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 In picking a representative All-Boston Team the first consideration
given to the individual has been his ability to play his position as near
perfection as it is proper to expect. The player who has displayed the
most talent in this direction has earned the title to become a member
of this team. To reach a standard above the average an All-Boston
player must necessarily have the essential qualities that define a
football expert—namely, courage, pluck, reliance, and a true
conception of collective strength.
For quarter-back, that most important position so difficult to fill
satisfactorily, there is only one choice, and that is George A. Sawin, of
Cambridge Manual. He has exemplified the execution of accurate
passing and the propagation of complicated trick plays, born of natural
aptitude and experience. Cambridge Manual was reputed to have the
most intricate formation plays of any team in the league, and their
ultimate successful completion depended entirely on Sawin's
F. R. steadiness. That he never slipped up was proved by the prosperity that
HUTCHINS, attended the team. Sawin's station on the defence is directly behind
Centre. the centre, where he can close up holes at either side of the pivot of
the line. As a tackler his real value is felt, for he backs up the line and
makes it impregnable. Sawin has done all the punting for his team, and whenever a kick
was wanted he exchanged places with a half-back to receive the ball. His long punts were
constantly commented on, and no one in the league excelled him.
The command of the team should also be assumed by Sawin, not alone because of his
point of vantage in the field, but for his excellence as a strategist, and as a leader who
inspires confidence in his players, and exacts their respect.
The centre of the line can well be taken care of by Hutchins of Brookline, who, for a
centre, has been unusually active throughout the season. He has outclassed every centre
that faced him, though outweighed in many cases. His football personality lies in his
strength to make a pathway for a rusher and his conspicuousness in tackling back of the
line.
No one guard has given evidence of having star abilities, and there are several ranking on
about the same plane. Talbot of Brookline High, who was substitute on last year's All-
Boston team, is inferior to nobody now, and easily takes a permanent place. He has had
excellent coaching from an old Harvard guard all the season, and it is no wonder that he
exhibits all the capabilities of a finished guardsman. For the other guard the competition
is much closer, but should go to Captain Fred Lowe, of Boston Latin, who has had three
years' experience, and in that time has always stood at the front.
There is no disputing the fact that the tackle positions belong to Eaton of English High
and Gillispee of Brookline High. Eaton was a member of the All-Boston team a year ago
as guard, but exigencies arising, he was moved to tackle, and his all-round proclivities
cropped out there, where he has played the same aggressive, straight-forward game that
characterized him in '95. As a rushing linesman he can claim superiority over any man
who stood on the scholastic gridiron this fall.
Gillispee of Brookline High has proved his worth as a tackle as the season advanced. He
has earned his position by hard, untiring effort, and in every game he has been
prominent in smashing interference and making his position invulnerable.
With Hallowell, of Hopkinson's, and Manahan on the ends, the team would have an
almost perfect line. Hallowell occupied a similar position last year, and has sustained his
reputation this season. He was the most difficult end in the league to circle, for he can
wade through the most compact interference and nail the runner.
Manahan has played tackle all the year, but this was because he found a better end
player than a tackle. His position is end, where he demonstrated last season his talents,
and where he should have been this fall. As it was, he played an excellent game at
tackle, although generally handicapped by the weight of his opponent. The players in this
team to whom the burden of rushing the ball would fall are Cato Thompson, Cambridge
Manual, Walter B. Boyce, Brookline, and A. Stillman, Hopkinson's.
Thompson and Boyce, the half-backs, are good at line-breaking or end plays. The former
is especially clever at sprinting around the extremities of the line, and has exceptional
speed. Boyce is the best individual back in the association, and his bucking the line has
been Brookline's chief mode of gaining ground. Both players are fine defensive workers,
and would aid Sawin on the line. Stillman gets placed not so much for his rushing game
as his fearless punting. He can always be relied upon to follow his interference closely,
and goes into a hole like a shot. Teevens of Boston Latin pushes Stillman for the position,
as he is the surer at gaining through the line.
The following tables complete the records of the New York, Connecticut, and Cook
County football leagues:

N.Y.I.S.A.A. FOOTBALL CHAMPIONSHIP.

SECTION I.
Games Games Games Points Points
won. lost. tied. won. lost.
De La Salle 2 1 1 26 16
Berkeley 1 1 1 30 14
Barnard 1 2 0 12 32
SECTION II.
Trinity 2 0 0 50 0
Dwight 1 [1] 2 0 8 42
Cutler 1 2 0 10 8

FINAL CHAMPIONSHIP GAME.

De La Salle 2 Trinity 0

SCORES OF GAMES PLAYED.

 De La Salle 4 Barnard 6
De La Salle 6 Berkeley 6
De La Salle 6 Berkeley 0
De La Salle 10 Barnard 4[2]
De La Salle 2 Trinity 0
Trinity 32 Dwight 0
Trinity 18 Cutler 0
Berkeley 24 Barnard 2
Cutler 10 Dwight 8
Cutler 0 Dwight 6 [3]

COOK COUNTY FOOTBALL LEAGUE.

T
o
u
G c
o hS
a -a
l d f
s oe
w t
f n i
r se
o s
m f
aB
T iy P
o l P o G
u iO o iG a
c np i n am
h gp n tm e
- o t s e s
d Gn s s
o oe l l
w an W ow o
n l t o so s
s ss n tn t
Englewood 12 3 .. 118 12 9 0
Hyde Park 14 11 .. 128 54 8 1
Lake View 11 4 .. 40 16 6 2
Evanston 11 4 .. 82 50 5 3
North Division 17 6 .. 126 72 5 4
English High 3 1 .. 22 24 4 5
Northwest Division 3 1 .. 22 86 3 6
Manual-Training 1 1 .. 10 78 2 7
Oak Park 6 3 .. 48 142 1 8
West Division 0 2 .. 8 84 1 8

CONNECTICUT I.S.F.B.A.
NORTHERN DIVISION.
 October 31—New Britain H.-S., 42; Hartford H.-S., 6.
November 7—New Britain H.-S., 50; Norwich[4] F. A., 0.

SOUTHERN DIVISION.

October 31—Meriden H.-S., 54; Hillhouse H.-S., 12.

October 31—Bridgeport H.-S., 12; Waterbury H.-S., 8.
November 7—Meriden H.-S., 20; Bridgeport H.-S., 12.

CHAMPIONSHIP GAME.

November 14—New Britain H.-S., 30; Meriden H.-S., 6.

TRINITY SCHOOL FOOTBALL TEAM, OF NEW YORK.

The Trinity School Football Team this year was the strongest that that school
has ever put into the field; and although it did not win the New York
championship, it made an enviable record for itself during the season.
Thirteen games in all were played as follows:
Trinity 10 Yonkers High-School 0
Trinity 28 St. Austin's School 0
Trinity 4 Montclair High-School 2
Trinity 44 Packard Business College 4
Trinity 0 St. Paul's School 30
Trinity 6 Rutger Prep. School 0
 Trinity 10 Staten Island C. C., 2d team 6
Trinity 0 Princeton Prep. School 10
Trinity *32 Dwight School 0
Trinity *18 Cutler School 0
Trinity *0 De La Salle School 2
Trinity 10 Columbia Freshmen 0
The contests marked with a star were games played in the New York
Interscholastic championship series.
For the first time in several years the Trinity players this season had a regular
coach, to whom much of the credit of their success is due. The '95 team
knew nothing of systematic interference, whereas this year's eleven was well
trained in that branch of the sport, and developed a special strength on end
plays. Only four of the '95 team returned to school this fall. These were Page,
centre; Brown, left guard; Stromeyer, left half-back, and O'Rourke, full-back.
Page and Brown were moved to tackles, and proved efficient in those
positions.
On looking over the new material at the beginning of the season Captain
O'Rourke found that he had an abundance of men capable of playing end and
back, but there were not many heavy players for the centre of the line.
Consequently in the early games Trinity's opponents made most of their
advances through the centre; but this weakness was finally remedied, and
the eleven developed a strong defence. With the experience acquired this
season next year's eleven should prove particularly strong.
With the great development of football among all the schools, it has now
come to be an important matter with the colleges to keep track of the
scholastic players, and to depend upon them for material for the university
elevens. In connection with this it is interesting to look over a list of the
graduating football-players which has been recently compiled.
Beginning with the New York League we find that of the seven members of
the Berkeley team who graduate next spring, Bien, Gilson, and Rice will go to
Yale, Walker and Hasbrouck will go to Columbia, Wiley will enter Princeton,
and Pell will not go to college at all. From the Cutler team Yale will get
Kimball, Kip, and Lee, Harvard will get Hoffman and Sands, and McElroy will
go to Columbia. Columbia will get four men from Drisler's eleven—Agate,
Ballin, Furnald, and Wolff. Columbia also gets Brooks from Hamilton Institute;
and from the same school Carey will go to Princeton, and Foster to
Technology, Boston. Of the Dwight football-players, Bogart, Cameron,
McCord, and Vinton go to Yale, Adler to Pennsylvania, Slawson to Princeton,
and Eickemeyer to Columbia. From the champion team of De La Salle only
two go to college—Tilford to Yale, and Bennett to Manhattan College.
Not so many men go to college from the Long Island League. Pratt Institute
will send Bowie and Warner to Cornell, and Nevins to Columbia. Brooklyn
Latin will send three men to Harvard—Lawrence, E. Motley, and J. L. Motley;
Auchincloss, Brown, and Hoppin will go to Yale. From the championship team
of St. Paul's, Garden City, Loraine, Symonds, and White will enter Harvard;
and Cluett will go to Yale.
The Connecticut League will naturally send more football-players to Yale than
to any other college. From Hotchkiss School six men will go down to New
Haven—Hixon, Hoysradt, Montague, Noyes, Reynolds, and Savage. Two of
the substitutes of the team, Coy, also a tennis-player, and Robertson, will
likewise go to Yale. Fincke, football man and tennis champion, will go to
Harvard. From the Hartford High-School Wood goes to Cornell; and Cutter,
Gibb, Hanford, and Lockwood go to Yale. From Meriden Hubbard will go to
Yale, and also possibly Gibson and Lane; Collins will enter Tufts College. From
the champion New Britain team Yale will get Buckley, Corbin, and Flannery.
From other schools not in any of the large interscholastic leagues the larger
colleges will also get a number of good men. From Andover, Yale will get
Holladay, Swift, Wheeler, and White, and also one or more substitutes. Exeter
will probably send three players to Harvard. From Lawrenceville, Cadwalader,
Dudley, and Richards go to Yale; Loy and Mattis to Princeton. From the
football team of St. Paul's, Concord, Henderson and Hollingsworth will enter
Harvard; Vredenburg will go to Princeton; and Yale will get Campbell, Phipps,
and Richardson, besides three or four substitutes of the team. Groton will
send six football-players to Yale—Allen, Gillett, Smith, Strong, Twichell, and
Whaples. Sturtevant will go to Trinity.
From St. Mark's, Southboro', Harvard will receive Wittemore; Technology of
Boston will get Adams; while Hare and Nash will go to Yale. Westminster
School will probably send six of the players of its team to Yale—Fabbri,
Knapp, McLean, Nisbet, Scott, and Wells. From the Hill School only two of the
first football team graduate—Keifer, who will go to Yale, and Fincke, who is
undecided. Taft's School will send seven of its football men to New Haven—
Bell, Barnett, Lear, Merriman, Townshend, Welch, and White.

"FOOTBALL FACTS AND FIGURES."—By Walter Camp.—Post 8vo, Paper,

75 Cents.
 T
he Graduate.
ADVERTISEMENTS.

If you wish
the lightest,
sweetest, finest
cake, biscuit and bread,
 ROYAL
BAKING POWDER
is indispensable
in their preparation.

ROYAL BAKING POWDER CO., NEW YORK.

 QUESTIONS FOR YOUNG MEN.
ON DRESS.
There is a certain professor in a certain university of the United States who
once, at the beginning of one of his lectures on fine arts, got on the subject
of the kind of pins worn in the neck-ties of young college men. He was a
good lecturer, and was always interesting, but this lecture was the most
interesting of his course to the three hundred boys who heard him, and the
whole hour was spent on neck-tie pins, their use and misuse, and what they
suggested. The gist of what he said was that there was no more reason why
a boy should wear a horseshoe with a whip across it all in gold than that
houses should have sieves for roofs. And that as it was extremely foolish to
put a big sieve on your house for a roof, so it was quite as foolish to wear
horseshoes on your neck-ties. The principle of this is that you should have a
reason in what you wear as well as in other things, and that senseless
decorations, like horseshoes on neck-ties or neck-ties on horseshoes, are silly
and unbecoming to a self-respecting person. This particular example was
only one to illustrate a principle, which is that nothing unusual, queer, out of
the ordinary, is in itself a good thing; that, in fact, most things that are queer
and out of the ordinary are likely, in the question of dress, to be in bad taste.
A man's dress ought to be quiet, but it must be clean and well taken care of
in every instance. The best dressed man is the man who, in whatever
company he finds himself, is inconspicuous; who, you realize in an indefinite
way, is well appointed, though you cannot well tell why. If you appear at a
dinner in overalls, people say you are badly dressed, and they would repeat
that wise observation if you went out in the field in a swallow-tail-coat. In the
same way a man who has a flaring neck-tie or a purple handkerchief, or very
long coat or very short trousers, is at once conspicuous, and therefore badly
dressed.
This is not a question which involves the expenditure of money. A young
man's clothing may be worn threadbare, but it can always be clean, and it
costs no more to buy a quiet-colored cloth than to buy a big check of black
and green or brown and yellow. If you study the matter a little you will find
that you can tell the general character of any person by his clothes. Some
men are sure to always wear slouchy clothes, half-soiled linen, a bright green
neck-tie; others wear highly colored waistcoats; others again are always in
the height of fashion—that is, a little in the extreme year after year; and still
others make a point of being badly dressed and out of the prevalent style to
show that they are not swayed by such silly laws as style. It is easy enough
to place all these men in their proper places. And then, finally, you see some
young chap whose clothes are clean, who is neither out of the style of the
day nor in the height of it, whose clothes may be showing distinct signs of
wear, but who seems to fit them pretty well, and to be noticeable in no
particular way so far as they are concerned, and in all probability you put him
down, if you think of the matter at all, as a man of common-sense, of
decency, of self-respect, and good manners.
Then, again, some men sit in their shirt sleeves at home. There is no reason
for this. It is merely a queer idea that you are more comfortable in that style
of dress. But such men do not realize that their sisters, wives, mothers,
naturally lose some of their respect for them, and that they unconsciously
lose a good deal of respect for themselves. Certainly these sisters and wives
and mothers are the girls and women we think most of, and why do we treat
them with a disrespect that we would never think of subjecting strangers to
in our own or in their homes? That disrespect to them is a boomerang, a
reflector on us ourselves. If you dress quietly and decently and as well as you
can, if you keep yourself and your clothes clean, you are more likely to keep
morally clean, to think and act in a dignified way, and to treat others with
proper respect. Of course there are great men who are slovenly, but they are
never great because they are slovenly, and it would not dull their greatness if
they kept themselves clean and orderly. It is because they grow careless, and
carelessness is never excusable in any one. Think about your clothes, then,
and avoid anything that will make you noticeable. That does not mean that
one should always be thinking of what to wear, that one should be a dandy
and a fop. It simply means that he should be a self-respecting man who tries
to be decent.

Postmen sometimes have very lively experiences in the course of their daily
rounds. It has often happened that on lonely roads they have had to fight
their way against tramps and others who lie in wait to see what they can get
that doesn't belong to them, and may be worth having. The most novel
experience that has come to notice, however, was in the work of an English
postman. It appears that on a recent Sunday a swarm of bees took
possession of the village letter-box at Haunton, six miles from Tamworth.
There is no collection on Sunday, and on Monday night, when the rural
postman essayed to take out the letters, he was compelled to beat a speedy
retreat, and no one could approach within twenty yards of the box. The
postman avers that that was the liveliest mail he has had to do with in a long
while.

BLÜCHER'S PIPE-BEARER.
There is a story told somewhere of an old Indian-fighter, one of the kind that
trailed the war parties of the redskins far back in the last century. This
veteran loved his pipe, and as the story goes, during one of his exploits the
Indians followed his trail by the smell of the tobacco smoke, and finally a
well-aimed bullet knocked the glowing bowl from his mouth. Thus warned, he
made his escape.
This pipe story does not equal that told of Christian Hennemann, a
countryman from Rostock, who fought with Field-Marshal Blücher at
Waterloo. Those who are familiar with Blücher's life know of his partiality for
a pipe, and even in the heat of battle he never neglected his smoke. As day
broke the morning of the memorable battle of Waterloo, Blücher called the
hussar Christian Hennemann, and placed him in charge of a box of clay
pipes, with the instruction to keep one always ready to hand to him, that he
might enjoy a few whiffs during the engagement.
As the morning wore on, Blücher sat on his white charger gravely puffing
away. He had reached out his hand for the second time to take the refilled
pipe, when an ungenerous cannon-ball dug up the ground near at hand,
causing his horse to shy. Blücher hastily handed the pipe to Christian, saying,
"Just keep that lighted for a few moments while I drive those rascally
Frenchmen back."
The chase was a long one, as history relates, and through the hot summer
day the battle waged and men fought and died. When the battle was over,
Blücher and Wellington, who were riding over the scene together, happened
to pass near where Blücher had first started to chase the enemy. Outlined
against the sky a lonely man sat perched on a rock. A bloody rag was bound
around his head, and one arm hung in a sling. He was calmly smoking a clay
pipe.
With an exclamation of surprise Blücher pulled up.
"Why, it's my Hennemann! How you look, boy! What are you doing here
alone?"
"Waiting for you, as ordered," was the grumbled reply. "Been waiting ever
since you left. The French have shot away every pipe in the box. They ripped
the flesh from my head and shattered my arm with their bullets. It's well
there is an end to the battle, or you would have been too late even for this
last pipe."
Wellington, turning to Blücher, remarked:
"You have admired the unflinching loyalty and bravery of my Highlanders.
What shall I say of this brave soul?"
"But your Highlanders had no pipes to regale themselves with," Blücher
replied.

This Department is conducted in the interest of stamp and coin

collectors, and the Editor will be pleased to answer any question on
these subjects so far as possible. Correspondents should address Editor
Stamp Department.

The prices of great rarities are not declining, and the common stamps are
worth as much to-day as ever; but the middle-class U. S. stamps have had a
serious decline during the past three months. However, the stock is not large,
it cannot be increased, and the good stamps are constantly being spoiled by
carelessness or destroyed by accident, hence the eventual return to higher
values is inevitable.
A rumor has gone abroad that the Bureau of Engraving and Printing in
Washington contemplates making an entirely new set of postage-stamps, or
keeping the present dies and changing all the colors. In either case there will
be a great demand for Plate Nos. The present prices of Plate Nos. are quite
low, and collectors should make up their albums as soon as possible. If a new
set of stamps is issued, almost every one will be able to get all the new Nos.
at a slight advance on face values.
One of the New York dealers has adopted a new method of selling scarce
stamps. For instance, a U. S. Revenue was placed in the window marked $20,
the catalogue price, with a notice that the price would be reduced $1 each
day until sold. Quite a number of collectors kept tally, and determined to buy
the stamp when it had come down to $12 or $13. They are still waiting, as
the stamp was sold at $14. Other dealers intend to do the same thing with
other stamps, and in many instances they expect the stamp to be sold the
second day.

S. P. Kenna.—There is no accounting for fashion, but the wise collector is

one of those who set the fashion. Those who come in later must pay
highest prices. Australians were the most sought after three or four
years ago, then came West-Indians. U. S. stamps, of course, are, and
probably will be, more sought after in this country than abroad.
J. Shackheim.—A fine unused 90c. U. S. 1860 issue, sold at one auction for
$11 a few days ago, and the next day a poor copy of the same stamp
brought $13.50 at another auction. The first was very cheap, the second
very dear. Unused high values U. S. will always be very scarce, and in
some cases rare.
J. Urban.—You have a very interesting lot of coins, but none of them is of
such rarity as to be worth sending to a dealer. You will doubtless be able
to get many others in time at nominal prices, and thus make up a good
collection.
W. Hammond, 8 High St., Peabody, Mass., wishes to exchange stamps.
J. O. Hall.—To get the new stamps as issued I would advise you to join
the American Philatelic Association. Address J. F. Beard, secretary,
Muscatine, Iowa.
F. X. Schmidt.—The first coins struck for an American English-speaking
country were the Sommer Island III., VI., XII. pence in 1616. These are
now called the Bermuda Islands. The next coins were the New England
III., VI., XII. in 1652, and the Pine-Tree pieces struck in the same year.
 J. Kleinschmidt.—There are two varieties of the 1869 15c. stamp. 1. The
ordinary, in the frame of which, under the letter T of the word POSTAGE,
is a diamond. This variety is worth $1.25 used. 2. The other has the
diamond cut out, and this variety is worth $3 used.
A. A. Davis.—Brazil stamps, both used and unused, had been very low in
price for all issues from 1850 to 1893. Daring the past two years they
have gone up in price quite remarkably, as the dealers and collectors find
that certain varieties are quite scarce. If you have the complete sets
unused hold on to them, as prices are bound to advance.

P
hilatus.
 You Should Have
"Harper's Round Table" for 1896
Volume XVII. With 1276 Pages and about 1200 Illustrations. 4to, Cloth,
Ornamental, $3.50.

It is doubtful if any other book issued at this holiday season contains so

many stories for young readers as this volume.—San Francisco Chronicle.
The book is one which is sure to delight all the children.—Detroit Free
Press.
A pronounced success as an educational means of great value.—
Pittsburg Chronicle-Telegraph.
One of the best periodicals for children ever published.—Philadelphia
Ledger.

Naval Actions of the War of 1812

By James Barnes. With 21 Full-page Illustrations by Carlton T. Chapman, printed
in color, and 12 Reproductions of Medals. 8vo, Cloth, Ornamental, Deckel
Edges and Gilt Top, $4.50.

Unquestionably both the most lifelike and the most artistic renderings of
these encounters ever attempted.—Boston Journal.
Brimful of adventure, hardihood, and patriotism.—Philadelphia Ledger.

The Dwarfs' Tailor

And Other Fairy Tales. Collected by Zoe Dana Underhill. With 12 Illustrations.
Post 8vo, Cloth, Ornamental, $1.75.

The twenty-two tales form a cosmopolitan array that cannot fail to

delight young readers.—Chicago Tribune.
Fascinating for old and young.—Boston Traveller.
 A Virginia Cavalier
A Story of the Youth of George Washington. By Molly Elliot Seawell.
Illustrated. Post 8vo, Cloth, Ornamental, $1.50.

Warmly commended to all young American readers.—Chicago Inter-

Ocean.
An absorbing tale.—Philadelphia Bulletin.

Rick Dale
A Story of the Northwest Coast. By Kirk Munroe. Illustrated by W. A. Rogers.
Post 8vo, Cloth, Ornamental, $1.25.

Lively and exciting, and has, incidentally, much first-hand information

about the far Northwest.—Outlook, N. Y.
Capital story of adventure.—Philadelphia Evening Bulletin.

HARPER & BROTHERS, Publishers, New York

What All Ought to Read.

A member living in the South asks for a list of books that persons of all ages
ought to read in order to begin further reading—books that ought to be read,
no matter in what direction a later taste might lead.
Here is a list prepared last year to fit this very question. It was prepared by
some one well qualified for the task:
Tales from Shakespeare, by Charles and Mary Lamb.
Sir Walter Scott's Ivanhoe, Lady of the Lake, and Marmion.
Tennyson's Idyls of the King.
Macaulay's History of England.
Higginson's Young Folks' History of the United States.
 Thackeray's The Virginians.
Walter Besant's For Faith and Freedom.
Dickens's Tale of Two Cities.
Brave Little Holland, and what She taught Us, by W. E. Griffis.
Lew. Wallace's Ben-Hur.
Bible Characters, by Charles Reade.
Recreations in Botany, by Caroline A. Creevey.
The History of a Mouthful of Bread, by Jean Macé.
Laboulaye's Fairy-Tales.
Life and Letters of Louisa M. Alcott.
John Halifax, Gentleman, by Mrs. Craik.
Longfellow's Evangeline.
Irving's Life of Washington.
Whittier's Snow-Bound.
Hawthorne's House of Seven Gables and Tanglewood Tales.
Fenimore Cooper's Leatherstocking Tales and Last of the Mohicans.
Amelia E. Barr's Bow of Orange Ribbon.
Alexander Johnston's American Politics.
How many of these have you read? And why may not a Chapter take up this
list?

A Call for Charity.

The storm of September 29 caused such disaster at Fort White that I
have decided to write to you, through the columns of Harper's Round
Table, and ask you to send ten cents to Mrs. E. G. Persons, Fort White,
Florida. It will be distributed among the storm sufferers of that place,
which was almost totally wrecked. Only three dwelling-houses were left
standing. The turpentine-men were ruined, as nearly all the turpentine-
trees were blown down. I hope that you will all respond liberally and
quickly, for what is a very small sum to one person will mean a great
deal to the storm sufferers.

A
lbert H. Roberts, K.R.T.
 A
nita, Fla.

Working a Turpentine Orchard.

Our national Department of Agriculture gathers facts in relation to forestry as
well as to farming, and publishes them for the use of any one who wishes
them. It has just issued some interesting facts about pine-trees, of the
variety from which turpentine is obtained.
"Work in a turpentine orchard is started in the early part of the winter, with
the cutting of the boxes. Trees of full growth, according to their
circumference, receive from two to four boxes.
"The boxes are cut from eight to twelve inches above the base of the tree,
seven inches deep and slanting from the outside to the interior. In the adult
trees they are fourteen inches in the greatest diameter, and four inches in the
greatest width, with a capacity of about three pints. In the mean time the
ground is laid bare around the tree for a breadth of two and a half to three
feet, and all combustible material loose on the ground is raked into heaps to
be burned, in order to protect the trees from the danger of catching fire
during the conflagrations, which are frequently started in the pine forests by
design or carelessness. The employment of fire for the protection of
turpentine orchards against the same element necessarily involves the total
destruction of the smaller tree growth, and if allowed to spread without
control beyond the proper limit often carries ruin to the adjoining forests.
"During the early days of spring the turpentine begins to flow, and chipping is
begun, as the work of washing the trees is called, by which the surface of the
trees above the box is laid bare beyond the youngest layers of the wood to a
depth of about an inch from the outside of the bark. The removal of the bark
and of the outermost layers of the wood—the "chipping" or "hacking"—is
done with a peculiar tool, the "hacker," a strong knife with a curved edge
fastened to the end of a handle bearing on its lower end an iron ball of about
four pounds in weight, to give increased force to the stroke inflicted upon the
tree, and thus to lighten the labor of chipping. As soon as the scarified
surface ceases to discharge turpentine freely, fresh incisions are made with
the hacker. The chipping is repeated every week from March to October or
November, extending generally through a period of thirty-two weeks, and the
weight of the chip is increased about one and one-half to two inches every
month. The rosin which accumulates in the boxes is dipped into a pail with a
flat trowel-shaped dipper, and is then transferred to a barrel for
transportation to the still."

Queer Complication of Territory.

Kings and presidents send ambassadors to the capitals of other countries, as
you know. The residence of these ambassadors is, in law, not a part of the
country in whose capital they are located, but a part of the country from
which comes the ambassador residing there at the moment. For instance, the
residence of the American Ambassador to France is in Paris, but at law it is
not French but United States territory. A novel incident grew out of this legal
fiction recently.
The Japanese Embassy in Berlin is not German, but Japan territory, of course.
The embassy owns a parrot. The parrot got out of its cage and took
lodgement in a neighboring tree—a tree in Germany, not in Japan. A
Japanese servant remaining in Japan levelled a hose at the parrot, with the
aim of dislodging him. It chanced that beneath the tree there sat, at the
time, a German resident of wealth. The water that dislodged the parrot
drenched him and ruined his clothes. He sued for damages, and got $4—a
compromise sum, because the inflictor of the damage was a resident of
Japan, had not left his own country, and could not be dragged into a German
police court.

A Lake without Water.

Central Australia is only now becoming known, as is Central Africa. An
explorer tells the following about a wonderful "lake":
"We came, just at dusk, to the top of a sand hill, and saw Lake Amadeus
lying at our feet. It was a strange sight. The bed of the lake was here only
some three-quarters of a mile wide, but east and west it stretched away to
the horizon, widening out, especially westwards, into a vast sheet many miles
across. There was not a speck of water, only a dead level surface of white
salt standing out against the rich after-glow on the west and the dull sky to
the east, whilst north and south it was hemmed in by low hills covered with
dark scrub."

To Amateur Paper Publishers.

Will publishers of amateur newspapers send sample copies to A. R. Abbott,
38 Franklin Street, Northampton, Massachusetts?

A Query in Natural History.

Some time ago, under the above heading, a caterpillar was described
which is commonly called saddle-back or slug caterpillar. Naturalists
know it by the euphonious title of Sibine stimulea, which tells us that the
tufts of bristles have nettlelike powers of irritation. The name slug
caterpillar is given it because, the abdominal legs being absent, it moves
with a smooth, gliding, snail-like motion. It feeds on many plants and
trees, such as corn, rose, cherry, pear, and apple. After spending some
weeks feeding on the leaves, it spins a brown cocoon, nearly spherical,
surrounded by a loose silken web, and about July 1 a small moth
emerges.
It resembles those small moths commonly designated as "millers." The
wings, which spread about one and one-half inches, are of a beautiful
rich brown color, with a dark streak on the fore wings, near which are
three whitish spots. Although nature has furnished the caterpillar with a
protective armor of poisonous bristles, yet it does not seem to me to
merit the epithet "hideous creature."

C
. W. B.
E
ast Orange, N. J.
 Questions and Answers.
Henry Osborn asks what causes Indian-summer weather, and why it is so
called. Neither is quite clear, dear Sir Henry. In Canada it is known as St.
Martin's summer. Why we call it Indian summer we have been unable to find
out. Can any one tell us? By early American colonists it was thought that the
haze was real smoke wafted from fires started by the Indians in anticipation
of winter.—A Pennsylvania member asks how commercial pop-corn is made
so excellent, when he has so much difficulty in getting his corn to pop well.
The reasons are several. One is practice, which makes perfect. Another is
good tools. Coal is poor stuff to pop corn over. Get coke. That is better
because it stays hot, and does not die down as coal does. For popping corn
in large quantities regular furnaces lined with fire-brick are provided, and
there are huge wire baskets that are handled crane fashion. Some hold a
bushel of corn when popped. Pop-corn parties are said to be more common
than usual this autumn.
Gardner W. Millet asks when rifles were invented, and when metallic
ammunition, all ready for use, was first used. He also asks about breech-
loading guns and magazine-rifles. The earliest breech-loaders were used in
1537, but during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries they were
common. They were also crude. At Kuisyingen, in 1636, only seven shots
were fired by soldiers in eight hours. The flintlock was of Spanish origin, and
came in about 1630. William, Prince of Orange, brought it to England in
1688. Rifles are quite old, having been used in Germany in the eighteenth
century—early part. The Furguson, a breech loading rifle, was used by
American patriots during the Revolution. The civil war brought into use the
metallic ammunition, all ready for loading on the instant, though there were
many breech-loading rifles in use before that day. The magazine-guns were
invented in 1835, but not much used till thirty years later. The rifle used by
the United States weighs eight pounds and twelve ounces, has a 0.3 calibre,
and five rounds of ammunition.
"C. G. A." is informed that Mrs. Augusta J. Evans, the author, is still living, we
believe, in Mobile, Alabama. A granddaughter is also a resident of Mobile,
named Mrs. Gaillard, formerly Miss Wilson.—Jay F. Hammond asks if a barrel
is used for a post-office at Cape of Good Hope, as is said to be used at the
Strait of Magellan. We think not. The extremity of Africa is quite unlike the
extremity of South America. Perhaps some South African reader can tell us
more.—Edwy L. Taylor: The Camera Club Competitions close February 15.
The reference to an earlier closing was an error.—Edward C. Wood: Your
game may be copyrighted, but unless it be a mechanical contrivance, or a
part of such, and that new, it cannot be patented. The cost of a copyright is
fifty cents, with a further fifty cents for a transcript, while a patent costs
upwards of $100. We can find no record of the firm you mention. To
copyright your game mail two copies addressed to the Librarian of Congress,
Washington, D. C., give your full name and address, state the purpose of
sending, and enclose $1. Nothing else is required. To make the copyright
effective you must conspicuously place on every copy the words "Copyright,
1896, by Edward C. Wood, Philadelphia."—C. B. M.: Apply to Samuel French
& Son, Dramatic Publishers, New York, and state just what you want. They
will reply at once, giving list, if you mention the Round Table.

Any questions in regard to photograph matters will be willingly answered

by the Editor of this column, and we should be glad to hear from any of
our club who can make helpful suggestions.

HINTS ON RETOUCHING.

II.—SPOTS AND SCRATCHES.

It often happens that there are spots on a negative—caused by specks of
dust on the plate, air-bubbles in the developer, or unlucky scratches in the
handling—which if not covered in some way make a black spot on the silver
paper, and mar the beauty of what would otherwise be a fine picture. With a
little practice one can learn to fill up these defects so that they will be
scarcely noticeable in the print.
Take a drop or two of the retouching varnish on the end of the finger, and
rub it lightly and evenly over the places which are to be retouched. Put to dry
in a place free from dust; it will be dry enough in three or four hours. Place
the retouching-frame on a table by a window with a good strong light, close
the blind or lower the shade over the upper part of the window, and place a
sheet of white paper under the frame on the table. Place the negative in the
frame, and over it put a piece of opaque paper with a hole an inch or two in
diameter opening over the place to be retouched. This also protects the film
and shuts off all light except from the points to be treated. Now if the hole is
a large one, take the brush and moisten it, and rub a little of the lampblack
from the cake of water-color on it. Then with the greatest care touch the spot
directly in the centre with a bit of the paint. Rinse the brush, and turning it
till a fine point is obtained, work the paint carefully toward the edges of the
spot, taking care that it does not touch the film but comes close to it. Let the
paint dry, and if the first application has not made the spot of an equal
density with the surrounding film, repeat the process. If the operation is not
successful, the paint can be removed by applying a little turpentine on a soft
cloth.
If the spot to be retouched is very small, or if there is a scratch on the film,
take a soft pencil sharpened according to directions given in the first paper
on retouching, and with very minute strokes go over the places until the
required density is obtained. Sometimes it is necessary to go over the places
several times before the spots appear like the film.
If a negative has sharp, harsh contrasts, they can be softened by going over
them carefully with the pencil, using the softest one for this purpose, and
then blending the pencil strokes with a crayon stump.
Freckles, heavy shadows under the eyes and nose, are easily removed or
softened by using a needle-pointed pencil of very soft lead.
Undesirable backgrounds, or objects which have been unavoidably included
in the picture, may be blocked out by using a thin solution of lampblack, and
applying it to the back of the plate. A light coat obscures the background,
and a thick coat blocks it out entirely.
In beginning the practice of retouching, it is wise to experiment on poor
negatives, as first attempts are not always successful. Do not be discouraged
if the first trial prove a failure. Remember your early experience in making
negatives, and try again; for perseverance, no matter in what direction, is
sure to bring its reward—success.

Sir Knight William Merritt sends a print which shows no detail at the
corners, and says that all his plates have the same fault, and asks what
is the matter. The lens does not cover the plate—that is, the lens is too
small for the size plate used. It may be that the diaphragm is too large,
and by using a smaller diaphragm the blur showing on the edges of the
picture would be corrected. The smaller the opening the more extended
the sharp field of the lens; but the smaller the opening the longer must
be the exposure.
Sir Knight Charles M. Todd asks if hypo is always used for the fixing-bath
without regard to the kind of developer; if a ferrotype-plate will impart a
gloss to all kinds of prints except blue prints; if the whole roll of films in
a pocket kodak would have to be exposed before one could develop any
of the exposures; if developing solution may be used the second time if
only one or two negatives have been developed in it. Hypo is always
used for the fixing-bath, as it is the cheapest and safest chemical for the
dissolving of the unused or unacted upon silver salts. Ferrotype-plate will
not impart a gloss to a platinum, bromide, or any of the soft-tinted
papers. The films in a pocket kodak should all be used before
developing. There are only twelve films in a roll, and if part were taken
out, one film would have to be spoiled in order to put the unused films
back on the empty spool. Developer may be used the second and even
the third time. Most amateurs have a bottle for old developer, and use it
for starting development, as it is safer unless one knows the exact time
of the exposure of the plate.
Sir Knight F. Elton Morse, 11 and 13 Market St., Lynn, Mass., wishes to
exchange landscape views with other members of the Camera Club.
ADVERTISEMENTS.
 Postage Stamps, &c.

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 U. S.
25 diff U.S. stamps 10c., 100 diff. foreign 10c. Agts w'td @ 50%. List free!
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To Show
Your
 Heels
To other skaters wear the

Barney & Berry Skates.