves to ahuman
ear.
(11) Before the first moon landing it was widely thought that objects
would be invisible in moon shadows. Actually, so much light is reflected
from the irregular lunar surface that this is not the case.
(12) Although the sun does rise and set on the moon, it takes it about 28
days to return to a former position. It could not have set as rapidly as the
narrative indicates.
(13) The terminator moves at about 10 miles per hour. This is slow
enough for a person to keep pace with its movement.
(14) Meteors leave glowing trails only when they are burned up by
friction of the earth’s atmosphere. On the atmosphereless moon, meteors
would not produce such trails.
(15) As in mistake 12, the sun could not have risen until some two
weeks after it set.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The author and publishers would like to thank the following people for
permission to reproduce material which is their copyright. They have
made every effort to trace copyright holders. If they have inadvertently
omitted to acknowledge anyone they would be most grateful if it could
be brought to their attention for correction at the first opportunity.

The Observer for nos 241 and 243 (crosswords by Torquemada and
Ximenes).
A. F. Ritchie for no 242 (crossword by Afrit).
Michael Curl for nos 191-3, 217, 220, 221, 223, 230, 236-7, 244-6,
249-51, 309-11.
Bantam Books Inc. for nos 247-8 from Fifty Great Crossword Puzzles 10,
© 1974.
Dover Publications, Inc. for nos 282-4 from My Best Puzzles in
Mathematics (© 1961) by Hubert Phillips; and for nos 285—7 from
Recreations in Logic (© 1979) by D. G. Wells.
Charles Scribner’s Sons and George Allen & Unwin Ltd for nos 288 and
290 from 100 Geometric Games (1976) and 100 Logic Games (1977)
by Pierre Berloquin, © 1973 Libraire Generale Francaise.
Charles Scribner’s Sons for nos 291—4 from The Moscow Puzzles by
Boris Kordemsky, © 1971, 1972.
Martin Gardner for nos 295—7 from More Mathematical Puzzles and
Diversions, published by Simon and Schuster Inc., © 1961.
William Heinemann Ltd for nos 298-300 from Your Move (Kaye and
Ward, © 1973) by David Silverman.
Penguin Books Ltd and Clarkson N. Potter Inc., for puzzles 307-8 from
Science Fiction Puzzle Tales by Martin Gardner, © 1981.
St Louis Post for no 238.
 i.
a to toma @nriee “pos
Sie ysbY
ee omar

~ ae ea eer Se

é Ss) “9

wht @i=aen
ray ma, .4t9 €
a
INDEX
(the numbers refer to the pages on which the puzzles may be found)

A Banker’s Order 22
ABCD 30 Bathing Beauties 55
A,E,I,0O,U 78 Behind the Scenes 110
A Certain Number 23 Behind the Brook 80
A Circular Railway 4 Boat Race 21
A Common Factor 121 Burning the Candle at Both
A Common Property 72 Ends 26
A Crossword by Afrit 89
A Crossword Clown 86 C
A Crossword by Luzzatto 96 Carnival Dice Game 7
A Crossword by Ximenes 91 Carousel 8
A Game of Cards 56 Casualties 5
‘Age Puzzle’ Program 124 Cigarette Boxes 40
A Jar of Lead Shot 113 Circuits 25
A Length of Cloth 3 Coaches 26
A Long Division 31 Codeword 104
Alphabetical Shifts 7 Coin Triangle 41
A Man & His Money 37 Confusibles 76
American Names 74 Consecutive Letters 76
Anagrams Plus C 73 Contrary Crossword 93
An Anagram Crossword 94 Cross-Check 119
An Enigma 81 Cross-Country 112
Another Common Factor 121 Gross’ Gut-1'33
Another Crossword by Cross Cut 2 33
Luzzatto 97 Crossings 66
A Powerful Number 24 Cryptic Acrostic 1 99
A Question of Age 28 Cryptic Acrostic 2 101
A Singular Trip 114 Curious Cube 62
A Spiral Walk 5 Curious Numbers 29
A Square with a Hole 47 Customs Duties 3
A Stick I Found 4
A Strange Island 35 D
A Triangular Question 36 December & May 22
A Walking Expedition 22 Demochares 2
A Way to Weigh 28 Dish of Potatoes 2
Dividing the Cake 115
B Dividing the Garden 37
Bag of Nuts 29 Division 21
180 Index

Dodecahedra 110 I
Do It Yourself 58 ‘Integer Product’ Program 125
Dots 120 Islands In The Sun 58
Double Letters 72
Double Meanings 71 J
Doublets 82 Jack Sprat 8
Down & Up 113
Dressmaker’s Problem 39 K
King Arthur’s Knights 53
E Knock Knock 87
Eight in a Row 41
Electronic Lullaby 111 L
Escalation 24 Large Segments Instead of
Exploring the Desert 11 Small 113
Leave Three Triangles 43
Letter Transplants 71
F
Lewis Carroll’s Symbolic
Ferry Boats 27
Logic 59
Find the States 84
Life Spans 25
Find a Square 29
Linkwords 75
Find Three Numbers 21
Loading a Cart 26
Find Two Numbers 27
Five Friends 112
M
Five Lines 46
Mary’s Age 54
Five Rows 42
Match Spiral 44
Five Sacks 5
Measuring Sticks 26
Five Shapes 63
Mistaking the Hands 11
Folding a Hexagon 34
Modified Russian Roulette 117
Folding Triangle 34
Mr Gubbins in a Fog 12
Four Dresses 24
Mrs Wiggs’ Cabbages 9
Four & Fives 25
Four Primes 30
N
Nine Rows 42
G Nine to One 28
Gamblers 24 Not Red Jam 31
Going Home 25
Good Eggs 109 O
Groceries 23 Oona
One to Nine 28
H One Question 53
Headliner 78
Helpuselph 110 P
Hidden Significance 121 Paintings by Numbers 22
Horizontals 64 Pairs of Weights 24
 Index 181

Palindromes 71 Ten Squares 45

Palindromic Pairs 27 Texas Drovers 7
Pandigital Fractions 29 The Alphabet 87
Pentomino Puzzles 47 The Bell Rope 37
Pentomino Triplication 47 The Captive Queen 6
Pocket Money 21 The Carpet-Fitter’s Problem 38
Presidential 31 The Circle on the Chessboard 114
The Crescent Puzzle 35
Q The Cretan Labyrinth 64
Quartering a Circle 37 The Eight Engines 54
Qveen Victoria’s Acrostic 81 The Fifteen Orchards 13
Quick Deal 9 The Garden Path 36
The Governor of Kgovjni 4
R The Graces & Muses 2
‘Rectangle Puzzle’ Program 125 The Greek Cross 50
Rhyme Time 73 The House of Pythagoras 1
Rifle Practice 80 The Hungry Hunter 2
Rope 23 The Joiner’s Problem 39
The Labourer’s Puzzle 12
S The Ladder 36
Sam Loyd’s Boxes 10 The Latin Cross 50
Scarves 5 The Leaning Tower of Piza 8
Scrabble 31 The Leap-year Ladies 11
Send More Money 30 The Merchant 3
Seven-Coin Rounders 41 The Missing Dollar 53
Seven Lines 33 The Monkey & the Pulley 5
Shunt 54 The Mule & the Donkey 1
Single-Word Anagrams 79 The Original Crossword 85
Six Rectangle 45 The Philadelphia Maze 66
Six Square 45 The Potato Puzzle 38
sixty 31 The Railway Station Clock 12
Spiralword 103 The Shy Storekeeper 8
Splitting a Horseshoe 38 The Side of a Square 35
Star-Maker 40 The Six Sided Field 35
Star Trek 42 The Somerton Maze 65
State of the Pole 23 The Spot on the Table 13
Strange Multiplication 29 The Square 57
Strange Squares 22 The Statue cf Pallas 1
Stripes 120 The Stenographer’s Salary 6
The Triangle 51
T The Triple ‘A’ Club 56
Take Four Girls 56 The Truel 116
Tangram Digits 69 The Value of a Clock 3
Tangram Teasers 68 Three Lines 62
182 Index

Three Prisoners 115 Typewriter Words 77

Three Riddles 73
Three Rectangles 45 U
365 26 Up Hill & Down Hill 4
Three Sons 5
Trick Donkeys 67 V
Trigger Happy 111 Vacation on the Moon 122
Triple Word Squares 72
Tube Through the Earth 122 WwW
Twelve Matches 43 Weight Lifters 55
Twelve Rows 42 What is the Number? 24
Twenty-One Rows 42 Wine & Water 27
Two Circles 63 Word Patterns 77
Two Double Riddles 74 Words of Note 72
Two Lines 62
Two Miniature Crosswords 95 Y
Two Tangram Gentlemen 70 Yes or No? 116
 i + ae
a Un 5 Fi 7. 2
fr thats:
-. = = .
> ;
a
P Ps
7: 7
sete 0 |
ad ;
= 7 - 7]
,
:
os
aie ‘i
! .

niet
me
ee

eee
a
oa
e/a
i
—
Gyles Brandreth is recognised as one of the
world’s leading authorities on puzzles and
games of every kind. He is the founder of the
National Scrabble Championships, a former
European Monopoly Champion and an avid
collector of brainteasers and mindbenders,
both ancient and modern, from all over the
world. Aregular presenter with TV-AM, he
has also appeared on other television
programmes, including ‘Babble; ‘Tell the
Truth; ‘Countdown, and ‘The Railway
Carriage Game’ He is the Editor of the
children’s puzzle magazine, Crack /t!,and
author of many books including Everyman’s
Indoor Games, Everyman's Book of
Children’s Games, and Everyman's Book of
Solo Games. He is married, with three
children, and lives in London.

J.M. Dent & Sons Ltd

33 Welbeck Street, London W1M 8LX
Printed in Great Britain
©1985 Jacket design by ].M.Dent & Sons Ltd
0 460 04676 4
 Amanand his wife 1at-Yo Gdavq=\-Meol vi(ohd-vetem(o)abammsi-ven-vace@\/Cbarad Mat-
difference between the parents’ages wasthesameasbetween | |
So)avau-bate@s{-yau-baleW ol-jayiq\-ya@sioyan-baloW\yf-Varad Wale: le(-iho) m(o)avae-baleM siya
multiplied together, equalled the age of the father, and the ages of
Ben and Mary multiplied together equalled the age of the mother.
The combined ages of the family amounted to ninety years.

What was the Fo (-Me) &<x-

(ol1 ol=)acroyaig

What is the value of one-half of two-thirds of three-quarters of four-

fifths of five-sixths of six-sevenths of seven-eighths of eight-ninths
- ofnine-tenths of 1000?

‘Find the answers inside...

tl
I|
AMM
p-d©
|
INN
|
“ZSKi
IMM
619
AMM