David Gamez

21 April 2025

Physics 236 HJ DA

Professor Nimeri

Inductance Homework

1. Derive the inductance of a coaxial cable using Maxwell’s equations. (10 pts)

Inductance (L) is all about how much magnetic flux (Φ) is linked to a circuit compared to the
current (I) flowing through it, which we can express as L = Φ/I. When it comes to distributed
systems like transmission lines, we usually calculate inductance per unit length. To figure this out,
we’ll apply Ampere's Law, which is derived from Maxwell's equations, to determine the magnetic
field B. After that, we’ll integrate B to find the flux Φ between the conductors.

Example: Picture a coaxial cable that’s 'l' long, featuring an inner conductor with a radius 'a' that
carries a uniformly distributed current of +I. Surrounding it is a thin outer conductor shell with an
inner radius 'b' that carries a current of -I. We’ll assume the space between these conductors is
filled with a material that has a permeability μ (where μ = μ₀μᵣ).

Step 1: Let’s find the Magnetic Field (B) using Ampere's Law.

Ampere's Law in its integral form tells us: ∮ B ⋅ dl = μ * I_enc. Thanks to the cylindrical
symmetry of the setup, the magnetic field B between the conductors (where a < r < b) will be
purely azimuthal (pointing in the φ direction) and will only depend on the radial distance 'r'. We’ll
choose an Amperian loop that’s a circle of radius 'r', perfectly concentric with the conductors.
∮ B ⋅ dl = B(r) * (2πr)

The current enclosed (I_enc) by this loop is the current in the inner conductor, I.

So, B(r) * (2πr) = μ * I

Solving for B(r):
B(r) = (μ * I) / (2πr) for a < r < b

Step 2: Calculate the Magnetic Flux (Φ) between the conductors

To determine the magnetic flux, we need to integrate the magnetic field across the area that lies
between the conductors. Imagine a tiny rectangular area element, dA, with a length 'l' (running
along the cable axis) and a width 'dr' (extending radially).

The area vector dA stands perpendicular to the magnetic field B. So, we have: dA = l * dr Now,
the differential flux dΦ that passes through this area element can be expressed as: dΦ = B ⋅ dA =
B(r) * dA = [(μ * I) / (2πr)] * (l * dr)

To get the total flux Φ that links the circuit—essentially the flux that flows through the longitudinal
cross-section from r=a to r=b—we need to integrate dΦ from the surface of the inner conductor
(r=a) all the way to the inner surface of the outer conductor (r=b):
Φ = ∫[a to b] dΦ = ∫[a to b] (μ * I * l / 2πr) dr
Φ = (μ * I * l / 2π) ∫[a to b] (1/r) dr
Φ = (μ * I * l / 2π) * [ln(r)]_[a to b]
Φ = (μ * I * l / 2π) * (ln(b) - ln(a))
Φ = (μ * I * l / 2π) * ln(b/a)
Step 3: Calculate the Inductance (L)
Inductance is L = Φ / I.
L = [(μ * I * l / 2π) * ln(b/a)] / I
L = (μ * l / 2π) * ln(b/a)

Answer : The inductance of the coaxial cable segment of length 'l' is L = (μ * l / 2π) * ln(b/a).

2. A solenoid of 2000 turns, 10 cm radius, and 1 m length is filled with a magnetic core (μ_r
= 1000). Calculate L. (10 pts)

The inductance of a solenoid is influenced by its physical characteristics, such as the number of
turns (N), its length (l), and the cross-sectional area (A), along with the permeability (μ) of the
core material. When it comes to a long solenoid (where the length is much greater than the radius),
the magnetic field inside is almost uniform.

Formula: The inductance of a long solenoid is given by:

L ≈ (μ * N² * A) / l
where:

L = Inductance (Henries, H)
μ = Permeability of the core material (H/m)
N = Total number of turns
A = Cross-sectional area of the solenoid (m²)
l = Length of the solenoid (m)
Given Values:

N = 2000 turns
Radius, r = 10 cm = 0.1 m
Length, l = 1 m
Relative permeability, μ_r = 1000
Permeability of free space, μ₀ = 4π × 10⁻⁷ H/m

Step 1: Calculate the core permeability (μ)

μ = μ₀ * μ_r
μ = (4π × 10⁻⁷ H/m) * 1000
μ = 4π × 10⁻⁴ H/m

Step 2: Calculate the cross-sectional area (A)

A = π * r²
A = π * (0.1 m)²
A = π * 0.01 m²
A ≈ 0.031416 m²

Step 3: Let's take a look at the "long solenoid" approximation.

We have a length of l = 1 m and a radius of r = 0.1 m. Since l is ten times greater than r, we can
confidently say that the length is much larger than the radius. This means that using the long
solenoid formula is a solid choice for our calculations.

Step 4: Calculate the Inductance (L)

L = (μ * N² * A) / l
L = [(4π × 10⁻⁴ H/m) * (2000)² * (π * 0.01 m²)] / (1 m)
L = (4π × 10⁻⁴) * (4 × 10⁶) * (π * 0.01) H
L = (4π * 4 * π * 0.01) * (10⁻⁴ * 10⁶) H
L = (0.16 * π²) * (10²) H
L = 16 * π² H
L ≈ 16 * (9.8696) H
L ≈ 157.9 H

Answer: The inductance of the solenoid is approximately 157.9 Henries.

3. For two non-concentric loops, derive the mutual inductance from first principles. (10 pts)

Let’s break down the concept of mutual inductance (M₂₁).

It measures how a changing current in loop 1 (I₁) can induce an electromotive force (EMF) in loop
2 through the magnetic flux (Φ₂₁) that it generates in loop 2. The relationship is expressed as M₂₁
= Φ₂₁ / I₁. On the flip side, we have M₁₂ = Φ₁₂ / I₂, and M₁₂ is equal to M₂₁.

We can derive a general formula by applying the definition of flux along with the Biot-Savart
Law, which leads us to Neumann's formula.

Here, are the first principles involved :

Magnetic Field from Loop 1: Imagine loop C₁ carrying a current I₁. According to the Biot-Savart
Law, a small segment of current I₁ dl₁ located at position r₁ on loop C₁ generates a tiny magnetic
field dB₁ at position r₂ on loop C₂.

dB₁(r₂) = (μ₀ / 4π) * [I₁ dl₁ × (r₂ - r₁)] / |r₂ - r₁|³

The total magnetic field B₁ at position r₂ is found by integrating over loop C₁:
B₁(r₂) = (μ₀ * I₁ / 4π) ∮ [C₁] [dl₁ × (r₂ - r₁)] / |r₂ - r₁|³

Magnetic Flux through Loop 2: The magnetic flux, denoted as Φ₂₁, through loop C₂ caused by the
field B₁ is calculated using the surface integral of B₁ over any surface S₂ that is enclosed by C₂:
Φ₂₁ = ∫[S₂] B₁(r₂) ⋅ dA₂ If we plug in the expression for B₁, we get: Φ₂₁ = ∫[S₂] [(μ₀ * I₁ / 4π) ∮ [C₁]
[dl₁ × (r₂ - r₁)] / |r₂ - r₁|³] ⋅ dA₂

Introducing Magnetic Vector Potential: Here, a more straightforward approach is to use the
magnetic vector potential A₁, which is defined by the relationship B₁ = ∇ × A₁.

The vector potential A₁ at the position r₂ due to loop C₁ is given by: A₁(r₂) = (μ₀ * I₁ / 4π) ∮ [C₁]
dl₁ / |r₂ - r₁|

By applying Stokes' Theorem, we can express the flux Φ₂₁ as the line integral of A₁ around the
boundary C₂ of the surface S₂: Φ₂₁ = ∫[S₂] (∇ × A₁) ⋅ dA₂ = ∮ [C₂] A₁(r₂) ⋅ dl₂

Derive Mutual Inductance (M₂₁): Substitute the expression for A₁ into the flux integral:
Φ₂₁ = ∮ [C₂] [(μ₀ * I₁ / 4π) ∮ [C₁] dl₁ / |r₂ - r₁|] ⋅ dl₂
Φ₂₁ = (μ₀ * I₁ / 4π) ∮ [C₂] ∮ [C₁] [dl₁ ⋅ dl₂] / |r₂ - r₁|
Now, use the definition M₂₁ = Φ₂₁ / I₁:
M₂₁ = (μ₀ / 4π) ∮ [C₁] ∮ [C₂] [dl₁ ⋅ dl₂] / |r₂ - r₁|

Result (Neumann's Formula):

The mutual inductance between two loops C₁ and C₂ from first principles is given by Neumann's
formula:
M = M₁₂ = M₂₁ = (μ₀ / 4π) ∮ [C₁] ∮ [C₂] (dl₁ ⋅ dl₂) / R

where:

dl₁ is a differential length vector element along loop C₁.

dl₂ is a differential length vector element along loop C₂.
R = |r₂ - r₁| is the scalar distance between the elements dl₁ and dl₂.
4. Derive the transient current response in an RL circuit with a step voltage and initial
current I₀ ≠ 0. (10 pts)

To determine the current I(t) for t ≥ 0, knowing that the current just before the step at t=0⁻ is I(0)
= I₀.We’ll apply Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL) to create a differential equation and then work
through the solution.

Circuit Equation (KVL) for t ≥ 0:

Applying KVL around the loop:
V = V_R + V_L
V = I(t)R + L (dI(t)/dt)

Rearranging into standard linear first-order differential equation form:

(dI/dt) + (R/L)I = V/L

Let’s solve the differential equation. The solution is made up of two key components: the
homogeneous solution (I_h) and the particular solution (I_p). When we put them together, we get
the total solution: I(t) = I_h(t) + I_p(t).

i. Starting with the Homogeneous Solution (I_h), we first set the forcing term (V/L) to zero.
This gives us the equation: (dI_h/dt) + (R/L)I_h = 0

Now, this is a separable equation, so we can rewrite it as: dI_h / I_h = -(R/L) dt.

If we integrate both sides, we find: ln(I_h) = -(R/L)t + C₁.

Exponentiating this, we get: I_h(t) = e^[-(R/L)t + C₁] = e^(C₁) * e^[-(R/L)t].

Let’s define A = e^(C₁) as an arbitrary constant, leading us to: I_h(t) = A * e^[-(R/L)t].

ii. Now, onto the Particular Solution (I_p). This part represents the steady-state response as
time goes to infinity. In this steady state, the current stabilizes, meaning dI/dt = 0.

So, our KVL equation simplifies to: V = I_p * R + L * (0), which gives us I_p = V/R. Finally, we
can combine both solutions to form the General Solution: I(t) = I_h(t) + I_p(t) = A * e^[-(R/L)t] +
V/R.

Now, let’s apply the Initial Condition. We know that just before the switch, the current is I(0⁻),
and because of the inductor’s nature of resisting sudden changes in current, the current right after
the switch remains the same: I(0⁺) = I(0⁻) = I₀. We can apply this condition I(t=0) = I₀ to our general
solution:

I(0) = A * e^[-(R/L)*0] + V/R I₀ = A * e⁰ + V/R I₀ = A * 1 + V/R

Now, let’s solve for the constant A: A = I₀ - V/R

Final Transient Response: Now, we’ll plug the value of A back into the general solution: I(t) = (I₀
- V/R) * e^[-(R/L)t] + V/R

We can define the time constant of the RL circuit as τ = L/R. So, the expression simplifies to: I(t)
= V/R + (I₀ - V/R) * e^(-t/τ) for t ≥ 0 Interpretation: In the end, the steady-state current settles at
V/R.

The expression (I₀ - V/R) shows the initial gap between the starting current and the final steady-
state current. The exponential term e^(-t/τ) illustrates how this initial difference fades over time,
influenced by the time constant τ. When I₀ is greater than V/R, the current gradually decreases to
V/R.
 Conversely, if I₀ is less than V/R, the current increases towards V/R. And when I₀ equals 0, we
arrive at the typical charging response I(t) = (V/R)(1 - e^(-t/τ)).

5. A toroidal coil has rectangular cross-section. Derive an expression for its inductance
considering magnetic leakage. (10 pts).

Most standard analytical calculations for toroids operate under the assumption of perfect flux
confinement—meaning no leakage at all—because the toroidal shape is specifically crafted to keep
that leakage to a minimum.

The derivation focuses on the inductance of a toroid with a rectangular cross-section, assuming
there’s no leakage, but it does consider the non-uniformity of the magnetic field within the core’s
cross-section.

Structure.
i. Toroidal coil with N turns.
ii. Rectangular cross-section with inner radius 'a', outer radius 'b', and height 'h'.
iii. Core material with permeability μ.
iv. Current I flowing through the N turns.

Step 1: Finding the Magnetic Field (B) Inside the Toroid Let’s start by assuming we have perfect
flux confinement.

We’ll use Ampere's Law with a circular Amperian loop of radius 'r' (where a < r < b) that’s
centered on the toroid axis and sits within the core. ∮ B ⋅ dl = μ * I_enc

Thanks to symmetry, we know that B is tangential and remains constant in magnitude at any given
'r'. The length of the path we’re considering is 2πr, and the total current enclosed is N*I. So, we
can write: B(r) * (2πr) = μ * N * I
From this, we find: B(r) = (μ * N * I) / (2πr) for a < r < b

Keep in mind that B isn’t uniform across the cross-section; it actually gets stronger as you move
closer to the inner radius.

Step 2: Calculating the Magnetic Flux (Φ)

i. Through One Turn Now, let’s figure out the flux Φ that goes through the rectangular cross-
section (with area A = h * (b-a)).
We’ll do this by integrating B(r) over that area.
We can think of a small area element dA = h * dr located at radius r. dΦ = B(r) * dA = [(μ * N *
I) / (2πr)] * (h * dr)

ii. Next, we’ll integrate from the inner radius 'a' to the outer radius 'b': Φ = ∫[a to b] dΦ = ∫[a to
b] [(μ * N * I * h) / (2πr)] dr

This simplifies to: Φ = (μ * N * I * h / 2π) ∫[a to b] (1/r) dr

After integrating, we get: Φ = (μ * N * I * h / 2π) * [ln(r)]_[a to b]
Which leads us to: Φ = (μ * N * I * h / 2π) * (ln(b) - ln(a))
Finally, we can express it as: Φ = (μ * N * I * h / 2π) * ln(b/a)

This Φ represents the flux that passes through each turn of the coil.

Step 3: Calculate the Total Flux Linkage (Λ)

To find the total flux linkage, you simply take the flux per turn and multiply it by the number of
turns, N. Λ = N * Φ Λ = N * [(μ * N * I * h / 2π) * ln(b/a)] Λ = (μ * N² * I * h / 2π) * ln(b/a)
Step 4: Calculate the Inductance (L)

Inductance is defined as the total flux linkage divided by the current: L = Λ / I. L = [(μ * N² * I *
h / 2π) * ln(b/a)] / I

L = (μ * N² * h / 2π) * ln(b/a)

6. Analyze the effect of a time-varying magnetic field on a stationary conductor loop. (10 pts)

Faraday's Law of Induction. This principle tells us that when there's a change in magnetic flux
through a closed conducting loop, it creates an electromotive force (EMF, or voltage) in that loop.

Imagine a stationary conducting loop, like a wire loop, that has a fixed area A and a specific
orientation. This loop is placed in a space where the magnetic field B is changing over time,
represented as B(t). The loop also has a total electrical resistance R.

i. Magnetic Flux (Φ_B): First, we need to figure out the magnetic flux that goes through the
loop. Flux measures how much magnetic field passes through the area enclosed by the loop.
Φ_B(t) = ∫[Area] B(t) ⋅ dA If the magnetic field B(t) is uniform across the area A and makes
a constant angle θ with the normal vector n to the loop's surface, we can simplify the flux to:
Φ_B(t) = B(t) * A * cos(θ)

ii. Faraday's Law of Induction: The changing magnetic flux generates an EMF (ε) in the loop.
ε(t) = - dΦ_B(t) / dt

By substituting the simplified flux expression (assuming uniform B, constant A, and θ): ε(t) = -
d/dt [B(t) * A * cos(θ)]
Since A and θ remain constant for a stationary loop: ε(t) = - A * cos(θ) * [dB(t)/dt] This shows
that the induced EMF is directly proportional to how quickly the magnetic field's strength is
changing (dB/dt), the area of the loop, and the cosine of the angle between the field and the loop's
normal. The negative sign is important and ties back to Lenz's Law.

Lenz's Law (Direction of Induced Current): The negative sign in Faraday's Law is a reflection of
Lenz's Law. It tells us that the direction of the induced electromotive force (EMF) — and the
resulting induced current, if the loop is closed — is such that it generates its own magnetic field
that works against the change in the original magnetic flux. For example, if the magnetic field (B)
is directed into the page and is increasing (meaning dB/dt > 0), the change in flux is also increasing
into the page. In this case, the induced current will flow in a counter-clockwise direction to create
a magnetic field that pushes out of the page, opposing the increase.

On the flip side, if B is still directed into the page but is decreasing (dB/dt < 0), the change in flux
is decreasing into the page, which is like saying it’s increasing out of the page. Here, the induced
current will flow in a clockwise direction to generate a magnetic field that reinforces the one going
into the page, countering the decrease.

i. Induced Current (I): If the loop has a total resistance R, the induced EMF will cause an
induced current I(t) according to Ohm's Law: I(t) = ε(t) / R I(t) = [- A * cos(θ) / R] * [dB(t)/dt]
The strength of the induced current depends on how quickly B is changing, the geometry of
the loop (A, θ), and the resistance of the loop.

ii. Energy Considerations: The induced current flowing through the resistance R loses energy as
heat at a rate of P(t) = I(t)² * R = ε(t)² / R. This energy has to come from the source that’s
causing the magnetic field to change. An external agent must do work to maintain the changing
magnetic field against the opposition created by the induced field (as per Lenz's Law).

In conclusion, a magnetic field that changes over time induces an EMF in a stationary conductor
loop, which is proportional to the negative rate of change of magnetic flux through that loop
(Faraday's Law). This EMF drives an induced current (if the loop is closed) whose direction
opposes the change in flux (Lenz's Law), and this current dissipates energy through the loop's
resistance.

7. Compute the voltage across an inductor in a circuit where I(t) = A·sin²(ωt). (10 pts)

The relationship between the voltage V_L(t) across an ideal inductor and the current I(t) flowing
through it is given by:
V_L(t) = L * (dI(t)/dt)
where L is the inductance.

Given:

Inductance = L
Current as a function of time, I(t) = A * sin²(ωt)
A is the amplitude constant.
ω is the angular frequency.

Step 1: Differentiate the Current I(t) with respect to time (t)

We need to find dI/dt. We use the chain rule for differentiation.
Let u = sin(ωt). Then I = A * u².
dI/dt = dI/du * du/dt
dI/du = d/du (A * u²) = 2 * A * u = 2 * A * sin(ωt)
Now find du/dt:
du/dt = d/dt [sin(ωt)]

Using the chain rule again (let v = ωt):

d/dt [sin(v)] = d/dv[sin(v)] * dv/dt = cos(v) * d/dt(ωt) = cos(ωt) * ω
So, du/dt = ω * cos(ωt)
Combining these:
dI/dt = (2 * A * sin(ωt)) * (ω * cos(ωt))
dI/dt = 2 * A * ω * sin(ωt) * cos(ωt)

Step 2: Simplify the derivative using a trigonometric identity

Recall the double-angle identity for sine: sin(2x) = 2 * sin(x) * cos(x)

Applying this to our derivative with x = ωt:

2 * sin(ωt) * cos(ωt) = sin(2ωt)
Therefore, the derivative simplifies to:
dI/dt = A * ω * sin(2ωt)

Step 3: Calculate the Voltage V_L(t)

Substitute the derivative dI/dt into the inductor voltage formula:
V_L(t) = L * (dI/dt)
V_L(t) = L * [A * ω * sin(2ωt)]
V_L(t) = A * L * ω * sin(2ωt)

Result: The voltage across the inductor is given by:

V_L(t) = A L ω sin(2ωt)

So, the original current I(t) = A sin²(ωt) can be rewritten as A/2 * (1 - cos(2ωt)). This expression
has a DC component (A/2) along with a part that oscillates at the frequency of 2ω. When it comes
to the voltage across the inductor, it only reacts to the time-varying portion, which means you end
up with a nice, smooth sinusoidal voltage at the frequency of 2ω, and it’s all proportional to A, L,
and ω.
8. Design a band-pass filter using an RLC circuit. Choose component values for a center
frequency of 1 MHz. (10 pts)

An RLC circuit can function as a band-pass filter. In a series RLC circuit powered by a voltage
source, the impedance hits its lowest point at the resonant frequency, which allows for the highest
current flow. The voltage across the resistor (V_R = I*R) reaches its peak at resonance, showcasing
that band-pass behavior.

On the flip side, in a parallel RLC circuit driven by a current source, the impedance is at its highest
during resonance, resulting in maximum voltage across the parallel tank, also demonstrating band-
pass characteristics.

Our goal is to design a series RLC filter with the output taken across the resistor.

Diagram showing circuit topology

a) Specifications:
i. Filter type: Band-pass
ii. Center frequency (resonant frequency), f₀ = 1 MHz = 1 × 10⁶ Hz
iii. Circuit Topology: Series RLC circuit.
iv. Input voltage V_in applied across the series combination of R, L, and C.
v. Output voltage V_out taken across the resistor R.

Key Formulas:

i. Angular resonant frequency: ω₀ = 2πf₀ = 1 / √(LC)

ii. Impedance of series RLC: Z = R + j(ωL - 1/(ωC))
iii. Transfer Function (V_out / V_in): H(jω) = R / Z = R / [R + j(ωL - 1/(ωC))]
iv. Quality Factor: Q = ω₀L / R = 1 / (ω₀CR) = (1/R)√(L/C)
v. Bandwidth: BW = f₀ / Q = R / (2πL)

b) Design Steps:

i. Calculate Angular Frequency (ω₀):

ω₀ = 2πf₀ = 2π * (1 × 10⁶ Hz) ≈ 6.283 × 10⁶ rad/s

ii. Pick either the inductance (L) or capacitance (C) value: The resonant frequency formula ω₀ =
1/√(LC) connects L and C. We need to select one value to figure out the other. Let’s go with
a practical capacitor value that fits within this frequency range.
Choice: Let C = 1 nF = 1 × 10⁻⁹ F.

iii. Calculate the required Inductance (L):

From ω₀² = 1 / (LC), we get L = 1 / (ω₀² * C)
L = 1 / [(6.283 × 10⁶ rad/s)² * (1 × 10⁻⁹ F)]
L = 1 / [(39.48 × 10¹²) * (1 × 10⁻⁹)] H
 L = 1 / (39.48 × 10³) H
L ≈ 0.00002533 H = 25.33 × 10⁻⁶ H = 25.33 μH

When selecting a Quality Factor (Q) or Bandwidth (BW), the resistor value R plays a crucial role
in defining the "sharpness" of the filter, which is referred to as the Q factor, or its bandwidth. A
higher Q indicates a narrower passband. For our example, let’s go with a moderate Q value.
Choice: Let’s set Q = 5 (dimensionless).

iv. Calculate the required Resistance (R):

We can use the Q factor formula: Q = ω₀L / R
R = ω₀L / Q
R = (6.283 × 10⁶ rad/s) * (25.33 × 10⁻⁶ H) / 5
R ≈ (159.15) / 5 Ω
R ≈ 31.8 Ω

v. Verify with another Q formula: Q = 1 / (ω₀CR)

Q = 1 / [(6.283 × 10⁶ rad/s) * (1 × 10⁻⁹ F) * (31.8 Ω)]
Q = 1 / [ (6.283 × 10⁻³) * 31.8 ]
Q = 1 / 0.1998 ≈ 5.0. The values are consistent.

c) Final Design:

Circuit Topology: Series RLC circuit with input voltage across R, L, C and output voltage across
R.
Center Frequency: f₀ = 1 MHz

Component Values:
i. Capacitor (C) = 1 nF (10⁻⁹ F)
ii. Inductor (L) ≈ 25.3 μH (2.53 × 10⁻⁵ H)
iii. Resistor (R) ≈ 31.8 Ω
iv. Quality Factor (Q) ≈ 5
v. Bandwidth (BW) = f₀ / Q = 1 MHz / 5 = 200 kHz

Operation: When you look at frequencies that are quite different from f₀, the impedance of either
the inductor (L, represented as ωL) or the capacitor (C, shown as 1/ωC) becomes quite large. This
results in a high total impedance (Z) and a low current (I). Consequently, the output voltage (V_out
= IR) is also low. However, at the resonant frequency f₀, the reactances balance each other out (ωL
= 1/ωC), leading to a minimum total impedance (Z = R), a maximum current (I = V_in / R), and
the output voltage (V_out = IR = V_in) reaches its peak. This phenomenon gives rise to the band-
pass characteristic.
 References

1. Griffiths, D. J. (2017). Introduction to electrodynamics (4th ed.). Cambridge University

Press.
2. Alexander, C. K., & Sadiku, M. N. O. (2017). Fundamentals of electric circuits (6th ed.).
McGraw Hill Education.
3. Hayt, W. H., Jr., & Buck, J. A. (2012). Engineering electromagnetics (8th ed.). McGraw-
Hill.