MATH IN THE MODERN WORLD ➢ Overall descriptions of data, such as the
Prof. Timothy Bote | Reviewer ni Gwy MM 1-1 five-number summary
➢ Measurements such as skewness and
INTRODUCTION AND BASIC CONCEPTS OF kurtosis
STATISTICS ➢ The exploration of relationships and
correlation between paired data
Statistics ➢ The presentation of statistical results in
- It is used in business and economics.
graphical form
- It plays an important role in the exploration
of new markets for a product, forecasting of
business trends, control and maintenance of Examples of Inferential Statistics
high-quality products, improvement of
➢ A confidence interval gives a range of values
employer-employee relationships, and
analysis of data concerning insurance, for an unknown parameter of the population
investment, sales, employment, by measuring a statistical sample. This is
transportation, communications, auditing, expressed in terms of an interval and the
and accounting procedures. degree of confidence that the parameter is
- Is the branch of mathematics that deals with
within the interval.
the theory and method of collecting,
➢ Tests of significance or hypothesis testing
organizing, presenting, analyzing, and
interpreting data. where scientists make a claim about the
population by analyzing a statistical sample.
TWO MAIN DIVISIONS/PHASES OF STATISTICS By design, there is some uncertainty in this
process. This can be expressed in terms of a
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS level of significance.
- It refers to the summary statistic that
quantitatively describes or summarizes
features from a collection of data under TWO BRANCHES OF STATISTICS
investigation.
- The goal is to describe.
- Numerical measures are used to describe STATISTICAL THEORY
the features of a set of data. - It is concerned with the formulation of
theories, principles, and formulas which are
INFERENTIAL STATISTICS
used as bases in the solution of problems
- It is a statistical tool that is used to examine
related to Statistics.
the relationships between variables within a
sample and then make generalizations or
STATISTICAL METHOD
predictions about how those variables will
relate to a larger population. - It is concerned with the application of the
theories, principles, and formulas in the
solution of everyday problems.
Examples of Descriptive Statistics:
➢ The average, or measure of the center of a
OTHER STATISTICAL TERMS:
data set, consisting of the mean, median,
mode, or midrange
➢ The spread of a data set, which can be POPULATION - a set of data consisting of all
measured with the range or standard conceivable possible observations of a certain
deviation phenomenon.
- It refers to the totality of the observations. DATA COLLECTION AND DATA PRESENTATION
The population is denoted by capital N. Data
- are plain facts, usually raw numbers, words,
measurements, observations, or just
SAMPLE - a finite number of items selected from a
descriptions of things.
population possessing identical characteristics with
- Think of a spreadsheet full of numbers with
those of the population from which it was taken. A
no meaningful description. In order for
sample is denoted by the small letter n.
these numbers to become information, they
must be interpreted to have meaning.
VARIABLE - refers to a fundamental quantity that
TWO TYPES OF DATA
changes in value from one observation to another
1. QUALITATIVE DATA
within a given domain and under a given set of
- is descriptive in nature, ex., color, shapes
conditions. Variables may be represented by the
2. QUANTITATIVE DATA
letters X, Y, etc.
- is numerical information, ex. weight, height
CONSTANT - refers to fundamental quantities that DATA COLLECTION AND DATA PRESENTATION
do not change in value.
DATA COLLECTION
- Is concerned with the accurate gathering of
PARAMETERS - characteristics/measures
data; although methods may differ
computed from the population.
depending on the field, the emphasis is on
ensuring accuracy.
STATISTIC/S - are characteristics/measures - The primary goal of any data collection is to
computed from the sample. capture quality data or evidence that easily
translates to rich data analysis that may lead
FOUR LEVELS OF DATA MEASUREMENT to credible and conclusive answers to
1. NOMINAL questions that have been posed.
- Qualitative data, categorical data (ex., sex,
METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION
gender, year level)
2. ORDINAL
THE INTERVIEW or DIRECT METHOD
- Ranked data (1st, 2nd, 3rd ,etc.) - The researcher or interviewer gets the
3. INTERVAL needed data from the respondent or
- Data with arbitrary zero value (scores, interviewee verbally and directly through
grades) face-to-face contact.
4. RATIO THE QUESTIONNAIRE or INDIRECT METHOD
- Data coming from measurements (height, - The questionnaire is a tool for data
weight, etc.) gathering and research that consists of a set
of questions in a different form of question
STEPS IN A STATISTICAL INQUIRY OR type that is used to collect information from
INVESTIGATION the respondents for the purpose of either
1. COLLECTION OF DATA survey or statistical analysis study.
2. PRESENTATION OF DATA REGISTRATION METHOD
3. ANALYSIS OF DATA - This method is used by the government,
4. INTERPRETATION OF DATA such as the records of births at the
Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA) and the DIFFERENT TYPES OF GRAPHS COMMONLY USED
registration record at the COMELEC. IN DATA PRESENTATION
OBSERVATION
- This method is a way of collecting data 1. BAR GRAPH
through observation. - A bar chart or bar graph is a chart or graph
- The observer gains firsthand knowledge by that presents categorical data with
being in and around the social setting that is rectangular bars with heights or lengths
being investigated. proportional to the values that they
EXPERIMENTATION represent.
- An experiment is a procedure carried out to - The bars can be plotted vertically or
support, refute, or validate a hypothesis. horizontally.
- An experiment is a method that most clearly
shows cause-and-effect because it isolates
and manipulates a single variable in order to
show its effect.
DATA PRESENTATION
- Once data has been collected, it has to be
classified and organized in such a way that it
becomes easily readable and interpretable,
that is, converted to information.
2. LINE GRAPH
TYPES OF DATA PRESENTATION
- A line graph is a graphical display of
information that changes continuously over
TEXTUAL PRESENTATION
time. A line graph may also be referred to as
- This type of presentation combines text and
a line chart.
figures in a statistical report.
- Within a line graph, there are points
Example: news item in the newspaper
connecting the data to show a continuous
change.
TABULAR PRESENTATION
- The lines in a line graph can descend and
- This type of presentation uses tables
ascend based on the data.
consisting of vertical columns and
- We can use a line graph to compare
horizontal rows with headings describing
different events, situations, and information.
these rows and columns. The data are
presented in a more brief and orderly
manner.
Example: frequency table
GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION
- It is a most effective means of presenting
statistical data because important
relationships are brought out more clearly
in graphs.
3. PIE GRAPH 5. PICTOGRAPH/PICTOGRAM
- A pie chart is a circular chart divided into - A pictograph is a chart or graph that uses
wedge-like sectors, illustrating proportion. pictures to represent data. A pictograph is
Each wedge represents a proportionate part one of the simplest forms of data
of the whole, and the total value of the pie is visualization.
always 100 percent.
- Pie charts can make the size of portions
easy to understand at a glance
- They're widely used in business
presentations and education to show the
proportions among a large variety of
categories, including expenses, segments of
a population, or answers to a survey.
SAMPLING
PROBABILITY/RANDOM SAMPLING
- Provides equal chances to every single
element of the population to be included in
the sampling.
NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING
4. SCATTER DIAGRAM
- The samples are selected in a process that
- A scatter diagram, also called a scatterplot,
does not give all the individuals in the
is a type of plot or mathematical diagram
population equal chances of being selected.
using Cartesian coordinates to display
- Samples are selected on the basis of their
values for typically two variables for a set of
accessibility or by the purposive personal
data. If the points are coded
judgment of the researcher.
(color/shape/size), one additional variable
can be displayed.
PROBABILITY-BASED SAMPLING
- The data are displayed as a collection of
SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING
points, each having the value of one variable
● Lottery Method
determining the position on the horizontal
● Fish bowl method
axis and the value of the other variable
●
determining the position on the vertical
PROBABILITY-BASED SAMPLING
axis.
1. Systematic Sampling
STEP 1: Identify the population
STEP 2: Identify the number of sample
STEP 3: Divide N by n to find the nth
Interval
2. Stratified Sampling
Used to ensure that different groups in the
population are adequately represented in the
sample
STEP 1: Identify the population and divide
the population into different groups or strata
according to criteria.
STEP 2: Decide on the sampling size or
actual percentage of the population to be
considered a sample.
STEP 3: Get a proportion of the sample from
each group.
STEP 4: Select the respondents by random
sampling.
3. Cluster Sampling
- Often called geographic sampling
- It is used in large-scale surveys.
- The population is divided into multiple
groups called clusters.
- The clusters are selected with simple
random or systematic sampling techniques
for data collection and data analysis.
NON-PROBABILITY-BASED SAMPLING
ACCIDENTAL OR CONVENIENCE SAMPLING
- Researchers select subjects that are more
readily accessible or available.
PURPOSIVE SAMPLING
- Subjects are selected based on the need of
the study.
SNOWBALL SAMPLING
- This type of sampling starts with known
sources of information, who or which will in
turn give other sources of information. As
this goes on, data accumulates.
QUOTA SAMPLING
- Researchers take a sample in proportion to
some characteristics or traits of the
population.
