Thinking Critically About Ethical Issues 9th
edition pdf download
https://ebookgrade.com/product/thinking-critically-about-ethical-
issues-9th-edition/
Get Instant Ebook Downloads – Browse at https://ebookgrade.com
More products digital (pdf, epub, mobi) instant
download maybe you interests ...
Thinking Critically About Ethical Issues 10th Vincent
Ruggiero
https://ebookgrade.com/product/thinking-critically-about-ethical-
issues-10th-vincent-ruggiero/
ebookgrade.com
Philosopher's Way Thinking Critically About Profound Ideas
5th Edition The
https://ebookgrade.com/product/philosophers-way-thinking-critically-
about-profound-ideas-5th-edition-the/
ebookgrade.com
(Test Bank) Philosopher's Way The Thinking Critically
About Profound Ideas 5th Edition
https://ebookgrade.com/product/test-bank-philosophers-way-the-
thinking-critically-about-profound-ideas-5th-edition/
ebookgrade.com
Philosopher's Way Thinking Critically About Profound Ideas
4th Edition The Wei Zhi
https://ebookgrade.com/product/philosophers-way-thinking-critically-
about-profound-ideas-4th-edition-the-wei-zhi/
ebookgrade.com
Thinking Critically 11th Edition by John Chaffee Wei Zhi
https://ebookgrade.com/product/thinking-critically-11th-edition-by-
john-chaffee-wei-zhi/
ebookgrade.com
Ethical Issues third edition Perspectives for Canadians
https://ebookgrade.com/product/ethical-issues-third-edition-
perspectives-for-canadians/
ebookgrade.com
Ethical Issues in Anesthesiology and Surgery
https://ebookgrade.com/product/ethical-issues-in-anesthesiology-and-
surgery/
ebookgrade.com
Ethical Issues third edition Perspectives for Canadians
Wei Zhi
https://ebookgrade.com/product/ethical-issues-third-edition-
perspectives-for-canadians-wei-zhi/
ebookgrade.com
Random documents with unrelated
content Scribd suggests to you:
THE ASS AND THE LION HUNTING.
The Lion, having thinned the forest of great numbers of the
beasts upon which he preyed, and so scared and intimidated the
rest, that he found it very difficult to get hold of any more of them,
bethought himself of a new expedient to obtain more readily a fresh
supply. He invited the Ass to assist him in his plan, and gave him
instructions how to act. Go, said the Lion, and hide thyself in yonder
thicket, and then let me hear thee bray in the most frightful manner
thou possibly canst. The stratagem took effect accordingly. The Ass
brayed most hideously, and the timorous beasts, not knowing what
to think of it, began to scour off as fast as they could; when the
Lion, who was posted at a proper avenue, seized and killed them as
he pleased. Having got his belly full, he called out to the Ass, and
bade him leave off, telling him he had done enough. Upon this, the
long-eared brute came out of his ambush, and approaching the Lion,
asked him, with an air of conceit, how he liked his performance?
Prodigiously! says he, you did it so well, that I protest had I not
known your nature and temper, I might have been frightened myself.
APPLICATION.
A bragging cowardly fellow may impose upon people that do not
know him; but is the greatest jest imaginable to those who do.
There are many men who appear very terrible and big in their
manner of expressing themselves, and if you could be persuaded to
take their own word for it, are perfect Lions; but if we take the pains
to enquire a little into their true nature, are as arrant Asses as ever
brayed.
THE SOW AND THE BITCH.
A Sow and a Bitch happening to meet, a debate arose between
them concerning their fruitfulness. The Bitch insisted upon it, that
she brought forth more at a litter, and oftener, than any other four-
legged creature. Nay, said the Sow, you do not do so, for others are
as prolific as you; and besides, you are always in such a hurry, that
you bring your puppies into the world blind.
APPLICATION.
It is no wonder that our productions should come into the world
blind or lame, or otherwise defective, when by forced or unnatural
methods we accelerate their birth, and impatiently refuse to let them
go their full time. Then it is that the excellent proverb of the more
haste the worse speed, is felt and fully verified. This Fable has been
pointed at those authors whose itch for scribbling has been an
annoyance to the world, rather than of any real use to it; and who
have been proud of, and boasted of the numerous but flimsy
productions of their vain and shallow brains. It is proper to put such
people in mind, that it is not he who does most, but he who does
the best, that will meet the approbation of mankind.
Who told the Lamb to suck its Mother’s Paps?
THE SATYR AND THE TRAVELLER.
A Satyr, as he was ranging the forest in an exceeding cold snowy
season, met with a Traveller half-starved with the extremity of the
weather. He took compassion on him, and kindly invited him home
to a warm cave he had in the hollow of a rock. As soon as they had
entered and sat down, notwithstanding there was a good fire in the
place, the chilly Traveller could not forbear blowing his fingers. Upon
the Satyr asking him why he did so? He answered, that he did it to
warm his hands. The honest Sylvan having seen little of the world,
admired a man who was master of so valuable a quality as that of
blowing heat; and therefore resolved to entertain him in the best
manner he could. He spread the table with dried fruits of several
sorts, and produced a remnant of old cordial wine, which he mulled
with some warm spices over the fire, and presented to his shivering
guest. But this the Traveller thought fit to blow upon likewise; and
when the Satyr demanded a reason why he did so, he replied, to
cool his dish. This second answer provoked the Satyr’s indignation as
much as the first had kindled his surprise; so, taking the man by the
shoulders, he thrust him out of the place, saying, he would have
nothing to do with a wretch who had so vile a quality as to blow hot
and cold with the same breath.
APPLICATION.
Nothing can be more offensive to a man of a sincere honest
heart, than he who blows with different breaths from the same
mouth: who flatters a man to his face, and reviles him behind his
back. Such double-dealing false friends ought and will always be
considered as unworthy of being treated otherwise than as worthless
and disagreeable persons: for unless the tenor of a man’s life be
always true and consistent with itself, the less one has to do with
him the better. It is unfortunately too common with persons of this
cast of character, in the exalted stations of life, to serve a present
view, or perhaps only the caprice or whim of the moment, to blow
nothing but what is warm, benevolent, and cherishing, to raise up
the expectations of a dependent to the highest degree; and when
they suspect he may prove troublesome, they then, by a sudden
cold forbidding air, easily blast all his hopes and expectations: but
such a temper, whether it proceed from a designed or natural levity,
is detestable, and has been the cause of much trouble and
mortification to many a brave deserving man.
THE FOX AND THE GRAPES.
A hungry Fox coming into a vineyard where there hung delicious
clusters of ripe Grapes, his mouth watered to be at them; but they
were nailed up to a trellis so high, that with all his springing and
leaping he could not reach a single bunch. At last, growing tired and
disappointed, Let who will take them! says he, they are but green
and sour; so I’ll e’en let them alone.
APPLICATION.
To affect to despise that which they have long ineffectually
laboured to obtain, is the only consolation to which weak minds can
have recourse, both to palliate their inability, and to take off the
bitterness of disappointment. There is a strange propensity in
mankind to this temper, and there is a numerous class of vain
coxcombs in the world, who, because they would never be thought
to be disappointed in any of their pursuits, pretend a dislike to every
thing they cannot obtain. The discarded statesman, considering the
corruption of the times, would not have any hand in the
administration of affairs for the world! The needy adventurer, and
pretended patriot, would fain persuade all who will listen to them,
that they would not go cringing and creeping into a drawing-room,
for the best place the king has in his disposal! Worthless young
fellows, who find that their addresses to virtue and beauty are
rejected; and poor rogues who laugh to scorn the rich and great, are
all alike in saying, like sly Reynard, the Grapes are sour!
THE MISCHIEVOUS DOG.
A certain Man had a Dog which was so ferocious and surly, that
he was compelled to fasten a heavy clog to his collar, to keep him
from running at and indiscriminately seizing upon every animal that
came in his way. This the vain Cur took for a badge of honourable
distinction, and grew so insolent upon it, that he looked down with
an air of scorn upon the neighbouring Dogs, and refused to keep
them company: but a sly old poacher, who was one of the gang,
assured him that he had no reason to value himself upon the favour
he wore, since it was fixed upon him as a badge of disgrace, not of
honour.
APPLICATION.
The only true way of estimating the value of tokens of
distinction, is to reflect on what account they were conferred. Those
which have been acquired for virtuous actions, will be regarded as
illustrious signs of dignity; but if they have been bestowed upon the
worthless and base, as the reward of vice or corruption, all the stars
and garters, and collars of an illustrious order,—all the tinsel glories
in which such creatures may strut about in fancied superiority, will
not mask them from the sight of men of discernment, who will
always consider the means by which their honours have been
obtained, and truly estimate them as badges of abasement and
disgrace.
THE WAGES OF CRUELTY.
THE BULL AND THE GOAT.
A Bull being pursued by a Lion, fled towards a cave, in which he
designed to secure himself; but was opposed at the entrance by a
Goat, who had got possession before him, and, threatening a kind of
defiance with his horns, seemed resolved to dispute the pass. The
Bull, who thought he had no time to lose in a contest of this nature,
immediately made off; but told the Goat, that it was not for fear of
him or his defiances: for, says he, if the Lion were not so near, I
would soon teach you the difference between a Bull and a Goat.
APPLICATION.
O’er-match’d, unaided, and his foes at hand,
Safely the coward may the brave withstand;
But think not, dastard, thus thy glories shine—
He fears a greater force, but scoffs at thine.
It is very inhuman to deny succour and comfort to people in
tribulation; but to insult them, and add to their misfortunes, is
something superlatively brutish and cruel. There is, however, in the
world, a sort of people of this vile temper, and littleness of mind,
who wait for an opportunity of aggravating their neighbour’s
affliction, and defer the execution of their evil inclinations until they
can do it with the severest effect. If a person suffer under an
expensive law-suit, lest he should escape from that, one of these
gentlemen will take care to arrest him in a second action, hoping, at
least, to keep him at bay, while the more powerful adversary attacks
him on the other side. One cannot consider this temper, without
observing something remarkably cowardly in it: for these shuffling
antagonists never begin their encounter till they are very sure the
person they aim at is already over-matched.
THE FISHERMAN.
A certain Fisherman having laid his nets in the river, and placed
them across the whole stream from one side to the other, took a
long pole, and fell to beating the water to make the fish strike into
his nets. One of his neighbours seeing him do so, wondered what he
meant, and going up to him, Friend, says he, what are you doing
here? Do you think it is to be suffered that you shall stand splashing
and dashing the water, and making it so muddy, that it is not fit for
use? Who do you think can live at this rate? He was going on in a
great fury, when the other interrupted him, and replied, I do not
much trouble myself how you are to live with my doing this; but I
assure you I cannot live without it.
APPLICATION.
This Fable is levelled at those who love to “fish in troubled
waters,” and whose execrable principles are such, that they care not
what mischief or what confusion they occasion in the world,
provided they can obtain their ends, or even gratify some little
selfish appetite. Little villains would set fire to a town, provided they
could rake something of value to themselves out of its ashes; or
kindle the flames of discord among friends and neighbours, purely to
gratify their own malicious temper; and among the great ones there
are those who, to succeed in their ambitious designs, will make no
scruple of involving their country in divisions and animosities at
home, and sometimes in war and bloodshed abroad: provided they
do but maintain themselves in power, they care not what havoc and
desolation they bring upon the rest of mankind. Their only reason is,
that it must be so, because they cannot live as they wish without it.
But brutish unsocial sentiments like these, are such as a mere state
of nature would scarcely suggest; and it is perverting the very end,
and overturning the first principles of society, when, instead of
contributing to the welfare of mankind, in return for the benefits we
receive from them, we thrive by their misfortunes, or subsist by their
ruin. Those, therefore, who have the happiness of mankind at heart,
(for happiness and morality are inseparably connected) should enter
their protest against such wicked selfish notions, and oppose them
with all their might; at the same time shunning the society of their
possessors as a plague, and consigning their characters to the
detestation of posterity.
THE FOX AND THE BOAR.
The Fox, in traversing the forest, observed a Boar rubbing his
tusks against a tree. Why how now, said the Fox, why make those
martial preparations of whetting the teeth, since there is no enemy
near that I can perceive? That may be, said the Boar; but you ought
to know, Master Reynard, that we should scour up our arms while
we have leisure: for in time of danger we shall have something else
to do; and it is a good thing always to be prepared against the worst
that can happen.
APPLICATION.
All business that is necessary to be done should be done
betimes: for there is as little trouble in doing it in season as out of
season; and he that is always ready can never be taken by surprize.
Wise, just, and vigilant governments know that they cannot be safe
in peace, unless they are always prepared for war, and are ready to
meet the worst that can happen. When they become corrupt, or
supine, and off their guard, they thereby invite and expose their
country to the sudden attacks of its enemies. In private life, many
evils and calamities befal those who make no provision against
unforeseen or untoward accidents, which the prudent man prevents
by looking forward to probable contingencies, and having a reserve
of every thing necessary before-hand,—that he may not be put into
hurry and confusion, nor thrown into dilemmas and difficulties, when
the time comes that he may have to encounter them. It cannot be
too strongly impressed upon the minds of all men, that day by day
they are approaching towards old age, and that they should
honourably endeavour to provide a store of conveniences against
that time, when they will be most in want of them, and least able to
procure them. To reflect properly upon this, will give them pleasure
instead of pain; and they will not die a day sooner for being always
ready for that certain event: to do otherwise is acting like weak-
minded men, who delay making their wills, and properly settling
their worldly affairs, because to them it looks so like the near
approach of death.
CÆSAR AND THE SLAVE.
As Tiberius Cæsar was upon a journey to Naples, he stopped at
a house which he had upon the mountain Misenus. As he was
walking in the gardens attached to the house, one of his domestic
slaves appeared in the walks, sprinkling the ground with a watering
pot, in order to lay the dust, and this he did so officiously, and ran
with so much alertness from one walk to another, that wherever the
Emperor went, he still found this fellow mighty busy with his
watering pot. But at last his design being discovered, which was to
attract the notice of Cæsar by his extraordinary diligence, in the
hope that he would make him free,—part of the ceremony of doing
which consisted in giving the Slave a gentle stroke on one side of his
face,—his imperial Majesty being disposed to be merry, called the
Man to him, and when he came up, full of the joyful expectation of
his liberty, Hark you friend, says he, I have observed that you have
been very busy a great while; but you were officiously meddling
where you had nothing to do, while you might have employed your
time better elsewhere; and therefore I must tell you, that I cannot
afford a box on the ear at so low a price as you bid for it.
APPLICATION.
Phædrus tells us upon his word, that this is a true story, and that
he wrote it for the sake of a set of industrious idle gentlemen at
Rome, who were harassed and fatigued with a daily succession of
care and trouble, because they had nothing to do. Always in a hurry,
but without business; busy, but to no purpose; labouring under a
voluntary necessity, and taking abundance of pains to shew they
were good for nothing. But what great town or city is so entirely free
of this sect, as to render the moral of this Fable useless any where?
For it points at all those officious good-natured people, who are
eternally running up and down to serve their friends, without doing
them any good; who, by a complaisance wrong judged or ill applied,
displease whilst they endeavour to oblige, and are never doing less
to the purpose than when they are most employed. In a word, this
Fable is designed for the reformation of all those who endeavour to
gain for themselves benefits and applause, from a misapplied
industry. It is not our being busy and officious that will procure us
the esteem of men of sense; but the application of our actions to
some noble useful purpose, and for the general good of mankind.
THE FROGS AND THE FIGHTING
BULLS.
A Frog, one day, peeping out of the lake, and looking about him,
saw two Bulls fighting at some distance off in the meadow, and
calling to his associates, Look, says he, what dreadful work is
yonder! Dear sirs, what will become of us? Tush, said one of his
companions, do not frighten yourself so about nothing; how can
their quarrels affect us? They are of a different kind, and are at
present only contending which shall be master of the herd. That is
true, replies the first, their quality and station in life are different
from ours; but as one of them will certainly prove conqueror, he that
is worsted, being beaten out of the meadow, will take refuge here in
the marshes, and possibly tread some of us to death; so you see we
are more nearly concerned in this dispute of theirs, than you were at
first aware.
APPLICATION.
A wise man, however low his condition in life, looks forward
through the proper and natural course and connection of causes and
effects; and in so doing, he fortifies his mind against the worst that
can befal him. It is of no small importance to the honest and quiet
part of mankind, who desire nothing so much as to see peace and
virtue flourish, to consider well the consequences that may arise to
them out of the quarrels and feuds of the great, and to endeavour,
by every means in their power, to avoid being in any way drawn in
by their influence to become a party concerned in their broils and
disputes: for no matter in which way the strife between the high
contending parties may terminate, those who may have had the
misfortune to be concerned with them, ought to think themselves
well off if they do not smart for it severely in the end. How often has
it happened, that men in eminent stations, who want to engross all
power into their own hands, begin, under the mask of patriotism, to
foment divisions and form factions, and excite animosities between
well-meaning, but undiscerning people, without whose aid in one
way or another they could not succeed; but who, at the same time,
little think that the great aim of their leaders is nothing more than
the advancement of their own private interest, or ambitious ends.
The good of the public is always pretended upon such occasions,
and may sometimes happen to be tacked to their own; but then it is
purely accidental, and never was originally intended.
THE OLD HOUND.
An Old Hound, who had excelled in his time, and given his
Master great satisfaction in many a chace, at last, through age,
became feeble and unserviceable. However, being in the field one
day, when the Stag was almost run down, he happened to be the
first that came in with him, and seized him by the haunch; but his
decayed and broken teeth not being able to keep their hold, the
Deer escaped; upon which, his Master fell into a great passion, and
began to whip him severely. The honest old creature is said to have
barked out this apology: Ah! do not thus strike your poor old
servant: it is not my heart and inclination, but my strength and
speed, that fail me. If what I now am displease you, pray do not
forget what I have been!
APPLICATION.
O let not those, whom honest servants bless,
With cruel hands their age infirm oppress;
Forget their service past, their former truth,
And all the cares and labours of their youth.
This Fable is intended to reprove the ingratitude too common
among mankind, which leaves the faithful servant to want and
wretchedness, after he has spent the prime of his life in our service
for a bare subsistence. Where slavery is allowed, the laws compel
the master to provide for the worn-out slave; and where there is no
law to enforce the debt of gratitude, none but those who are
insensible to all the finer feelings of humanity will neglect it. Those
who forget past services, and treat their faithful servants or friends
unkindly or injuriously, when they are no longer of use to them,
however high their pride, are unworthy of the name of gentleman.
They are, indeed, commonly of an upstart breed, with whom the
failure of human nature itself is imputed as a crime; and servants
and dependents, instead of being considered their fellow-men, are
treated like brutes for not being more than men. The imprudence of
this conduct is equal to its wickedness, inasmuch as it directly tends
to extinguish the honest desire to please and to act faithfully, in the
younger servants, when they see that worn-out merit thus goes
unrewarded. Humanity and gratitude are the greatest ornaments of
the human mind, and when they are extinguished, every generous
and noble sentiment perishes along with them.
THE TWO BITCHES.
A Bitch, who was just ready to whelp, intreated another to lend
her her kennel only till her month was up, and assured her that then
she should have it again. The other very readily consented, and with
a great deal of civility, resigned it to her immediately. However, when
the time was elapsed, she came and made her a visit, and very
modestly intimated, that now she was up and well, she hoped she
should see her abroad again; for that, really, it would be
inconvenient for her to be without her kennel any longer, and
therefore, she told her, she must be so free as to desire her to
provide herself with other lodgings as soon as she could. The lying-
in Bitch replied, that truly she was ashamed of having kept her so
long out of her own house; but it was not upon her own account (for
indeed she was well enough to go any where) so much as that of
her puppies, who were yet so weak, that she was afraid they would
not be able to follow her; and, if she would be so good as to let her
stay a fortnight longer, she would take it as the greatest obligation in
the world. The other Bitch was so good-natured and compassionate
as to comply with this request also; but at the expiration of the
term, came and told her positively that she must turn out, for she
could not possibly let her be there a day longer. Must turn out, says
the other; we will see to that: for I promise you, unless you can beat
me and my whole litter of whelps, you are never likely to have any
thing more to do here.
APPLICATION.
Wise and good-natured men do not shut their ears, nor harden
their hearts, against the calls of humanity, and the cries of distress;
but how often are their generous natures imposed upon by the
artifices of the base and worthless! These fail not to lay their plans
with deep cunning, to work themselves into the good graces of the
benevolent, and having accomplished their ends, the return they
often make is abusive language, or the most open acts of violence.
One of the evil and lamentable consequences arising out of this, is,
that worth in distress suffers by it: for distrust and suspicion take
hold of the minds of good men, and the hand of charity is thus
benumbed. This Fable may also serve to caution us never to let any
thing we value go out of our possession without good security. The
man who means to act prudently, ought never to put himself in the
power of others, or to run any risk of involving his own family in
ruin.
