fo"k;&lwph

 ijh{kk ls lEcfU/kr egRoiw.kZ lwpuk vii

 HSSSC CET ds fiNys o"kZ ds gy iz'u&i= dk fo'ys"k.k pkVZ ix
 HSSSC CET ds fiNys o"kZ ds gy iz'u&i= dk ikB~;Øe xii

UNIT-I : lkekU; Kku 1-100

1. izkphu Hkkjr dk bfrgkl 1-7
2. e/;dkyhu Hkkjr dk bfrgkl 8-13
3. vk/kqfud Hkkjr dk bfrgkl 14-24
4. Hkkjrh; dyk ,oa laLÏfr 25-27
5. Hkkjr dk Hkwxksy 28-40
6. Hkkjrh; lafo/kku 41-59
7. Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk 60-72
8. fofo/k 73-100

UNIT-II : dEI;wVj 1-29

UNIT-III : gfj;k.kk lkekU; Kku 1-64

UNIT-IV : lkekU; rkfdZd ;ksX;rk 1-56

1. Ük`a[kyk ijh{k.k 1–3
2. vaxzsth o.kZekyk ijh{k.k 4–6
3. jDr lEcU/k 7–9
4. dksfMax&fMdksfMax 10–14
5. fn'kk ijh{k.k 15–18
6. leL;k dks lqy>kuk 19–24
7. Øe O;oLFkk ijh{k.k 25–27
8. buiqV&vkmViqV 28–32
9. U;k; laxr 33–36
10. rkfdZd rdZ'kfDr 37–48
11. vk¡dM+ksa dh i;kZIrrk 49–52
12. xf.krh; ;ksX;rk ijh{k.k 53–56

UNIT-V : lkekU; xf.kr 57-126

1. la[;k i¼fr 57–59
2. y-l-i- ,oa e-l-i- 60–62
3. oxZ ,oa oxZewy 63–65
( iii )
 4. ?kkrkad ,oa dj.kh 66–68
5. fHkUu ,oa n'keyo la[;k,¡ 69–71
6. ljyhdj.k 72–73
7. vkSlr 74–76
8. vuqikr ,oa lekuqikr 77–79
9. vk;q lEcU/kh iz'u 80–81
10. izfr'krrk 82–84
11. ykHk&gkfu ,oa cêk 85–87
12. lk>snkjh 88–90
13. lk/kkj.k C;kt 91–92
14. pØo`f¼ C;kt 93–95
15. le; vkSj dk;Z 96–98
16. le;] pky ,oa nwjh 99–101
17. {ks=fefr 102–106
18. T;kfefr 107–111
19. f=dks.kfefr 112–116
20. lehdj.k 117–120
21. chtxf.kr 121–123
22. Øep;⪅ rFkk izkf;drk 124–126

UNIT-VI : lkekU; foKku 127-216

1. HkkSfrd foKku 127–156
2. jlk;u foKku 157–182
3. tho foKku 183–216

UNIT-VII : lkekU; fganh 217-268

1. o.kZ fopkj 217–219
2. 'kCn&fopkj % rRle&rn~Hko] ns'kt&fons'kt 'kCn vkfn 220–221
3. orZuh 222–223
4. laf/k 224–230
5. lekl 231–234
6. fyax ,oa dkjd 235–237
7. milxZ&izR;; 238–241

( iv )
 8. leJqr 'kCn 242–243
9. i;kZ;okph 'kCn 244–246
10. foykse 'kCn 247–248
11. okD;ka'kksa ds fy, ,d 'kCn 249–250
12. eqgkojs ,oa yksdksfDr;k¡ 251–252
13. okD;xr v'kqf¼;k¡ 253–255
14. fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ 256
15. vyadkj] jl ,oa NUn 257-265
16. fofo/k 266-268

UNIT-VIII : General English 269-330

1. Articles 269–274
2. Pronoun 275–278
3. Adjective and Interchange of Degrees 279–282
4. Adverb 283–284
5. Preposition 285–288
6. Conjunction 289–290
7. Correct form of Verb 291–293
8. Modals Auxiliaries 294–295
9. Subject Verb Agreement 296–298
10. Word Formation and Sentence Structure 299–302
11. Punctuation 303–306
12. Active and Passive 307–312
13. Narration 313–317
14. Vocabulary : Antonyms, Synonyms, One Word Substitution, Idioms and Phrases and Spellings 318–328
15. Rearrangement of Jumbled Sentences 329–330

izSfDVl lsV 1-11

 izSfDVl lsV-1 1-11

lkWYOM isij 1-15

 gfj;k.k CET (xqzi C o D ds inksa gsrq) p;u ijh{kk] 06-11-2022 (izFke ikyh) 1-15

(v)
 ifjf'k"B 1-15

lkekU; rkfdZd ;ksX;rk

1. lkn`';rk ijh{k.k 1–4
2. oxhZdj.k 5–7
3. vkSicfU/kr la[;k] v{kj rFkk izrhd Kkr djuk 8–10

lkekU; xf.kr
1. feJ.k 1–6
2. vuqØe rFkk Jsf<+;k¡ 7–10

lkekU; fganh
1. okD; % vax Hksn jpuk ,oa inca/k 1–5

General English
1. Reading Comprehension 1–6
2. Sentence Improvement 7–8
3. Common Errors 9–10

( vi )
 Unit-I : lkekU; Kku
v/;k; çkphu Hkkjr dk bfrgkl
1 (Ancient Indian History)
1. flUèkq ?kkVh lH;rk (2350 bZ- iw-&1750 bZ- iw-) l yksFky if'peh ,f'k;k vkSj vÝhdk ds lkFk O;kikj dk izeq[k dsUæ
(Indus Valley Civilization) FkkA
l flU/kq ?kkVh lH;rk ds yksx 'kkdkgkjh o ek¡lkgkjh nksuksa FksA
l flU/kq lH;rk fo'o dh izkphure lH;rk Fkh ftldk foLrkj yxHkx
13 yk[k oxZ fdeh- esa FkkA ftldk vfUre iwohZ fcUnq vkyxhj iqj
gM+Iikdkyhu LFky
(Harrapan Sites)
esjB] vfUre if'peh fcUnq lqRduk Mksj cywfpLrku] vfUre mÙkjh
fcUnq ek.Mk tEew&d'ehj rFkk vfUre nf{k.kh fcUnq nk;ekckn izeq[k LFky mR[kuudrkZ o"kZ orZeku fLFkfr
egkjk"Vª FksA gM+Iik Jh n;kjke lkguh 1921 ikfdLrku ds iatkc
l gM+Iik lH;rk fo'o dh izkphu unh&?kkVh lH;rkvksa esa ls ,d izeq[k izkUr esa
lH;rk gS] tks eq[; :i ls nf{k.k ,f'k;k ds mÙkj&if'peh {ks=ksa esa 1922
eksgutksnM+ks jk[kkynkl cuthZ ikfdLrku ds flU/k
QSyh gSA bldh loZekU; frfFk dkcZu MsfVax i¼fr }kjk 2300-1750
izkUr esa
bZ-iw- ekuh xbZ gSA bl ifjiDo gM+IikbZ lH;rk rFkk fla/kq ?kkVh lH;rk
ds vf/kdrj LFky ?kXxj&gdjk unh (ljLorh) ds (vkæZ) ry ds lqRdkxsaMksj vkWjy LVkbu 1927 cywfpLrku
lkFk&lkFk ik;s tkrs gSaA 1962
lqrdkdksg tkWtZ osYl cywfpLrku
l flU/kq lH;rk ds lcls egRoiw.kZ LFkkuksa esa gM+Iik] eksgutksnM+ks] 1962
ckykdksV tkWtZ osYl cywfpLrku
yksFky] dkyhcaxk 'kkfey FksA ns'k ds foHkktu ds le; vf/kdka'k
vejh ts. ,e. dtkd 1959-61 flU/k
LFky ikfdLrku esa pys x;sA
l yksFky] dkyhcaxk] jksiM+] Hkxokuiqjk] cukoyh] jaxiqj] /kksykohjk yksFky ,l. ,e. ryokj] 1953-56 vgenkckn (xqtjkr)
izeq[k LFky gS tks orZeku esa Hkkjr esa fLFkr gSA ,l- vkj- jko
l flU/kq lekt mfpr lerkoknh FkkA ;gk¡ ds lqfu;ksftr uxjksa ds Hkou dkyhcaxk ch. ch. yky ,oa oh. 1961 xaxkuxj (jktLFkku)
iDdh b±Vksa ls cus Fks RkFkk lM+dsa ledks.k ij dkVrh FkhaA bl lH;rk ds. Fkkij
ds yksxksa dks yksgs dk Kku ugha FkkA ;g lekt ekr` iz/kku Fkk rFkk cuokyh jfoUæ flag fo"V 1973-74 fglkj (gfj;k.kk)
ekr`nsoh dh iwtk Hkh dh tkrh FkhA ;ksfu iwtk] i'kqifr iwtk ds Hkh dksVnhth Qty vgen [kk¡ 1955-57 flU/k izkar (ikfdLrku)
izek.k feys gSaA budk O;olk; i'kqikyu Hkh FkkA nslyiqj ih. ih. ik.Ms; vkSj µ Hkqt ftyk (xqtjkr)
l lH;rk dh fyfi dks loZizFke i<+us dk iz;kl 1954 esa gaVj egksn; us ,e. ,. <kds
fd;k FkkA bl fyfi dks ^^xksewf=dk 'kSyh** ;k ckL=ksQsnu dgk tkrk lqjdksVnk txifr tks'kh 1964 dPN (xqtjkr)
gSA ;g fyfi ewy :i ls Hkko fp=kRed FkhA jaxiqj ek/koLo:i oRl 1931 vgenkckn (xqtjkr)
l flU/kq ds yksx dikl dk mRiknu djus okys igys O;fDr FksA bl jk[khx<+h lwjt Hkku 1969 fglkj (gfj;k.kk)
lH;rk esa yksx ?kksM+s ls ifjfpr FksA ;gk¡ ?kksM+s dh vfLFk;ksa ds vo'ks"k pUgwnM+ks xksiky etwenkj o 1931 fla/k (ikfdLrku)
lqjdksVnk (xqtjkr) ls izkIr gq, gSaA gM+Iikdkyhu yksxksa }kjk loZizFke vusZLV eSds
iz;ksx gksus okyk vukt tkS FkkA gM+Iikdkyhu /kkSykohj (xqtjkr) ,slk
uxj ;k tks rhu Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr FkkA 2. oSfnd lH;rk ,oa laLÏfr
flU/kq ?kkVh lH;rk esa lwrh oL= ds vo'ks"k eksgutksnM+ks ls izkIr gq, gSAa (Vedic Civilization & Culture)
l yksFky vkSj dkyhcaxk ls ;Kosfn;k¡ (goudqUM) izkIr gq, gSaA
oSfnd lH;rkµgM+Iik lH;rk ds iru ds ckn Hkkjr esa ,d ubZ lH;rk
l dkyhcaxk ls tqrs gq, [ksr ds izek.k izkIr gq, gSaA
l yksFky vkSj jaxiqj ls pkoy dh Hkwlh ;k pkoy ds izek.k izkIr gq, gSaA dk fodkl gqvk] ftls oSfnd lH;rk dk uke fn;k x;kA budh tkudkjh
l dkyhcaxk ls vyaÏr b±Vsa izkIr gqbZ gSaA gesa osnksa ls izkIr gksrh gSA ;g lH;rk Hkh gM+IIkk lH;rk ds {ks= esa gh tUeh
l dkyhcaxk ,dek= LFky gS tgk¡ edku dPph b±Vksa ds cus gq, FksA vkSj èkhjs&/khjs xaxk&;equk ds eSnkuksa esa fodflr gksrh pyh xbZA
l gM+Iik ls fo'ks"k izdkj ds dczxkg R.37 o ekm.M&AB izkIr gq, gSaA oSfnd lH;rk ds yksxksa us nsoh&nsorkvksa ds lEeku esa ½pkvksa dk fuekZ.k
l gM+Iik lH;rk dk fiz; i'kq ,dJ`axh cSy] fiz; i{kh Qk[rk (lQsn fd;kA bu ½pkvksa dk ladyu pkj osnksa (½Xosn] lkeosn] ;tqosZn vkSj
dcwrj) fiz; o`{k ihiy vkSj lokZf/kd egRoiw.kZ nsork #æ (f'ko) FksA vFkoZosn) esa fd;kA oSfnd lH;rk ds yksx vk;Z dgykrs FksA
l gMIik lH;rk ds yksx izÏfr iwtd Fks] eksgutksnM+ks ls L=h xHkZ ls oSfnd lH;rk ds yksx izkjEHk esa ?kqeDdM+ thou O;rhr djrs Fks] ijUrq
fudyrk ikS/kk vksj dkaL; urZdh dh izfrek izkIr gksrh gSA ckn esa ;s yksx cfLr;ksa esa clus yxs FksA vk;Z lekt fir`lÙkkRed gksus ds
lkekU; Kku | 1
ckn Hkh ;gk¡ fL=;ksa dk lEeku vkSj vknj fd;k tkrk FkkA (ii) lkeosnµblesas 1549 ½pk;sa gSaA bldk lEcU/k laxhr ls gSA
oSfnd laLÏfrµpkjksa osnksa ;Fkk ½Xosn] ;tqosZn] lkeosn rFkk vFkoZosn esa blds iqjksfgr ^^mn~xkrk** dgykrs gSaA
of.kZr laLo`Gfr dks oSfnd laLo`Gfr dgk tkrk gSA oSfnd laLo`Gfr ds iz.ksrk (iii) ;tqosZnµbldk lEcU/k ;Kksa ls gSA blds nks Hkkx gSaµÏ".k
^vk;Z* FksA oSfnd laLo`Gfr dks fuEufyf[kr Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr fd;k tkrk ;tqosZn rFkk 'kqDy ;tqosZnA blds iqjksfgr ^v/o;qZ* dgykrs gSaA
gSµ (iv) vFkoZosnµ;g tknw&Vksuk ra=&ea= ls lEcfU/kr gSA
l ½XoSfnd dky (1500 bZ. iw. ls 1000 bZ. iw. rd) oSfnd ;KµoSfnd ;K nks izdkj ds Fks os tks x`gLFk }kjk fd, tkrs
l ½Xosn dky esa LFkkuh; Lo'kklu dh rhu bdkbZ;k¡ Fkhµfo/kkrk] lHkk Fks vkSj nwljs os ftuds fy, deZdk.M ds fo'ks"kKksa dh vko';drk
o lfefrA fo/kkrk /kkfeZd o lsuk okys] dke] lHkk&U;kf;d dke o gksrh gSA
lfefr jktuhfrd dk;Z djrh FkhA II. czkã.k (Brahmins)
l mÙkj oSfnd dky (1000 bZ. iw. ls 600 bZ. iw. rd)
;s x| esa jph xbZ fVIif.k;k¡ gSa] tks lafgrk ds ea=ksa dh mRifÙk vkSj vFkZ
l oSfnd lH;rk ljLorh unh ds fdukjs Qyh&Qwyh FkhA ½Xosn esa bl unh
Li"V djrh gSaA ;s fuEu gSaµ
dks unhrek (ifo= unh) dgk x;k gSA ½Xosn ds pkSFks e.My dks NksMd
+ j
½Xosnµ,srjs; rFkk dkS'khrdh
ljLorh unh dk lHkh e.Myksa esa dbZ ckj mYys[k fd;k x;k gSA
lkeosnµiapfo'k "kM~fo'k] tSfeuh; rFkk NkanksX;
l vk;ks± ds fuokl {ks= dks lIr lSU/ko izns'k dgk x;k gSA lIr flU/kq
;k lSa/ko esa izeq[k lkr ufn;k¡ flU/kq] ljLorh] lryqt] O;kl] jkoh] ;tqosZnµ'kriFk rFkk rSÙkhjh;
>sye rFkk fpukc gSaA vFkoZosnµxksiFk
l oSfnd dky esa vk;ks± dh vkfFkZd fLFkfr dk ewyk/kkj i'kq/ku ^^xk;** III. vkj.;d (Aranyaks)
eqæk dh Hkk¡fr le>h tkrh FkhA gj czkã.k dk nk'kZfud Hkkx] taxyksa esa jgus okys rifLo;ksa ds
l ½XoSfnd dky dk lcls egRoiw.kZ nsork bUæ FkkA nwljk egRoiw.kZ
ekxZn'kZu gsrq lax`ghr gSA
nsork vfXu FkkA ftls gqrk'ou ;k oS'okuj dgk tkrk FkkA IV. mifu"kn~ ;k osnkar (Upnishads & Vedanta)
l ½XoSfnd dky dh lcls ifo= unh flU/kq Fkh nwljk LFkku ljLorh gj czkã.k ds vUr esa ;g izLrqr gSA ;g vk;ks± ds izkphu xazFkksa esas
dk Fkk bl le; ½Xosn esa xaxk dk mYys[k ,d ckj vkSj ;equk dk fufgr vkè;kfRed fl¼kUrksa dk fupksM+ gSA yxHkx 108 mifu"kn~
mYys[k rhu ckj gqvk gSA miyCèk gSaA
l ½XoSfnd dky esa tkfr izFkk ugha FkhA mifu"kn~ Kku ds fl¼kUr ij cy nsrk gSA
l ½Xosn ds nlosa e.My ds iq#"klwDr esa igyh ckj tkfr O;oLFkk dk
fgUnw /keZ ds vuqlkj] euq lalkj dk izFke iq#"k Fkk ftUgksaus oSfnd
dky esa o.kZ O;oLFkk dk izfriknu fd;k FkkA
mYys[k gqvk gS] ijUrq bl le; rd tkrh; tfVyrk ugha FkhA
l vk;ks± dk fiz; i'kq ?kksM+k FkkA 4. èkkfeZd vkUnksyu
l vFkoZosn esa Ïf"k lEcU/kh fØ;kvksa dk mYys[k gqvk gSA (Religious Movements)
l vFkoZosn dks ykSfdd lkfgR; dh igyh jpuk ekuk tkrk gSA
czkã.kokn ds fo#¼ izfrfØ;k ds :i esa NBh 'krkCnh bZ- iw- nks lEiznk;ksa dk
l fpfdRlk] tknw Vksuk] f'kYi vkfn fØ;kvksa dk mYys[k vFkoZosn esa mn; gqvkA
gqvk gSA ;FkkµtSu /keZ rFkk ckS¼ /keZA
3. oSfnd lkfgR; I. tSu èkeZ (Jainism)
(Vedic Literature) tSu /keZ dh LFkkiuk ½"kHknso us dh tks tSu/keZ ds izFke rhFk±dj ekus
tkrs gSaA tSuèkeZ dh LFkkiuk dk okLrfod Js; 24osa rhFk±dj oèkZeku
oSfnd lH;rk ljLorh unh ds rV ij fodflr gqbZA
egkohj dks tkrk gSA
osn 'kCn ^fon* ls cuk gS] ftldk vFkZ Kku vFkok cqf¼eÙkk ls gksrk gSA
l 24osa o vafre rhFk±dj egkohj Lokeh dk tUe oS'kkyh ds fudV
bUgsa ^^Jqfr** Hkh dgk tkrk gSA osn 04 izdkj ds gSa—
dq.Mxzke (okfTtla?k dk x.krU=) esa 540 bZ. iw. esa gqvk FkkA buds
(i) ½Xosn] (ii) lkeosn] (iii) ;tqosZn rFkk (iv) vFkoZosnA cpiu dk uke o/kZeku FkkA
½Xosn] lkeosn rFkk ;tqosZn dks ^^osnk=;h** dgrs gSaA l egkohj Lokeh ds firk fl¼kFkZ rFkk ekrk f='kyk] tks fyfPNoh
I. osn ;k ea= laxzg (Vedas or Collection of Hymns) ds jktk psVd dh cgu FkhaA
osnksa ds ladyudÙkkZ egf"kZ Ï".k }Sik;u osn O;kl gSaA l egkohj Lokeh dk fookg ;'kksnk ds lkFk gqvk FkkA budh iq=h dk

(i) ½Xosnµ;g izkphure osn gS RkFkk blesa 1028 lwDr rFkk 10 uke vuksTtk (fiz;n'kZuk) rFkk nkekn dk uke tekfy FkkA
eaMy gSaA nlosa eaMy esa gh iq#"k lwDr gS ftlesa pkjksa o.kks± l egkohj Lokeh dks 12 o"kZ dh xgu riL;k ds ckn tqfEHkdxzke ds

(czkã.k] {kf=;] oS';] 'kwæ) dk mYys[k gSA lehi ½tqikfydk unh ds rV ij lky o`{k ds uhps lokZsPp Kku
(dSoY;) dh izkfIr gqbZA blh le; egkohj Lokeh tSu (fotsrk)]
xk;=h ea= ½Xosn ds rhljs e.My ls fy;k x;k gS tks lkfo=h
vgZr (iwT;) rFkk fuxZUèk (caèkughu) dgyk,A
dks lefiZr gSA
2 |
 l tSu èkeZ ds 23osa rhFk±dj ik'oZukFk }kjk izfrikfnr pkj gSA ^izKkikjferk lw=* budh izeq[k jpuk gS] ftlesa ^ek/;fedk
egkozrµlR;] vfgalk] vifjxzg rFkk vLrs; esa egkohj Lokeh n'kZu* dk fooj.k gSA xkSre cq¼ dh ek¡ nsong jkT; ds 'kkld
us ik¡pok¡ czãp;Z tksM+kA ifjokj ls tks vc mÙkj izns'k ds egkjktxat esa gSaA
l tSu èkeZ nks iaFkksa esa c¡Vkµ'osrkEcj ('osr oL= èkkj.k djus okys)] mudh f'k{kk,¡] ftUgsa ckS¼ èkeZ dgk tkrk gS] pkj vk;Z lR;ksa ij
fnxEcj (uXu jgus okys)A vkèkkfjr gSaµ
l yxHkx 72 o"kZ dh vk;q esa 468 bZ. iw. esa egkohj Lokeh dh jktx`g nq%[k % lalkj esa nq%[k gSA
ds lehi ikokiqjh (jktxhj) esa e`R;q gks xbZA
nq%[k leqnk; % nq%[k ds dkj.k gSa
l tSu èkeZ ds f=jRu gSaµlE;o~G n'kZu] lE;o~G Kku] lE;o~G
fujks/k % nq%[k dk fuokj.k gks ldrk gS
vkpj.kA
ekxZ % blds fuokj.k ds fy, v"Vkafxd ekxZ gSA
l tSu èkeZ dks jk"VªdwV dk laj{k.k izkIr FkkA
l nq%[kksa dk vfLrRo gSA
tSu lHkk,¡
(Jain Councils) l nq%[k bPNkvksa ls mRiUu gksrk gS rFkk vèkwjh bPNk,¡ iqutZUe dks
izo`Ùk djrh gSaA
tSulHkk o"kZ 'kkld v/;{k l tc bPNk,¡ nwj gks tkrh gSa rks iqutZUe ugha ysuk iM+rk gS] ;gh
izFke (ikVfyiq=) 300 bZ- iw- paæxqIr ekS;Z LFkwy Hknzckgq fuokZ.k gS rFkk
f}rh; (cYyHkh) 512 bZ- /kzqolsu nsok¼Z {kekJo.k l bPNkvksa dks fopkj] O;ogkj vkSj ok.kh esa 'kq¼rk ykdj] v"VekxZ
xqtjkr ij pydj thrk tk ldrk gSA
ckS¼ laxhfr;k¡
II. ckS¼ èkeZ (Buddhism) (Buddhist Councils)
xkSre cq¼ dks ckS¼ èkeZ dk izorZd ekuk tkrk gSA ;s egkohj ds
ledkyhu FksA Kku izkIr djus ds ckn bUgsa cq¼ dgk tkus yxk FkkA ckS¼
LFkku o"kZ 'kkld v/;{k
l cq¼ dk vFkZ Kku izkfIr gksrk gSA
laxhfr
l mUgksu a s lkalkfjd nq%[kksa ls eqfDr ikus ds fy, 29osa o"kZ esa x`g R;kx izFke lIri.khZ xqQk 483 bZ- iw- vtkr'k=q egdL;i
fd;kA bl ?kVuk dks ckS¼ xzFa kksa esa egkfHkfu"Øe.k dgk x;k gSA (jktx`g)
l dbZ o"kks± dh riL;k ds ckn 35 o"kZ dh vk;q esa ,d fnu cks/kx;k f}rh; oS'kkyh 383 bZ- iw- dkyk'kksd lcdkeh
(m:osyk) ds fudV ,d ihiy ds o`{k ds uhps mUgsa Kku dk cksèk r`rh; ikVfyiq= 250 bZ- iw- v'kksd eksxfyiq= frLl
gqvk vkSj rc ls cq¼ gks x;sA
l mUgksu a s viuk izFke mins'k lkjukFk (½f"kiru) esa fn;kA ckS¼ prqFkZ dq.Myou 72 bZ- dfu"d olqfe= (v/;{k)
ijEijk esa bls èkeZpØizorZu ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA (d'ehj) v'o?kks"k (mik/;{k)
xkSre cq¼ }kjk vius /keZ esa nhf{kr fd;k tkus okyk vfUre O;fDr
lqHkn~nk FkkA 5. laxe ;qx
l fcgkj esa fLFkr izfl¼ ckS¼ LFky cks/kx;k] fujatuk unh ds rV
(Sangam Age)
ij fLFkr gSA bls QkYxq unh Hkh dgk tkrk gSA nf{k.k Hkkjr esa yxHkx rhu lkS bZlk iwoZ ls rhu lkS bZLoh ds chp dh vof/k
l egk;ku orZeku esa ckS¼ /keZ dh nks izeq[k 'kk[kkvksa esa ls ,d gS] dks laxe dky ;k laxe ;qx ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA bl ;qx dh vof/k
ftldk vkjEHk igyh 'krkCnh ds vkl&ikl ekuk tkrk gSA ;s igyh 'krkCnh ls nwljh 'krkCnh ds chp FkhA
egkRek cq¼ dh nsorqY; mikluk djrs FksA bl 'kk[kk ds vUrxZr lqnwj nf{k.k ds laxe ;qx dh tkudkjh dk izeq[k lzksr laxe lkfgR; gSA
cq¼ dh igyh ewfrZ cuh rFkk cq¼ dh ewfrZiwtk ;gha ls 'kq: gqbZ laxe lkfgR; esa gesa rhu izeq[k jkT;ksaµik.M~;] pksy rFkk psjksa ds fo"k; esa
FkhA tkudkjh feyrh gSA bZ. dh izFke 'krkCnh ls rhljh 'krkCnh bZ. iw. ds eè;
l egk;ku] ghu;ku] LFkfoj egklaf/kd otz;ku ;s lHkh ckS¼ /keZ rd ^laxe ;qx* dk le; ekuk tkrk gSA
lEiznk; ;k 'kk[kk,¡ gSaA I. laxe lkfgR; (Sangam Literature)
l xkSre cq¼ us viuk izFke mins'k lkjukFk esa vkSj lokZf/kd rfey Hkk"kk esa miyCèk izkphure lkfgR; ^laxe& lkfgR;* gS] tks rhu
mins'k JkoLrh esa fn;k FkkA laxeksa ds mijkUr rS;kj fd;k x;k FkkA ;s laxe ik.M~; 'kkldksa ds
l xkSre cq¼ us vius mins'k ikyh Hkk"kk vkSj czkãhfyfi esa fn;s FksA laj{k.k esa gqvk FkkA
l egk;ku ckS¼'kk[kk esa mins'k dh Hkk"kk laLÏr FkhA (i) izFke laxe (First Sangam)µ;g laxe ik.M~; 'kkldksa ds
l cq¼ dh f'k{kkvksa vkSj laHkk"k.kksa dks mudh e`R;q ds ckn muds laj{k.k esa mudh izkphu jktèkkuh ^enqjk* esa vxLR; ½f"k dh
f'k";ksa }kjk fy[kk x;k vkSj f=fiVd ds :i esa ladfyr fd;k vè;{krk esa lEiUu gqvk FkkA
x;kA (ii) f}rh; laxe (Second Sangam)µf}rh; laxe dks Hkh ik.M~;
l ukxktqZu] egk;ku ckS¼ lEiznk; ds egRoiw.kZ nk'kZfud FksA 'kkldksa dk lg;ksx izkIr gqvk FkkA ;g dikViqje~ vFkok vyoS
mUgsa ckS¼ /keZ dh 'kk[kk ^ek/;fedk* dk izorZd ekuk tkrk esa 'kq: esa vxLR; ½f"k dh vè;{krk] ysfdu ckn esa rksYdkfIi;j
lkekU; Kku | 3
 dh vè;{krk esa lEiUu gqvk FkkA Ø- tuin fLFkfr jkt/kkuh
(iii) r`rh; laxe (Third Sangam)µ;g laxe mÙkjh enqjk esa
10. ikapky xaxk ;equk ds nksvkc eas vkèkqfud vkfg{k=
uDdh;j dh vè;{krk esa lEiUu gqvk FkkA #gsy[k.M eas fLFkr FkkA ;g nks dkfEiY;
II. izeq[k rfey xzaFk (Famous Tamil Texts) Hkkxksa esa foHkDr Fkk (d) mÙkjh
(i) rksYdkfIi;e~µ;g ^f}rh; laxe* dk ,d ek= 'ks"k xzUFk gSA ikapky ([k) nf{k.kh ikapky
vxLR; ½f"k ds ckjg ;ksX; f'k";ksa esa ls ,d ^rksYdkfIi;j* }kjk 11. v'ed xksnkojh unh ds rV ij fLFkr iksVyh@iksru
;g xzUFk fy[kk x;k FkkA Fkk nf{k.k Hkkjr dk ,dek=
(ii) ifRruikySµbldh jpuk Hkh #æudUukj us dhA bl xzUFk esa egktuin
izsexhr lax`ghr gSA 12. eRL; ;g orZeku t;iqj] vyoj rFkk fojkVuxjh
(iii) fl#ikuk=qIinSµbldh jpuk uRFkukj us dh FkhA Hkjriqj ds dqN Hkkxksa esa fLFkr Fkk
(iv) ifnusfdYyd.koUdqµ;g r`rh; laxe dk rhljk laxzg xzUFk gSA 13. 'kwjlsu eRL; jkT; ds nf{k.k esa fLFkr Fkk eFkqjk
6. NBh 'krkCnh bZ. iw. dk Hkkjr rFkk egktuin dky 14. xkUèkkj ;g vk/kqfud d'ehj ds vkl&ikl r{kf'kyk
(6th Century BC India & Mahajanpada Age) fLFkr Fkk
15. dEckst ;g d'ehj] vQxkfuLrku rFkk gkVd
bZ- iw- NBh 'krkCnh esa Hkkjrh; jktuhfr esa vusd 'kfDr'kkyh jkT;ksa dk mn; ikehj ds Hkw&Hkkx rd Fkk
gqvk] ftUgsa egktuin dgk x;kA egktuin lksyg jkT;ksa dk ,d lewg Fkk tks
16. vofUr ekyok izns'k esa fLFkr Fkk mTt;uh
izkphu Hkkjr esa ekStnw FksA
egktuin dky izk;% izkjfEHkd jkT;ks]a yksgs ds c<+rs iz;ksx vkSj flDdksa ds efg"erh
fodkl ds fy, fo'ks"k :i ls tkuk tkrk gSA blh le; esa ckS¼ vkSj tSu lfgr 1. vofUr izkphu Hkkjr ds 16 egktuinksa esa ls ,d Fkk] vofUr dk jktk
vusd nk'kZfud fopkj/kkjkvksa dk fodkl gqvkA p.Miz|ksrd FkkA KkrO; gS fd tc jktk iz|ksr ik.Mq jksx ls ihfM+r Fkk
rc ex/k lezkV fcfEclkj us vius jktoS| thod dks muds mipkj
lksyg egktuin (Sixteen Mahajanpadas)
ds fy, Hkstk FkkA
NBh 'krkCnh bZ.iw. esa mÙkjh Hkkjr fofHkUu tuinksa esa foHkDr FkkA ckS¼ xaFz k
2. dEckst egktuin vius vPNs u'y ds ?kksM+kas ds fy, fo[;kr FkkA
vaxÙq kj fudk; rFkk tSu xaFz k ^Hkxorh lw=* esa lksyg (16) egktuinksa dk
3. v'ed ,dek= egktuin Fkk tks nf{k.k Hkkjr esa xksnkojh unh ds
mYys[k gS ftls "kksM'~ k egktuin dgk tkrk FkkA ;s tuin fuEu izdkj Fksµ
fdukjs fLFkr FkkA
egktuin
(Mahajanpadas) 7. ex/k dk mRFkku
(Rise of Magadh)
Ø- tuin fLFkfr jkt/kkuh
NBh 'krkCnh bZ. iw. esa egktuinksa esa mÙkj Hkkjr esa ex/k] dk'kh] dkS'ky vkSj
1. dk'kh o#.kk rFkk vklh unh ds laxe ij okjk.klh vax izeq[k 'kfDr'kkyh jkT; Fks] ijUrq ex/k egktuin vius le{k jkT;ksa
2. dkS'ky mÙkj izns'k ds e/; esa mÙkj dh JkoLrh ls dgha vf/kd 'kfDr vkSj izfr"Bk izkIr djus esa lQy jgkA vkjfEHkd
vksj ex/k ds izeq[k oa'kksa dk fooj.k vxz izdkj gSµ
3. vax exèk jkT; ds iwoZ esa pEikuxjh I. g;±d oa'k (544 bZ.iw. ls 412 bZ.iw.)
4. exèk vkèkqfud fcgkj jkT; ds x;k rFkk jktx`g II. f'k'kqukx oa'k (412-344 bZ.iw.)
iVuk ftys ds e/; ls III. uan oa'k (344-324 bZ.iw.)
5. eYy ofTt la?k jkT; ds mÙkj esa fLFkr ,d Hkkxµ I. g;±d oa'k (Haryank Dynasty)
FkhA ;g nks Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr Fkk dq'khuxj g;±d oa'k dk dky 544 bZ- iw- ls 412 bZ- iw- rd ekuk tkrk gSA bl oa'k
nwljk Hkkxµ dk okLrfod laLFkkid fcfEclkj] tcfd ukxn'kd vafre 'kkld FkkA
ikokiqjh (i) fcfEclkj (Jksf.kd)
6. ofTt vk/kqfud fcgkj jkT; ds mÙkjh oS'kkyh l fcfEclkj (558-491 bZ. iw.) g;±d oa'k dk laLFkkid FkkA
Hkkx esa fLFkrA ;g vkB jkT;ksa dk budh jktèkkuh fxfjczt (jktx`g) FkhA
,d la?k Fkk l fcfEclkj us vius jktoS/k ^thod* dks vofUr ujs'k
7. psfn dsu unh ds rV ij vkèkqfud 'kqfDrerh p.Miz|ksr dh ihfy;k (ik.Mq) uked chekjh dks Bhd djus
cqUnsy[k.M eas fLFkr Fkk ds fy, Hkstk FkkA
(ii) vtkr'k=q (dqf.kd@v'kksd paM)
8. oRl vkèkqfud bykgkckn ds ikl dkS'kkEch l fcfEclkj ds iq= vtkr'k=q (492-460 bZ. iw.) us mldh
9. dq# fnYyh vkSj esjB ds lehi fLFkr bUæizLFk gR;k dj flagklu izkIr fd;kA
Fkk l vtkr'k=q dh gR;k mlds iq= mnkf;u us 461 bZ. iw. dh
FkhA
4 |
 (iii) mnkf;u flagyh vuqJqfr vkSj egkoa'k ds vuqlkjA
l mnkf;u us xaxk ,oa lksu ufn;ksa ds laxe ij fLFkr v'kksd us vius 99 Hkkb;ksa dh gR;k dj jktxíh izkIr dhA vius
ikVfyiq= dks viuh jktèkkuh cuk;kA ikVfyiq= (orZeku 'kkludky ds pkj o"kks± ckn 269 bZ.iw. esa jkT;kfHk"ksd djk;kA
iVuk) dh LFkkiuk dk Js; mnkf;u dks tkrk gSA mlus 261 bZ.iw. esa dfyax ij fot; izkIr dh] ijUrq Hk;kud
II. f'k'kqukx oa'k (Shishunag Dynasty) jDrikr o ujlagkj ns[kdj og æfor gks mBk ftlds QyLo:i
l g;±d oa'k ds ,d lsukifr f'k'kqukx us mnkf;u ds iq= ukxn'kd mlus mixqIr ls f'k{kk izkIr dj ckS¼ èkeZ Lohdkj dj fy;kA
dks gVkdj exèk ds flagklu ij vfèkdkj djds f'k'kqukx oa'k v'kksd dks ^nsouke fiz;n'khZ* ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA
dh LFkkiuk dhA
10. ekS;ksZÙkj dky
III. uUn oa'k (Nanda Dynasty) (Later Maurya Age)
l bl oa'k dk laLFkkid egkin~euUn dks ekuk tkrk gSA
l iqjk.kksa esa egkin~euUn dks loZ{k=kUrd dgk x;k gSA v'kksd dh e`R;q ds ckn /khjs&/khjs ekS;Z lkezkT; dk iru gksus yxkA bZ.iw.
185 bZ- iw- esa vfUre ekS;Z 'kkld c`gæFk dh gR;k mlds egklsukifr us
l uUn oa'k dk vfUre 'kkld èkukuUn FkkA blh ds 'kklu dky
esa fldUnj us Hkkjr ij vkØe.k fd;kA èkukuUn dh pUæxqIr iq";fe= 'kaqx us dj nh rFkk 'kaqx oa'k dh uhao j[khA
ekS;Z us vius xq# pk.kD; dh lgk;rk ls gR;k dj ekS;Z oa'k dh I. 'kqax oa'k (Shunga Dynasty)
LFkkiuk dhA l 'kqqax czkã.k oa'kh; 'kkld FksA bl jktoa'k dk vfUre jktk
nsoHkwfr FkkA
8. fldUnj dk vkØe.k l Hkjgqr Lrwi dk fuekZ.k iq";fe= 'kqax us djok;k FkkA
(Alexander's Invasion) l baMks&;wukuh 'kkld feukaMj dks iq";fe= 'kaqx us ijkftr fd;k FkkA
l 'kqax 'kkldksa us viuh jktèkkuh fofn'kk esa LFkkfir dh FkhA
l eslhMksfu;k (ednwfu;k) ds 'kkld fQfyi f}rh; ds iq= fldUnj us
326 bZ. iw. esa flU/kq unh ikj djds Hkkjr dh /kjrh ij dne j[kk RkFkk II. vkUèkz lkrokgu oa'k (Andhra-Satvahana Dynasty)
>sye unh ds rV ij jktk iksjl ds lkFk mlus ^forLrk dk ;q¼* yM+kA l lq'kekZ d.o ds lsukifr fleqd us 27 bZ.iw. esa mldk oèk dj
lkrokgu oa'k dh uhao MkyhA fleqd 'kkrd.khZ] xkSrehiq= 'kkrd.khZ]
l forLrk ds ;q¼ esa iksjl dh fo'kky lsuk ijkftr gqbZ vkSj iksjl dks
ofl"Bhiq=] iqyqekoh rFkk ;KJh 'kkrd.khZ bl oa'k ds izeq[k
cUnh cuk fy;k x;kA fldUnj Hkkjr esa yxHkx 19 eghus rd jgkA
'kkld Fks] ftUgksaus yxHkx 250 bZ. rd 'kklu fd;kA ;KJh
323 bZ. iw. esa cschyksu igq¡pdj fldUnj dk fu/ku gks x;kA
'kkrd.khZ bl oa'k dk vfUre egÙoiw.kZ 'kkld FkkA
l fu;kdZl] vkusflfØVl rFkk vfjLVksO;wyl fldUnj ds ledkyhu FksA
l xkSreh iq= 'kkrd.khZ (106–130 bZ.) bl oa'k dk lokZfèkd egku
l >sye unh ds rV ij jktk iksjl rFkk fldUnj ds e/; ;q¼ gqvk
'kkld FkkA dgk tkrk gS fd blds ?kksMs+ rhu leqæ dk ikuh fi;k
FkkA bl ;q¼ dks gkbMLiht ds ;q¼ ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA
djrs FksA
l fldUnj us Hkkjr eas fudS;k vkSj oÅdsQyk vkfn uxjksa dh LFkkiuk
dh FkhA oÅdsQyk fldUnj ds fiz; ?kksM+kckth Hkkjr esa Hkjk FkkA 11. Hkkjr osG ;ou jkT;
(Greek States in India)
9. ekS;Z lkezkT; (322-184 bZ.iw.)
(Mauryan Empire) I. 'kd (Shaka)
l Hkkjr ds 'kd jktk vius vkidks {k=i dgrs FksA
25 o"kZdh voLFkk esa pUæxqIr ekS;Z rFkk fo".kqxqIr us viuh ;ksX;rk rFkk
l #ænkeu us lkrokgu ujs'k 'krd.khZ dks nks ckj gjk;k rFkk
dwVuhfr ls vfUre uUn 'kkld èkukuan ds fo'kky lkezkT; dks èoLr
pUæxqIr ekS;Z ds ea=h }kjk cuokbZ xbZ lqn'kZu >hy ds iqu£uekZ.k
djds ekS;Z oa'k dh vkèkkjf'kyk j[khA
esa Hkkjh èku O;; fd;kA twukx<+ dk vfHkys[k #ænkeu izFke ls
I. pUæxqIr ekS;Z (321-297 bZ.iw.)µ305 bZ.iw. esa lhfj;k ds ;wukuh lEcfU/kr gSA
'kkld lsY;wdl dks ijkftr fd;k rFkk mlus lsY;wdl dh
II. dq"kk.k (Kushanas)
iq=h gsysu ls fookg fd;kA esxLFkuht us ekS;Z iz'kklu ij
l dq"kk.k oa'k dk laLFkkid dqtqy dMfQlsl FkkA
^bf.Mdk* uked iqLrd fy[khA bf.Mdk esa esxLFkuht us Hkkjrh;
l loZizFke foe dMfQlsl us Hkkjr esa dq"kk.k lÙkk dh LFkkiuk dh
lekt dks 7 Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr fd;k FkkA pUæxqIr us Hknzckgq ls
vkSj loZizFke cM+h ek=k esa lksus ds flDds tkjh fd;sA
tSu /keZ dh nh{kk yh rFkk 298 bZ- iw- mldh e`R;q gks xbZA
l dfu"d us 78 bZ. esa 'kd lEor~ izpfyr fd;k Fkk] rFkk blh o"kZ
pUæxqIr ekS;Z ds xq# dkSfVY; Fks ftUgksaus izfl¼ o egÙoiw.kZ xzUFk
dfu"d dk jkT;kfHk"ksd gqvk FkkA
vFkZ'kkL= dh jpuk dhA
l dfu"d ds 'kkludky ds rhljs o"kZ esa ckS¼ lUr okyk }kjk
II. fcUnqlkj (297-272 bZ.iw.)µ;g pUæxqIr ekS;Z dk mÙkjkfèkdkjh iq=
lkjukFk esa cksf/klRo izfrek ys[k LFkkfir fd;k x;kA
FkkA mls ^vfe=?kkr* Hkh dgk tkrk gSA vfHk=psVl ;k vferdsMht
l dfu"d dh izFke jktèkkuh is'kkoj (iq#"kiqj) rFkk nwljh
Hkh dgk x;k gSA
jktèkkuh eFkqjk FkhA
III. v'kksd (273-232 bZ.iw.)µv'kksd jktk cuus ls iwoZ] vius firk
fcUnqlkj ds le; vofUr dk jkT;iky FkkA
lkekU; Kku | 5
 u iq";Hkwfr] o/kZu oa'k dk laLFkkid FkkA iq";Hkwfr us Fkkus'oj dks
12. xqIr oa'k (240-480 bZ.)
(Gupta Dynasty) viuh jkt/kkuh cuk;kA og ^f'ko* dk ije HkDr FkkA
u g"kZo/kZu] jkT;o/kZu ds ckn Fkkus'oj ds flagklu ij cSBkA g"kZoèkZu
I. JhxqIr (240-280 bZ.) (Srigupta) ds fo"k; esa ck.kHkV~V ds ^g"kZpfjr* ls O;kid tkudkjh feyrh gSA
JhxqIr xqIr oa'k dk laLFkkid Fkk] ftls xqIrksa dk vkfn iq#"k dgk x;k g"kZo/kZu us yxHkx 41 o"kZ (606-647AD) 'kklu fd;kA
gSA mlus 240–280 bZ. rd 'kklu fd;kA mlus egkjkt dh mikfèk u g"kZ ckS¼ èkeZ dk vuq;k;h FkkA
izkIr dhA mlds ckn mldk iq= ?kVksRdp 'kkld cukA u g"kZ us viuh jktèkkuh Fkkus'oj ls dUukSt LFkkukUrfjr dh Fkh
II. pUæxqIr izFke (320–335 bZ.) (Chandragupta I) rFkk g"kZ dh lsuk dks 620 bZ. esa pkyqD; ujs'k iqydsf'ku f}rh;
pUæxqIr izFke bl oa'k dk izFke izeq[k 'kkld Fkk rFkk mls xqIr us ueZnk ds rV ij ijkftr fd;k FkkA
laor~ dk laLFkkid ekuk tkrk gSA u mlus laLÏr esa ^ukxkuUn] jRukoyh rFkk fiz;nf'kZdk* uked
ukVdksa dh jpuk dh FkhA
ukyank fo'ofo|ky; dh LFkkiuk dqekj xqIr izFke }kjk djkbZ xbZA
u g"kZoèkZu us vius jktnjckj esa dknEcjh vkSj g"kZpfjr ds
III. leqæxqIr (335–375 bZ.) (Samudragupta) jpf;rk ck.kHkV~V] lqHkkf"krofy ds jpf;rk e;wj vkSj phuh
mls Hkkjr dk usiksfy;u Hkh dgrs gSaA fo}ku àsulkax (lh&;w&dh dk jpf;rk) dks vkJ; iznku fd;k FkkA
vizfrjFk] O;k?kz] ijØekad vkfn mikf/k leqæxqIr us /kkj.k dh FkhA u ;kf=;ksa dk jktdqekj] uhfr dk iafMr ,oa 'kkD;eqfu dgs tkus
leqæxqIr us ckS¼ fHk{kq olqcU/kq dks laj{k.k iznku fd;k Fkk vkSj okys àsulkax dks phuh 'kkld rkbZ lqax (629 bZ.) us g"kZoèkZu ds
Jhyadk ds 'kkld ds ;gk¡ vius nwr Hksts FksA njckj esa Hkstk FkkA
IV. pUæxqIr f}rh; (380–415 bZ.) (Chandragupta II)
14. e/; Hkkjr] mÙkj Hkkjr vkSj nDdu % rhu
leqæxqIr ds ckn mldk iq= pUæxqIr f}rh; 'kkld cukA pæxqIr
f}rh; ds vU; uke nsoxqIr] nsojkt] rFkk nsoJh vkSj mif/k;k¡ lkezkT;ksa dk ;qx (8oha ls 10oha lnh rd)
Øe'k% foØekad] foØekfnR; vkSj ijeHkkxor FkhA izkphu Hkkjr (Central India, Northern India & Deccan
dh Js"Bre lkfgR; izfrHkk dkfynkl mldh jkT;lHkk ds jRu FksA Age of Three Empires)
èkuoUrfj tSls izfl¼ fpfdRld blh ds 'kkludky esa gq, FksA lkroha lnh esa g"kZ ds lkezkT; ds iru ds ckn mÙkj Hkkjr] nDdu vkSj
phuh ;k=h Qkáku Hkh blh ds 'kkludky esa vk;k FkkA nf{k.k Hkkjr esa vusd lkezkT; mRiUu gq,A blesa iky] izfrgkj ,oa jk"VªdwV
Qkáku xqIrdky esa xkSre cq¼ dh f'k{kkvksa ds v/;;u ds fy, izeq[k FksA
Hkkjr vk;k FkkA I. iky lkezkT; (Pala Empire)
l fnYyh esa dqrqcehukj ds lehi egjkSyh dk LrEHk dk fuekZ.k
l iky lkezkT; dh LFkkiuk 750 bZ. esa xksiky ds }kjk caxky esa gqbZ
pUæxqIr f}rh; us djok;k FkkA blds iq= dqekj xqIr izFke us FkhA
ukyank fo'ofo|ky; dh LFkkiuk dh FkhA bls vkWDlQksMZ vkWQ
l èkeZiky ds 'kkludky esa dUukSt ij fu;a=.k ds fy, iky]
egk;ku ckS¼ dgk x;kA
izfrgkj ,oa jk"VªdwVksa esa f=i{kh; la?k"kZ gqvk ftleas èkeZiky fot;h
l blh oa'k ds 'kkld LdanxqIr ds 'kkludky esa gw.k tkfr ds
gqvkA
yksxksa us vius vkozGe.k xqIr jkT; ij vkjEHk dj fn;s FksA
l LdUnxqIr us fxjukj ioZr ij fLFkr lqn'kZu >hy dk iqu#¼kj
l èkeZiky us ukyank fo'ofo|ky; dk iqu#RFkku fd;k vkSj
djok;kA foØef'kyk fo'ofo|ky; dh LFkkiuk dh tgk¡ otz;ku 'kk[kk
l xqIr ;qx esa 'kkfUr] le`f¼ dk prqeqZ[kh fodkl gqvk] ftlds
dh i<+kbZ djkbZ tkrh FkhA
QyLo:i bl dky dks Hkkjrh; bfrgkl esa Lo.kZ ;qx ds uke II. izfrgkj (Pratiharas)
ls tkuk tkrk gSA l bl oa'k dh LFkkiuk gfj'pUæ us dh FkhA
l xqIr oa'k ds i'pkr~~ bZlk dh NBh lnh ds e/; gw.kksa us iatkc ij l izfrgkj oa'k dh igyh jkt/kkuh mnek.Miqj FkhA
viuk opZLo LFkkfir fd;kA gw.k [kkukcnks'k yksx FksA l ukxHkê izFke (730 - 756 bZ.)µ;g xqtZj izfrgkj oa'k dk okLrfod
l gw.kksa }kjk loZizFke 455 bZ- esa Hkkjr ij vkØe.k fd;k x;k] fdUrq laLFkkid FkkA
LdUnxqIr ds ijkØe ds lkeus mUgsa ijkt; dk lkeuk djuk l ukxHkV~V vkSj mlds iq= egsUæ iky ds le; muds njckj esa
iM+kA Hkkjr ij vkØe.k djus okys gw.kksa ds usrk Øe'k% rksjek.k jkt'ks[kj fuokl djrs Fks tks mlds jktxq# Hkh FksA jkt'ks[kj dh
o fefgj dqy FksA blds vfrfjDr [kq'kuckt dks gw.kksa dk izFke jpuk,¡µdiZwjeatjh] dkO;ehekalk] gjfoykl] Hkqoudks'k] cky
jktk ekuk tkrk gSA jkek;.kA
III. jk"VªdwV (Rashtrakutas)
13. iq";Hkwfr ;k o/kZu jktoa'k
l jk"VªdwV oa'k dk laLFkkid nafrnqxZ Fkk ftlus 'kksykiqj ds ikl
(Pushyabhuti or Vardhan Dynasty)
ekU;[ksr ;k ey[ksM+ dks viuh jktèkkuh cuk;kA
l g"kZoèkZu (606-647 bZ.) (Harsh Vardhan)
6 |
 blus ratqoj esa o`gns'oj eafnj dk fuekZ.k djok;k FkkA
15. pksy lkezkT; (uoha ls ckjgoha lnh rd)
[Chola Empire (9th to 12­th Century AD)] l jktjkt-I ds iq= jktsUæ&izFke us iwjs Jhyadk dks pksy lkezkT; esa
feyk fy;kA
l pksy lkezkT; dk laLFkkid fot;ky; (850 bZ. ls 871 bZ-) Fkk] ;s l jktsUæ-I us caxky ds 'kkld eghiky dks gjk fn;kA mlus mÙkjh&
igys iYyoksa dk lkear FkkA mlus 850 bZ. esa ratkoqj ij dCtk fd;k iwohZ ijkftr jktkvksa dks xaxkty ls Hkjs dy'k viuh jktèkkuh
vkSj mls viuh jktèkkuh cuk;kA xaxSdks.Mpksyiqje ykus dks dgk vkSj mls pksyxax uked rkykc esa
l fot;ky; us ratkSj ij vfèkdkj djus ds ckn ujdsljh dh mikfèk ,df=r djok;kA bl miy{; eas mlus xaxSdksaMpksy dh mikfèk Hkh
èkkj.k dhA xzg.k dhA pksy jktoa'k }kjk lqn`<+ LFkkuh; 'kklu O;oLFkk ykxw dh
l jktjkt izFke dks bl oa'k dk okLrfod laLFkkid ekuk tkrk gSA xbZ FkhA

egRoiw.kZ vH;kl iz'u

1.
gM+Iik ds yksx fdl /kkrq dk mi;ksx ugha tkurs 6.^yksFky* fdl unh ds fudV fLFkr gS\ (A) 356 bZ- iw- (B) 340 bZ- iw-
Fks\ (A) lryt (B) ?kX?kj (C) 326 bZ- iw- (D) 323 bZ- iw-
(A) rk¡ck (B) dk¡lk (C) jkoh (D) Hkksxoks 12. vfUre ekS;Z 'kkld dkSu Fkk\
(C) lksuk (D) ykSg 7. lqesfyr dhft, % (A) tyksdk (B) fcUnqlkj
2. fuEufyf[kr eas ls dkSu&lk iqjkrkfRod LFky vkJe vk;q (C) n'kjFk (D) o`gæFk
fla/kq ?kkVh lH;rk ls lEcfU/kr ug° gS\ a. czãp;Z 1. tUe ls 25 o"kZ 13. v'kksd egku] iq= Fks&
(A) vkgM+ (B) jk[khx<+h b. x`gLFk 2. 25 ls 50 o"kZ (A) fcfEclkj ds (B) fcUnqlkj ds
(C) dkyhcaxk (D) lqjdksVM+k
c. okuizLFk 3. 50 ls 75 o"kZ (C) pUnzxqIr ds (D) dq.kky ds
3. flU/kq ?kkVh dh lH;rk dh vf/kdrj eqgjsa fufeZr
d. laU;kl 4. 75 ls 100 o"kZ 14. fuEufyf[kr eas ls dfu"d dh jkt/kkuh dkSu&lh
gSaµ
(A) iDdh feV~Vh ls dwV % Fkh\
(B) Qk;Ul ls (izdkfpar oLrq) a b c d (A) iq#"kiqj (is'kkoj)
(C) vfdd ls
(A) 4 3 2 1 (B) r{kf'kyk
(D) lsy[kM+h ls
(B) 3 4 2 1 (C) Jhuxj

(C) 1 3 2 4
4. fla/kq ?kkVh lH;rk fdlesa fof'k"Vrk j[krk (D) fl;kydksV
Fkk \
(D) 1 2 3 4
15. dfu"d jktk Fks&
(A) fp=dkjh 8.tSu /keZ ds 23oas rhFk±dj dkSu Fks \
(A) ekS;Z oa'k ds (B) xqIr oa'k ds
(B) okLrqdyk (A) ½"kHknso
(C) dq"kk.k oa'k ds (D) iky oa'k ds
(C) uxj fuekZ.k ;kstuk (B) o/kZeku egkohj
16. fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdlds 'kkludky dks ^Hkkjr
(D) ;q¼ (C) xkSre cq¼
5. lwph&I dks lwph&II ds lkFk lqesfyr djsa vkSj
dk Lo.kZ ;qx* ekuk tkrk gS \
(D) ik'oZukFk
lgh mÙkj pqusa % (A) ejkBk lkezkT; (B) exèk oa'k
9. Hkxoku cq¼ ds egkifjfuokZ.k ds ckn igyh ckS¼
lwph&I lwph&II (C) dkdkfr;k oa'k(D) xqIr lkezkT;
laxhfr gqbZ Fkhµ
(flU/kq LFky) (LFkku) 17. xqIr oa'k dk vafre 'kkld Fkk %
(A) jktx`g (jktxhj) esa
a. yksFky 1. jktLFkku (A) iq#xqIr (B) fo".kqxqIr III
(B) x;k esa
b. jksiM+ 2. gfj;k.kk (C) LdUnxqIr (D) dqekjxqIr
c. jk[kh x<+h 3. iatkc (C) ikVfyiq= esa
d. dkyhcaxk 4. xqtjkr (D) oS'kkyh esa mÙkjekyk
dwV % 10. HkoRl egktuin dh jkt/kkuh FkhA 1. (D) 2. (A) 3. (D) 4. (C) 5. (B)
a b c d (A) dkS'kkEch (B) gfLrukiqj
(A) 1 2 3 4 6. (D) 7. (D) 8. (D) 9. (A) 10. (A)
(B) 4 3 2 1 (C) vrjath[ksM+k (D) jkt?kkV 11. (C) 12. (D) 13. (B) 14. (A) 15. (C)
(C) 1 3 2 4 11. fldUnj egku us fdl o"kZ Hkkjr ij vkØe.k 16. (D) 17. (B)
(D) 4 3 1 2 fd;k Fkk \
rr

lkekU; Kku | 7
SERIES ( ) 5. 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, ?
(A) 40 (B) 49
(C) 55 (D) 62
(B) :
2
(1)2 (2) 2 (3)2 (4)2 (5)2 (6)2 (7)
     
1 4 9 16 25 36 49
 ? = 49
6. 3, 4, 12, 39, 103, ?
(A) 206 (B) 208
(C) 228 (D) 252
1. 8, 12, 17, 23, 30, 38, ?
(C) :
(A) 40 (B) 42
(C) 47 (D) 50 3 4 12 39 103 228
(C) :
3 3 3 3 3
+(1) +(2) +(3) +(4) +(5)
 ? = 228

 ? = 47
2. 38, 34, 29, 23, 16, ? 1. B, E, I, N, T, ?
(A) 8 (B) 10 (A) A (B) M
(C) 12 (D) 14 (C) X (D) Z
(A) : (A) :
38 34 29 23 16 8 B E I N T A

–4 –5 –6 –7 –8 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7
?=8 ?=A
3. 2, 2, 4, 12, 48, ? 2. AZ, CX, FU, JQ, ?
(A) 96 (B) 192 (A) XC (B) OL
(C) 240 (D) 288 (C) XL (D) OX
(C) : 2 3 4 5
(B) : A C F J O
2 2 4 12 48 240 Z X U
2 3 4 Q 5 L
×1 ×2 ×3 ×4 ×5  ? = OL
 ? = 240 3. MHZ, NIW, OKT, PNQ, ?
4. 7, 15, 32, 67, 138, ? (A) PRN (B) QRT
(A) 140 (B) 260 (C) PRT (D) QRN
(C) 362 (D) 281 (D) : M 1 N 1 O 1 P 1 Q
(D) :
H 1 I 2 K 3 N 4 R
7 15 32 67 138 281
Z 3 W 3 T 3 Q 3 N
×2+1 ×2+2 ×2+3 ×2+4 ×2+5
 ? = 281  ? = QRN

 1
 1. a_ _ dba _ _ bcad _ _ da _ _ cd
1. C 1 L, F 4 O, I 9 R, L 16 U, ?
(A) aabbccdd (B) bccdbcab
(A) O 25 X (B) N 25 Z
(C) abcddcba (D) cbcddcba
(C) O 20 X (D) N 16 Z
(B) : a b c d | b a c d | b a c d | b c d a | a b c d
(A) : C 3 F 3 I 3 L 3 O
2. SH_ELAS_EELA_HEELA

1 3 4 5 9 7 16 9 25 (A) HHSS (B) EEHS

(C) EHSL (D) ELHA
(C) : SHEELA / SHEELA / SHEELA/ SHEELA

 ? = O 25 X 3. 12_41_34123_ _ 234
(A) 3241 (B) 2134
(C) 1432 (D) 3212
(A) : 1 2 3 4 / 1 2 3 4 / 1 2 3 4 / 1 2 3 4

1. 6. 13.
11, 77, 38.5, 231, ____
19, 38, ?, 228, 684, 1368 (A) 125 (B) 121.5
3, 4, 0, 9, –7, ......... (C) 115.5 (D) 120
(A) 8 (B) –32 (A) 108 (B) 113
(C) 18 (D) 7 (C) 114 (D) 138
7.
2.

2, 4, 13, 41, 106, ?

6, 24, 60, 120, 210, ? 15.
(A) 172 (B) 191
(A) 336 (B) 274 (C) 219 (D) 232
(C) 368 (D) 402 LJB, NIY, PHV, RGS, TFP, ?
8.
3. (A) VEM (B) VEN
FK27, LQ64, RW125, ? (C) WEM (D) VFM
289, 306, 340, 389, 459, 544 (A) CX216 (B) XB216 16.
(A) 289 (B) 459 (C) XC216 (D) YB343
(C) 389 (D) 306
9. 511, 255, ?, 63, 31, 15, 7
4. 165, 275, 15, 25, 3, ____ (A) 124 (B) 127
(A) 12 (B) 8 (C) 175 (D) 125
(C) 5 (D) 11
17.
3, 13, 23, 43, 53, 73, 83, 103, 113, ? 10.
(A) 153 (B) 183 19, 67, 43, 55, 49, ____
(C) 163 (D) 173 (A) 52 (B) 53 22, 33, 66, 88, ?
(C) 51 (D) 54
5 (A) 84 (B) 97
11. (C) 115 (D) 165
H K Q T Z 4, 196, 16, 144, 36, 100, 64, ____
, ,?, , ,?, 18.
16 13 19 40 52 (A) 36 (B) 80
(C) 64 (D) 100
N V N W
(A) , (B) , 12.
25 28 28 25 2, 7, 14, 23, ?, 47
186, 183, 177, 159, ____
W M N W (A) 81 (B) 93 (A) 21 (B) 38
(C) , (D) ,
26 20 24 32 (C) 87 (D) 96 (C) 34 (D) 28

2
19. 7. (D) 15. (A)

2 4 13 41 106 232 L +2 N +2 P +2 R +2 T +2 V
240, ? 120, 40, 10, 2 J –1 I –1 H –1 G –1 F –1 E
+2 +9 +28 +65 +126
(A) 240 (B) 320 B –3 Y –3 V –3 S –3 P –3 M
+7 +19 +37 +61
(C) 420 (D) 580
+12 +18 +24 16. (B)
20.
+6 +6

 ? = 232 (511 – 1) ÷ 2 = 510 ÷ 2 = 255

3, 4, 13, 38, 87, 168, ?
(A) 199 (B) 289 8. (C) (255 – 1) ÷ 2 = 254 ÷ 2 = 127
(C) 203 (D) 259 +6 L +6
R
+6 X (127 – 1) ÷ 2 = 126 ÷ 2 = 63
F
+6 +6 +6 (63 – 1) ÷ 2 = 62 ÷ 2 = 31
K Q W C
27 64 125 216 (31 – 1) ÷ 2 = 30 ÷ 2 = 15
(15 – 1) ÷ 2 = 14 ÷ 2 = 7
1. (C) (3)³ (4)³ (5)³ (6)³ 127
 ? = XC 216
9. (C) ÷11 ÷5 17. (D) 11
? = –7 + 25 = 18 11 × 2 = 22
165 275 15 25 3 5
11 × 3 = 33
2. (A)
÷11 ÷5 11 × 6 = 66
(C) 11 × 8 = 88

10. (A) 19 67 43 55 49 52 11 × 15 = 165

? = 210 + 126 = 336 +48 –24 +12 –6 +3
3. (C) 17 165, 11
÷2 ÷2 ÷2 ÷2
18. (C)
289 + 17 = 306 (A)
306 + 34 = 340 11. (C)
340 + 51 = 391 ( 389 ) 2 7 14 23 34 47
391 + 68 = 459
459 + 85 = 544 +5 +7 +9 +11 +13
389
+2 +2 +2 +2
4. (C) : 3
34
(C)
12. (C) 3 × 1 = 3  186 – 3 = 183 19. (A)
163
5. (B) 3 × 2 = 6  183 – 6 = 177
6 × 3 = 18  177 – 18 = 159
+3 +3 +3 +3 +3 +3 240 240 120 40 10 2
18 × 4 = 72  159 – 72 = 87
H, K, N , Q, T, W , Z (C)
16 13 28 19 40 25 52 ÷1 ÷2 ÷3 ÷4 ÷5
+ 12 + 12 + 12 13. (C) 11 77 38.5 231 115.5 240
+6 +6
×7 ÷2 ×6 ÷2
6. (C) 20. (B)
65
3 4 13 38 87 168 289
   
19 × 2 = 38 +1 +9 +25 +49 +81 +121

38 × 3 = 114 2 2 2 2 2 2
(1) (3) (5) (7) (9) (11)
114 × 2 = 228  
228 × 3 = 684 
684 × 2 = 1368
 ? = 114

 3
 1
IX. (Co-prime Numbers)
4,89,765 6 1 1
6 × 10 = 60 6
(10)
(2, 3), (4, 5), (5, 9), (13, 14), (15, 16)

59,438 9 9



(Kinds of Numbers) 
I. (Natural Numbers) 1
N
N = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5...}
II. (Whole Numbers)

W = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4...}
III. (Even Numbers) 2

E = {2, 4, 6, 8, .....}
IV. (Odd Numbers) 2

O = {1, 3, 5, 7, .....}
V. (Integers)

I = {...– 3, – 2, – 1, 0, 1, 2, 3...}
VI. (Prime Numbers) 1
1
‘2’

P = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, .....}

VII. (Rational Numbers) p/q
p q
q0 (Rational
Number)

 2 1 7
R = ........ 5 , 5 , – 4, 0, 4, 5 
VIII. (Irrational Numbers) p/q
(Finding the Unit Digit of a Powered Number)

p q I. 0, 1, 5 6
q0
105
L = ........ 2, 3, 7......... (2010) =0
II. 4 9

 57
 (i) (8 × 6 = 8)

(8 × 8 = 4)
(ii)
(4 × 3 = 2)
6 1
216
(1914) =6
III. 2, 3, 7 8 4
1, 2, 3 4 2

511
1 (4243) 511 ÷ 4 3
3
3 3 3 = 27
7
5212
2 (1996) 5212 ÷ 4 4
4
6 4 6 = 1296
6 n

n n
(Finding the Unit digit in Multiplication Questions)

468 × 26 × 1268 × 34683

1 ‘p’ ‘‘p’’ 134

(A) 1 (B) 2
‘‘p2 × 156 × -
(C) 4 (D) 6
135’’, 14 (A) 14 (B) 15
5. X ` 100.82
(A) 14 (B) 7
`74.35 `50.17 (C) 8 (D) 10
(C) 6 (D) 2
`5 9. 12 + 3, 11 + 2, 5 + 10
2 19 144
? 1 + 14,
(A) 8 (B) 4
(A) 23 (B) 24
(C) 1 (D) 6
(C) 25 (D) 26
3. (A) 12 3 (B) 5 10

(C) 11 + 2 (D) 1 14
12 4 11
10. 3 + 3 + 3 + 3 12 13 14
(A) (B)
3 25

20 63 7. 353 – 638 + 2756

(C) (D) (A) 7 (B) 12
4 28
(C) 8 (D) 10
4. 11 4 (A) 4 (B) 2
13 (C) 8 (D) 6 11. 8289A56B, 30
4 A B
8. 1 15
(A) 5 (B) 3
(C) 4 (D) 6

58
 v/;k; lkekU; fgUnh

1 o.kZ fopkj
o.kZ rkyO; rkyq (eq¡g ds Hkhrj dh b bZ b b¡
Hkk"kk dh lcls NksVh bdkbZ /ofu gS] bl /ofu dks o.kZ dgk tkrk gSA Nr dk fiNyk Hkkx)
fgUnh esa mPpkj.k ds vk/kkj ij 45 o.kZ ,oa ys[ku ds vk/kkj ij 52 o.kZ ew/kZU; ew/kkZ (eq¡g ds Hkhrj dh ½
gksrs gSaA Nr dk vxyk Hkkx)
I. Loj daB$rkyq (daBrkyO;) & ,] ,s
v] vk] b] bZ] m] Å (½)] ,] ,s] vks] vkS] dqy 11 Loj gSaA vks"B$daB (daBks"B~;) µ vks]vkS
ek=k,¡µv dh dksbZ ek=k ugha gksrhA k f h q w ` s S ks kS
vks"B~; vks"B@vksaB m Å
vuqLokjµva ( a )
tSlsµva'k] vans'kk] laink] galA O;atu
vuqukfldµ ¡ (pUæfcUnq)
tSlsµg¡luk] /kqvk¡] pk¡nA Loj dh lgk;rk ls cksys tkus okys o.kZ O;atu dgykrs gSaA izR;sd O;atu ds
folxZµv% ( % ) mPpkj.k esa ^v* Loj feyk gksrk gSA O;atu ik¡p izdkj ds gksrs gSaA
tSlsµv/k%xfr] nq%[k] eu%fLFkfrA I. Li'kZ O;atu—os o.kZ tks ftàk ds Li'kZ ek= djus ls /ofu dk mPpkj.k
II. O;atu gksrk gSA ;s ik¡p oxZ esa c¡Vs gSa ftudk Lo:i mPpkj.k ,oa èofu ds
d oxZ % d [k x ?k ³ vkèkkj ij bl izdkj gS—
p oxZ % p N t > ´k
V oxZ % V B M (M+) < (<+) .k (f}xq.k O;atu M+&<+) Ø- mPpkj.k /ofu oxZ o.kZ
r oxZ % r Fk n /k u 1. d.B daB~; dµoxZ d~] [k~] x~] ?k~] ³~
i oxZ % i Q c Hk e 2. rkyq rkyO; pµoxZ p~] N~] t~] >~] ´k~
var%LFk % ;jyo 3. ew¼kZ ew/kZU; VµoxZ V~] B~] M~] <~] .k~
m"e % 'k "k l g
4. nar oRL;Z rµoxZ r~] Fk~] n~] /k~] u~
la;qDr O;atu % {k = K J (d~ $ "k) (r~ $ j) (t~ $ ´k) ('k~ $ j)
vkxr % (TÛk $ iÛG) 5. gksaB vks"B~; iµoxZ i~] Q~] c~] Hk~] e~
o.kZekyk ,d lw{e ifjizs{; esa bl izdkj nz"VO; gSA fo'ks"kµ
Loj oxhZdj.k Li'kZ O;atu ds izR;sd oxZ ds vfUre o.kZ dks (M] ´k] .k] u] e)
↓ ↓ ↓ dks vuqukfld dgrs gSaA M~] ´k] .k~ ls dksbZ 'kCn izkjEHk ugha gksrkA
ÎLo Loj nh?kZ Loj Iyqr Loj vuqLokj ( a) vkSj folxZ (%) u rks Loj gksrs gSa u gh O;atuA ;s Loj
(v] b] m] ½) (vk] bZ] Å] ,] ,s] vks] vkS) (jk···µ) ds vUr esa vo'; yxrs gSaA vr% bu nksuksa /ofu;ksa dks ^vk;ksxokg*
Loj dh la[;k = 11 dgrs gSaA vk;ksxokg dk vFkZ gS] ;ksx u gksus ij Hkh tks lkFk jgsA
I. ÎLo Loj—mPpkj.k esa de le;A II. var%LFk O;atu—budk mPpkj.k thHk] rkyq] nk¡r vkSj vksBksa ds ijLij
II. nh?kZ Loj—mPpkj.k esa ÎLo Loj ls vf/kd le;A buds mPpkj.k esa nks lVus ls gksrk gS fdUrq iw.kZ Li'kZ ugha gksrk gSA budh la[;k pkj gksrh gS
ek=kvksa dk le; yxrk gSA bUgsa ^f}ekf=d Loj* Hkh dgrs gSaA (v $ (; j y o)A bUgsa v¼ZLoj Hkh dgrs gSaA
b)] ,s (v $ ,)] vks (v $ m) vkSA III. Å"e O;atu—ftuds mPpkj.k esa ok;q ?k"kZ.k djrh gqbZ ckgj fudyrh
III. Iyqr Loj—mPpkj.k esa ,d ek=k dk rhu xquk le; yxrk gSA ukVd gksA 'k~] "k~] l~] g~A
ds laoknksa esa bldk mi;ksx gksrk gSA tSls—gs jke ! IV. la;qDr O;atu—os o.kZ tks nks O;atu ds esy ls curs gSaA
Lojksa dk oxhZdj.k mPpkj.k ds vk/kkj ij {k ¾ d~ $ "k
= ¾ r~ $ j
o.kZ mPpkj.k LFkku ÎLo nh?kZ fujkuqukfld vuqukfld K ¾ t~ $ ´k
uke Loj Loj ekSf[kd Loj Loj J ¾ 'k~ $ j
daB~; daB v vk v] vk va] vk¡ V. mfR{kIr O;atu µ M+] <+

lkekU; fgUnh | 217

 O;atu ds Hksn tSls—d] x] ³] p] t] ´k] V] M] .k] r] n] u] i] c] Hk] ;] j] y] oA
II. egkizk.k—buds mPpkj.k esa gdkj tSlh /ofu jgrh gSA o.kZ dk f}rh;]
O;atu ds nks Hksn gksrs gSa—
prqFkZ rFkk Å"e o.kZ egkizk.k O;atu dgs tkrs gSaA
I. vYiizk.k—budks mPpkj.k esa de Je djuk iM+rk gSA izR;sd o.kZ dk
izFke] r`rh; vkSj ik¡pok¡ rFkk var%LFk o.kZ vYiizk.k gksrk gS_ tSls—[k] ?k] N] >] B] <] Fk] /k] Q] Hk] 'k] "k] l] gA

O;atuksa dk oxhZdj.k % mPpkj.k LFkku ds vk/kkj ij (,d ifjizs{;)

l?kks"k vYiizk.k
o.kZ uke mPpkj.k LFkku v?kks"k vYiizk.k v?kks"k egkizk.k l?kks"k vYiizk.k l?kks"k egkizk.k
ukflD;
daB~; daB d [k x ?k ³
rkyO; rkyq (eq¡g ds Hkhrj dh Nr dk fiNyk Hkkx) p N t TÛk > ´k
ew/kZU; ew/kkZ (eq¡g ds Hkhrj dh Nr dk vxyk Hkkx) V B M < <+ .k
naR; Åijh nk¡rksa ds fudV ls r Fk n /k u
vks"B~; nksuksa vksBksa ls i Q iÛG c Hk e
rkyO; rkyq (eq¡g ds Hkhrj dh Nr dk vxyk Hkkx) & 'k ;
oRL;Z nar $ elwM+k (nar ewy ls) & l j] y
naR;ks"B~; Åij ds nk¡r $ fupyk vksaB & & o
ew/kZU; ew/kkZ (Hkhrj dh Nr dk vxyk Hkkx) & "k &
Loj;a=h; Loj ;a= (daB ds Hkhrj fLFkr) & & & g
mfR{kIr ftuds mPpkj.k esa thHk Åij mBdj & & M+ <+
>Vds ds lkFk uhps dks vk;sA

fo'ks"kµ l O;atuksa dh la[;k—(41)
vkxr@x`ghr /ofu;k¡ (oÛG] [Ûk] xÛ] TÛk] iÛG) vkWA l Li'kZ O;atuksa dh la[;k—(25)
l var%LFk O;atuksa dh la[;k—(4)
o.kZekyk (Loj ,oa O;atu) laf{kIr iqujkoyksdu l Å"e O;atuksa dh la[;k—(4)
l Loj—ftu o.kks± dk mPpkj.k fcuk fdlh vojks/k ds rFkk fcuk fdlh l vkxr O;atuksa dh la[;k—(2)
nwljs o.kZ dh lgk;rk ls gksrk gS] mUgsa Loj dgrs gSaA l la;qDr O;atuksa dh la[;k—(4)
l ÎLo Loj—ftu Lojksa ds mPpkj.k esa de le; yxrk gS] mUgsa ÎLo l d&oxZ /ofu;k¡ gSa—d~] [k~] x~] ?k~] ³~
Loj dgrs gSaA l p&oxZ /ofu;k¡ gSa—p~] N~] t~] >~] ´k~
l nh?kZ Loj—ftu Lojksa ds mPpkj.k esa ÎLo Lojksa ls vf/kd le; yxrk l V&oxZ /ofu;k¡ gSa—V~] B~] M~] <~] .k~
gS] mUgsa nh?kZ Loj dgrs gSaA l r&oxZ /ofu;k¡ gSa—r~] Fk~] n~] /k~] u~
l i&oxZ /ofu;k¡ gSa—i~] Q~] c~] Hk~] e~
l ÎLo Loj gSa—v] b] m] ½
l vUr%LFk O;atu gSa—;] j] y] o
l ewy Loj gSa—v] b] m] ½ l v¼ZLoj gSa—;] o
l nh?kZ Loj gSa—vk] bZ] Å] ,] ,s] vks] vkS l yqqafBr O;atu gSa—j
l vkxr Loj gSa—vk¡ l ikf'oZd O;atu gSa—y
l vxz Loj gSa—b] bZ] ,] ,s l Å"e&la?k"khZ O;atu gSa—l] 'k] "k] g
l e/; Loj gSa—v l mfR{kIr O;atu gSa—M+] <+
l i'p Loj gSa—vk] m] Å] vks] vkS] vkW l v?kks"k o.kZ gSa—izR;sd oxZ ds izFke vkSj f}rh; o.kZ rFkk 'k] "k] l
l lao`r Loj gSa—bZ] Å] b] m l ?kks"k o.kZ gSa—izR;sd oxZ ds r`rh;] prqFkZ] iape o.kZ rFkk ;] j] y] o]
l v¼Z lao`r gSa—,] vks g
l foo`r gSa—vk] vk¡ l vYiizk.k O;atu gSa—izR;sd oxZ esa izFke] r`rh;] iape o.kZ rFkk
l v¼Z foo`r gSa—,] v] vks] vkS vUr%LFk o.kZ

218 |
l egkizk.k O;atu gSa—izR;sd oxZ ds f}rh; o prqFkZ o.kZ rFkk Å"e o.kZ l naR; O;atu gSa—r~] Fk~] n] /k~] u~
l ukflD; O;atu gSa—³~] ´k~] .k~] u~] e~ l vks"B~; O;atu gSa—i~] Q (iÛG)] c~] Hk~] e~
l daB O;atu gSa—d~] [k~] x~] ?k~] ³~ l naR;ks"B~; O;atu gSa—o~
l rkyO; O;atu gSa—p~] N~] t~] >~] ´k~] 'k~] ;~ l Loj;a=h; O;atu gSa—g~
l ew/kZU; O;atu gSa—V~] B~] M~] <~] .k] (<+)] "k

egRoiw.kZ vH;kl iz'u

1.
Iyqr Loj dkSu&lk gS\ 11. ^d* dk mPpkj.k LFkku gSµ (A) d + {k (B) d +N
(A) vksme~ (B) vkse~ (A) d.B (B) rkyq (C) N + g (D) p +i
(C) ew/kkZ (D) nUr 22. ^<* o.kZ fdl oxZ dk gS \ fn, x, fodYiksa esa
(C) vkse (D) vme ls lgh fodYi Nk¡fV,A
12. ew/kZU; O;atu gSµ
2. mPpkj.k LFkku dh n`f"V ls dkSu&lk fodYi (A) d oxZ (B) p oxZ
(A) p N t > (B) r Fk n /k
'kq¼ gS\ (C) i oxZ (D) V oxZ
(C) V B M < .k (D) i Q c Hk 23. vFkZ O;Dr djus okyh lcls NksVh bdkbZ gS—
(A) l&nUR; (B) p&daB~;
13. ^´k* o.kZ dk mPpkj.k LFkku gSµ (A) 'kCn (B) okD;
(C) "k&rkyO; (D) 'k&ewèkZU;
(A) rkyq (B) ew¼kZ (C) èofu (D) o.kZ
3. fuEu esa la;qä O;atu dkSu&lk ugha gS \ (C) nUr (D) daB&rkyO; 24. ml ewy /ofu dks] ftlds [kaM u gks ldsaµmls
(A) = (B) ; 14. fuEu esa ls daB~;&/ofu;k¡ dkSu&lh gSa\ D;k dgrs gSa \
(C) {k (D) K (A) t] t (B) V] .k (A) ÏnUr (B) 'kCn
(C) izR;; (D) o.kZ
4. ftudk mPpkj.k Åij ds nk¡rksa ij thHk yxkus (C) d] [k (D) ;] j
25. mPpkj.k LFkku ds vk/kkj ij fgUnh&O;atuksa dks
ls gksrk gS] mls D;k dgrs gSa \ 15. ^p] N] t] >] ´k* ;s /ofu;k¡ D;k dgykrh gSa\
(A) daB~; (B) ew/kZU;
fdrus oxks± esa j[kk tkrk gS \ fuEufyf[kr esa ls
(A) ew/kZU; (B) daB~;
lgh fodYi dks fpfÊr dhft,µ
(C) nUR; (D) vuqukfld (C) rkyO; (D) nUrks×~;
(A) X;kjg (B) ukS
16. fuEu esa ls ^egkizk.k* o.kZ dkSu ls gSa\
5. fuEufyf[kr esa ls ^Å"e O;atu* dkSu&ls gSa\ (C) lkr (D) ik¡p
(A) d] p (B) [k] ?k
(A) p&N&t (B) 'k&"k&l 26. Hkk"kk dh lcls NksVh bdkbZ gS—
(C) r] n (D) ;] j
(C) v&c&l (D) ;&j&y (A) 'kCn (B) ek=k
17. fuEufyf[kr esa dkSu&ls o.kZ dk mPpkj.k LFkku (C) o.kZ (D) dksbZ ugha
6. ^'k* /ofu dk mPpkj.k LFkku D;k gS\
rkyq ugha gS\ 27. vuqukfld O;atu dkSu&ls gksrs gSa \
(A) nUr (B) ew¼kZ
(A) b (B) n (A) oxZ osG izFkek{kj
(C) rkyq (D) nUrkyq
(C) 'k (D) ; (B) oxZ dk r`rh;k{kj
7. ^³~* dk mPpkj.k LFkku gksrk gSµ (C) oxZ dk pkSFkk O;atu
18. folxZ dk mPpkj.k fdldh Hkk¡fr gksrk gS \
(A) ukflD; (B) d.BkS"B~; (D) oxZ dk iapek{kj
(A) 'k (B) "k
(C) ew/kZU; (D) d.BrkyO; 28. ^Q* o.kZ dk mPpkj.k LFkku crkb,µ
(C) l (D) g
8. bu 'kCnksa esa ls dkSu-lk 'kCn fgUnh 'kCndks'k (A) ew/kkZ (B) rkyq
19. fHkék&fHkék Lojksa ds esy ls tks Loj mRiék gksrk (C) daB (D) vks"B
esa lcls vUr esa vk,xk\ gS _ mlsµ
(A) Dyho (B) Øe
(A) la;qä Loj (B) nh?kZ Loj
(C) Ï"kd (D) Ï'kkuq
mÙkjekyk
(C) lfU/k Loj (D) ewy Loj
9. V oxZ esa fdl izdkj ds O;atu gSa\ 1. (A) 2. (A) 3. (B) 4. (C) 5. (B)
20. fdl 'kCn esa ^½* Loj ugha gS \
(A) daB~; (B) rkyO; 6. (C) 7. (A) 8. (A) 9. (C) 10. (B)
(A) Ïik (B) Ï".k
(C) ew/kZU; (D) nUR; 11. (A) 12. (C) 13. (A) 14. (C) 15. (C)
(C) n`f"V (D) fjokt
10. ^?k* dk mPpkj.k LFkku dkSu&lk gS \ 16. (B) 17. (B) 18. (D) 19. (A) 20. (D)
21. ^{k* o.kZ fdu o.kks± ds la;ksx ls cuk gS \
(A) e`¼kZ (B) d.B
fuEukafdr fodYiksa esa ls lgh fodYi dh 21. (A) 22. (D) 23. (A) 24. (D) 25. (B)
(C) rkyq (D) nUr igpku dhft, % 26. (C) 27. (D) 28. (D)

qq

lkekU; fgUnh | 219

 Chapter General English

1 Articles
1. Definition 3. Use of Indefinite Articles
Modern English Grammar esa Articles dks determiners osG
vUrxZr j[kk I. tc fdlh okD; esa nks Adjectives vyx&vyx Nouns osG fy;s
x;k gSA Demonstrative Adjectives osG leku dk;Z djus okys ‘A’, ‘An’ ç;qDr gksa] rks A/An çR;sd Adjectives osG iwoZ yxk;k tkrk gSA
rFkk ‘The’ dks Articles dgk tkrk gSA Examples :
An English and a Hindi story.
2. Kinds of Article u
u A black and a white cow.
Articles nks çdkj osG gksrs gSaµ (Two Cows : One black and other white)
Articles
|
ysfdu tc nks ;k vfèkd Adjectives ,d gh Noun osG fy;s ç;qDr
| | gksa] rks A/AnosGoy çFke Adjectives osG igys gh yxk;k tkrk gSA
Definite Article Indefinite Article
The A, An Examples :
u He gave me a blue and black shirt.
I. ‘The’ Definite Article dgykrk gS D;ksafd ;g fdlh fo'ks"k O;fDr
vFkok oLrq dks n'kkZrk gSA (vFkkZr~ uhys vkSj dkys jax dh ,d shirt)
u I saw a black and white cow.
‘The’ dk iz;ksx Singular Countable Noun, Plural Countable Noun
vkSj Uncountable Noun lHkh ds iwoZ fd;k tkrk gS ;fn og fuf'pr (vFkkZr~ ,d xk; ns[kh ftldk jax dkyk vkSj lQsn Fkk)A
gks] fo'ks"k gks] ;k ftldh ppkZ (carry to back) igys dh tk pqdh gS] II. tc fdlh Countable Noun osG igys Such/Many/What 'kCnksa dk
tSlsµ ç;ksx gks] rks bu 'kCnksa rFkk Countable Noun osG chp Indefinite
Examples : articles A/An dk ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
u The girl in pink dress is my daughter. Examples :
u Neha bought a sari. The sari was very beautiful.
u It is such an interesting book !
II. ‘A’
vkSj ‘An’ Indefinite Articles dgykrs gSa D;ksafd os dgs x;s u What a news he has brought !
O;fDr vFkok oLrq dks vfuf'pr n'kkZrs gSaA u Many a man came to see the show.
budk iz;ksx Indefinite Singular Countable Noun ds iwoZ fd;k tkrk u Many a dog kept barking in this street.
gSA (i) fuEufyf[kr Phrases esa ‘A/An’ dk ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
Examples : Examples :
u A popular leader died in an accident.
u In a hurry/rage/mood/temper/dilemma/fix/nutshell.
u She has a toy.
u go for a walk, go into a comma, go on a journey.
(i) O;atu (consonant) ls 'kq: gksus okys 'kCnksa (words) ds igys u Make a change, make a fun of, make a noise, make an
‘a’ Article dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS] tSlsµ impression, make a request, make a guest at, make a fool,
u a girl u a pen make a hue and cry.
u a child u a woman
u Have a good/short sleep, have a good/bad education, have a
(ii) tks 'kCn Vowel (Loj) ls 'kq: gksrs gSa ysfdu mudh /ofu meal, have a smoke, have a liking/taste, have a drink, have
Consonant dh gksrh gS] rks ‘a’ Article dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA an advantages, have a talk/ rest/cough/pain/fever/headache.
u a union u a one eyed man
u Take a fancy to, take an interest in, take a meal, take a rest,
u a utensil u a universal problem.
take a vacation.
(iii) ‘an’ dk iz;ksx mu 'kCnksa ds lkFk gksrk gS tks vowel
u Give a chance, give a jump, give a warning, give an
(a, e, i, o, u) dh /ofu ls izkjEHk gksrs gSa] tSlsµ advantage over.
an apple, an umbrella, an ass, an engineer
u As a rule, As a matter of fact, at a stone’s throw, at a
u ‘an’ dk iz;ksx ‘h’ silent okys 'kCnksa ds lkFk gksrk gS] discount, a short while ago, at a loss, a matter of chance. It
tSlµ
s is a shame/surprise/pity/wonder, tell a lie, pay a visit, half a
an hour, an heir, an honest, an hourly visit, an kilo, keep a secret, catch a cold/catch cold.
heirloom
u A lot of, A good deal of, A great deal of, A large amount
u ‘an’ dk iz;ksx mu 'kCnksa ds igys fd;k tkrk gS ftudk of, A large quantity of, A good many, A great many, A large
izFke v{kj consonant gS ij /ofu vowel dh gS] tSlsµ number of, A great number of, A large quantity of, etc.
an MLA, an LLB student, an FIR, an MP, an X-Ray

General English | 269

 (ii) ;fn dksbZ O;fDr lEcksfèkr O;fDr osG fy, vutku gksrk gS rks tks igkM+ Singular gks] mlosG igys the dk ç;ksx ugha gksrkA
ml O;fDr dk uke crkus osG fy;s ;k reference nsus osG fy;s Examples :
ml O;fDr osG uke osG lkFk ‘A’ dk ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA u Everest/Mount Abu. ()
Example : u The Everest/The Mount Abu. (×)
u A Mr. Sharma is at the door. VI. Some Important use of ‘The’
dksbZ Mr. Sharma (vFkkZr~ Lo;a dk ifjp; Mr. Sharma osG uke ls (i) River, Sea, Ocean, Bay, Gulf, Canal, Cape, Desert, Train,
nsus okyk dksbZ vUtku O;fDr) njokts ij gSA Aeroplane and Ship vkfn ds ukeksa ds iwoZ Definite Article dk
III. Special Meal (Celebrate djus osG fy;s ;k fdlh osG lEeku esa iz;ksx gksrk gSA
(ii) Political Party, Religious Community, Religious Books,
fn;k x;k Hkkst) osG lkFk ‘A’ dk ç;ksx gksrk gSA
Armed Forces, Government Branches, Hotel and Restaurent,
Example : Theatre/Club, Museum and Library, Newspapers, Empire,
u I called my friends to a lunch to celebrate my birthday. Historical Buildings, Dynasty, Historical Periods/Age
o Events ds iwoZ ‘The Definite’ Article dk iz;ksx gksrk
4. ‘Use of’ : The Definite Article gSµe.g. the Congress party, The Hindus, The Geeta, The
I. The’ dk ç;ksx mu nouns ls igys fd;k tkrk gS tks ,dek= Army, The Judiciary, The Grand Hotel, The Apsara, The
British museum/library, the Roman Empire, The Taj, The
(Unique) gSaA Charminar, The Victorian Age, The Russian Revolution
lkjs natural objects (çkÏfrd oLrq;sa) vkSj phenomena (vn~Hkqr vkfnA
oLrq) blh osG vUrxZr vkrs gSaµ
(iii) Ordinial Numbers osG igys ‘the’ dk ç;ksx gksrk gSA e.g. The
The sun, the planets, the solar eclipse, the lunar eclipse.
third, The sixth etc.
II. tks in vius vfèkdkj {ks= esa ,dek= gksa muls igys Hkh ‘The’ dk
ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gSµ (iv) Adjective dk ç;ksx Noun osG :i esa gksus ij
1. Musical Instrument
The Principal, The Prime Minister, The king, The Editor, The
captain etc. 2. Parts of body ('kjhj osG vax)
III. Superlative ls igys ‘The’ dk ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gSµ 3. fdlh vkfo"dkj (Invention) ls igys
She is the (Article) most beautiful girl of our class 4. O;fDr osG in ls igys (Designation)
    ↓   ↓ vkfn ds ukeksa osG igys ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA e.g.
  Adjective Superlative The rich (rich people)
IV.
tc fdlh Singular Countable Noun (Common Noun) dk The poor (poor men)
ç;ksx Abstract Noun osG vFkZ esa fd;k tkrk gS] rks mlosG igys The dead (all dead people), The deaf, The blind, The
‘The’ dk ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA handicapped, The old, etc.
The body, the arms. Games/ Sports make the body strong.
vFkkZr~] tc dksbZ Noun fdlh xq.k ;k Hkko dks O;Dr djrk gS rks The Telephone, The Cinema, The Radio. etc.
mlosG igys ‘The’ dk ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA The S.P., The Chairman,
Examples : The Principal, The Editor.
u The judge in him. () (v) Comparative degree osG ç;ksx ls igysA
u The doctor in him. ()
u tc bls Adverb osG :i esa Use fd;k tk;s % The higher
u The mother in her. () you go, the cooler it is.
u The singer in Alok. ()
u tc blls Selection dk cksèk gks % Ram is the fatter one
u The teacher in me. () out of the present boys.

V. uhps fn;s x;s Cases ls igys fuf'pr :i ls The dk ç;ksx gksrk gSA u tc blls Contrast dk cksèk gks % He is wiser of the two.
(i) Nationality Words : The American, the English, the (vi) ‘The’ dk ç;ksx Surnames (miukeksa) ds igys fd;k tkrk gS
Indians.
tc os iwjs ifjokj ;k ifr vkSj iRuh dks bafxr djus ds fy,
Countries/States with combination of more than one
unit : The United kingdom (The U.K.) cgqopu esa iz;ksx fd;s tkrs gSaA e.g
The United States of America (The U.S.S.R.) I was invited by the Reddys, the Birlas, the Tatas.
The Sudan, The Netherlands®¯ (vii) tc fdlh okD; dh cukoV Noun + of + Noun gks rks izFke
(ii) Mountains : The Himalayas, the Vindhyas, the Alps Noun osG igys The dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA e.g
↓ ↓ u The girls of this class are intelligent.
Plural Plural
u The people of Kerala are in trouble.

270 |
 5. Omission of Articles Examples :
u The college is near competition success. ()
os fLFkfr;k¡ tgk¡ Articles dk ç;ksx ugha fd;k tkrk gS] fuEufyf[kr gSµ
a u I found her near the church. ()
I. fdlh Hkk"kk (Language), jax (Colour) rFkk fo"k; (Subject) ;k
NOTE
Home osG igys Article dk ç;ksx ugha fd;k tkrk gSA
Office, Cinema, Movie, Picture, Station, Bus stop, Circus etc.
Examples :
u I can speak English and Hindi both.
osG iwoZ ‘The’ dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
u Apples are red. VI. Hkkstu ([kkus) osG ukeksa (Names of meals) osG igys lkekU;r;k
u He is good at Mathematics.
u I reached home at 7 pm. Article dk ç;ksx ugha fd;k tkrk gSA

II. fnuksa (Days), eghuksa (Months), R;ksgkjksa (Festivals) osG ukeksa osG Examples :
u I had a lunch at 2 P.M. (×)
igys Article dk ç;ksx ugha fd;k tkrk gSA u He couldn’t have the breakfast today. (×)
Examples : ijUrq ;fn buosG igys dksbZ Adjective dk ç;ksx fd;k x;k gks]
u They came here on Monday.
u She will go to Agra in May. rks mlosG igys ‘A/An’ dk ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gS vkSj ;fn bldks
Particular reference fd;k x;k gks] rks mlosG igys ‘The’ dk
III. O;fDrokpd laKk (Proper Noun), æO;okpd laKk (Material
ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
Noun) rFkk Hkkookpd laKk (Abstract Noun) osG igys Article dk
Examples :
ç;ksx ugha fd;k tkrk gSA
u We had a delicious breakfast yesterday morning. ()
Examples : u The dinner hosted by Yogita was superb. ()
u We drink water.
VII. ;fn fnu vkSj jkr osG fgLlksa (Parts of the day and night) osG
u Honesty is the best policy.
u Virtue has its own reward.
}
Abstract Noun
igys at, before, after, by dk ç;ksx fd;k x;k gks] rks muosG igys
u Shakespeare was a great poet.
u She lives in Agra. Article dk ç;ksx ugha fd;k tkrk gSA
Parts of the Day & Night :
ijUrq] tc bu Nouns dks Definite djuk gksrk gS rks buosG igys
‘The’ dk ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA Down, daybreak, sunrise, noon, evening, dusk, twiling, night,
midnight.
Examples :
u The gold of Alok's ring is not pure. Examples :
u They came to me at night. ()
u Where is the milk Suman has bought ?
u The students met me before evening. ()
u We should appreciate the honesty of Chandan.
u I met him at the dawn. (×)
IV. fdlh [ksy (Game & Sports) rFkk hobbies osG uke osG igys I met him at dawn. ()
Article dk ç;ksx ugha fd;k tkrk gSA
NOTE
Examples :
before, after, at sunrise vFkok Sunset ds lkFk Article dk iz;ksx ugha
u We like a cricket. (×)
u I used to play a football. (×)
fd;k tk ldrk gS] tSlsµ
u She plays the tennis. (×) u We visited the zoo after sunset.
u You have to reach here before sunrise.
V. oqGN Nouns osG igys Article dk ç;ksx ml fLFkfr esa ugha fd;k
tkrk gS] tc ogk¡ dk mís'; ogh gks] ftlosG fy;s bldk fuekZ.k VIII.Health, homework, work, paper (dkxt)] mercy, pity, news, pay,
fd;k x;k gSA ,sls Nouns fuEufyf[kr gSaµ safety, soap, travel, weather Uncountable Nouns osG vUrxZr
School, College, University, Bed, Church, Mosque, Jail, Temple, vkrs gSaA vr% buosG igys a/an dk ç;ksx dHkh ugha fd;k tkrk gSA
Court, Hospital, Market.
tcfd answer, boat, salary, journey, climate, paper (lekpkj&i=)
Examples :
holiday, hour, lesson, morning, historian, rest, city Countable
u Children go to the school at 10 A.M. (×)
(for the purpose of study) Nouns osG vUrxZr vkrs gSaA vr% buosG igys a/an dk ç;ksx fd;k
u She goes to the temple at 5 P.M. (×) tkrk gSA
(for the purpose of prayer)
u The injured persons were sent to the hospital. (×) Examples :
(for treatments) u Ram wants to become a historian.
ijUrq ;fn bu LFkkuksa ij tkus dk mís'; dksbZ nwljk gks] rks buosG u They got into a boat.
u I must give an answer to the question.
igys ‘The’ dk ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
General English | 271
 Examples : X. Many, many a, great many
u You should take (have) a rest for an hour. XI. Enough
u Everybody needs a holiday. Usage
u Deepak went out on such a cold morning.
u It was bad weather. I. Some/Any
u It was a bad climate. (i) Some dks use fd;k tkrk gSA
u Everyone likes a comfortable journey. l Countable nouns osG lkFk tgk¡ mldk vFkZ gS FkksM+k ;k
u Everyone likes comfortable travel. FkksM+h ek=k esa (a little, a small quantity.)
u Your father gets a good salary.
l ,sls Questions esa ftuesa request show gksrh gSA e.g.
IX. Radio vkSj wireless osG ç;ksx ls igys ‘the’ yxk;k tkrk gS ijUrq l Do you have some water ?
blh çdkj osG lapkj&ekè;e ‘telephone’ ls igys ‘by’ yxkus ij l Will you buy some fruit from me ?
‘the’ dk use o£tr gks tkrk gSA
Some dk use affirmative sentence esa fd;k tkrk ij bls
Examples : negative nature osG Question esa use fd;k tk ldrk gSA
u I received a missed on the wireless. ()
Examples :
u I use to hear F.M. on the radio.() l Can't you spare some time for my job ?
u I talked to her by the telephone. (×) l Haven't I given you some money for shopping purpose ?
u I talked to her by telephone.()
(ii) ‘Any’ used fd;k tkrk gSµ
X. Kind of, sort of, type of ds ckn vkus okys Noun ds igys l Negative sentence esa e.g.
Article dk iz;ksx ugha gksrk gSA There isn’t any sugar in kitchen.
Examples : l Interrogative sentence esa e.g.
u What kind of dress do you like ? Are there any students in the class ?
u I don't like this sort of man. l ‘Hardly’, ‘Scarcely’ and ‘barely’ After ‘hardly’,
and ‘barely’, ds lkFk e.g.
NOTE
I have hardly any money.
tc kind of, sort of, type of ls fo'ks"k xq.k@;ksX;rk (quality, capacity l After 'if'
or qualification) dk cks/k gksrk gS] ;k okD; interrogative gks rc blds
If you have any problem, please tell me.
ckn vkus okys Noun ds lkFk a/an vo'; iz;ksx gksrk gS] tSlsµ
u What kind of an artist is he ? II. Older, Elder
u What sort of a book is this ? (i) Older (and oldest) osG lkFk persons, animals and things

XI. tc fdlh Noun ds igys Possessive Adjective (my/our/your/ dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
his/her etc.)vkSj Demonstratives Adjective (this/that/these/ Examples :
those etc.)
dk iz;ksx gks rks ml Noun ds igys Article dk iz;ksx l You are older than me.
l This building is older than that one.
ugha fd;k tkrk gSA l My father is the oldest member of the club.
Examples : l I have seen the oldest playground of Asia.
u This is my book. ()
NOTE
u This is a my book. (×)
Older (and oldest) refers to the persons who do not belong
u I like this car. ()
to the same family.
u I like the this car. (×)
(ii) Elder (and eldest) dk
iz;ksx ,d gh family members osG
6. Use of Some Important Determiners lkFk fd;k tkrk gS] ijUrq bldk iz;ksx fdlh oLrq osG lkFk
I. Some, any ugha fd;k tkrkA
II. Older, elder Examples :
III. Few, a few, the few l My elder brother is a doctor.
IV. Little, a little, the little l I am the eldest of all my brothers.
V. Much, many
‘Elder’ and ‘Older’ is not followed by, ‘than’. In some
VI. All, whole
cases, it may be followed by ‘to’
VII. Less, fewer
Example :
VIII. Each, every
l She is older/elder to me.
IX. Either, neither

272 |
III. Few, A few, The few V. Much, Many, Many a, a great many
(i) few dqN dh : few negative gS vkSj Many dk foijhr gSA (i) Much : ek=k dks n'kkZrk gSA
vFkkZr~ blds lkFk plural noun dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA Example :
Example : l There is not much sugar in the pot.
l We get few holidays in winter.
(ii) Many : la[;k n'kkZrk gSA
(ii) A few dqN : a few Øe
dk Positive gSA bldk vFkZ gS FkksM+h Examples :
lh l Many ladies were standing in the queue.
Examples : l I have many frocks for you.
l Only a few boys passed the test.
(iii) Many aµblosG lkFk ‘Singular noun’ vkSj ‘Singular
l He returned from America after a few days.
verb’ dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA bldk vFkZ gS dbZ ckj ^,d O;fDr*
(iii) The few tks dqN cpk gS lc dqN (i;kZIr) : “The few” nks ;k ^,d oLrq* dbZ ckj ,d vfrfFk fcuk dinner fd;s pyk
Statements iznf'kZr djrk gSA tkrk gSA (vFkkZr~ cgqr lkjs vfrfFk;ksa esa ls ,d vfrfFk)
l udkjkRed l ldkjkRedA bldk vFkZ gS % Examples :
l Many a guest was returning without taking
l vfèkd ugha ijUrq l ftrus Hkh gSa dinner.
Examples : l A great many—bldk iz;ksx many osG leku gksrk gSA
l He lost the few books that he borrowed from me.
cgqr ls yksxksa us show dk vkuUn mBk;kA
l The few poems that he wrote, are very popular.
Examples :
IV. Little, A little, The little l A great many people enjoyed the show.
(i) Little : Little negative gSA bldk vFkZ gS dqN ugha vkSj ^u* VI. All, The whole
osG cjkcj (i) All : all cgqr lh phtksa dks ,d lkFk fn[kkrk gSA
Example : Example :
l There is little hope of his success. l All men are mortal.
l All the boys were making a noise.
(ii) A little : a little ^ldkjkRed* gSA bldk vFkZ gS FkksMh+ &lh ek=k
(ii) ‘The whole’ : bldk proper noun ls igys iz;ksx fd;k
Examples :
tkrk gSA
l A little knowledge is a dangerous thing.
Examples :
l Please get me a little of it.
l The whole of the country paid homage to the
l Will you stay here a little longer ? soldiers died in Kargil and Drass etc.
(iii) The little : ^ek=k dks fn[kkrk gSA bldk vFkZ gS tks dqN FkksM+k*
VII. Each, Every
(i;kZIr) (i) 
‘Each’ dk iz;ksx nks O;fDr;ksa ;k oLrq esa ls fdlh ,d osG
Examples : fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA
l The little money I had was spent by me in purchasing Examples :
this medicine. l Each man should do exercise to stay fit.
l His the little knowledge of swimming saved him l Each boy of the class received gifts on the eve
today.
of Children's Day.
NOTE l There were two racing cycles. That cost Rs.
Few vkSj little, a few, a little rFkk the few vkSj the little three hundred each.
ds vFkZ esa vUrj ugha gS] D;ksafd buls Øe'k% ^dqN ugha] dqN (ii) Every : Every dkiz;ksx cgqr ls O;fDr;ksa ;k oLrqvksa osG
rFkk tks dqN FkksM+k* dk cks/k gksrk gS] Grammar dh n`f"V ls ,dopu osG fy;s iz;kssx gksrk gSA
buesa vUrj ;g gS fd few/a few/the few ds lkFk Plural
Countable Noun dk iz;ksx gksrk gS rFkk little/a little/the Examples :
little ds lkFk Singular Uncountable Noun dkA tSlsµ l He goes for morning walk every day.
l I have less friends and fewer milk than Ram. l Every man dies in this world.
;gk¡ less ds cnys fewer vkSj fewer ds cnys less dk iz;ksx VIII. Either, Neither
gksuk pkfg,A
(i) Either : 'Either' means one of the two or both.

General English | 273

 'Either' dk vFkZ gS nksuksa esa ls ,d ;k nksuksa IX. Enough
'Enough' dk iz;ksx ge ,dopu ;k cgqopu nksuksa esa gh djrs gSaA
Examples :
l There are shady trees on either sides of the ;g i;kZIr dk sense fn[kkrk gSA
road.
Examples :
l You have to choose one book : either this one
l I have enough money to buy all the books.
or that one.
l He can write with either hand. (both)
l You have enough time to think over it.
l There are enough fruits in the basket.
(ii) Neither : 'Neither' is the negative of 'either.'
'Neither' 'either' dk foijhr gSA tc bldk use noun ls igys vkSj adjective osG ckn gksrk gSA
rc ;g ^bruk vfèkd* dk sense fn[kkrk gSA
Examples :
l I can speak on neither side. Examples :
l Neither you nor he did the work. l He is stupid enough to believe all.
l Neither of the two books is cheap. l I am tired enough to have a sound sleep.

Important Questions
Direction (Q. No. 1 to 15) (A) an, a (B) a, the 19. She is ............. hungry.
(C) the, an (D) an, the (A) much (B) too much
Fill in the blanks by choosing the (C) very (D) none
appropriate articles : 10. Rohit is ....... untidy boy.
20. ............. knowledge of garment-industry
(A) an (B) a
1. Ritu is ......... most active girl in proved very helpful to me.
........ family. (C) the (D) no article (A) The little (B) Little
(A) the, a (B) the, the 11. He is ....... university student. (C) A little (D) Smaller
(C) a, the (D) a, a (A) a (B) an 21. He is contented and thus happy because
2. ‘.....sun rises in ...... east.’ (C) the (D) all are correct he has ............... cases.
(A) A, the (B) The, the 12. He reads in ....... H.E. School. (A) few (B) a few
(C) The, a (D) An, a (C) the few (D) fewer
(A) an (B) a
3. Honesty is ....... best policy. 22. She found a few good cards in a shop
(A) an (B) the (C) the (D) no article
and she bought ............. cards last night.
(C) a (D) none of them 13. Akshay is ....... open-minded man. (A) those (B) that
4. Every country has ............ (A) a (B) an (C) them (D) this
parliament. (C) the (D) none of them 23. All teachers agree that Paresh is the
(A) the (B) an 14. ....... Ganga is ....... holiest river of ............. intelligent boy in his class.
(C) a (D) None of these India. (A) more (B) most
5. He is ....... honour to his country. (A) A, an (B) The, an (C) mery (D) only
(A) an (C) The, the (D) An, the 24. She needs ............. more money to buy a
(B) a new car.
15. Tajmahal is built of ....... marble.
(C) the (A) the little (B) little
(A) an (B) a
(C) a little (D) none of these
(D) all are correct (C) the (D) no article 25. Everybody should obey ............. elders.
6. The children found ....... egg in the
Direction (Q. No. 16 to 25) (A) its (B) his
nest.
Choose the correct alternative and fill in the (C) this (D) none of these
(A) an (B) the
blanks in the following sentences
(C) a (D) all are correct Answer Key
16. ............. knowledge is a dangerous
7. English is ....... easy language.
thing.
(A) a (B) the (A) little (B) A little 1. (B) 2. (B) 3. (B) 4. (C) 5. (A)
(C) an (D) none of them (C) few (D) A few 6. (A) 7. (C) 8. (C) 9. (B) 10. (A)
8. ....... sun shines brightly. 17. Has he ............. friends in the town ?
(A) much (B) many 11. (A) 12. (A) 13. (B) 14. (C) 15. (D)
(A) A (B) An
(C) The (D) None of them
(C) little (D) none 16. (B) 17. (B) 18. (B) 19. (C) 20. (A)
18. ............. man has died at sea.
9. English is ............ language of (A) Many (B) Many a 21. (A) 22. (A) 23. (B) 24. (C) 25. (B)
............ people of England. (C) A many (D) None qq
274 |