Grade

6
Contents
Math 2–7

English 8 – 11

Social Studies 12 – 13

Science 14 – 16

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 Number Sense and Numeration
MATH

• 6-digit Numbers
e.g. Thousands
Hundred Ten One Hundreds Tens Ones
5 is in the hundred
thousands place; it 5 3 2 6 4 8
means 500 000.

Standard Form: 532 648 Starting from the right, add a

space for every three digits.

Expanded Form: 500 000 + 30 000 + 2000 + 600 + 40 + 8

Written Form: five hundred thirty-two thousand six hundred
forty-eight

• Multiples and Factors

Multiple – the product of a given whole number multiplied by
any other whole number
Use addition or multiplication to find the multiples of a given
number.
e.g. The multiples of 4
• by addition • by multiplication

4
+4
8
+4
12
+4
16 4 8 12 16
4×1 4×2 4×3 4×4

The first four multiples of 4: 4, 8, 12, 16

Factors – whole numbers that are multiplied to get a product

e.g. Find the factors of 15.
factor
15 = 1 × 15 “1” is a
mbers.
of all nu
15 = 3 × 5
So, the factors of 15 are 1, 3, 5, and 15 .

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 • Prime Numbers and Composite Numbers
Prime Number – any number with only 1 and * 1 is neither a
itself as factors; e.g. 7 composite nor a
prime number.
Composite Number – any number greater
than 1 that has more * 2 is the smallest
than 2 factors; e.g. 9 prime number.

Steps to writing numbers as a product of prime factors:

1st Write the composite number e.g. 45 composite
as the product of two factors. number

5 9
2nd Continue to factorize each
composite number until all 3 3
factors are prime numbers.
3rd Write the number as a product prime factors
of prime factors. 45 = 3 × 3 × 5

• Order of Operations
Perform the operations (+/–) from left to right.
Without Brackets With Brackets

357 – 128 + 69 Do “–” first. 357 – (128 + 69) Do the part

inside the
= 229 + 69 = 357 – 197 brackets first.

= 298 = 160

• Commutative Property and Distributive Property

Commutative Property Distributive Property

In multiplication, numbers Use the distributive property

can be multiplied in any to make division easier.
order.
e.g. (660 – 6) ÷ 6
e.g. 6 × 17 × 5 = 660 ÷ 6 – 6 ÷ 6
Do “6 × 5” first
= 6 × 5 × 17 to make the = 110 – 1 Remove brackets
by dividing each
= 30 × 17 multiplication
= 109 term by 6.
easier.
= 510

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 • Fractions
MATH

Steps to comparing mixed numbers with different denominators:

1st Compare the whole number
parts. The one with a e.g. 2 5 2 1
8 3
greater number is greater. the same

If they are the same, go to 1st 2 5 2 1

Step 2. 8 3
2nd
5 1
2nd Compare the fraction parts 8 3
by using diagrams. The one
with a greater coloured part So, 2 5 is greater.
8
is greater.
When fractions with different denominators have the same
numerators, the one with the smallest denominator is the greatest.

e.g. 2 2 2 same numerators

5 11 6 5 is the smallest

So, 2 is the greatest.

5

• Decimals
e.g.
Ones Tenths Hundredths Thousandths
“5” is in the thousandths
4 2 8 5 place; it means 0.005.

Multiplication/Division of Decimals
A Decimal × A Whole Number A Decimal ÷ A Whole Number

Multiply the same way as Divide the same way as

whole numbers. whole numbers.
align
e.g. 5

3.9 6.9
× 6 1 decimal place 4 2 7.6 Put the decimal
point in the
2 3 .4 24 quotient directly
above the one

* Remember to place the decimal

3 6 in the dividend.

point in the product. 3 6

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 A Whole Number × 0.1/0.01/0.001
Move the decimal point 1/2/3 places to the left.
e.g. 3 4 × 0.1 = 3.4 (1 place to the left)
3 4 × 0.01 = 0.34 (2 places to the left)
3 4 × 0.001 = 0.034 (3 places to the left)

• Fractions, Decimals, and Percents

Percent means “per hundred”.

Fifty-three percent (53%) is coloured.

A percent can also be expressed as a 53 out of

fraction or a decimal. So, 53% = 53 = 0.53.
100
100

• Unit Rates and Ratios

Rate – a comparison of two quantities with different units; for
example, number of apples and cost (6 apples for $5)
Unit Rate – a comparison of two quantities with different units in
which the second quantity is 1; for example, 100 km/h
Ratio – a comparison of quantities with the same unit; can be
expressed in ratio form or in fraction form; for example,
3:4 or 3
4
Equivalent
To find equivalent ratios, multiply or divide Ratios
each term by the same number other than 0.
6 : 10 = 18 : 30
e.g. 6 = 6 × 3 = 18 ; 6 = 6 ÷ 2 = 3 6 : 10 = 3 : 5
10 10 × 3 30 10 10 ÷ 2 5

Measurement
• Perimeter and Area
Area of a Parallelogram Area of a Triangle
height height
= base × height = base × height ÷ 2
base base

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 • Volume and Surface Area
e.g.
MATH

3 cm
w l
3 cm 4 cm 4 cm
h base area
7 cm 7 cm

Volume of a Prism
= base area × height
Volume
=l×w×h
= 3 × 4 × 7 = 84 (cm3)
Surface Area
Surface Area of a Prism
= the sum of the areas =4×7×2+3×7×2+3×4×2
of its faces = 56 + 42 + 24
= 122 (cm2)

Geometry
• 2-D Shapes
A figure has rotational symmetry if it fits on itself within a
complete rotation. The order of rotational symmetry is the
number of times the figure fits on itself in one complete rotation.

1 3 This shape has rotational

symmetry of order 3.
2

• 3-D Figures
Different views of a structure built by cubes:
top view
top view side view front view
side
view

front view

A rotation is a transformation that turns clockwise

a shape about a fixed point to form a rotation
of 90˚
congruent shape.

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 • Coordinate System e.g.
To locate a point in a coordinate system, 4
3
the first coordinate is the horizontal
2
position and the second coordinate is vertical
1 horizontal
the vertical position.
0 1 2 3 4 5
(horizontal position,vertical position)
(4,3)

Patterning
Solving Equations Using Substitution:
e.g. Given a+b–3 = 11
a–3=5 a–3+b = 11 Rearrange.

5+b = 11 Substitute.

b = 6 Think : What number plus 5 is 11?

Graphs
Use the appropriate type of graphs to show data:
Circle Graph – for showing data that are parts of a whole
Bar Graph – for making comparisons among data
Double Bar Graph – for comparing two sets of data
Line Graph – for showing changes over time
Double Line Graph – for comparing two sets of data over time

Probability
Theoretical Probability – a mathematical calculation of the chance
that an event will happen in theory
no. of favourable outcomes
e.g. Theoretical Probability =
total no. of possible outcomes

The theoretical probability of landing on each section is 1 .

4
If the spinner is spun 100 times, it is predicted that it will
land on each section 25 times.

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 Grammar
ENGLISH

A noun names a person, a place, a thing,

Nouns
an animal, or an idea.
Concrete Noun
• can be recognized by our five senses
Abstract Noun
• names an idea, a concept, a quality, flowers
love concrete noun
or an ideal
abstract noun

Adjectives An adjective describes a noun.

• Sometimes, a noun can function as an adjective.

e.g. We bought a birthday cake for Mom.
• A possessive adjective shows ownership:
my, your, his, her, its, our, their
e.g. Rocco plays his guitar.

A helping verb is used along with a main verb to

Helping
express an emphasis, an ability, a probability, or
Verbs
a necessity.
• do (emphasis) • may (probability)
• can (ability) • have to (necessity)

e.g. Peter can fix his bicycle.

helping main
verb verb

An adverb describes a verb, an adjective, or

Adverbs
another adverb.
describes the adjective “huge” describes the adverb “fast”

e.g. The incredibly huge robot runs pretty fast .

describes the verb “runs”

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 Pronouns Pronouns are used to refer to nouns.

Subject Pronoun
• refers to the subject in a sentence Subject
e.g. She is riding a horse. a person or thing that
performs an action
Object Pronoun
Object
• refers to the object in a sentence a person or thing that
• can be direct or indirect receives the action or
to which the action is
e.g. Harris baked her a cake. directed
indirect object
He baked it.
direct object

Reflexive Pronoun
• shows that the subject does something
that turns back upon the subject
e.g. The elephant bathed itself in the
water.

Relative Pronoun
• connects a clause or phrase to a noun or pronoun mentioned
earlier in a sentence
e.g. This is the woman who gave me directions.

Reciprocal Pronoun
• shows that two or more subjects are doing the same thing
e.g. The puppies played with each other.

Possessive Pronoun
• shows possession Whose is this?
interrogative pronoun
e.g. This bike is his.

Interrogative Pronoun
• asks a question

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 Phrases There are three types of phrases.
ENGLISH

Noun Phrase – contains a noun and

other words
Adjective Phrase – describes a noun
Adverb Phrase – describes a verb
e.g. The youngest girl of the family sang in a sweet voice.
adjective phrase adverb phrase
noun phrase

Clauses A clause can be dependent or independent.

Dependent Clause Independent Clause

• meaning is not complete • has a complete meaning
• cannot stand on its own • can stand on its own

Sentences There are different types of sentences.

Compound Sentence Complex Sentence

• made up of two or more • made up of an independent
independent clauses joined clause joined to one or
together by coordinating more dependent clauses by
conjunctions subordinating conjunctions
e.g. The box is small but e.g. The box is heavy although
independent clause independent clause

it is heavy . it is small .
independent coordinating dependent subordinating
clause conjunction clause conjunction

Compound-complex Sentence
• made up of two or more independent clauses joined together by
conjunctions to one or more dependent clauses
e.g. Although the box is small, it is heavy so Izzy cannot pick it up.
Coordinating Conjunctions: for and nor but or yet so
Subordinating Conjunctions: because since although while after

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 Tenses

Simple Present Tense

Present

• talks about a habit or a simple truth

Present Progressive Tense
• talks about something that is going on
• talks about something that is planned for the future

Simple Past Tense

• talks about something that happened habitually or
at a particular time in the past
Past

Past Progressive Tense

• talks about something that continued to happen
before and after a particular time in the past

Simple Future Tense

• talks about something that will happen, or about cause
Future

and effect
Future Progressive Tense
• talks about something that will happen over a period of time

Present Perfect Tense

• talks about a recent action that started and ended in
the past but affects the present
• talks about a recent action with no definite time
Perfect

Present Perfect Progressive Tense

• talks about an action that started in the past but is still
going on
e.g. The cat has finished the milk. (present perfect)
It has been feeding on milk since its birth.
(present perfect progressive)

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 Communities in Canada
SOCIAL STUDIES

Canada is a very diverse country. Apart from the First Peoples,

people from across the globe have chosen to make Canada their new
home. All these communities help shape Canada’s identity.

• The Founding Nations of Canada

Long before the British and the French explorers came, the
Indigenous Peoples had already lived on this land. They, together
with the British and the French, have been referred to by the
Canadian government as the founding nations of Canada.
• The African Canadians
The Black Loyalists came to Canada to escape the
American Revolution, persecution, and slavery.
• The British Home Children
They were sent to Canada with the initial intention of helping
them and providing cheap farm labour and domestic help for
rural Canadian families.
• The Chinese Canadians
They came for job opportunities in gold mines and with the
Canadian Pacific Railway project.
• The Japanese Canadians
Many Japanese immigrants came and settled in British Columbia.
They made a living mainly by fishing and farming.

Many communities in the past faced hardships and injustice, but

today, Canada is a country that accepts people of all races, languages,
and religions. There are different
ways new immigrants are made to
feel welcome and safe. For example,
some communities form ethnic
neighbourhoods, such as Chinatowns,
Greektowns, and Little Italy; there are
also organizations that help immigrants
settle and integrate into society.

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 Canada’s Interactions with the Global Community
Canada has made significant contributions to
the global community. Canada is a founding
nation of the United Nations (UN) and has been
involved in many UN-related issues.
United Nations
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)
To achieve the MDGs, Canada
• has helped improve access to maternal health care.
• has provided $36 million to the African Development Bank.
• contributed $1.1 billion to sustainable economic growth in
developing countries in 2012 – 2013.
• helps increase access to vaccines, immunization, and treatments
in developing countries to reduce child deaths.
• contributed $165 million to basic education in Africa in 2011.

Children’s Rights
In Canada, all children have the right to
• life, a name, and a nationality. • have their basic needs
• live with and be raised by their fulfilled.
parents. • good quality education,
• be protected from harm, abuse, play, and rest.
and exploitation. • celebrate their culture,
• special care if they have speak their language, and
special needs. practise their religion.

World Health Organization (WHO)

With WHO, Canada works to reduce global diseases such as polio,
malaria, HIV/AIDS, and tuberculosis.

Canada is also involved in many non-governmental

organizations, such as Médecins Sans Frontières
and Free the Children (now known as WE).

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 Classification of Living Things
SCIENCE

Scientists use a seven-level classification system to organize all living

things into groups. Organisms with similar body structures are
placed in the same group. There are five kingdoms in the first level
of classification.

7 Levels of Classification

Kingdom 5 Kingdoms of Living Things

Phylum

Class Monera Fungi Plants

Order

Family bacteria mushrooms

Genus
Protists Animals
Species

microscopic
organisms

The two main groups of animals are vertebrates and invertebrates.

Vertebrates Invertebrates
All vertebrates have an internal Invertebrates are animals
skeleton that is usually made that do not have a backbone.
of bones. There are five Arthropods are the most
groups of vertebrates. diverse of all the invertebrates.

Five Groups of Vertebrates Characteristics of Arthropods

• exoskeleton
fish bird reptile
• segmented body
• compound eyes
mammal amphibian • adapted mouthparts
• jointed appendages

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 Air
Air is matter. It has the following properties.
Properties of Air
• has weight
• takes up space
• expands when heated
Bubble Gum

Bernoulli’s Principle
Bernoulli’s Principle states that the faster An Airfoil
air moves, the lower its pressure. lift force
higher speed,
An airfoil is a shape that causes airflow low pressure
air pressure to be higher on one
side than it is on another.
lower speed, high pressure
Flight
Four forces act on anything that flies.
Four Forces on an Airplane
thrust lift

lift
gravity thrust drag
drag
gravity

Electricity

• Static electricity is the electrical charge produced

when two things rub together.

• Current electricity can be transformed into light,

heat, or motion energy.

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 Motion
SCIENCE

Motion can be classified as linear, rotational, reciprocating,

or oscillating.

Linear Motion Rotational Motion

motion in a motion in a circle
straight line around an axis

Reciprocating Oscillating
Motion Motion
straight back an arching back
and forth motion and forth motion

Solar System
The solar system is an Neptune

orderly system. Each

Jupiter
planet has a place and asteroid belt
Uranus
Saturn
a predictable path of Earth
movement. Mercury
Sun Mars
Venus

The Moon
Last Quarter
The moon orbits the
Earth, completing Crescent Gibbous
Moon Moon
a revolution about
once every month.
There are eight New Full
Earth
moon phases. Moon Moon

Crescent Gibbous
Moon Moon
The Moon Phases First Quarter

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