‫معتمده‬

Communication Process

Prepared by/ Group 3

Second Part Master Degree 2024-2025

Supervised by
Dr / Mona Abdallah
Assistant Professor of Community
Health Nursing

Faculty of Nursing

Benha University

2024/2025

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 ‫‪Group 3‬‬

‫فاطمة ياسر السيد‬ ‫‪.1‬‬

‫فاطمة محمد عبدالعظيم‬ ‫‪.2‬‬

‫عبد العزيز أشرف عبد العزيز‬ ‫‪.3‬‬

‫عال عزت موسي‬ ‫‪.4‬‬

‫مني على محمد‬ ‫‪.5‬‬

‫ميار الصادق محمد‬ ‫‪.6‬‬

‫ندي حلمي عبد النبي‬ ‫‪.7‬‬

‫هبة إسماعيل جعفر‬ ‫‪.8‬‬

‫‪2‬‬
Learning Objectives
By the end of this lecture, the student will be able to achieve the
Following objectives:

 Define communication and describe its significance in a

health care setting
 Recognize the different purposes of communication in
nursing
 Distinguish between the various levels of communication
 Identify and explain the essential elements of the
communication process
 Identify common barriers to communication
 Explain why communication is vital in nursing practice
 Discuss the different types of communication used in health
care

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Outlines:
 Introduction
 Definition of communication
 Purpose of communication
 Levels of communication
 Elements of communication
 Methods and modes of communication
 Barriers to effective communication
 Characteristics of good communication
 Importance of communication in nursing
 Essential nurse communication skills
 Types of communication in the Health care system
 Reference

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Introduction:

Communication is an essential part of human life; all meaningful social

interaction can be labeled ‘communication’. Without communication an
individual could never become a fully functioning human being. Reading,
writing, listening, speaking, viewing and creating images are all acts of
communication. There are also many subtler .
Communication in nursing is one of the most important aspects of the job. Nurses
work on the front lines and provide care to patients and liaise with other
members of the care team. They must speak with patients, family members,
doctors, specialists, and support staff. The ability to communicate effectively
is essential.

Definition of Communication:

Communication is the act of transferring information, ideas, or messages from

one person or group to another through a common system of symbols, signs,
or behavior.
Communication is the process of sharing information or the process of
generating and transmitting meanings.

Purpose of Communication:

In general :-
1. Information Sharing: Transmitting knowledge, facts, or data.
2. Expressing Emotions: Conveying feelings and emotions.
3. Influence and Persuasion: Changing or shaping attitudes, beliefs, or behaviors.
4. Building Relationships: Establishing and maintaining social connections.

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5. Decision Making: Facilitating discussions and collaborations to make informed
choices.
6. Education and Learning: Teaching, instructing, or sharing expertise.
7. Problem Solving: Collaborating to find solutions to issues or challenges.
Purpose of nurse - patient communication:-
1. Building Trust: Effective communication helps establish a trusting
relationship, making patients feel comfortable and secure in sharing their
concerns.
2. Gathering Information: Nurses gather critical information about a patient's
symptoms, history, and emotional well-being, which aids in accurate
diagnosis and treatment.
3. Providing Education: Nurses educate patients about their condition, treatment
options, medication, and recovery, empowering them to make informed
decisions about their health.
4. Offering Emotional Support: Open communication helps nurses provide
emotional support, especially during difficult or stressful situations, fostering
emotional well-being and mental health.
5. Promoting Patient Safety: Clear and accurate communication minimizes the
risk of errors, ensuring that instructions, medication, and treatment plans are
followed correctly.
6. Enhancing Patient Engagement: When patients are actively involved in
discussions about their care, they are more likely to follow treatment plans
and adopt healthier behaviors.
7. Assessing Patient Understanding: Communication allows nurses to verify
that patients fully understand their condition and treatment, which is crucial
for compliance and positive outcomes.

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Levels of communication :

1. Intrapersonal Communication: Communication within oneself. It includes

internal dialogue, thoughts, and reflections.
2. Interpersonal Communication: Direct communication between two or more
individuals. It can be verbal, non-verbal, or written and occurs in everyday
conversations, interviews, or personal interactions.
3. Group Communication: Interaction within a group, typically consisting of
three or more people. Group discussions, team meetings, or collaborative
projects are examples of this level.
4. Public Communication: A more formal type of communication where one
person addresses a large audience. This could include speeches, presentations,
or lectures.
5. Mass Communication: Communication intended to reach a large audience
through mediums like TV, radio, newspapers, or online platforms.
6. Organizational Communication: Communication that occurs within a
structured group such as a business or institution. It can be formal (memos,
emails, reports) or informal (casual conversations, impromptu meetings).
7. Cross-Cultural Communication: Interaction between individuals from
different cultural backgrounds, which involves understanding and overcoming
language and cultural barriers.

Elements of Communication:-

The elements of communication are fundamental components involved in the

process of conveying and understanding messages. These elements include:

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1. Sender: The person or entity that initiates the message. The sender is
responsible for encoding the message in a form that can be understood by the
receiver.

2. Message: The content or information that is being communicated, which could

be verbal, non-verbal, or written.

3. Encoding: The process of converting thoughts, ideas, or information into a

message that can be sent to the receiver.

4. Channel: The medium through which the message is transmitted. Common

channels include spoken language, written text, email, phone calls, and body
language.

5. Receiver: The person or entity for whom the message is intended. The receiver
is responsible for decoding the message to understand its meaning.

6. Decoding: The process by which the receiver interprets or makes sense of the
message sent by the sender.

7. Feedback: The response from the receiver back to the sender, indicating
whether the message was understood correctly or if clarification is needed.

8. Noise: Any form of interference that distorts or disrupts the communication

process. Noise can be physical (like background sounds), psychological (like
stress or distractions), or semantic (misunderstanding due to language
differences).

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9. Context: The environment or situation in which communication takes place,
including cultural, social, and relational factors that influence how the
message is understood

Methods and Modes of communication:

1. Verbal Communication

Oral Communication: Speaking directly, face-to-face, over the phone, video

conferencing, etc.

Written Communication: Letters, emails, texts, reports, books, etc.

2. Nonverbal Communication

Body Language: Gestures, facial expressions, posture.

Paralanguage: Tone, pitch, loudness of voice.

Proxemics: Physical distance between communicators.

Eye Contact: Indicates attention or interest.

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Haptics: Communication through touch.

3. Visual Communication

Images/Graphics: Charts, diagrams, infographics.

Signs & Symbols: Traffic signs, icons, logos.

Videos: Used in presentations, marketing, and education.

4. Digital Communication

Social Media: Platforms like Facebook, Twitter, Instagram.

Messaging Apps: WhatsApp, Slack, etc.

Emails and Websites: Blogs, online forums.

5. Formal and Informal Communication

Formal: Professional settings, structured, such as meetings, reports, presentations.

Informal: Casual interactions, like chatting with friends or colleagues.

Barriers to effective communication:-

1. Physical Barriers: These include environmental factors such as noise,

distance, and poor technology, which can disrupt communication.

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2. Language Barriers: Differences in language or jargon can lead to
misunderstandings. Even native speakers may misinterpret colloquialisms or
technical terms.

3. Cultural Barriers: Cultural differences can affect communication styles, non-

verbal cues, and interpretations, leading to miscommunication or offense.

4. Perceptual Barriers: People have different perspectives and interpretations

based on their experiences, which can lead to miscommunication if not
acknowledged.

5. Emotional Barriers: Personal feelings, such as anger, sadness, or anxiety, can

cloud judgment and hinder clear communication.

6. Attitudinal Barriers: Preconceived notions, stereotypes, or biases about the

sender or the message can prevent effective communication.

7. Information Overload: Too much information can overwhelm the receiver,

making it difficult to process the main message.

8. Lack of Feedback: Without feedback, communicators may not know if their

message was received and understood correctly.

9. Time Constraints: Rushed communication can lead to misunderstandings and

missed details, impacting the clarity of the message.

10. Differences in Communication Styles: Varying styles (direct vs. indirect,

formal vs. informal) can lead to confusion or misinterpretation.

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Importance of communication in nursing:-

1. Enhances Patient Safety

2. Builds Trust and Rapport

3. Promotes Teamwork

4. Improves Patient Outcomes

5. Reduces Stress and Anxiety

6. Facilitates Informed Decision-Making

7. Ensures Continuity of Care

Essential nurse communication skills:-

1. Active Listening: Nurses must listen attentively to understand the patient's

concerns, symptoms, and needs without interrupting.

2. Empathy: Showing understanding and compassion helps build trust and makes
patients feel cared for.

3. Clarity and Conciseness: Nurses need to convey information clearly and

simply, whether giving instructions to patients or communicating with
colleagues.

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4. Non-Verbal Communication: Body language, facial expressions, eye contact,
and tone of voice play a big role in making patients feel understood and
supported.

5. Patience: Nurses often need to explain things multiple times or in different

ways, especially when dealing with patients who are anxious or have
cognitive impairments.

6. Cultural Sensitivity: Being aware of and respecting cultural differences in

communication styles and healthcare preferences is key to providing
appropriate care.

7. Assertiveness: Nurses must advocate for their patients by communicating

needs clearly and professionally with doctors, other nurses, and family
members.

8. Emotional Intelligence: Being able to manage your own emotions and

recognize those of others helps in navigating difficult conversations, such as
delivering bad news.

9. Adaptability: Adjusting communication styles based on the patient’s

condition, age, and level of understanding ensures more effective exchanges.

10. Documentation Skills: Accurate and thorough documentation is critical in

nursing to ensure continuity of care and legal compliance.

Types of communication in the Health care system:-

1. Verbal Communication:

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Face-to-face conversations between healthcare providers, patients, and caregivers.

Telephone or video consultations (telemedicine).

Briefings, handoffs, or team discussions during patient care.

2. Non-Verbal Communication:

Body language, facial expressions, and gestures used by healthcare professionals

to convey empathy or understanding.

Tone of voice and eye contact, which play a crucial role in patient interactions.

3. Written Communication:

Medical records, charts, and patient care reports, which document patient history,
diagnoses, treatment plans, and follow-up care.

Prescriptions and discharge summaries provided to patients.

Emails and written communication between healthcare providers and

departments.

4. Electronic Communication:

Use of Electronic Health Records (EHR) to document and share patient

information between healthcare providers.

Secure messaging platforms for internal communication among healthcare staff.

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Telehealth systems, where patients communicate with healthcare providers
remotely via video or messaging platforms.

5. Visual Communication:

Use of charts, graphs, imaging results (X-rays, MRIs), or visual aids to convey
information about patient conditions.

Infographics or educational materials used in patient education.

6. Formal Communication:

Structured meetings, such as clinical rounds, case conferences, or

multidisciplinary team discussions to coordinate care.

Policy updates and clinical guidelines shared by healthcare administrators.

7. Informal Communication:

Unstructured conversations or quick check-ins between colleagues.

Discussions in break rooms or hallways about patient care or team dynamics.

8. Interprofessional Communication:

Coordination between different professionals (e.g., doctors, nurses, pharmacists,

therapists) within a healthcare team to provide holistic patient care.

Handoffs or transfers of care, ensuring that critical patient information is passed

between shifts or departments.

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9. Patient-Centered Communication:

Conversations focused on the patient’s preferences, needs, and values.

Shared decision-making and obtaining informed consent for treatments or

procedures.

10. Crisis Communication:

Rapid communication during emergencies or critical situations, such as during

code blue events or disaster response.

Clear, concise, and timely information exchange to ensure swift action.

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 References

Wood, J. T. (2016). Communication in Our Lives. Cengage Learning. This textbook

covers various aspects of communication theory, processes, and
applications.

Ruben, B. D., & Stewart, L. P. (2019). Communication in Health Care. Springer.

Focuses specifically on communication strategies within healthcare settings.

McNaughton, N. J., & Mayes, T. (2017). Health Communication: A Critical

Approach. Palgrave Macmillan. This book explores the complexities of
health communication and its impact on patient care.

Kurtz, S., Silverman, J., & Benson, J. (2003).

"Marrying Content and Process in Clinical Method Teaching: Enhancing the
Calgary-Cambridge Guides."
Academic Medicine, 78(8), 802-809. Discusses effective communication
strategies in clinical settings.

Bach, S., & Grant, A. (2016).

Communication Skills for Nursing Practice. Macmillan International Higher
Education. A comprehensive guide to essential communication skills for
nurses.

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HCP-Health Communication Partnership (2004). "Effective Communication in
Healthcare." Available at: hcppartnership.org Resources focused on
effective communication practices in health care.

Rao, J. K., et al. (2007). "Communication Skills Training for Physicians: A

Randomized Controlled Trial." Journal of General Internal Medicine, 22(9),
1201-1207. This study evaluates the impact of communication skills training
on physician-patient interactions.

Bashshur, R., et al. (2016). "The Empirical Foundations of Telemedicine

Interventions." Telemedicine and e-Health, 22(5), 346-351. Discusses
telehealth communication and its applications.

World Health Organization (WHO). "Health Communication." Available at:

who.int Overview of health communication strategies and their importance.

Friedman, H. S., & Friedman, L. H. (2017). Communication and Aging.

Academic Press.

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