Answer Key

2. Parts of Speech-2
Verbs

Introduction
Exercise 1.A: (Only the complete sentences are given below, with the
verbs underlined.)
4. Diya went for a walk.
6. Vinod drank a glass of milk.
7. A frog hopped into the kitchen.
8. The principal addressed the students.
9. The children ran towards the ice-cream cart.
10. The crowd screamed with joy and excitement.
11. We all returned home exhausted but delighted.
12. Rianka sang a Rajasthani folk song at the cultural programme.

Classes of Verbs
Exercise 2.A: (Students will do this exercise on their own. They should
be encouraged to describe activities that will not be identical to their
classmates. All grammatically correct sentences should be accepted.)
Exercise 2.B: (Students will do this exercise on their own. Before they
start writing the sentences, there could be a group discussion and a
list of objects could be drawn up collectively. The objects can then be
assigned to different groups of students to avoid repetition of ideas. All
grammatically correct sentences should be accepted.)

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Exercise 2.C: (Students will do this exercise on their own. They could
also work in pairs or in groups of three. All grammatically correct
sentences should be accepted.)

Finite Verbs—Transitive
Exercise 3.A: (Answers may vary. All suitable answers should be
accepted.)
1. tea, us
2. plumber, fifty rupees
3. us, breakfast
4. us, story
5. us, dresses
6. Harsh, task
7. brother, chocolates
8. chairmanship, Ms. Chandra
9. teacher, roses
10. tricks, us
Exercise 3.B:
2. short
3. Chairman
4. comfortable
5. to prepare food for the party
6. spicy
7. to raise his salary
8. deaf

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Finite Verbs—Intransitive
Exercise 4.A:
3. prepare, soup
4. delayed, flight
5. frightened, everyone, with his toy gun
6. assisted, mother, in cleaning up the kitchen
7. found, caught unaware
8. sitting, seems tired
9. bought, the most beautiful dress
10. increased, in the past few years
11. dined, at a wayside hotel
12. purchased, good
Exercise 4.B:
2. two hundred rupees
3. a scornful laugh
4. on the bed
5. in autumn
6. only a minute ago
7. in four years
8. from a loss of memory
9. a beautiful young girl
10. to people talking in the lobby

Verbs of Incomplete Predication

Exercise 5.A:
2. energetically (tells us about the subject, Vishnu)
3. a minute ago (tells us about the subject, red car)

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4. lonely and deserted (tells us about the subject, beach)
5. tired and hungry (tells us about the subject, travellers)
6. reliable (tells us about the object, woman)
7. in the cinema hall (tells us about the object, movie)
8. playfully (tells us about the object, wool)
9. frantically (tells us about the object, green flag)
10. comfortable and inexpensive (tells us about the subject, rest house)
11. senseless (tells us about the object, opponent)
12. president (tells us about the object, her)
13. on the table (tells us about the object, vase)

More Practice
A. 1. go (intransitive)
2. has broken (intransitive)
3. bought (transitive)
4. halted (intransitive)
5. wants (transitive)
6. is speaking (intransitive)
7. is speaking (transitive)
8. stopped (transitive)
9. fought (intransitive)
10. asks (transitive)
11. hoisted (transitive)
12. ordered (transitive)
B. 1. Danny told a lie.
2. We waited an hour.
3. We went to Nairobi.

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 4. The girl had fallen ill.
5. The report seems true.
6. Ishani is typing a letter.
7. The old man went insane.
8. I found the child weeping.
9. The dog continued barking.
10. Shubha wore a green scarf.
11. We breathe through our nose.
12. Please bring the suitcases here.
13. The crow flew down and stole the meat.
14. Rahul is an accomplished santoor player.
15. They made him captain of the basketball team.
Verbs: Auxiliaries and Modals

Primary Auxiliaries
Exercise 1.A:
1. have
2. don’t
3. are
4. have
5. are
6. am
7. is
8. has
9. has
10. do
11. was

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12. was
Exercise 1.B:
2. We all have (helping verb) had dinner at the Country Club several
times.
3. My grandparents did (main verb) everything for us after father
passed away.
4. Anuradha was (helping verb) combing her hair when I reached.
5. My brother has (main verb) a red Honda City.
6. They were (helping verb) forgiven in spite of their grave fault.
7. What is (main verb) a diary? A diary is (main verb) a personal record
of events of our life, our thoughts and feelings. Many diaries have
(helping verb) become famous literary works. The Diary of Anne
Frank was (helping verb) written by a thirteen year-old girl, Anne.
She addressed her diary as Dear Kitty. The entries span two years
during which Anne, her parents and sister, had (helping verb) to hide
in a warehouse in Amsterdam in 1942. Anne died young but her diary
was (helping verb) found and handed to Otto Frank, her father.
8. It was (main verb) a long time back, at some sales meeting. Madhu
had (helping verb) to give a speech. Due to a traffic jam she was
(helping verb) late and while she was (helping verb) hurrying up the
stairs she collided with Meera. Papers flew out of hand. Madhu was
(main verb) furious though Meera apologised several times.
9. Mrs. Shekhar: Hello! Is (main verb) this 25453890?
Priya: Yes, Aunty. May I know who is (helping verb) calling?
Mrs. Shekhar: I am (main verb) Arti Shekhar, Mrs. Sharma’s friend.
Can I speak to her?
Priya: I am (main verb) her daughter, Priya. I am (main verb) afraid
Mummy is (main verb) out at the moment. She has (helping verb)
gone to the dentist.
Mrs. Shekhar: In that case, Priya, I’ll call up later. Bye!

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Exercise 1.C:
1. It is strange, but the question is do monkeys make nests? One
species of monkey does! The orangutans are the only mammals
that make nests. A platform is constructed by them on trees using
branches, and they live on them. The orangutans are large apes with
long arms and orange hair. Their numbers have come down sharply
as they are hunted by planters who want to protect their palm
plantations.
2. Bats are the only mammals that truly fly. Bats are found throughout
the world. A typical bat is the Pipistrelle. It has a wing-span of 8 1/2
inches, and is covered with silky fur, reddish brown above and paler
below. It has a broad head, a blunt muzzle, and triangular ears.
Pipistrelles are active from dusk to just before sunrise.

Modal Auxiliaries
Exercise 2.A:
1. ability
2. possibility
3. advisability/desirability
4. moral obligation
5. obligation (compulsion)
6. request
7. necessity
8. compulsion
9. obligation (commitment)
10. possibility
Exercise 2.B:
1. Could
2. should
3. can

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4. could
5. could
6. should
7. must
8. Could
9. might
10. can
11. might
12. ought to
Exercise 2.C: (Answers may vary. All grammatically correct sentences
should be accepted.)
1. Puran should practise more if he wants to become a chess champion.
2. I may have left my mobile at home.
3. Since it is dark outside, you might require a torch.
4. Father, may we go to Darjeeling during our summer vacation?
5. The lady wearing a pink dress could/might be Yash’s mother.
6. The principal told the students that their uniform must be ironed
every day.
7. Miss Tracy announced that all children should come for the
rehearsals on time.
8. You can borrow my sleeping bag for the trip.
9. I shall be there to pick you from school.
10. Could you guide me to the computer lab, please?
11. You are very sick. You must go to the doctor at once. You should not
delay.
12. It will be very cold in Delhi in December. So you ought to carry your
warm clothes with you.

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Exercise 2.D: (Answers may vary. All grammatically correct sentences
should be accepted.)
1. Can I open the window?
2. I must visit my grandparents this weekend.
3. You could walk for several miles along these paths without meeting
anyone.
4. You should not make a noise in the absence of the teacher.
5. May I speak to the manager for a minute?
6. You ought to/must apologise to your neighbour for your rude
behaviour.
7. He told us that we could leave the hall if we wanted to.
8. Will/Can you help me lift this box, please?
9. You should not pay more than the printed price.
10. The little girls may pluck some flowers to make a garland.

More Practice
A. Could any stolen object be found simply by looking a. Can
for it?
But, for a long time, I cannot forget what the man b. could not
looked
like. Even now I had a vague recollection. He was c. have
neither
fair nor dark, had a moustache and would have d. must
been about
the same height as you, but was slimmer. If I would e. should
meet him
again, I will teach him a lesson he’d remember all f. shall
his life.

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 I am a boxer once, you know, a light heavyweight g. was
champion.
That man was lucky our paths never crossed again. h. is

B. (Answers may vary. All suitable answers should be accepted.)

1. must
2. should
3. must
4. should
5. will
6. ought to
C. (Answers may vary. All suitable answers should be accepted.)
2. Can you help me with the project?
3. He must have answered the letter yesterday.
4. She ought not to go there.
5. May I see you for a minute?
6. If you work hard, you shall succeed.
7. Would you do me a favour?
8. You may come whenever you like.
9. She should not worry about me.
10. May God help you!
Verbs: Non-Finite Forms

Introduction
Exercise 1.A:
2. to visit
3. to knit
4. to cook

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5. Hearing
6. stolen
7. Bowling
8. trekking
9. walking
10. growing
Exercise 2.A: (Answers will vary. All grammatically correct sentences
should be accepted.)
2. I returned home to rest.
3. Everybody wishes to earn well.
4. It was a pleasure to meet you.
5. Jagat finds it unfeasible to travel at this time.
6. We found his story hard to believe.
7. It would be a mistake to leave now.
8. It would be pity for us to miss the play.
9. It was difficult for Neeta to walk.
10. The chair was not very comfortable to sit on.
Exercise 2.B:
2. When they wanted to go a short way, they used their knees and
elbows.
3. But when they wanted to run, they would travel using their hands
and feet.
4. When Mrs. Singh tried to touch them they growled and snapped at
her hand.
5. It was a secret that the Singhs were not able to keep for long.
6. When Mrs. Singh tried to give the girls their first bath the orphanage
echoed with their howls.

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7. The first lesson that the girls had to learn was that they were not
wolves.
8. Although Mrs. Singh tried hard to get them to behave like humans
she could not.
9. They preferred to crouch in the shade and avoided the other
children.
10. When they were given toys to play with, they simply chewed them
up.
Exercise 2.C:
2. to travel
3. to show, to open
4. to make
5. to play
6. to rush
7. to educate, to behave
8. to eat
9. to respond
10. to eat, to arrive, to make
Exercise 2.D:
2. The food is too stale to eat.
3. The shirt is too tight to wear.
4. The carton is too heavy to lift.
5. He is too confused to react.
6. They were too excited to speak.
7. It was too dark to discern anything.
8. It is too foggy to drive any further.
9. We were too exhausted to walk any more.

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Exercise 2.E:
2. He is strong enough to lift that heavy table.
3. Vikas is athletic enough to turn cartwheels.
4. Inam was foolish enough to waste all his money.
5. He can drive fast enough to reach the airport in time.
6. Nidhi was cautious enough to not make any mistakes.
7. Her father is wealthy enough to buy this luxury car.
8. His brother is old enough to remember the freedom struggle.
9. Sudhir’s painting was not good enough to win the competition.
10. The mathematics exam was easy enough for everybody to score well
in it.

Participles
Exercise 3.A: (Answers will vary. All grammatically correct sentences
should be accepted.)
2. sitting quietly
3. running into the house
4. resting near a bush
5. waiting
6. burning
7. playing with the children
8. arriving
9. barking the whole night
10. getting dark
11. laughing uncontrollably
Exercise 3.B:
2. Whistling to himself, Anil rode his bicycle.
3. Taking aim, the soldier fired at the enemy.

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4. Putting the book away, I switched on the television.
5. While driving his car along the lonely road, Jatin heard a strange
noise.
6. Taking a deep breath, the swimmer jumped off the diving board.
7. While driving down to the village, Dinesh thought of a clever plan.
8. Picking up his rucksack, the traveller continued walking towards his
destination.
Exercise 3.C:
2. Having done yoga for one hour, he decided to take a break.
3. Having finished the discussion, they went to have coffee.
4. Having cooked all morning, Ruchi went to take a bath.
5. Having bought the tickets, we entered the hall to see the show.
6. Having cleaned all the fans in the house, Sushrut lay down to rest.
7. Having given instructions to the students, the teacher left.
8. Having searched in vain for her mobile, Sudha decided to report it at
the police station.
9. Having practised for the dance competition the entire morning, she
wasn’t keen to go out in the evening.

Gerunds
Exercise 4.A:
2. Have you heard of my son passing the NDA exam?
3. The officer was awarded a bravery medal for showing great courage.
4. He was sent to prison for trespassing on his neighbour’s property.
5. The thief was arrested for stealing a television.
6. Vinay was scolded by his parents for fighting with his sister.
7. Everyone praised Brinda for winning the swimming competition.
8. She was congratulated by the critics for making a brilliant new film.

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Exercise 4.B:
2. to travelling
3. of swindling
4. for throwing
5. at getting
6. of winning
A. 1. (Students will do this exercise on their own. They should be
encouraged to write sentences that are different and interesting.
All grammatically correct sentences should be accepted. Students
may need help in identifying the non-finites.)
2. (Students will do this exercise on their own. Before they start
writing the sentences, there could be a group discussion and
different ideas could be exchanged. All grammatically correct
sentences should be accepted.)
B. 1. frightened, fallen
2. startling
3. dying, shocking
4. amusing
5. wounded, broken
6. howling
7. loaded
8. educated
9. broken, bleeding
10. locked, repelling
C. 2. The captain was the last man to leave the ship.
3. Mother was delighted to hear of Father’s promotion.
4. We did not expect to win a free ticket to Mauritius.
5. Udit promised to assist us in completing the project.

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 6. The commander ordered the soldiers to march forward.
7. He was the first man to board the metro early in the morning.
8. Shalini practised hard to win the dance competition.
9. She is believed to be a great mathematician.
D. to count; to ask; Gambling; to decay; Recollecting; to ask; cursed;
Remembering; to see; living; to hear; to receive; to have; to read; to
write; to remain; to violate; to escape; to pay
E. In a develop nation like ours, where large a. developing
numbers are still
not able acquiring even primary education, those b. to acquire
undergone higher education constitute a c. undergoing
privileged elite. They must,
therefore repay their debt to society by not d. wasting
wasted a single moment
of academic life in futile or disrupt pursuits. In e. disruptive
this context the
futility of students get involved in party politics f. getting
and intrigues is
too obvious to needing any reiteration. g. to need
F. 1. roaring (present participle); swept (past participle); going
(present participle); to mend (infinitive);
going (present participle); to pile (infinitive)
2. to remember (infinitive); reading (gerund); listening (gerund);
understanding (gerund)
3. cooking (gerund); scavenging (gerund); done (past participle); to
be (infinitive); looked (past
participle); gardening (gerund); to be (infinitive); done (past
participle)
4. beaten (past participle); liberated (past participle)
5. Having (present participle); grown (past participle); struggling
(present participle); living (gerund)

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G. cooking; to empty; to cover; leaving; facing; to allow; to escape;
Cooking; to shake, popping
Verbs: Tenses

Introduction
Exercise 1.A:
1. had reached (past)
2. have bought (present)
3. will have repaired (future)
4. threw (past)
5. will begin (future)
6. will be waiting (future)
7. are touring (present)
8. damage (present)
9. is trying (present)
10. was leaking (past)
11. will learn (future)
12. is attaching (present)

Present Tense
Exercise 2.A:
1. c; 2. e; 3. d; 4. b; 5. a
Exercise 2.B:
1. wears, is wearing
2. walk, am going
3. is crying, wants
4. is aching, make
5. are shouting, cheering, want

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6. Help, are slipping
7. is ringing, open, is sleeping, is cleaning
8. doing, is baking, is
Exercise 2.C:
b. relied, rely
c. believed, believe
d. had, have
e. provided, provide
f. could, can
g. was, is
h. was, is
i. was, is
j. was, is
Exercise 2.D: (Students will write sentences as directed. Accept all
grammatically correct sentences.)

Past Tense
Exercise 3.A:
1. had worked, retired
2. had been weeping, came
3. had managed, sent
4. had waited/had been waiting, came
5. had joined
6. had ploughed
7. had learnt, joined, had attended, passed
Exercise 3.B:
b. moves, moved

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c. pursues, pursued
d. enters, had entered
e. attracting, attracted
f. marches, marched
g. earns, earned
h. lays, laid
i. build, building
j. were, was

Future Tense
Exercise 3.C: (Students will write the report as directed. Accept all
grammatically correct sentences.)
Exercise 4.A: (Answers may vary. All suitable answers should be
accepted.)
In 20 years’ time, women will be holding important posts in every sphere.
In 1000 years’ time, aliens will have invaded the earth.
In 75 years’ time, robots will be doing all industrial and household work.
In 200 years’ time, water will have become difficult to obtain.
In 100 years’ time, electricity will have become past story.
In 75 years’ time, many animals will have become extinct.
Exercise 4.B:
2. will have
3. will be going
4. is about to
5. will come
6. are taking

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More Practice
Exercise 4.C: (Students will write a paragraph as directed. Accept all
grammatically correct sentences.)
A. It is two o’clock when she recovers consciousness and calls the
police. The murderer has gone long ago, but there lies his victim
in the street, indescribably broken and crushed. The stick which
the murderer has used, although it is made of rare and very hard
wood, has been broken in the middle by this mad cruelty; one half
lies by the body, the other has doubtless been carried away by the
murderer. Some money and a gold watch are found on the victim,
but no cards or papers except a sealed and stamped envelope that he
has probably been taking to the post.
B. 2. When I reached the theatre, the film had already started.
3. I had switched off the lights before I left the room.
4. We had waited for one hour before the taxi arrived.
5. My headache disappeared after I had taken a pain killer.
6. The children had eaten breakfast before they left for school.
7. Badri had worked for four years before he started his own
business.
8. She had tried fifteen gowns before she decided to take the first
one.
9. Mother had bolted all the windows carefully before she locked the
main door. /
Mother bolted all the windows carefully after she had locked the
main door.
10. The guard had checked our papers before we entered the
conference room. /
We entered the conference room after the guard had checked our
papers.
C. 2. I have been working as a freelance journalist for a year.
3. I have been learning scuba diving since last month.

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D. Libra: may seem, have been profound, should build, have taken,
make, waiting,
Pisces: will be, will get, is aligning, governs, offers
E. 1. a. have being, was
b. written, wrote
c. has chose, had chosen
d. has turns, had turned
e. teach, teaching
f. remembers, remember
g. hold, holding
h. spells, spelled
i. is revealing, was revealed
2. a. were loading, was loaded
b. help, helped
c. lifts, lifted
d. is gone, was going
e. is opened, was open
f. holds, hold
g. fallen, falling
h. did, done
Verbs: Concord

Introduction
Exercise 1.A:
1. They often visit us.
2. The sun rises in the east.
3. You always come late.

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4. I rarely go to the theatre.
5. It generally rains in August.
6. The children practise football after school.
7. My neighbour normally wears light shades.
8. The mother of these children works in a factory.
9. That man wearing a black coat lives next door.
10. Kiran usually spends the summer in Mussoorie.
Exercise 1.B:
1. imperative
2. indicative
3. imperative
4. imperative
5. imperative
6. subjunctive
7. indicative
8. indicative
9. indicative
10. indicative
11. indicative
12. indicative
Exercise 1.C: (Students will do this exercise on their own. They may
be encouraged to make sentences that are creative. All grammatically
correct sentences may be accepted.)

Subject—Verb Agreement
Exercise 2.A:
Perhaps no animal on earth have (correct word: has) enjoyed the kind
of publicity received by the giant panda. Unknown to the Western World

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till as late as 1869, the giant panda have (has) been familiar to the
Chinese for over 4000 years. At one time, the animal inhabited vast areas
of some parts of South China but today it find (finds) itself restricted
to small areas of some parts of China. For many years, the panda were
(was) believed to belong to the bear family. In fact, its closest living
relative are (is) not a bear but the golden panda.
The giant panda adapt (adapts) well to low temperatures, so it do
(does) not hibernate in winter. It climb (climbs) trees with amazing
agility and feed (feeds) on large quantities of bamboo shoots that
grows (grow) abundantly in dense forests. Occasionally, its diet
may also include fish, small mammals and birds. A single cub are (is)
normally born to females after a gestation period of 15 months. An
interesting feature are (is) its soft fleshy wrist pad with which it grasp
(grasps) bamboo stalks in the
same way as we use our thumb. Although it have (has) been protected
in China for more than forty years, the giant panda are (is) an extremely
endangered animal.
Exercise 2.B:
1. judges
2. give
3. collects
4. run
5. enjoy
6. borrows
7. play
8. likes
9. comes
10. begins
Exercise 2.C:
1. Each of these coats has a wide collar.

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2. Neither the boy nor his parents are happy.
3. My father and my teacher have come.
4. The writer and filmmaker disagrees with us.
5. Either Gagan or his sister is sure to be home.
6. Rakesh, as well as his sisters, goes to the Town Hall School.
7. The house with all its furniture and fittings is for sale.
8. The girls, as well as their teacher, are going to the National museum.
9. Every man, woman and child was evacuated from the building.
10. Either this big tree or those small trees have to be cut down to
construct another set of rooms.
Exercise 2.D:
1. have
2. have
3. has
4. has
5. have
6. have
7. has
8. have
9. has
10. have
Exercise 2.I:
1. are
2. is
3. are
4. are
5. is

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6. is
7. is
8. are
9. is
10. are
A. 1. is 2. was 3. needs 4. were 5. were 6. relishes 7. taste 8. play 9.
was 10. is
B. 1. believes 2. are 3. jumps 4. likes 5. has 6. serves 7. dances 8.
travel 9. are 10. were
C. a number of women (plural) since it means ‘many women’
the majority of children (singular) since ‘majority’ is taken as one
whole
many of them (plural) since ‘many’ is plural
a few of the girls (plural) ‘a few’ is plural
the standard of the school (singular) since ‘standard’ is taken as one
whole
each of the members (singular) since ‘each’ is singular
one of the houses (singular) since ‘one of’ is singular
the judge and the lawyers (plural) since the subject consists of more
than one
the number of clothes (singular) since ‘number’ is taken as one
whole
D. 1. Our freedom was achieved with great struggle and sacrifice
after centuries of servitude to foreign rule. The preservation and
strengthening of freedom is a task even more onerous than its
attainment. In any nation the youth forms the vanguard in most
spheres of activity. An enormous burst of idealism and energy is
required among our youth to safeguard this great nation founded
on the twin ideals of secularism and democracy. The younger
generation today faces challenges graver than any with which

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 their forefathers were confronted. The survival of a secular and
democratic nation is at stake in this nuclear age.
2. It is assumed that the possession of material things is what
makes a man happy. It is thought that a man who has two rooms
and two loaves must be twice as happy as a man who has one
room and one loaf. In a word, it is thought that happiness is
proportional to income. A few people challenge this idea in the
name of religion, or morality. One of the most powerful of all
our passions is the desire to be admired and respected, which is
believed to be given to the man who seems to be rich. This is the
chief reason why people wish to be rich.
E. How would you react if a black cat crossed your path? Well, a
majority of men and women would willingly take a few extra steps
or wait patiently for someone else to first walk ahead to escape
bad luck that a black cat supposedly brings. It doesn’t stop here.
Superstition goes on to dates like Friday, the 13, and calling a person
from behind or sneezing when he was going on an important errand.
All this was supposed to bring bad luck, something which everyone
would rather avoid. Most celebrities too firmly believe in the so-called
‘number games’ and ‘lucky alphabets’, and so on. Cashing in on
these fears are innovative businessmen. A variety of artifacts which
profess protection from bad luck can be found in the market. Why,
just recently I saw an advertisement about a necklace which shields
the wearer from the evil eye. There is a wide variety of remedies
from evil spirits, ranging from wearing precious stones to a garland of
garlic. One can do nothing but laugh at such idiocy.
These superstitions have no scientific backing and have been
condemned by scientists and religious protagonists. But people
continue to cling to them due to ignorance and illiteracy. These
rigid rules threaten the unity and integrity of our nation. They
have narrowed the outlook of people and hindered the economic
development, and society has become stagnant.

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 Verbs: Voice

Introduction
Exercise 1.A:
3. The winners of the debate were cheered by the children. (passive
voice)
The children cheered the winners of the debate. (active voice)
4. A sandwich was made by Ram. (passive voice)
Ram made a sandwich. (active voice)
5. Ritika is watering the flowers. (active voice)
The flowers are being watered by Ritika. (passive voice)
6. Koel helped the old lady cross the road (active voice)
The old lady was helped by Koel to cross the road. (passive voice)
7. Abhinav bought a pizza. (active voice)
A pizza was bought by Abhinav. (passive voice)

Rules for Changing from Active to Passive Voice

Exercise 2.A:
1. The dog was taken for a walk by Parth.
2. The electricity bill will be paid by Dhruv.
3. The vegetables for the soup were chopped by Parul.
4. The cupboard was locked by Sunita before leaving.
5. The classrooms are being cleaned by some students.
6. Saplings were planted by children on Van Mahotsav Day.
7. The details of the project were being discussed by the engineers.
8. The maximum number of runs was scored by Yuvraj in today’s match.
Exercise 2.B:
1. This sum can be solved (by you).

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2. The rules must be observed (by us).
3. The window may be closed (by you).
4. The assignment should be submitted on time by Lalit.
5. The railings should have been decorated by him with several
bouquets.
Exercise 2.C:
1. Another chance was offered to her by me. / She was offered another
chance by me.
2. Sanskrit is taught to us by Mrs. Beena. / We are taught Sanskrit by
Mrs. Beena.
3. A new umbrella was given to me by Mother. / I was given a new
umbrella by Mother.
4. Some new tricks have been taught to me by the magician. / I have
been taught some new tricks by the
magician.
5. A bouquet of roses will be given to the teacher by the girls. / The
teacher will be given a bouquet of
roses by the girls.
Exercise 2.D:
1. Was the sitar recital liked by you?
2. Can I be helped to lift this box?
3. By whom was the windowpane broken? / Who was the windowpane
broken by?
4. Has anything been decided by the manager?
5. Why wasn’t his camera returned (by you)?
Exercise 2.E:
1. You are requested to bring me a cup of tea. / A cup of tea should be
brought to me (by you).
2. The patient should not be disturbed.

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3. The plates should be left on the table.
4. You are requested to enter through this door.
5. Clothes should not be thrown on the floor.
Exercise 2.F:
1. All kinds of carpets are sold here (by them).
2. Our army has been defeated (by the enemy).
3. My leg was operated upon (by the doctors).
4. The recreation room was swept twice (by him).
5. The school auditorium will be decorated for the farewell (by them).
Exercise 3.A: (Answers may vary.)
2. Mount Everest is known to be the highest peak in the world.
3. Whales are known to be the largest sea creatures.
4. Snakes are regarded as the vilest of all creatures.
5. The lion is thought to be the strongest animal.
6. Thar desert is said to be the hottest place in India.
Exercise 3.B:
The carafe is filled with the liquid that is to be heated. It must be
wiped dry before it is placed on the stove. Once the liquid begins to boil,
it is removed from the stove. After removing from flame, the carafe
should not be kept on a cold or damp surface. A carafe may be used
for storing beverages in the refrigerator. The contents of the carafe
should be de-freezed after taking it out of the refrigerator.
Exercise 3.C:
Two eggs are beaten and 150 grams of powdered sugar is added to
it along with two drops of essence. 150 grams of margarine is added to
the mixture and it is beaten well. 200 grams of flour and two teaspoons
of baking powder are sifted and folded lightly into the mixture. Milk is
added to adjust the batter consistency. 50 grams of butter is spread
evenly over the base of an 8-inch round cake dish. A little bit of brown

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sugar is sprinkled on it. Next, sliced pineapples are arranged over
the base and walnuts are placed around the edges. All this is topped
with peach halves. Thereafter the batter is poured carefully over the
fruit. The cake is baked in the microwave for five to ten minutes. It
is allowed to cool before it is turned onto a serving dish. The cake is
served warm with whipped cream.
Exercise 3.D: (Students can write about the experiment from their own
experience, but they may need help in constructing the sentences.)

More Practice
A. 1. The room should be cleaned properly.
2. By whom was The Ramayana written?
3. Dinner was cooked by Grandmother (for us). / Dinner was cooked
for us by Grandmother.
4. His name could not be remembered by her.
5. The prisoner was proclaimed guilty by the judge.
6. The new computer is being used regularly (by us).
7. He was made the commander of the army (by them).
8. The burglar was being chased by the enraged people.
9. Cellphones should be kept switched off during the programme.
B. 1. The peon rang the bell.
2. We/They hold elections every year.
3. Who has spilt the tea?
4. Someone burgled their house last night.
5. Jai’s cat broke the crystal vase.
6. My daughter organised this party.
D. 2. 14-YEAR-OLD BOY DIES: JAVELIN PIERCES HEAD
3. LIGHTNING STRIKES MAN IN THE FIELDS.
4. BSF ARRESTS 2 INFILTRATORS

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 5. HEAVY RAINS LASH MUMBAI: 3 HOURS
6. CM LAUNCHES NOIDA–DELHI METRO SERVICE
E. 2. were engulfed by the 3. he won one crore 4. was inaugurated 5.
were postponed, the leak 6. fake 500-rupee notes was busted by the
G. 2. Salespeople are required.
3. A discount of forty percent is offered.
4. Dogs are not allowed in this store.
5. Smoking is not allowed in the banquet hall.
6. Children below ten are not allowed.
F. 1. The Statue of Liberty, one of the most famous monuments
in the world, was presented by the people of France to the
United States of America. The great statue was designed by
the sculptor Frederic-Auguste Bartholdi. Ten years were taken
to complete it. The actual figure was supported by a metal
framework, especially constructed by Eiffel. An island was
chosen at the entrance of the New York Harbour as the site for it.
A pedestal was built there for it. A statue which was 151 feet tall
was erected by 1884 in Pairs. The following year, it was taken
to pieces and sent to America. By the end of October 1886, the
statue had been put together again. It was presented officially
to the American people by Bartholdi. Ever since then, the great
monument has been a symbol of liberty for the millions of people
who have passed through New York Harbour to make their homes
in America.
2. Penicillin is one of the most useful drugs that was invented
by man. Wounds caused by bacteria, which cannot otherwise
be healed, can be healed with its help. To begin with, this
wonderful discovery and its use were known to very few people.
Interest was shown in it first by scientists and then ministers
of governments. Since penicillin could save wounded soldiers, it
could be helpful during war. And so it was decided to encourage
its manufacture. Big factories for preparing it were set up by

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 the authorities. The lives of hundreds of thousands of soldiers
were saved by it. Penicillin, when injected into the human blood,
acts as an aid to those parts which are always fighting the deadly
germs. It does not have power over every kind of bacteria; but in
a great majority of cases certain kinds of bacteria are destroyed
by penicillin.
G. 1. A sheet of paper is taken and laid flat on the table. The long
sides of the paper should be on the top and the bottom while the
short sides should be on the right and left. A pattern is drawn
along the edge of one of the short sides and then the paper is
folded like a fan. The paper is cut along the outer lines of the
paper. It should be noted that it is not cut along the side on
which it is folded. Once the paper is unfolded, a long chain of the
same pattern is seen.
2. All the dirty white clothes were collected. Detergent powder
was mixed in warm water in a bucket. The clothes were soaked
in this soap water solution. They were taken out after half an
hour and their dirty parts were scrubbed with a plastic brush.
Next, they were rinsed well until the soap content was washed
off. Lastly, the clothes were squeezed and shaken and hung for
drying.
Adverbs

Introduction
Exercise 1.A:
2. exceedingly (modifies the adverb, clumsily), clumsily (modifies
the verb, acted)
3. swiftly (modifies the verb, slipped)
4. hungrily (modifies the verb, licked)
5. unbelievably (modifies the adjective, exciting)
6. calmly (modifies the verb, answered), very (modifies the adverb,
calmly)

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7. terribly (modifies the adjective, difficult)
8. loudly (modifies the verb, cried)
9. extremely (modifies the adjective, happy)
10. remarkably (modifies the adjective, beautiful)

Kinds of Adverbs
Exercise 2.A:
2. afterwards (when)
3. daily (how often)
4. lately (when)
5. almost (how much)
6. perfectly (how)
7. indoors (where)
8. very (how much), gracefully (how)
9. bitterly (how)
10. quickly (how)
11. terribly (how much)
12. really (how much)
Exercise 2.B:
1. Unfortunately the death-rate from snake bites is high largely
because of widespread ignorance about snakes and snakebite
prevention. Also, proper medical treatment is regrettably delayed or
unobtainable. According to an estimate made recently by the World
Health Organisation, about 15,000 deaths from snakebites occur
annually in India—nearly half the world’s total of such deaths. Even
for those who luckily survive, the ordeal is a dreadful experience,
usually resulting in days or weeks of agony.
2. The population of the world has been increasing quite steadily. But
the disturbing aspect is the fact that the increase in urban centres

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 has been considerably higher than in rural centres. The increased
rate of urbanisation can be definitely attributed to a great variety
of influences or pull factors, like greater job opportunities. There
are other attractions too. Better living conditions, better facilities
for education, and medical care also attract people to cities. But the
threat of urbanisation has been so rapid that the civic authorities in
the cities are not able to cope up with it effectively. Consequently,
large areas in cities have been changing into slums where the living
conditions are appallingly pathetic. All these have greatly affected
the health of the people adversely.
Exercise 2.C: (Answers may vary. All suitable answers should be
accepted.)
1. A man was talking casually to a friend: ‘I’ll tell you what happened
the other day. I was merrily driving a herd of goats on the
mountainside. Suddenly, one of them slipped and went sailing
swiftly through the air towards the gully. As I looked down, I could
hardly believe what I saw. The goat never got to the gully. It was an
extremely cold day and I was surprised to see that it had frozen in
mid-air.’ Obviously, the friend did not believe what he was told.
2. What the terrified hunter saw before him was unmistakably a tiger.
He lay absolutely still, kept his eyes completely shut, and prayed
sincerely. Ultimately the tiger left, and the hunter cautiously sat
up and looked nervously into the undergrowth. Luckily the tiger had
gone, so he hurriedly made his way back to his friends. The hunter
was badly shaken, and certainly did not want to spend the night in
the forest. He announced that they would return immediately. His
friends did not argue, but groaned inaudibly as they all departed.

Comparison of Adverbs
Exercise 3.A:
2. more quickly
3. best
4. more systematically than

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5. better
6. most awkwardly
7. more comfortably
8. most heavily
9. most certainly
10. more efficiently than
Exercise 3.B: (Sample sentences given below. Answers may vary.)
1. I often visit my village.
I have started to visit my village more often than before.
This is the restaurant we visit the most often in winters.
2. She waited patiently for him.
He listened to her problems more patiently than anyone else.
He heard her woes most patiently.
3. Her hands moved skillfully while weaving the basket.
She wove the basket more skillfully than the others.
She weaves baskets most skillfully.
4. He worked hard.
She worked harder than him.
Sunita worked the hardest of all.
5. It suddenly occurred to him that he would need a visa.
Her voice and manner changed more suddenly than usual.
She slipped and fell most suddenly.

Formation of Adverbs
Exercise 4.A: (Students will do this activity on their own. Accept all
grammatically correct sentences.)
1. sadly 2. innocently 3. beautifully 4. prettily 5. haughtily 6. naughtily 7.
admirably 8. visibly 9. terribly

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Exercise 4.B:
1. c; 2. e; 3. d; 4. g; 5. a; 6. h; 7. f; 8. b

Position of Adverbs
Exercise 5.A:
1. They seldom call on us.
2. I have just seen Sudhir in the market.
3. The dogs barked furiously last night.
4. I saw Beena crying bitterly yesterday.
5. I placed my hand quickly on the door.
6. He already knows the way to my house.
7. The children sat quietly in the shade of the tree.
8. She wrapped each crystal piece carefully in foam.
9. She greeted me warmly in the mall today morning.
10. We have to dress formally for the party in the club tomorrow.

Adverbs as Different Parts of Speech

Exercise 6.A:
2. The rose smells sweet. (adjective)
3. The birds singsweetly at the break of day. (adverb)
4. She hardly seems to remember anything after the fall from the
terrace. (adverb)
5. The boy struck a beehive unknowingly. (adverb)
6. Gandhiji was popularly called Bapu. (adverb)
7. Preeti is very popular among her friends. (adjective)
8. Don’t be late for the meeting. (noun)
9. Bhushan has lately joined dance classes. (adverb)
10. The snail moves slowly. (adverb)

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11. The children watched the slow movement of the tortoise with great
interest. (adjective)
12. The pilots bombed the targets successfully. (adverb)
13. Sunit was successful in her endeavour to train her dog. (adjective)

More Practice
A. 1. Both the teams entered the field simultaneously.
2. Remember to take your medicine regularly.
3. We will undoubtedly take the trophy home.
4. She can sing the most difficult song effortlessly.
5. The chief guest was escorted to the stage ceremoniously.
6. Everyone in the village calls the old woman Amma
affectionately.
7. Seetha has been sitting at the table and working continuously.
8. He completed the project successfully.
9. Aunt Martha arrived unexpectedly from Canada this morning.
10. Both adults and children participated in the tug-of-war
enthusiastically.
B. 1. somewhere 2. homewards 3. cheerfully 4. backwards 5. accurately
6. next time 7. apart 8. Strangely 9. away 10. hither and thither 11.
back and forth 12. nearly, briskly 13. outside, comfortably, harder 14.
breathlessly
C. (Example adverbs are given here. Answers may vary.)
2. smartly 3. cautiously 4. well 5. guardedly 6. skillfully 7.
appropriately 8. softly 9. critically 10. gracefully 11. good-humouredly
12. well 13. heavily
D. 1. We got our books only today.
2. She speaks English very fluently.
3. Uncle came direct from Chennai.

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 4. Wear your coat. It is bitterly cold today.
5. We were very tired when we got home.
6. She was careless enough to make mistakes.
7. The teacher was kind enough to listen to me.
8. I was very glad to meet her at the party.
9. This bundle of books is too heavy for me.
10. Father is very displeased with my younger brother.
E. 2. The new jeans fitted him perfectly.
3. Carl was wearing a bulky anorak and a beautifully embroidered
hat.
4. The officers routinely concealed racist attacks and that amounted
to institutionalisation.
5. When Victoria mentioned one day that she played squash for the
national police team, Michael challenged her to the game. She
beat him, and they began to play every week. He took a game
from her now and again, but she usually won.
F. (Students will do this activity on their own. Sentences may vary.)
G. 2. Not wishing to dwell on it greatly, Eric merely shrugged his
shoulders.
3. Susan studied her son musingly and then extremely
indifferently she said, ‘One day you will discover that there is
some kind of greatness in you.’
4. Then the woman peered doubtfully toward the top window of the
house and saw a little boy. She shyly/undecidedly started to
bring up her hand and wave very hesitantly.
5. The sailing to Portsmouth was unusually quiet. Dolly had her
nose incessantly buried in the guidebook, sometimes writing
something down in a small exercise book.
6. Mrinali stopped momentarily at the snack machine, gave it a
sold punch in precisely the right place, and carefully scooped

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 up a bag of popcorns. So practised was she that she scarcely
had to pause for more than a few seconds before continuing
nonchalantly on her way.
7. The grey-haired woman sprinted down the hallway at a speed
that belied her years. She skillfully flipped on a light, and the
teenager stared around vacantly. She evidently had no idea
why the woman had abruptly taken upon herself to burst into her
room so suddenly. Her expression was completely, irritatingly
impassive. The woman smiled crookedly and promptly the girl
knew that something bad was definitely going to happen.
Prepositions

Introduction
Exercise 1.A:
1. with 2. on 3. against 4. along 5. of 6. past 7. on 8. into 9. for 10. over
11. beside; on 12. with; for 13. for; at 14. around; of 15. after; of 16.
about; of 17. in 18. for; at 19. on; for; under

Object of a Preposition
Exercise 2.A:
2. preposition: on; object: what the Principal is going to decide (noun
clause)
3. preposition: on; object: the floor (noun)
4. preposition: about; object: to rain (infinitive)
5. preposition: by; pressing (gerund)
6. preposition: on; object: Which (interrogative pronoun)
7. preposition: of; object: what happened before the accident (noun
clause)
8. preposition: from; object: here (adverb)
9. preposition: with; object: whom (interrogative pronoun)
10. preposition: with; object: his (pronoun)

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11. preposition: by; object: now (adverb)
12. preposition: to; object: walking (gerund)
13. preposition: over; object: hills and plains (noun phrase)
14. preposition: for; object: the next train (noun phrase)

Position of Prepositions
Exercise 3.A: (Students will write a descriptive paragraph as directed.)
Exercise 3.B: (Students will need guidance in writing a descriptive
paragraph.)
Exercise 3.C: (Students can do this activity alone or in pairs.)
Exercise 3.D:
1. on 2. above 3. inside 4. over 5. to 6. from 7. to, from, into, to, on,
against, at, on

Kinds of Prepositions
Exercise 4.A: (Only sentences with corrections are given below.)
1. Owing to his ill health, he took premature retirement.
2. Sarah ran into the house and bounded up the stairs.
3. They were sitting at the rear end of the room.
4. The boy stood alone in the middle of the road.
5. She and I walked round the loch and talked about the old stories the
locals told us about the old
temple, now almost in ruins.
6. Toni sat in the back of a grey Alto, beside Katherine who was a blond
woman of Toni’s age.
7. no issues
8. My brother Ravi and I had been to Delhi to spend our end-of-term
break with our grandparents. Break over, we took a bus to Shimla.
The plan was to get off at Shimla and board another bus for Jutogh,
a suburb of Shimla where we lived with our parents.

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Usage of Confusing Prepositions
Exercise 5.A:
1. in, at, in, in, to, of, in
2. in, of, in, over, on, on, to, without, in, with, under, before
3. of, from, to, in, in, through, of, in, of, in, with, to, up, for, in, In, at,
during, with, in, at
4. over, for, by, at, at, through, of
5. of, in, at, At, to, near, to, of
A. 1. for 2. over 3. under 4. at 5. with 6. upon 7. in 8. from 9. out, into
10. for, of
B. 1. by, of, to, in, to, of, At, for, to, of, to, of, to, for
2. in, of, of, for, of
3. for, of, around, for, in, for, in, of, on, of, to, in, of, with, in, of, to,
into, of, in, of, by, of, in
4. on, of, from, in, on, of, over, to, towards
C. to, with, from, of, for, of, to, at, for, to, for, despite, from, of, to, for,
into, to, from
D. Many thanks for your kind invitation to dinner on 15 March.
Unfortunately, Jai is away on business this week, and I’ve arranged
to go and visit my parents. So I’m afraid we won’t be able to be with
you. We are both very sorry and hope to see you soon.
E. (Answers may vary. All suitable answers should be accepted.)
2. She entered, followed by a valet.
3. Everything was just as it had been earlier in the evening.
4. She looked at the puppy compassionately.
5. She noticed her father’s bicycle propped against the wall.
6. I am puzzled by his obtrusive behaviour today.
7. I saw the news on television.

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 8. The thief jumped over the fence.
9. He took the book from the shelf.
10. The neighbour looked suspiciously at Gauri.
Conjunctions

Introduction
Exercise 1.A:
1. and, for, but, and, and, though
2. and, However, Although, and, and, both, and
Exercise 1.B:
1. Either...or 2. Although 3. not only...but also 4. whether...or 5. so that
6. for 7. if 8. after 9. therefore 10. Since 11. why 12. while

Kinds Of Conjunctions
Exercise 2.A:
1. but
2. and
3. or
4. and
5. or
6. but
7. so
8. or
9. for
10. or
11. so
12. or
13. for

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14. and
Exercise 2.B:
1. The older men might find it difficult to get a new job if they leave the
farm.
2. Had I known she would never return, I would not have let her go.
3. They had to acquire new land in order to build a new school for the
orphanage.
4. Whether you come along or not, we are leaving tomorrow morning.
5. Grandfather hoisted little Jubo on his shoulder so that he might see
the procession.
6. We were surprised to know she was married as she spoke very little
about herself.
7. Explain in simple words so that a seven-year-old may understand it.
8. I couldn’t bring myself to chastise her because I like her a lot.
9. It was rather late when I returned home.
10. She could not move her car out, so I had to move my car to let her
out.
12. Stay with us until we go.

Some Conjunctions and Their Uses

Exercise 3.A:
1. when, and, But, unless
2. and, if, than, Unless
3. and, and, But, When
A. 1. The Jacaranda is a very beautiful tree and stunningly magnificent
when in bloom. The tree’s full botanical name is Jacaranda
mimosolia which/and is a native of Brazil. Now it has been
introduced into several tropical and subtropical countries. It is
not only a common sight in Indian gardens but is also a favourite
avenue trees in towns and cities. The tree has a canopy consisting

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 of fine, feathery leaves.
2. The camp itself was very luxurious and the dinner was very good.
It was not often that one saw hot-water, plates, finger-bowls, and
seven or eight courses, in a tent in a jungle! The sportsmen never
saw a tiger, but did they shoot anything else?
3. The children never quarrelled among themselves and were always
hungry to know more. This was one school that they could not
stay away from! Some years later, many of them went to high
schools but they always looked back with pride and gratitude to
their first lessons under the pipal tree, where they spent some of
the happiest days of their lives.
4. The spider worked slowly and with great care. Six times she tried
to throw her thread from one edge of the cave wall to another but
failed. She did not lose hope. With still more care, she became
ready to try for a seventh time. The thread was safely carried to
the cave wall and fastened there.
B. 1. b. lot. When the
c. down and let
d. big that the
2. a. When glaciers
b. and forms
c. rocks and pebbles
d. More and more
e. When the
f. wider and
g. loops which are
3. a. says that a
b. twigs and sticks
c. and sheltering
d. think that this

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 e. nest? If You
f. in and out
g. use neither
h. knife nor any
C. b. that, than c. either, neither d. or, nor e. when, since f. but, or g.
since, however h. since, and i. or, and j. only, neither k. also, nor
D. (Answers will vary. Sample answers are given below.)
1. I go to school so that I can learn many things.
2. We need laws in order to maintain peace.
3. It is necessary to maintain discipline so as to make life easy and
comfortable.
4. We should save water in case there is a crisis due to global
warming.
5. We should not cut trees in order that our surroundings may stay
fresh.
6. We should keep our country clean so we can all live a healthy life.
Interjections

Interjections
Exercise 1.A: (Some interjections may be suitable for more than one
sentence.)
1. Oh! Have they gone?
2. Good lord! You have shocked me.
3. Hush! Don’t make a noise.
4. Sorry! I can’t help you.
5. Oh dear! You are in trouble now.
6. Bravo! You have topped the university.
7. How awful! Now who will take care of his old parents?

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8. Well, well! I am surprised to see you.
9. Hello! Can you hear me?
10. Beware! There is a snake behind the door.
Exercise 1.B: (Some samples are given below. Students should do this
activity on their own.)
1. fright: Help! I am slipping.
2. surprise: Well! Well! Who do I see?
3. pain: Ouch! My finger hurts.
4. excitement: Hurrah! We have won the trophy.
5. disappointment: Alas! The rain has ruined the picnic.

More Practice
A. (Students should be encouraged to be original. Some sample
sentences are given here.)
2. Uh oh! I can’t find the keys.
3. Achhoo! I have a terrible cold.
4. Yippee! I have solved the puzzle at last.
5. Ouch! I dropped that heavy box on my toe.
6. Be quiet! The Principal is coming.
7. Shh! What an awful lot of noise you are making.
8. What! I can’t believe she’s gone.
9. Hi! It’s so nice to see you after such a long time.
10. Ah! That was a lovely meal.
B. (Answers may vary. All suitable answers should be accepted.)
1. Hurray! We are going for a picnic tomorrow.
2. Ha-ha! That was a good joke.
3. How disgusting! Why must they be so nasty to me?
4. Help! The girl is slipping down the slope.

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 5. Ugh! There is a lizard in the cupboard.
6. Wow! Isn’t this lovely?
C. (Answers may vary. All possible answers should be accepted.)
1. ‘Hush!’ said Mr. John, raising his trembling hand. ‘All be quiet for
a moment.’
2. ‘She’ll panic. Open the door. Oh, break it open!’
3. ‘Good grief! Adams, what shall we do? The child has been locked
in there!’
4. ‘Ah!’ he said, ‘I would have thrashed that naughty boy, but my
hands are bound!’
5. ‘Well, well! Whom do we have here? This is a surprise!’
6. ‘Phew! Is it never going to stop pouring?’ he said as he rushed
into the shelter with his dripping umbrella.
7. He laughed loudly. Ha-ha! What a devil of a name!
8. Good heavens! What’s that awful sound?
9. Ugh! What is that nauseating smell?
10. What! He uttered a roar of fright that made Lalita drop her plate
and got Bruno out from beneath the table.

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