chapter 6 Applications of Integration
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djm070346 APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRATION
6.1 Areas Between Curves
=2 2 2
1. (a) = ( − ) = [(3 − 2 ) − ] = (2 − 2 )
=0 0 0
2 2
1 8 4
(b) (2 − 2 ) = 2 − 3 = 4 − −0 =
0 3 0 3 3
=1 1
2. (a) = ( − ) = ( − 2 )
=0 0
1 1
1 1 4
(b) ( − 2 ) = − 3 = − − (1 − 0) = −
0 3 0 3 3
=1 1 1
3. (a) = ( − ) = [ − ( 2 − 2)] = ( − 2 + 2)
=−1 −1 −1
1 1
1 1 1 1 10
(b) ( − 2 + 2) = − 3 + 2 = 1 − + 2 − −1 + − 2 = − +
−1 3 −1 3 3 3
=3 3 3
4. (a) = ( − ) − [(2 − 2 ) − ( 2 − 4)] = (−2 2 + 6)
=0 0 0
3 3
2
(b) (−2 2 + 6) = − 3 + 3 2 = (−18 + 27) − 0 = 9
0 3 0
0 2 2
symmetry
5. = [(3 − 3) − ] + [ − (3 − 3)] = 2 [ − (3 − 3)]
−2 0 0
2 2
1
=2 (4 − 3 ) = 2 22 − 4 = 2[(8 − 4) − 0] = 8
0 4 0
1 2
2 16
6. = + − 2 + [(−2 + 8) − 2 ]
−2 3 3 1
2 1
1 2 16 1 1
= + − 3 + −2 + 8 − 3
3 3 3 −2 3 1
1 16 1 4 32 8 8 1 44
= + − − − + + −4 + 16 − − −1 + 8 − =
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
7. By inspection, we see that the curves intersect at = 0.
1
= (3 − 2 )
0
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° 593
594 ¤ CHAPTER 6 APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRATION
8. By inspection, we see that the curves intersect at = 1.
2
= [ln(2 ) − ln ]
1
9. The curves intersect when 2 − = 2 − 2 ⇔
2 − 3 + 2 = 0 ⇔ ( − 2)( − 1) = 0 ⇔
= 1 or = 2.
2
= [(2 − 2 ) − (2 − )]
1
10. The curves intersect when 4 = 2 − 2 ⇔
4 + 2 − 2 = 0 ⇔ ( 2 + 2)( 2 − 1) = 0 ⇔
= ±1.
1
= [(2 − 2 ) − 4 ]
−1
1
11. = [(2 + 2) − (− − 1)]
0
1
= (2 + + 3)
0
1
1 3 1 2 1 1
= + + 3 = + +3 −0
3 2 0 3 2
23
=
6
0
12. = [(2 − ) − (1 + 3 )]
−1
0
= (1 − − 3 )
−1
0
1 1
= − 2 − 4
2 4 −1
1 1
= 0 − −1 − −
2 4
7
=
4
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°
SECTION 6.1 AREAS BETWEEN CURVES ¤ 595
2 2
1 1 1
13. = − = ln || +
2
1 1
= ln 2 + 12 − (ln 1 + 1)
1
= ln 2 − 2
≈ 019
14. By inspection, we see that the curves intersect at
= 0.
2 2
= 0
( − cos ) = − sin
0
= 2 − sin 2 − (0 − sin 0)
= [(2 − 1) − (1 − 0)] = 2 − 2
15. The curves intersect when ( − 2)2 = ⇔ 2 − 4 + 4 = ⇔ 2 − 5 + 4 = 0 ⇔
( − 1)( − 4) = 0 ⇔ = 1 or 4.
4 4
= [ − ( − 2)2 ] = (−2 + 5 − 4)
1 1
4
= − 13 3 + 52 2 − 4 1
= − 643
+ 40 − 16 − − 13 + 5
2
−4
9
= 2
16. The curves intesect when 2 − 4 = 2 ⇒ 2 − 6 = 0 ⇒ ( − 6) = 0 ⇒ = 0 or 6.
6
= [2 − (2 − 4)]
0
6 6
= 0 (6 − 2 ) = 32 − 13 3 0
= 3(6)2 − 13 (6)3 − (0 − 0)
= 108 − 72 = 36
17. The curves intersect when 1 − 2 = 2 − 1 ⇔ 2 = 2 2 ⇔ 2 = 1 ⇔ = ±1.
1
= (1 − 2 ) − ( 2 − 1)
−1
1 1
= 2(1 − 2 ) = 2 · 2 (1 − 2 )
−1 0
1
= 4 − 13 3 0 = 4 1 − 13 = 8
3
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°
596 ¤ CHAPTER 6 APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRATION
18. 4 + 2 = 12 and = ⇒ 4 + 2 = 12 ⇔ ( + 6)( − 2) = 0 ⇔ = −6 or = 2, so = −6 or = 2 and
2 1 2
= − 4 + 3 −
−6
1 3 1 2 2
= − 12 − 2 + 3 −6
= − 23 − 2 + 6 − (18 − 18 − 18)
2 64
= 22 − 3
= 3
19. 12 − 2 = 2 − 6 ⇔ 22 = 18 ⇔
2 = 9 ⇔ = ±3, so
3
= (12 − 2 ) − (2 − 6)
−3
3
=2 18 − 22 [by symmetry]
0
3
= 2 18 − 23 3 0 = 2 [(54 − 18) − 0]
= 2(36) = 72
20. 2 = 4 − 2 ⇔ 22 − 4 = 0 ⇔
2( − 2) = 0 ⇔ = 0 or 2, so
2 2
= (4 − 2 ) − 2 = (4 − 22 )
0 0
2
= 22 − 23 3 0 = 8 − 16
3
= 8
3
21. 2 2 = 4 + 2 ⇔ 2 = 4 ⇔ = ±2, so
2
= (4 + 2 ) − 2 2
−2
2
=2 (4 − 2 ) [by symmetry]
0
2
= 2 4 − 13 3 0 = 2 8 − 83 = 32
3
√
22. The curves intersect when −1 =−1 ⇒
− 1 = 2 − 2 + 1 ⇔ 0 = 2 − 3 + 2 ⇔
0 = ( − 1)( − 2) ⇔ = 1 or 2.
2
√
= − 1 − ( − 1)
1
2 2
= 2
3
( − 1)32 − 12 ( − 1)2 = 3
− 1
2
− (0 − 0) = 1
6
1
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°
SECTION 6.1 AREAS BETWEEN CURVES ¤ 597
√ 1 3
23. 3
2 = 12 ⇔ 2 = 2 = 18 3
⇔ 16 = 3 ⇔ 3 − 16 = 0
⇔ (2 − 16) = 0 ⇔ = −4, 0, and 4
By symmetry,
4 √ 4
= 2 0
3
2 − 12 = 2 38 (2)43 − 14 2
0
= 2[(6 − 4) − 0] = 4
24. The curves intersect when 3 = ⇔ 3 − = 0 ⇔
(2 − 1) = 0 ⇔ ( + 1)( − 1) = 0 ⇔
= 0 or = ±1.
1
= 2 ( − 3 ) [by symmetry]
0
1
= 2 12 2 − 14 4 0 = 2 12 − 14 = 1
2
√
25. = 13 ⇒ = 19 2 ⇔ 1 2
9 −=0 ⇔
1
9 ( − 9) = 0 ⇔ = 0 or = 9
9 16
√ 1 1 √
= − + −
0 3 9 3
9 16
= 23 32 − 16 2 + 16 2 − 23 32
0 9
27
27
= 18 − 2
− 0 + 128
3
− 128
3
− 2
− 18 = 9
2
26. = [(2 − cos ) − cos ]
0
2
= (2 − 2 cos )
0
2
= 2 − 2 sin
0
= (4 − 0) − 0 = 4
27. cos = sin 2 = 2 sin cos ⇔ 2 sin cos − cos = 0 ⇔ cos (2 sin − 1) = 0 ⇔
cos = 0 or sin = 1
2
⇔ = 2 or = 6 on 0 2
6 2
= 0
(cos − sin 2) + 6
(sin 2 − cos )
1
6 2
= sin + 2
cos 2 0 + − 12 cos 2 − sin 6
= sin 6 + 12 cos 3 − sin 0 + 12 cos 0
+ − 12 cos − sin 2 − − 12 cos 3 − sin 6
= 12 + 14 − 0 + 12 + 12 − 1 − − 14 − 12 = 1
2
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°
598 ¤ CHAPTER 6 APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRATION
28. The curves intersect when cos = 1 − cos (on [0 ]) ⇔ 2 cos = 1 ⇔ cos = 1
2 ⇔ = 3.
3
= [cos − (1 − cos )] + [(1 − cos ) − cos ]
0 3
3
= (2 cos − 1) + (1 − 2 cos )
0 3
3
= 2 sin − + − 2 sin
0 3
√ √
= 3− − 0 + ( − 0) − − 3
3 3
√
=2 3+
3
29. The curves intersect when 8 cos = sec2 ⇒ 8 cos3 = 1 ⇒ cos3 = 1
8 ⇒ cos = 1
2 ⇒
= for 0
3
By symmetry,
2
.
3
= 2 (8 cos − sec2 )
0
3
= 2 8 sin − tan 0
√ √ √
= 2 8 · 23 − 3 = 2 3 3
√
=6 3
30. 4 − 32 = 2 ⇔ 4 − 42 = 0 ⇔
2 (2 − 4) = 0 ⇔ = 0, = ±2
2 2
2 4 2
= 2 [ − ( − 3 )] = 2 (42 − 4 )
0 0
2
4 1 32 32
= 2 3 − 5 = 2 − −0
3 5 0 3 5
128
=
15
31. By inspection, we see that the curves intersect at = ±1 and that the
area of the region enclosed by the curves is twice the area enclosed in
the first quadrant.
1
1
= 2 [(2 − ) − 4 ] = 2 2 − 12 2 − 15 5 0
0
1 1
=2 2− 2 − 5
− 0 = 2 13
10
= 13
5
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°
SECTION 6.1 AREAS BETWEEN CURVES ¤ 599
32
32. 2 = ⇔ 2 (2 + 4) = 32 ⇔
2 + 4
4 + 42 − 32 = 0 ⇔ (2 + 8)(2 − 4) = 0 ⇔ = ±2
By symmetry,
2
32 2
= 2 −
0 2 + 4
1 2
8
= 2 16 arctan − 3 = 2 16 arctan 1 − −0
2 3 0 3
8 16
= 2 16 · − = 8 −
4 3 3
33. By inspection, we see that the curves intersect at = −1, 0, and 1.
By symmetry,
1 1
2 1 4
= 2 sin − 3 = 2 − cos −
0 2 2 4 0
2 1 2
= 2 − cos − − − cos 0 − 0
2 4
1 2 2 1 4 1
=2 0− − − −0 =2 − = −
4 4 2
1 + − 1 − − 1 1
34. 4 − 2 cosh = sinh ⇔ 4 − 2 = ⇔ 4 − − − = − − ⇔
2 2 2 2 4 4
1 1 −
4 (4 − − − ) = 4 − ⇔ 16 − 42 − 4 = 2 − 1 ⇔ 52 − 16 + 3 = 0 ⇔
4 4
(5 − 1)( − 3) = 0 ⇔ = 1
5
or = 3 ⇔ = ln 15 = − ln 5 or = ln 3
ln 3 ln 3
1 1
= (4 − 2 cosh ) − sinh = 4 − 2 sinh − cosh
− ln 5 2 2 − ln 5
ln 3 −ln 3 −ln 3 −ln 5
− ln 3
1 + − ln 5 1 −ln 5 + ln 5
= 4 ln 3 − 2 − − −4 ln 5 − 2 −
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
= 4 ln 3 − 3 − − 3+ − −4 ln 5 − −5 − +5
3 4 3 5 4 5
= 4 ln 15 − 7
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°
600 ¤ CHAPTER 6 APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRATION
35. 1 = ⇔ 1 = 2 ⇔ = ±1 and 1 = 14 ⇔
4 = 2 ⇔ = ±2, so for 0,
1 2
1 1 1
= − + −
0 4 1 4
1 2
3 1 1
= + −
0 4 1 4
3 2 1 2
= 8 0 + ln || − 18 2 1
= 38 + ln 2 − 12 − 0 − 18 = ln 2
1 2
36. 4 = − + 3 ⇔ 2 + 4 − 12 = 0 ⇔ ( + 6)( − 2) = 0 ⇔ = −6 or 2 and 22 = − + 3 ⇔
22 + − 3 = 0 ⇔ (2 + 3)( − 1) = 0 ⇔ = − 32 or 1, so for ≥ 0,
1 2
2 1 2
= 2 − 4 + (− + 3) − 14 2
0 1
1
7 2
2 1 2
= 4
+ − 4 − + 3
0 1
7 3 1
1 3 1 2 2
= 12
0 + − 12 − 2 + 3 1
7
1
= 12 + − 23 − 2 + 6 − − 12 − 12 + 3 = 3
2
37. (a) Total area = 12 + 27 = 39.
(b) () ≤ () for 0 ≤ ≤ 2 and () ≥ () for 2 ≤ ≤ 5, so
5 2 5
0
[ () − ()] = [ () − ()] + 2 [ () − ()]
0
2 5
= − 0 [() − ()] + 2 [ () − ()]
= −(12) + 27 = 15
√ √
38. √ = √ ⇔ = 0 or 1 + 2 = 9 − 2 ⇒
1 + 2 9 − 2
1 + 2 = 9 − 2 ⇒ 22 = 8 ⇒ 2 = 4 ⇒ = 2 ( ≥ 0).
2 2
= √ −√ = 1 + 2 + 9 − 2
0 1 + 2 9 − 2 0
√ √ √
= ( 5 + 5) − (1 + 3) = 2 5 − 4
2
39. 2
= ⇔ + 4 = 2 + 4 ⇔ = 2 ⇔
1+ 1 + 3
0 = 2 − ⇔ 0 = ( − 1) ⇔ = 0 or = 1.
1
2 1
= 2
− 3
= 12 ln(1 + 2 ) − 13 ln(1 + 3 ) 0
0 1+ 1+
1
= 2 ln 2 − 3 ln 2 − (0 − 0) = 16 ln 2
1
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°
SECTION 6.1 AREAS BETWEEN CURVES ¤ 601
ln (ln )2
40. = ⇔ ln = (ln )2 ⇔ 0 = (ln )2 − ln ⇔
0 = ln (ln − 1) ⇔ ln = 0 or 1 ⇔ = 0 or 1 [1 or ]
ln (ln )2
= − = 12 (ln )2 − 13 (ln )3
1 1
1
= 2 − 13 − (0 − 0) = 16
41. An equation of the line through (0 0) and (3 1) is = 1
3
; through (0 0) and (1 2) is = 2;
through (3 1) and (1 2) is = + − 12 5
2
.
1 3
1
= 2 − 13 + − 2 + 52 − 13
0 1
1 3 5 1 5 2 5 3
= 5
3 + − 6 + 52 = 56 2 0 + − 12 + 2 1
0 1
5
5
= 6 + − 15
4 +
15
2
− − 12 + 52 = 5
2
42. An equation of the line through (2 0) and (0 2) is = − + 2; through (2 0) and (−1 1) is = − 13 + 23 ;
through (0 2) and (−1 1) is = + 2.
0
2
= ( + 2) − − 13 + 23 + (− + 2) − − 13 + 23
−1 0
0 4 4
2 2
= 3
+ 3
+ − 3 + 43
−1 0
2 2
0 2
= 3 + + − 13 2 + 43 0
4
3
−1
= 0 − 23 − 43 + − 43 + 83 − 0 = 2
43. The curves intersect when sin = cos 2 (on [0 2]) ⇔ sin = 1 − 2 sin2 ⇔ 2 sin2 + sin − 1 = 0 ⇔
(2 sin − 1)(sin + 1) = 0 ⇒ sin = 1
2
⇒ =
6
.
2
= |sin − cos 2|
0
6 2
= (cos 2 − sin ) + (sin − cos 2)
0 6
1 6 2
= sin 2 + cos 0 + − cos − 12 sin 2 6
2
√ √ √ √
= 14 3 + 12 3 − (0 + 1) + (0 − 0) − − 12 3 − 1
4
3
√
= 32 3 − 1
1 0 1
44. = |3 − 2 | = (2 − 3 ) + (3 − 2 )
−1 −1 0
0 1
2 3 3 2
= − 3 + −
ln2 ln −1 ln 3 ln 2 0
1 1 1 1 3 2 1 1
= − − − + − − −
ln 2 ln 3 2 ln 2 3 ln 3 ln 3 ln 2 ln 3 ln 2
2−1−4+2 −3 + 1 + 9 − 3 4 1
= + = −
2 ln 2 3 ln 3 3 ln 3 2 ln 2
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°
602 ¤ CHAPTER 6 APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRATION
45. From the graph, we see that the curves intersect at = 0 and = ≈ 0896, with
sin(2 ) 4 on (0 ). So the area of the region bounded by the curves is
= sin(2 ) − 4 = − 12 cos(2 ) − 15 5 0
0
= − 12 cos(2 ) − 15 5 + 1
2
≈ 0037
46. From the graph, we see that the curves intersect (with ≥ 0) at = 0 and
= , where ≈ 1052, with (2 + 1)2 5 − on (0 ). The area
of the region bounded by the curves is
5 1 1 1 6 1 2
= − ( − ) = − · − +
0 (2 + 1)2 2 2 + 1 6 2 0
≈ 059
47. From the graph, we see that the curves intersect at
= −111 = 125 and = 286 with
3 − 3 + 4 32 − 2 on ( ) and 32 − 2 3 − 3 + 4
on ( ). So the area of the region bounded by the curves is
3 2
= ( − 3 + 4) − (32 − 2) + (3 − 2) − (3 − 3 + 4)
= (3 − 32 − + 4) + (−3 + 32 + − 4)
1 4
= 4 − 3 − 12 2 + 4 + − 14 4 + 3 + 12 2 − 4 838
48. From the graph, we see that the curves intersect at = ≈ 029 and
√
= ≈ 608. = 2 is the upper curve, so the area of the region bounded by
the curves is
√
1
≈ 2 − 13 = 43 32 −
13 ≈ 511
ln 13
49. Graph Y1 =2/(1+xˆ4) and Y2 =xˆ2. We see that Y1 Y2 on (−1 1), so the
1
2 2
area is given by − . Evaluate the integral with a
−1 1 + 4
command such as fnInt(Y1 -Y2 ,x,-1,1) to get 280123 to five decimal
places.
Another method: Graph () = Y1 =2/(1+xˆ4)-xˆ2 and from the graph
evaluate () from −1 to 1.
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°
SECTION 6.1 AREAS BETWEEN CURVES ¤ 603
50. The curves intersect at = ±1.
1
2
= (1− − 4 ) ≈ 366016
−1
51. The curves intersect at = 0 and = ≈ 0749363.
√
= − tan2 ≈ 025142
0
52. The curves intersect at = ≈ −1911917, = ≈ −1223676, and
= ≈ 0607946.
= ( + 2 sin4) − cos + cos − ( + 2 sin4)
≈ 170413
53. As the figure illustrates, the curves = and = 5 − 63 + 4
enclose a fourpart region symmetric about the origin (since
5 − 63 + 4 and are odd functions of ). The curves intersect
at values of where 5 − 63 + 4 = ; that is, where
(4 − 62 + 3) = 0. That happens at = 0 and where
√
2 6 ± 36 − 12 √ √ √ √ √
= = 3 ± 6; that is, at = − 3 + 6, − 3 − 6, 0, 3 − 6, and 3 + 6. The exact area is
2
√3+√6 √3+√6
5 5
2 3
( − 6 + 4) − = 2 − 63 + 3
0 0
√ √ √ √ 3− 6 3+ 6
=2 (5 − 63 + 3) + 2 √ √
(−5 + 63 − 3)
0 3− 6
CAS √
= 12 6−9
54. The inequality ≥ 2 2 describes the region that lies on, or to the right of,
the parabola = 2 2 . The inequality ≤ 1 − || describes the region
1 − if ≥ 0
that lies on, or to the left of, the curve = 1 − || = .
1 + if 0
So the given region is the shaded region that lies between the curves.
[continued]
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°
604 ¤ CHAPTER 6 APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRATION
The graphs of = 1 − and = 2 2 intersect when 1 − = 2 2 ⇔
2 + − 1 = 0 ⇔ (2 − 1)( + 1) = 0 ⇒ = [for ≥ 0]. By symmetry,
2 1
2
12 12 1 7
=2 0 (1 − ) − 2 2 = 2 − 23 3 − 12 2 + 0 = 2 − 12 − 18 + 12 − 0 = 2 24 = 12 .
7
55. We use the Midpoint Rule with n = 5 intervals, so that ∆t = 2. The midpoints are at 1 s, 3 s, 5 s, 7 s, and 9 s.
After converting the velocities to meters per second, we have the following:
ˆ 10 ˆ 10 ˆ 10
dKelly − dChris = vK dt − vC dt = (vK − vC )dt
0 0 0
≈ ∆t[(9.7 − 8.9) + (23.0 − 20.6) + (31.7 − 27.5) + (38.3 − 33.3) + (43.6 − 38.3)]
= (2)[0.8 + 2.4 + 4.2 + 5 + 5.3] = 2(17.7)
= 35.4
So Kelly travels around 35.4 meters more than Chris after 10 seconds.
56. If = distance from left end of pool and = () = width at , then the Midpoint Rule with = 4 and
− 8·2−0 16
∆ = = = 4 gives Area = 0 ≈ 4(62 + 68 + 50 + 48) = 4(228) = 912 m2 .
4
57. Let () denote the height of the wing at cm from the left end.
200 − 0
5 = [(20) + (60) + (100) + (140) + (180)]
5
= 40(203 + 290 + 273 + 205 + 87) = 40(1058) = 4232 cm2
58. For 0 ≤ ≤ 10, () (), so the area between the curves is given by
10 10 10
2200 0024 1460 0018
[() − ()] = (22000024 − 14600018 ) =
−
0 0 0024 0018 0
275,000 024 730,000 018 275,000 730,000
= − − − ≈ 8868 people
3 9 3 9
This area A represents the increase in population over a 10year period.
59. (a) From Example 8(a), the infectiousness concentration is 1210 cellsmL. () = 1210 ⇔ 09 () = 1210 ⇔
09(−)( − 21)( + 1) = 1210. Using a calculator to solve the last equation for 0 gives us two solutions with the
lesser being = 3 1126 days, or the 12th day.
(b) From Example 8(b), the slope of the line through 1 and 2 is −23. From part (a), 3 = (3 1210). An equation of the
line through 3 that is parallel to 1 2 is − 1210 = −23( − 3 ), or = −23 + 233 + 1210. Using a calculator, we
find that this line intersects at = 4 1718, or the 18th day. So in the patient with some immunity, the infection lasts
about 2 days less than in the patient without immunity.
(c) The level of infectiousness for this patient is the area between the graph of and the line in part (b). This area is
4 1718
() − (−23 + 233 + 1210) (−093 + 182 + 419 − 146894)
3 1126
1718
= −02254 + 63 + 20952 − 146894 706 (cellsmL) · days
1126
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°
SECTION 6.1 AREAS BETWEEN CURVES ¤ 605
60. From the figure, () () for 0 ≤ ≤ 2. The area between the curves is given by
2 2
0
[() − ()] = 0
[(0172 − 05 + 11) − (0733 − 22 + + 06)]
2
= (−0733 + 2172 − 15 + 05)
0
2
073 4 217 3
= − + − 0752 + 05
4 3 0
1736
= −292 + − 3 + 1 − 0 = 086 ≈ 087
3
Thus, about 0.87 more inches of rain fell at the second location than at the
first during the first two hours of the storm.
61. We know that the area under curve between = 0 and = is () = (), where () is the velocity of car A
0
and A is its displacement. Similarly, the area under curve between = 0 and = is 0 B () = B ().
(a) After one minute, the area under curve is greater than the area under curve . So car A is ahead after one minute.
(b) The area of the shaded region has numerical value A (1) − B (1), which is the distance by which A is ahead of B after
1 minute.
(c) After two minutes, car B is traveling faster than car A and has gained some ground, but the area under curve from = 0
to = 2 is still greater than the corresponding area for curve , so car A is still ahead.
(d) From the graph, it appears that the area between curves and for 0 ≤ ≤ 1 (when car A is going faster), which
corresponds to the distance by which car A is ahead, seems to be about 3 squares. Therefore, the cars will be side by side
at the time where the area between the curves for 1 ≤ ≤ (when car B is going faster) is the same as the area for
0 ≤ ≤ 1. From the graph, it appears that this time is ≈ 22. So the cars are side by side when ≈ 22 minutes.
62. The area under 0 () from = 50 to = 100 represents the change in revenue, and the area under 0 () from = 50
to = 100 represents the change in cost. The shaded region represents the difference between these two values; that is, the
increase in profit as the production level increases from 50 units to 100 units. We use the Midpoint Rule with = 5
and ∆ = 10:
5 = ∆{[0 (55) − 0 (55)] + [0 (65) − 0 (65)] + [0 (75) − 0 (75)] + [0 (85) − 0 (85)] + [0 (95) − 0 (95)]}
≈ 10(240 − 085 + 220 − 090 + 200 − 100 + 180 − 110 + 170 − 120)
= 10(505) = 505 thousand dollars
Using 1 would give us 50(2 − 1) = 50 thousand dollars.
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°
606 ¤ CHAPTER 6 APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRATION
63. To graph this function, we must first express it as a combination of explicit
√
functions of ; namely, = ± + 3. We can see from the graph that the loop
extends from = −3 to = 0, and that by symmetry, the area we seek is just
twice the area under the top half of the curve on this interval, the equation of the
√ 0 √
top half being = − + 3. So the area is = 2 −3 − + 3 . We
substitute = + 3, so = and the limits change to 0 and 3, and we get
3 √ 3
= −2 0 [( − 3) ] = −2 0 (32 − 312 )
3 √ √ √
= −2 25 52 − 232 = −2 25 32 3 − 2 3 3 = 24
5
3
0
64. We start by finding the equation of the tangent line to = 2 at the point (1 1):
0 = 2, so the slope of the tangent is 2(1) = 2, and its equation is
− 1 = 2( − 1), or = 2 − 1. We would need two integrals to integrate with
respect to , but only one to integrate with respect to .
1 √ 1
= 0 12 ( + 1) − = 14 2 + 12 − 23 32
0
1 1 2 1
= 4 + 2 − 3 = 12
65. By the symmetry of the problem, we consider only the first quadrant, where
= 2 ⇒ = . We are looking for a number such that
4 4
= ⇒ 23 32 = 23 32 ⇒
0 0
32 = 432 − 32 ⇒ 232 = 8 ⇒ 32 = 4 ⇒ = 423 ≈ 252.
66. (a) We want to choose so that
4 4
1 1 −1 −1 1 1 1 5 2 8
= ⇒ = ⇒ − +1 =− + ⇒ = ⇒ = .
1 2 2 1 4 4 5
(b) The area under the curve = 12 from = 1 to = 4 is 3
4
[take = 4 in the first integral in part (a)]. Now the line
√
= must intersect the curve = 1 and not the line = 4, since the area under the line = 142 from = 1 to
= 4 is only 3
16
, which is less than half of 34 . We want to choose so that the upper area in the diagram is half of the total
area under the curve = 12 from = 1 to = 4. This implies that
1 √ √ 1 √
1 − 1 = 12 · 34 ⇒ 2 − = 38 ⇒ 1 − 2 + = 38 ⇒
√ √
− 2 + 58 = 0. Letting = , we get 2 − 2 + 58 = 0 ⇒
√ √ √
82 − 16 + 5 = 0. Thus, = 16 ± 256
16
− 160
= 1 ± 46 . But = 1 ⇒
√ √ √
= 1 − 46 ⇒ = 2 = 1 + 38 − 26 = 18 11 − 4 6 ≈ 01503.
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°
SECTION 6.1 AREAS BETWEEN CURVES ¤ 607
67. We first assume that 0, since can be replaced by − in both equations without changing the graphs, and if = 0 the
curves do not enclose a region. We see from the graph that the enclosed area lies between = − and = , and by
symmetry, it is equal to four times the area in the first quadrant. The enclosed area is
=4 0
(2 − 2 ) = 4 2 − 13 3 0 = 4 3 − 13 3 = 4 23 3 = 83 3
√
So = 576 ⇔ 8 3
3 = 576 ⇔ 3 = 216 ⇔ = 3
216 = 6.
Note that = −6 is another solution, since the graphs are the same.
68. It appears from the diagram that the curves = cos and = cos( − )
intersect halfway between 0 and , namely, when = 2. We can verify that
this is indeed true by noting that cos(2 − ) = cos(−2) = cos(2). The
point where cos( − ) crosses the axis is = 2 + . So we require that
2
0
[cos − cos( − )] = − 2+ cos( − ) [the negative sign on
the RHS is needed since the second area is beneath the axis] ⇔ [sin − sin ( − )]2
0 = − [sin ( − )]2+ ⇒
[sin(2) − sin(−2)] − [− sin(−)] = − sin( − ) + sin 2 + − ⇔ 2 sin(2) − sin = − sin + 1.
[Here we have used the oddness of the sine function, and the fact that sin( − ) = sin ]. So 2 sin(2) = 1 ⇔
sin(2) = 1
2
⇔ 2 =
6
⇔ =
3
.
69. Let and be the coordinates of the points where the line intersects the
curve. From the figure, 1 = 2 ⇒
0
− 8 − 273 = 8 − 273 −
27 4
− 42 + 4
0 = 42 − 27 4
4
−
− 42 + 27 4
4
= 42 − 27 4
4
− − 42 − 27 4
4
−
0 = 42 − 27 4
4 − = 42 − 27 4
4 − 8 − 273
= 42 − 27 4
4 − 82 + 274 = 81 4
4 − 42
81
= 2 4
2 − 4
64
So for 0, 2 = 16
81 ⇒ = 49 . Thus, = 8 − 273 = 8 49 − 27 729 = 32
9 − 64
27 = 27 .
32
70. The curve and the line will determine a region when they intersect at two or
more points. So we solve the equation (2 + 1) = ⇒
= (2 + ) ⇒ (2 + ) − = 0 ⇒
(2 + − 1) = 0 ⇒ = 0 or 2 + − 1 = 0 ⇒
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°
608 ¤ CHAPTER 6 APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRATION
1− 1
= 0 or 2 = ⇒ = 0 or = ± − 1. Note that if = 1, this has only the solution = 0, and no region
is determined. But if 1 − 1 0 ⇔ 1 1 ⇔ 0 1, then there are two solutions. [Another way of seeing
this is to observe that the slope of the tangent to = (2 + 1) at the origin is 0 (0) = 1 and therefore we must have
0 1.] Note that we cannot just integrate between the positive and negative roots, since the curve and the line cross at
the origin. Since and (2 + 1) are both odd functions, the total area is twice the area between the curves on the interval
0 1 − 1 . So the total area enclosed is
√1−1
√1−1
2 2
− = 2 12 ln(2 + 1) − 12 2 0 = [ln(1 − 1 + 1) − (1 − 1)] − (ln 1 − 0)
0 +1
= ln(1) − 1 + = − ln − 1
APPLIED PROJECT The Gini Index
1 1
area between and = [ − ()]
1. (a) = = 0
1 =2 [ − ()]
area under = 2 0
1
(b) For a perfectly egalitarian society, () = , so = 2 0 [ − ] = 0. For a perfectly totalitarian society,
1
1 if = 1 1
() = so = 2 ( − 0) = 2 12 2 0 = 2 12 = 1.
0 if 0 ≤ 1 0
2. (a) The richest 20% of the population in 2016 received 1 − (08) = 1 − 0485 = 0515, or 515%, of the total US income.
(b) A quadratic model has the form () = 2 + + . Rounding to
six decimal places, we get = 1341 071, = −0411 929, and
= 0028 571. The quadratic model appears to be a reasonable fit, but
note that (0) 6= 0 and is both decreasing and increasing.
1
(c) = 2 [ − ()] ≈ 04607
0
3.
() = 2 + +
Year Gini
1980 1149 554 −0189 696 0016 179 03910 The Gini index has risen
1990 1214 732 −0265 589 0020 393 04150 steadily from 1980 to 2016.
2000 1280 804 −0345 232 0025 821 04397 The trend is toward a less
2010 1312 946 −0378 518 0026 679 04499 egalitarian society.
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°
SECTION 6.2 VOLUMES ¤ 609
4. Using TI’s PwrReg command and omitting the point (0 0) gives us
() = 0839 3122103 154 and a Gini index of
1
= 2 0 [ − ()] ≈ 04591. Note that the power function is nearly
quadratic.
6.2 Volumes
1. (a) (b) A crosssection is a disk with radius 2 + 5, so its area is
() = (2 + 5)2 = (4 + 102 + 25).
3 3
= () = (4 + 102 + 25)
0 0
3 3
1 5 10 3 243 1068
(c) (4 + 102 + 25) = + + 25 = + 90 + 75 =
0 5 3 0 5 5
2. (a) (b) A crosssection is a washer (annulus) with inner radius 12 and outer
√
radius , so its area is
√ 2
2
() = ( ) − 12 = − 14 2 .
4 4
= () = − 14 2
0 0
4
4 16 8
(c) − 14 2 = 12 2 − 1 3
12
= 8− =
0 0 3 3
√
3. (a) (b) = 3 + 1 ⇒ − 1 = 3 ⇒ = 3 − 1. Therefore, a
√
crosssection is a disk with radius 3 − 1, so its area is
√ 2
() = 3 − 1 = ( − 1)23 .
9 9
= () = ( − 1)23
1 1
9 9
3 3 96
(c) ( − 1)23 = ( − 1)53 = (32 − 0) =
1 5 1 5 5
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°
610 ¤ CHAPTER 6 APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRATION
4. (a) (b) = 2 ⇒ = 2; = 2 ⇒ = 2. A crosssection
is a washer (annulus) with inner radius 2 and outer radius 2, so its
2
2 4
area is () = (2)2 − = 4 2 − 2 .
2 2
4
= () = 4 2 − 2
1 1
2 2
4 4 4 32 4 22
(c) 4 2 − 2 = 3 + = +2 − +4 =
1 3 1 3 3 3
3
5. = (ln )2
1
5 2
6. = 5 −
0
√ √
7. 8 = 2 ⇒ = 8 for ≥ 0; = ⇒ = 2 for ≥ 0.
√
2 = 8 ⇒ 4 = 8 ⇔ 4 − 8 = 0 ⇔ ( 3 − 8) = 0 ⇔
= 0 or = 2.
2 2
= 8 − ( 2 )2
0
8. ( − 2)2 = + 10 ⇒ 2 − 4 + 4 = + 10 ⇒
2 − 5 − 6 = 0 ⇒ ( + 1)( − 6) = 0 ⇒
= −1 or = 6.
6
= {( + 10)2 − [( − 2)2 ]2 }
−1
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°
SECTION 6.2 VOLUMES ¤ 611
9. = [sin − (−2)]2 − [0 − (−2)]2
0
= (sin + 2)2 − 22
0
√
10. = ⇒ = 2 for ≥ 0.
2
= 0
[(6 − 2 )2 − (6 − 4)2 ]
11. A crosssection is a disk with radius + 1, so its area is
() = ( + 1)2 = (2 + 2 + 1).
2 2
= 0
() = 0
(2 + 2 + 1)
1 2
= 3 + 2 + 0
3
= 83 + 4 + 2 = 26
3
1
12. A crosssection is a disk with radius , so
2
1
its area is () = = −2 .
4 4
= 1 () = 1 −2
4
= − −1 = − 14 + 1
1
3
= 4
√ √ 2
13. A crosssection is a disk with radius − 1, so its area is () = − 1 = ( − 1).
5 5
5 1
= () = ( − 1) = 12 2 − 1 = 252 −5 − 2 −1 = 8
1 1
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°
612 ¤ CHAPTER 6 APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRATION
14. A crosssection is a disk with radius , so
its area is () = ( )2 = 2
1 1
= () = 2
−1 −1
1
= 1 2
2
=
2
(2 − −2 )
−1
15. A crosssection is a disk with radius 2 , so its
2
area is () = 2 .
9 9 2 9
= () = 2 = 4
0 0 0
1 9
= 4 2
2 0
= 2(81) = 162
16. A crosssection is a disk with radius 12 2 , so its
2
area is () = 12 2 = 14 4 .
4 4
= () = 14 4
0 0
4
1 5
=
4 5
=
20
(45 ) = 256
5
0
17. A crosssection is a washer with inner radius 12 and
outer radius , so its area is
2 1 2
() = − 2 = − 14 2 .
4
1 3 4
= 0
− 14 2 = 12 2 − 12
0
= 8 − 163
− 0 = 83
18. A crosssection is a washer (annulus) with inner radius
2 and outer radius 6 − 2 , so its area is
() = [(6 − 2 )2 − 22 ] = (4 − 122 + 32).
2 2
= () = 2 (4 − 122 + 32)
−2 0
2
1 5
= 2 5
− 43 + 32
0
32
= 2 5 − 32 + 64 = 2 192
5
= 384
5
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°
SECTION 6.2 VOLUMES ¤ 613
√
19. A crosssection is a washer with inner radius 3 and outer radius , so its area is
√ 2
() = − (3 )2 = ( − 6 ).
1 1
= 0
( − 6 ) = 12 2 − 17 7 0
= 12 − 17 − 0 = 14 5
20. A crosssection is a washer with inner radius 4 and outer radius 2 − 2 , so its area is
() = (2 − 2 )2 − ( 4 )2 = (4 − 4 2 + 4 − 8 ).
1 1
= () = 2 (4 − 4 2 + 4 − 8 )
−1 0
1
= 2 4 − 43 3 + 15 5 − 19 8
0
4 1 1
124 248
= 2 4 − 3
+ 5
− 9
= 2 45
= 45
√
21. A crosssection is a washer with inner radius 1 − and outer radius 1 − 2 , so its area is
√ 2
() = (1 − 2 )2 − (1 − )
√
= (1 − 22 + 4 ) − (1 − 2 + )
√
= 4 − 22 + 2 − .
1 1
= 0
() = (4 − 22 + 212 − )
0
1
= 15 5 − 23 3 + 43 32 − 12 2
0
1 2 4 1
11
= 5
− 3
+ 3
− 2
= 30
22. A crosssection is a washer with inner radius 1 − (−3) = 4 and outer radius 3 − (−3) = 3 + 3, so its area is
() = (3 + 3)2 − (4)2 = (6 + 63 − 7).
2 2
= () = (6 + 63 − 7)
1 1
2
1 7
= 7
+ 32 4 − 7
1
128
= 7
+ 24 − 14 − 17 + 3
2
−7 = 471
14
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°
614 ¤ CHAPTER 6 APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRATION
23. A crosssection is a washer with inner radius (1 + sec ) − 1 = sec and outer radius 3 − 1 = 2, so its area is
() = 22 − (sec )2 = (4 − sec2 ).
3 3
= () = (4 − sec2 )
−3 −3
3
= 2 (4 − sec2 ) [by symmetry]
0
3 √
= 2 4 − tan = 2 43
− 3 −0
0
4 √
= 2 3
− 3
24. A crosssection is a washer with inner radius sin − (−1) and outer radius cos − (−1), so its area is
() = (cos + 1)2 − (sin + 1)2
= (cos2 + 2 cos − sin2 − 2 sin )
= (cos 2 + 2 cos − 2 sin ).
4 4
= 0 () = 0 (cos 2 + 2 cos − 2 sin )
1 4
= sin 2 + 2 sin + 2 cos 0
2
√ √ √
= 12 + 2 + 2 − (0 + 0 + 2) = 2 2 − 32
√
25. A crosssection is a washer with inner radius 2 − 1 and outer radius 2 − 3 , so its area is
√ √
() = (2 − 3 )2 − (2 − 1)2 = 4 − 4 3 + 3 2 − 1 .
1
1 1
= () = (3 − 4 13 + 23 ) = 3 − 3 43 + 35 23 = 3 − 3 + 35 = 35 .
0 0 0
26. For 0 ≤ 2,
1
a crosssection is a washer with inner radius 1 − (−1) and outer radius 2 − (−1), so its area is
() = (32 − 22 ) = 5. For ≤ ≤ 1, a crosssection is a washer with inner radius 1 − (−1) and outer radius
1
2
1 − (−1), so its area is () = (1 + 1)2 − (2)2 = (12 + 2 + 1 − 4).
[continued]
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°
SECTION 6.2 VOLUMES ¤ 615
12 1 12 1
1 2 1
= 5 + 2 + − 3 = 5 + − + 2 ln − 3
0 12 0 12
1 1 3
5
1
= 5 2 − 0 + (−1 + 0 − 3) − −2 + 2 ln 2 − 2 = 2 + − 2 + 2 ln 2
= (2 + 2 ln 2) = 2(1 + ln 2)
27. From the symmetry of the curves, we see they intersect at = 1
2
and so 2 = 1
2
⇔ = ± 12 . A crosssection is a
washer with inner radius 3 − (1 − 2 ) and outer radius 3 − 2 , so its area is
() = (3 − 2 )2 − (2 + 2 )2
= (9 − 6 2 + 4 ) − (4 + 4 2 + 4 )
= (5 − 10 2 ).
√ 12
= √ ()
− 12
√12
=2 5(1 − 2 2 ) [by symmetry]
0
√22 √ √
= 10 − 23 3 0 = 10 22 − 6
2
√ √
= 10 32 = 10 3
2
28. For 0 ≤ 2, a crosssection is an annulus with inner radius 2 − 1 and outer radius 4 − 1, the area of which is
1 () = (4 − 1)2 − (2 − 1)2 . For 2 ≤ ≤ 4, a crosssection is an annulus with inner radius − 1 and outer
radius 4 − 1, the area of which is 2 () = (4 − 1)2 − ( − 1)2 .
4 2 4
= 0 () = 0 (4 − 1)2 − (2 − 1)2 + 2 (4 − 1)2 − ( − 1)2
2 4
= 8 0 + 2 (8 + 2 − 2 )
4
= 16 + 8 + 2 − 13 3 2
= 16 + 32 + 16 − 64 3
− 16 + 4 − 83
76
= 3
29. R1 about OA (the line = 0):
1 1 1
= () = ()2 = 1 3
3 = 13
0 0 0
30. R1 about OC (the line = 0):
1 1 1
= () = (12 − 2 ) = − 13 3 0 = 1 − 13 = 23
0 0
31. R1 about AB (the line = 1):
1 1 1 1
= () = (1 − )2 = (1 − 2 + 2 ) = − 2 + 13 3 0 = 13
0 0 0
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°
616 ¤ CHAPTER 6 APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRATION
32. R1 about BC (the line = 1):
1 1 1
= () = [(1 − 0)2 − (1 − )2 ] = [1 − (1 − 2 + 2 )]
0 0 0
1 1
= (−2 + 2) = − 13 3 + 2 0 = − 13 + 1 = 23
0
33. R2 about OA (the line = 0):
1
1 1 √ 2 1
= () = 12 − 4 = (1 − 12 ) = − 23 32 = 1 − 23 = 13
0 0 0 0
34. R2 about OC (the line = 0):
1 1 1 1 1
= () = [( 4 )2 ] = 8 = 9
9 0
= 19
0 0 0
35. R2 about AB (the line = 1):
1 1 1
= () = [12 − (1 − 4 )2 ] = [1 − (1 − 2 4 + 8 )]
0 0 0
1 2 1 2
= (2 4 − 8 ) = 5
5 − 19 9 0
= 5
− 1
9
= 13
45
0
36. R2 about BC (the line = 1):
1 1 1
√
= () = (1 − 4
)2 = (1 − 214 + 12 )
0 0 0
1
= − 85 54 + 23 32 = 1 − 8
5 + 2
3
= 1
15
0
37. R3 about OA (the line = 0):
√ 1 1
1 1
2
= () = 4
− 2 = (12 − 2 ) = 23 32 − 13 3 = 23 − 13 = 13
0 0 0 0
Note: Let R = R1 ∪ R2 ∪ R3 . If we rotate R about any of the segments , , , or , we obtain a right circular
cylinder of height 1 and radius 1. Its volume is 2 = (1)2 · 1 = . As a check for Exercises 29, 33, and 37, we can add the
answers, and that sum must equal . Thus, 13 + 13 + 13 = .
38. R3 about OC (the line = 0):
1 1 1 1 1 1
= () = [ 2 − ( 4 )2 ] = ( 2 − 8 ) = 3
3
− 19 9 0
= 3 − 1
9
= 29
0 0 0
Note: See the note in the solution to Exercise 37. For Exercises 30, 34, and 38, we have 23 + 19 + 29 = .
39. R3 about AB (the line = 1):
1 1 1
= () = [(1 − 4 )2 − (1 − )2 ] = [(1 − 2 4 + 8 ) − (1 − 2 + 2 )]
0 0 0
1 1 1 1
= ( 8 − 2 4 − 2 + 2) = 9
9
− 25 5 − 13 3 + 2 0
= 9 − 2
5 − 1
3 +1 = 17
45
0
Note: See the note in the solution to Exercise 37. For Exercises 31, 35, and 39, we have 13 + 13
45
+ 17
45
= .
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°
SECTION 6.2 VOLUMES ¤ 617
40. R3 about BC (the line = 1):
1 1 √ 2 1
= () = [(1 − )2 − 1 − 4 ] = [(1 − 2 + 2 ) − (1 − 214 + 12 )]
0 0 0
1
1 1
= (2 − 2 − 12 + 214 ) = 1 3
3
− 2 − 23 32 + 85 54 = 3
−1− 2
3
+ 8
5
= 4
15
0 0
Note: See the note in the solution to Exercise 37. For Exercises 32, 36, and 40, we have 23 + 1
15
+ 4
15
= .
41. (a) About the axis:
1 1
2 2
= (− )2 = 2 −2 [by symmetry]
−1 0
≈ 375825
(b) About = −1:
1
2
= [− − (−1)]2 − [0 − (−1)]2
−1
1 1
2 2 2
= 2 [(− + 1)2 − 1] = 2 (−2 + 2− )
0 0
≈ 1314312
42. (a) About the axis:
2 2
= (cos2)2 = 2 cos4 [by symmetry]
−2 0
≈ 370110
(b) About = 1:
2
= [(1 − 0)2 − (1 − cos2)2 ]
−2
2
= 2 [1 − (1 − 2 cos2 + cos4)]
0
2
= 2 (2 cos2 − cos4) ≈ 616850
0
43. (a) About = 2:
2 + 4 2 = 4 ⇒ 4 2 = 4 − 2 ⇒ 2 = 1 − 2 4 ⇒
= ± 1 − 2 4
2 2
2
= 2 − − 1 − 2 4 − 2 − 1 − 2 4
−2
2
= 2 8 1 − 2 4 ≈ 78.95684
0
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°
618 ¤ CHAPTER 6 APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRATION
(b) About = 2:
2 + 4 2 = 4 ⇒ 2 = 4 − 4 2 ⇒ = ± 4 − 4 2
1 2 2
= 2 − − 4 − 4 2 − 2 − 4 − 4 2
−1
1
= 2 8 4 − 4 2 ≈ 7895684
0
[Notice that this is the same approximation as in part (a). This can be explained by Pappus’s Theorem in Section 8.3.]
44. (a) About the axis:
= 2 and 2 + 2 = 1 ⇒ 2 + 4 = 1 ⇒ 4 + 2 − 1 = 0 ⇒
√ √
2 −1 + 5 −1 + 5
= ≈ 0618 ⇒ = ± = ± ≈ ±0786.
2 2
2
= 1 − 2 − (2 )2 = 2 (1 − 2 − 4 )
− 0
≈ 354459
(b) About the axis:
2 1 2
√
= ( )2 + 1 − 2
0 2
2 1
= + (1 − 2 ) ≈ 099998
0 2
√
45. = ln(6 + 2) and = 3 − 3 intersect at = −4091,
= −1467, and = 1091.
2
2 2 2
= ln(6 + 2) − 3 − 3 + 3 − 3 − ln(6 + 2) 89023
3
46. = 1 + − and = arctan 2 intersect at = −0570
and = 1391.
3 2
= 1 + − − (arctan 2 )2 6923
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°
SECTION 6.2 VOLUMES ¤ 619
2
47. = sin2 − (−1) − [0 − (−1)]2
0
CAS 11 2
= 8
2
48. = (3 − )2 − (3 − 1−2 )2
0
CAS
= −22 + 24 − 142
3
2 2
49. 0
sin2 = 0
(sin )2 describes the volume of the solid obtained by rotating the region
R = {( ) | 0 ≤ ≤ 2, 0 ≤ ≤ sin } of the plane about the axis.
ln 2 ln 2
50. 0
2 = 0
( )2 describes the volume of the solid obtained by rotating the region
R = {( ) | 0 ≤ ≤ ln 2, 0 ≤ ≤ } of the plane about the axis.
1 1
51. 0
(4 − 6 ) = 0
[(2 )2 − (3 )2 ] describes the volume of the solid obtained by rotating the region
R = {( ) | 0 ≤ ≤ 1, 3 ≤ ≤ 2 } of the plane about the axis.
1
52. −1
(1 − 2 )2 describes the volume of the solid obtained by rotating the region
R = {( ) | −1 ≤ ≤ 1, 0 ≤ ≤ 1 − 2 } of the plane about the axis.
4 4 2
53. = describes the volume of the solid obtained by rotating the region
0 0
R = ( ) | 0 ≤ ≤ 4 0 ≤ ≤ of the plane about the axis.
4 √ 2
54. 32 − 3 − describes the volume of the solid obtained by rotating the region
1
√
R = ( ) | 1 ≤ ≤ 4 3 − ≤ ≤ 3 of the plane about the axis.
55. There are 10 subintervals over the 15cm length, so we’ll use = 102 = 5 for the Midpoint Rule.
15 15−0
= 0
() ≈ 5 = 5 [(15) + (45) + (75) + (105) + (135)]
= 3(18 + 79 + 106 + 128 + 39) = 3 · 370 = 1110 cm3
10
56. = 0
() ≈ 5 = 10−0
5
[(1) + (3) + (5) + (7) + (9)]
= 2(065 + 061 + 059 + 055 + 050) = 2(290) = 580 m3
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°
620 ¤ CHAPTER 6 APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRATION
10
57. (a) = [ ()]2 10 4− 2 [(3)]2 + [ (5)]2 + [ (7)]2 + [(9)]2
2
2 (15)2 + (22)2 + (38)2 + (31)2 196 units3
4
(b) = 0 (outer radius)2 − (inner radius)2
4−4
0
(99)2 − (22)2 + (97)2 − (30)2 + (93)2 − (56)2 + (87)2 − (65)2
838 units3
1 2 2 2
2 2
CAS 4 5 + 18 + 3 3 + 14 + 7( + 5 )
58. (a) = 3 + 2 + + 1 − 2 =
−1 315
√
(b) = (−0063 + 0042 + 01 + 054) 1 − 2 is graphed in the
figure. Substitute = −006, = 004, = 01, and = 054 in the
CAS 3769
answer for part (a) to get = ≈ 1263.
9375
59. We’ll form a right circular cone with height and base radius by
revolving the line = about the axis.
2
2 2 2 1 3
= = 2
=
0 0 2 3 0
2
1 3 1
= 2 = 2
3 3
+ about the axis.
Another solution: Revolve = −
2 2
∗ 2 22 2
= − + = − +
0 0 2
2 3 2 2 1
= − + 2 = 3
2 − 2 + 2 = 13 2
32 0
∗
and = − to get
Or use substitution with = −
0 0
1 3 1 1
2 − = − = − − 3 = 2 .
3 3 3
2
−
60. = −
0
2
2 2( − ) −
= − + 2
0
2
( − ) 2 1 −
2
= − + 3
3
0
= 2 − ( − ) + 13 ( − )2
= 13 3 + (2 − 2 + 2 ) = 13 (2 + + 2 ) [continued]
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°
SECTION 6.2 VOLUMES ¤ 621
−
Another solution: = by similar triangles. Therefore, = − ⇒ = ( − ) ⇒
= . Now
−
= 13 2 − 13 2 ( − )[by Exercise 59]
= 13 2 − 13 2 −= =
− − ( − )
1 3 − 3
= = 13 2 + + 2
3 −
√
= 13 2 + 2 + (2 ) (2 ) = 13 1 + 2 + 1 2
where 1 and 2 are the areas of the bases of the frustum. (See Exercise 62 for a related result.)
61. 2 + 2 = 2 ⇔ 2 = 2 − 2
2 3 3 ( − )3
= − 2 = 2 − = 3 − − 2 ( − ) −
− 3 − 3 3
2 3 1 2
= 3 − 3 ( − ) 3 − ( − )2
= 13 23 − ( − ) 32 − 2 − 2 + 2
= 13 23 − ( − ) 22 + 2 − 2
= 13 23 − 23 − 22 + 2 + 22 + 22 − 3
= 13 32 − 3 = 13 2 (3 − ), or, equivalently, 2 −
3
∆ 2 − 2 −
62. An equation of the line is = + (intercept) = + = + .
∆ −0 2 2 2
= () = (2)2
0 0
2 2
− −
= 2 + = +
0 2 2 0
2
( − ) 2 2( − )
= + + 2
0 2
( − )2 3 ( − ) 2 2
= + +
32 0
= 3 ( − ) + ( − ) + = 3 2 − 2 + 2 + 3
1 2 2 1
= 13 2 + + 2
√
[Note that this can be written as 1
3
1 + 2 + 1 2 , as in Exercise 60.]
If = , we get a rectangular solid with volume 2 . If = 0, we get a square pyramid with volume 13 2 .
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°
622 ¤ CHAPTER 6 APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRATION
2 −
63. For a crosssection at height , we see from similar triangles that = , so = 1 − .
2
Similarly, for crosssections having 2 as their base and replacing , = 2 1 − . So
= () = 1− 2 1 −
0 0
2 2 2
= 22 1 − = 22 1− + 2
0 0
2 3
= 22 − + 2 = 22 − + 13
3 0
= 23 2 [ = 13 where is the area of the base, as with any pyramid.]
64. Consider the triangle consisting of two vertices of the base and the center of the base. This triangle is similar to the
corresponding triangle at a height , so = ⇒ = . Also by similar triangles, = ( − ) ⇒
= ( − ). These two equations imply that = (1 − ), and
since the crosssection is an equilateral triangle, it has area
√
1 3 2 (1 − )2 √
() = · · = 3, so
2 2 4
√
2 3 2
= () = 1−
0 4 0
√ √ √
2 3 3 3 2 3 2
= − 1− =− (−1) =
4 3 0 12 12
65. A crosssection at height is a triangle similar to the base, so we’ll multiply the legs of the base triangle, 3 and 4, by a
proportionality factor of (5 − )5. Thus, the triangle at height has area
1 5− 5− 2
() = · 3 ·4 =6 1− , so
2 5 5 5
5 5 0
2 = 1 − 5,
= () = 6 1− = 6 2 (−5 )
0 0 5 1 = − 15
0
= −30 13 3 1 = −30 − 13 = 10 cm3
66. A crosssection is shaded in the diagram.
√ 2
() = (2)2 = 2 2 − 2 , so
= −
() = 2 0 4(2 − 2 )
= 8 2 − 13 3 0 = 8 23 3 = 16
3
3
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°
SECTION 6.2 VOLUMES ¤ 623
67. If is a leg of the isosceles right triangle and 2 is the hypotenuse,
then 2 + 2 = (2)2 ⇒ 22 = 4 2 ⇒ 2 = 2 2 .
2 22 2
= −2
() = 2 0 12 ()() = 2 0 2
() = 2 0
2 2
= 2 0 41 (36 − 92 ) = 92 0 (4 − 2 )
2
= 92 4 − 13 3 0 = 92 8 − 83 = 24
68. The crosssection of the base corresponding to the coordinate has length = 1 − The corresponding equilateral triangle
√ √
3 3
with side has area () = 2 = (1 − )2 Therefore,
4 4
1 1 √
3
= () = (1 − )2
0 0 4
√ 1 √
3 3 1
= (1 − 2 + 2 ) = − 2 + 13 3 0
4 0 4
√ √
3 1 3
= =
4 3 12
1 √ √ 0 √ 1 √
3 3 3 1 3 3
Or: (1 − )2 = 2 (−) [ = 1 − ] = =
0 4 4 1 4 3 0 12
69. The crosssection of the base corresponding to the coordinate has length
= 1 − . The corresponding square with side has area
() = 2 = (1 − )2 = 1 − 2 + 2 . Therefore,
1 1
= () = (1 − 2 + 2 )
0 0
1
= − 2 + 13 3 0 = 1 − 1 + 13 − 0 = 13
1 0
1
Or: (1 − )2 = 2 (−) [ = 1 − ] = 13 3 0 = 1
3
0 1
70. The crosssection of the base corresponding to the coordinate has length
√ √
2 = 2 1 − . = 1 − 2 ⇔ = ± 1 − The corresponding square
√ 2
with side has area () = 2 = 2 1 − = 4(1 − ). Therefore,
1 1 1
= 0
() = 0
4(1 − ) = 4 − 12 2 0 = 4 1 − 12 − 0 = 2.
71. The crosssection of the base corresponding to the coordinate has length 1 − 2 . The height also has length 1 − 2 ,
so the corresponding isosceles triangle has area () = 12 = 12 (1 − 2 )2 . Therefore,
1 1
= () = 1
2
(1 − 2 )2
−1 −1
1
=2· 1
2
(1 − 22 + 4 ) [by symmetry]
0
1
= − 23 3 + 15 5 0 = 1 − 2
3
+ 1
5
−0 = 8
15
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°
624 ¤ CHAPTER 6 APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRATION
√
72. The crosssection of the base corresponding to the coordinate has length 2 = 2 2 − . [ = 2 − 2 ⇔
√
= ± 2 − ] The corresponding crosssection of the solid
√
is a quartercircle with radius 2 2 − and area
√
() = 14 (2 2 − )2 = (2 − ). Therefore,
2 2
= () = (2 − )
0 0
2
= 2 − 12 2 0 = (4 − 2) = 2
73. The crosssection of at coordinate , −1 ≤ ≤ 1, is a circle
centered at the point 12 (1 − 2 ) with radius 12 (1 − 2 ).
The area of the crosssection is
1 2
() = 2
(1 − 2 ) =
4
(1 − 22 + 4 )
The volume of is
1 1 1
= () = 2
4
(1 − 22 + 4 ) =
2
− 23 3 + 15 5 0 =
2
1− 2
3
+ 1
5
=
2
8
15
= 4
15
−1 0
√ √
74. The crosssection of at coordinate , 0 ≤ ≤ 4, is a circle centered at the point 1
2
1
2 + with radius
√ √ √ √ 2 √ 2
1
2
− 12 . The area of the crosssection is () = 12 − 12 =· 1
4
· 1
2
= . The volume of
16
4 4
2 4
is = () = = = (16 − 0) = .
0 0 16 32 0 32 2
75. (a) The torus is obtained by rotating the circle ( − )2 + 2 = 2 about
the axis. Solving for , we see that the right half of the circle is given by
= + 2 − 2 = () and the left half by = − 2 − 2 = ().
So
= −
[ ()]2 − [()]2
2
= 2 0
+ 2 2 − 2 + 2 − 2 − 2 − 2 2 − 2 + 2 − 2
= 2 0
4 2 − 2 = 8 0 2 − 2
(b) Observe that the integral represents a quarter of the area of a circle with radius , so
8 0 2 − 2 = 8 · 14 2 = 2 2 2 .
√ √
76. (a) = −
() = 2 0
() = 2 1
0 2
2 2 − 2 = 2 0 2 − 2
(b) Observe that the integral represents one quarter of the area of a circle of radius , so = 2 · 14 2 = 12 2 .
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°
SECTION 6.2 VOLUMES ¤ 625
77. The crosssections perpendicular to the axis in Figure 17 are rectangles. The rectangle corresponding to the coordinate has
a base of length 2 16 − 2 in the plane and a height of √1
3
, since ∠ = 30◦ and || = √1
3
||. Thus,
() = √2
3
16 − 2 and
4 4 0
= () = 2
√
3
16 − 2 = 2
√
3
12 − 12 [Put = 16 − 2 , so = −2 ]
0 0 16
16 16
= 1
√
3
12 = √1 2
3 3
32 = 2
√
3 3
(64) = 128
√
3 3
0 0
78. (a) Volume(1 ) = 0
() = Volume(2 ) since the crosssectional area () at height is the same for both solids.
(b) By Cavalieri’s Principle, the volume of the cylinder in the figure is the same as that of a right circular cylinder with radius
and height , that is, 2 .
79.
By similar triangles, the radius 1 of the crosssection at height of the cone removed from the cylinder satisfies
1
= ⇒ 1 = . Thus, the area of the annular crosssection at height remaining once the cone is removed from the
cylinder is (2 − 2 ).
The radius 2 of the crosssection at height of the hemisphere satisfies 22 + 2 = 2 ⇒ 2 = 2 − 2 .
2
The area of the circular crosssection at height is then 2 − 2 = (2 − 2 ).
Each crosssection at height of the cylinder with cone removed has area equal to that of the corresponding crosssection at
height of the hemisphere. By Cavalieri’s Principle, the volumes of the solids are then equal.
80. Each crosssection of the solid in a plane perpendicular to the
axis is a square (since the edges of the cut lie on the
cylinders, which are perpendicular). Onequarter of this square
and oneeighth of are shown. The area of this quartersquare
is | |2 = 2 − 2 . Therefore, () = 4(2 − 2 ) and the
volume of is
= − () = 4 − (2 − 2 )
= 8(2 − 2 ) = 8 2 − 13 3 0 = 16 3
3
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°
626 ¤ CHAPTER 6 APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRATION
81. The volume is obtained by rotating the area common to two circles of radius , as
shown. The volume of the right half is
2 2 2 1 2
right = 0 2 = 0 − 2 +
3 2
= 2 − 13 12 + = 12 3 − 13 3 − 0 − 1 3
24
= 5
24
3
0
So by symmetry, the total volume is twice this, or 12 .
5 3
Another solution: We observe that the volume is the twice the volume of a cap of a sphere, so we can use the formula from
1 2
Exercise 61 with = 12 : = 2 · 13 2 (3 − ) = 23 2
3 − 12 = 12 .
5 3
82. We consider two cases: one in which the ball is not completely submerged and the other in which it is.
Case 1: 0 ≤ ≤ 10 The ball will not be completely submerged, and so a crosssection of the water parallel to the surface
will be the shaded area shown in the first diagram. We can find the area of the crosssection at height above the bottom of the
bowl by using the Pythagorean Theorem: 2 = 152 − (15 − )2 and 2 = 52 − ( − 5)2 , so () = 2 − 2 = 20.
The volume of water when it has depth is then () = 0
() = 0
20 = 102 0 = 102 cm3 ,
0 ≤ ≤ 10.
Case 2: 10 ≤ 15 In this case we can find the volume by simply subtracting the volume displaced by the ball from
the total volume inside the bowl underneath the surface of the water. The total volume underneath the surface is just the
volume of a cap of the bowl, so we use the formula from
Exercise 61: cap () = 13 2 (45 − ). The volume of
the small sphere is ball = 43 (5)3 = 500
3 , so the total
volume is cap − ball = 13 (452 − 3 − 500) cm3 .
83. Take the axis to be the axis of the cylindrical hole of radius .
A quarter of the crosssection through perpendicular to the
axis, is the rectangle shown. Using the Pythagorean Theorem
twice, we see that the dimensions of this rectangle are
= 2 − 2 and = 2 − 2 , so
1
4 () = = 2 − 2 2 − 2 , and
= −
() = −
4 2 − 2 2 − 2 = 8 0 2 − 2 2 − 2
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°
SECTION 6.2 VOLUMES ¤ 627
√ √
84. The line = intersects the semicircle = 2 − 2 when = 2 − 2 ⇒ 2 = 2 − 2 ⇒
√
2 = 2 − 2 ⇒ = ± 2 − 2 . Rotating the shaded region about the axis gives us
√2 −2 2 √2 −2
2
= √ 2 − 2 − = 2 (2 − 2 − 2 ) [by symmetry]
− 2 − 2 0
√2 −2 √2 −2
2 2 2 2 2 1 3
= 2 − − = 2 − − 3
0 0
32 1 2 32 32 2 32
= 2 2 − 2 − 3 − 2 = 2 · 23 2 − 2 = 4
3
− 2
Our answer makes sense in limiting cases. As → 0, → 43 3 , which is the volume of the full sphere. As → ,
→ 0, which makes sense because the hole’s radius is approaching that of the sphere.
85. (a) The radius of the barrel is the same at each end by symmetry, since the
function = − 2 is even. Since the barrel is obtained by rotating
the graph of the function about the axis, this radius is equal to the
2
value of at = 12 , which is − 12 = − = .
(b) The barrel is symmetric about the axis, so its volume is twice the volume of that part of the barrel for 0. Also, the
barrel is a volume of rotation, so
2 2 2 2
=2 2 = 2 − 2 = 2 2 − 23 3 + 15 2 5 0
0 0
1 2
= 2 2
− 1
12
3 + 1 2 5
160
Trying to make this look more like the expression we want, we rewrite it as = 13 22 + 2 − 12 2 + 3 2 4
80
.
2 2
But 2 − 12 2 + 3 2 4
80 = ( − )2 − 25 14 2 = 2 − 25 2 .
= − 14 2 − 1 2 4
40
Substituting this back into , we see that = 13 22 + 2 − 25 2 , as required.
86. It suffices to consider the case where R is bounded by the curves = () and = () for ≤ ≤ , where () ≤ ()
for all in [ ], since other regions can be decomposed into subregions of this type. We are concerned with the volume
obtained when R is rotated about the line = −, which is equal to
2 =
[ () + ]2 − [() + ]2
= [ ()]2 − [()]2 + 2 [() − ()] = 1 + 2
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°
628 ¤ CHAPTER 6 APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRATION
8 2 8 8
87. (a) = 3 ⇒ = 3
. 1 = 1 3 = 1 23 = 35 53 = 35 (32 − 1) = 93
5
1
(b) If each is replaced with , then = 1 will be mapped to = 1 = , and = 8 will be mapped to = 8, each as
shown. If each is replaced with , then = ()3 2 = 3 3 2 = 3 , so has again been mapped to . A dilation
with scaling factor therefore transforms the region 1 into 2 .
(c) = 3 2 ⇒ 2 = 3 ⇒ = 3
2 . Then
8 2 8 8
2 =
3 2 = · 43 23 = 35 · 43 53 = 35 · 43 (3253 − 53 )
43 53 3
= 3
5
· · 31 = 3
5
· 31 = 93
5
3 = 1 3
93 3 25,000 25,000
(d) 2 = 5 L ⇒ = 5000 cm3 ⇒ = 3
⇒ = 3
≈ 441
5 93 93
6.3 Volumes by Cylindrical Shells
1. If we were to use the “washer” method, we would first have to locate the
local maximum point ( ) of = ( − 1)2 using the methods of
Chapter 4. Then we would have to solve the equation = ( − 1)2
for in terms of to obtain the functions = 1 () and = 2 ()
shown in the first figure. This step would be difficult because it involves
the cubic formula. Finally we would find the volume using
= 0 [1 ()]2 − [2 ()]2 .
Using shells, we find that a typical approximating shell has radius , so its circumference is 2. Its height is , that is,
( − 1)2 . So the total volume is
5 1
1 1 4 4 3
= 2 ( − 1)2 = 2 − 23 + 2 = 2 −2 + =
0 0 5 4 3 0 15
2. A typical cylindrical shell has circumference 2 and height sin(2 ).
√
= 0 2 sin(2 ) . Let = 2 . Then = 2 , so
= 0 sin = [− cos ]0 = [1 − (−1)] = 2. For washers, we
would first have to locate the local maximum point ( ) of = sin(2 )
using the methods of Chapter 4. Then we would have to solve the equation
= sin 2 for in terms of to obtain the functions = 1 () and
= 2 () shown in the second figure. Finally we would find the volume
using = 0 [1 ()]2 − [2 ()]2 . Using shells is definitely
preferable to using washers.
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°
SECTION 6.3 VOLUMES BY CYLINDRICAL SHELLS ¤ 629
√2
3. (a) = 2 cos(2 )
0
√2 √2 √2
2
(b) = 2 cos( ) = 2 cos(2 ) = 2 · 1
2
sin(2 ) = sin − sin 0
0 0 0 2
= (1 − 0) =
4. (a) = 2 − ⇒ = 2 − ;
√
= ⇒ = 2
1
= 2[(2 − ) − 2 ]
0
1 1 1
(b) = 2[(2 − ) − 2 ] = 2 0 (2 − 2 − 3 ) = 2 2 − 13 3 − 14 4 0
0
5 5
2 1 − 13 − 14 − 0 = 2 12 = 6
2
5. = 1
2 ln 6. = 3 ⇒ = 3
8
= 0 2 3
7. = sin−1 ⇒ = sin
2
= 0
2(3 − ) sin
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°
630 ¤ CHAPTER 6 APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRATION
3
8. = 0
2(7 − )[(4 − 2 ) − ]
√
9. The shell has radius , circumference 2, and height , so
4 √ 4 4
= 2 = 232 = 2 2 52
5 = 2 · 25 (32 − 0) = 128
5 .
0 0 0
10. The shell has radius circumference 2, and
height 3 , so
2 2
= 2 · 3 = 2 4
1 1
1 2 32
= 2 5
5 1
= 2 5
− 1
5
= 62
5
11. The shell has radius , circumference 2, and height 1, so
4 4 4
1
= 2 = 2 = 2 = 2(4 − 1) = 6.
1 1 1
12. The shell has radius circumference 2, and
1
2 2
height − , so = 2− .
0
Let = . Thus, = 2 , so
2
1 1
= − = −− 0 = (1 − 1).
0
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°
SECTION 6.3 VOLUMES BY CYLINDRICAL SHELLS ¤ 631
√
13. The shell has radius , circumference 2, and height 5 + 2 , so
2
= 2 5 + 2 [ = 5 + 2 = 2 ]
0
9
1 2 9
= 2 · 12 = · 32
5 2 3 5
2
= (27 − 532 )
3
14. 4 − 2 = ⇔ 0 = 2 − 3 ⇔ 0 = ( − 3) ⇔ = 0 or 3.
The shell has radius circumference 2, and height [(4 − 2 ) − ], so
3
= 2[(4 − 2 ) − ]
0
3
= 2 (−3 + 32 )
0
3
= 2 − 14 4 + 3 0
27
= 2 − 814 + 27 = 2 4
= 27
2
15. = 1 ⇒ = 1 . The shell has radius ,
circumference 2, and height 1, so
3
1
= 2
1
3
3
= 2 = 2 1
1
= 2(3 − 1) = 4
√
16. = ⇒ = 2 . The shell has radius ,
circumference 2, and height 2 , so
2 2
= 2( 2 ) = 2 3
0 0
1
4 2
= 2 4 0
= 2(4) = 8
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°
632 ¤ CHAPTER 6 APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRATION
17. = 32 ⇒ = 23 . The shell has radius
, circumference 2, and height 23 , so
8 8
= 2( 23 ) = 2 53
0 0
8
3 83
= 2 8
0
3
= 2 · 8
· 256 = 192
18. The shell has radius , circumference 2, and
height −3 2 + 12 − 9, so
3
= 1 2(−3 2 + 12 − 9)
3
= 2 1 (−3 3 + 12 2 − 9)
3
= −6 1 ( 3 − 4 2 + 3)
3
= −6 14 4 − 43 3 + 32 2
1
81 27
1 4 3
= −6 − 36 + 4 2
− 4 − 3 + 2
8
= −6 − 3 = 16
19. The shell has radius , circumference 2, and height
2 − 1 + ( − 2)2 = 1 − ( − 2)2 = 1 − 2 − 4 + 4
= − 2 + 4 − 3, so
3
= 1
2(− 2 + 4 − 3)
3
= 2 1
(− 3 + 4 2 − 3)
3
= 2 − 14 4 + 43 3 − 32 2 1
= 2 − 814
+ 36 − 27
2
− − 14 + 4
3
− 3
2
8 16
= 2 3 = 3
20. The curves intersect when 4 − = 2 − 4 + 4 ⇔
2
0 = − 3 ⇔ 0 = ( − 3) ⇔ = 0 or 3.
The shell has radius , circumference 2, and height
(4 − ) − ( 2 − 4 + 4) = − 2 + 3, so
3 3
= 0 2(− 2 + 3) = 2 0 (3 2 − 3 )
3
= 2 3 − 14 4 0 = 2 27 − 81
4
= 2 27
4
= 27
2
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°
SECTION 6.3 VOLUMES BY CYLINDRICAL SHELLS ¤ 633
√
21. 2 = 8 ⇒ 4 = 64 ⇒ 4 − 64 = 0 ⇒
(3 − 64) = 0 ⇒ = 0 or = 4
(a) By cylindrical shells:
4 √
= 0 2 8 − 2
4
= 2(832 − 3 )
0
4
52
= 2 16
5 − 14 4
0
512 384
= 2 5
− 64 − 0 = 5
(b) By washers:
16 2
1 2 2
= − 64
0
16
16
= − 1
4096
4 = 1 2
2
− 1
20,480
5
0 0
256
384
= 128 − 5
= 5
22. 3 = 42 ⇒ 3 − 42 = 0 ⇒ 2 ( − 4) = 0 ⇒
= 0 or = 4
(a) By washers:
4 4
= [(42 )2 − (3 )2 ] = (164 − 6 )
0 0
4
16 5 1 7 16,384 16,384
= − = −
5 7 0 5 7
32,768
=
35
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°
634 ¤ CHAPTER 6 APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRATION
(b) By cylindrical shells:
64 64
= 2 3 − 12 = 2 43 − 12 32
0 0
64
3 73 1 2 52
= 2 − ·
7 2 5 0
49,152 32,768 32,768
= 2 − =
7 5 35
23. (a) The shell has radius − (−2) = + 2,
circumference 2( + 2), and height 4 − 2 .
4
(b) = 2( + 2)(4 − 2 )
0
4
(c) = 2( + 2)(4 − 2 )
0
4 4
2 3 1 4
= 2(22 − 3 + 8) = 2 − + 42
0 3 4 0
128 256
= 2 − 64 + 64 − 0 =
3 3
√
24. (a) = ⇒ = 2 ; = 3 ⇒ = 3
.
The shell has radius − (−1) = + 1,
circumference 2( + 1), and height 3 − 2 .
1
(b) = 2( + 1) 3 − 2
0
1
(c) = 2( + 1) 3 − 2
0
1
= 2( 43 − 3 + 13 − 2 )
0
1 3
3 73
= 2 7 − 14 4 + 34 43 − 13 3 = 2 7 − 1
4 + 3
4 − 1
3
−0
0
25
= 21
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°
SECTION 6.3 VOLUMES BY CYLINDRICAL SHELLS ¤ 635
25. The shell has radius 3 − , circumference
2(3 − ), and height 8 − 3 .
2
= 0 2(3 − )(8 − 3 )
2
= 2 0 (4 − 33 − 8 + 24)
2
= 2 15 5 − 34 4 − 42 + 24
0
32
= 2 5
− 12 − 16 + 48 = 2 132
5
= 264
5
26. The shell has radius − (−1) = + 1, circumference 2( + 1), and height 4 − 2.
2
= 2( + 1)(4 − 2)
0
2
= 4 0 ( + 1)(2 − )
2
= 4 0 (−2 + + 2)
2
= 4 − 13 3 + 12 2 + 2 0
= 4 − 83 + 2 + 4 = 4 10 3
= 40
3
27. The shell has radius − 1, circumference 2( − 1), and height (4 − 2 ) − 3 = −2 + 4 − 3.
3
= 2( − 1)(−2 + 4 − 3)
1
3
= 2 1 (−3 + 52 − 7 + 3)
3
= 2 − 14 4 + 53 3 − 72 2 + 3 1
= 2 − 81 4
+ 45 − 63 2
+ 9 − − 14 + 5
3
− 7
2
+3
= 2 43 = 83
√
28. The shell has radius 5 − , circumference 2(5 − ), and height − 12 .
4 √ 4
= 2(5 − ) − 12 = 2 0 (512 − 52 − 32 + 12 2 )
0
4
32
= 2 10
3 − 54 2 − 25 52 + 16 3 = 2 80 64 32
3 − 20 − 5 + 3
0
68 136
= 2 15
= 15
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°
636 ¤ CHAPTER 6 APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRATION
29. The shell has radius 2 − , circumference 2(2 − ), and height 2 − 2 2 .
1
= 2(2 − )(2 − 2 2 )
0
1
= 4 0 (2 − )(1 − 2 )
1
= 4 0 ( 3 − 2 2 − + 2)
1
= 4 14 4 − 23 3 − 12 2 + 2 0
= 4 14 − 23 − 12 + 2
13
= 4 13
12
= 3
30. The shell has radius − (−2) = + 2, circumference 2( + 2), and height ( 2 + 1) − 2 2 = 1 − 2 .
1
= 2( + 2)(1 − 2 )
−1
1
= 2 −1 (− 3 − 2 2 + + 2)
1
= 4 0 (−2 2 + 2) [by Theorem 5.5.7]
1 1
= 8 0 (1 − ) = 8 − 13 3 0
2
= 8 1 − 13 = 8 23 = 16 3
2 2
31. (a) = 2 (− ) = 2 2 −
0 0
(b) ≈ 406300
4
32. (a) = 2 − tan
0 2
(b) ≈ 225323
2
33. (a) = 2 ( − )[cos4 − (− cos4)]
−2
2
= 4 ( − ) cos4
−2
2
[or 82 0
cos4 using Theorem 5.5.7]
(b) ≈ 4650942
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°
SECTION 6.3 VOLUMES BY CYLINDRICAL SHELLS ¤ 637
2
34. (a) = ⇒ + 4 = 2 ⇒ 4 − = 0 ⇒
1 + 3
(3 − 1) = 0 ⇒ ( − 1)(2 + + 1) = 0 ⇒ = 0 or 1
1
2
= 2 [ − (−1)] −
0 1 + 3
(b) ≈ 236164
√
35. (a) = 0
2(4 − ) sin (b) ≈ 3657476
3
36. (a) = −3
2(5 − ) 4 − 2 + 7 (b) ≈ 16302712
1 √ √
37. = 0
2 1 + 3 . Let () = 1 + 3 .
Then the Midpoint Rule with = 5 gives
1 1−0
0
() 5
[(01) + (03) + (05) + (07) + (09)]
02(29290)
Multiplying by 2 gives 368.
10
38. = 0
2() . Let () = (), where the values of are obtained from the graph.
Using the Midpoint Rule with = 5 gives
10
() ≈ 10−0
5 [(1) + (3) + (5) + (7) + (9)] = 2[1(1) + 3 (3) + 5 (5) + 7 (7) + 9 (9)]
0
= 2[1(4 − 2) + 3(5 − 1) + 5(4 − 1) + 7(4 − 2) + 9(4 − 2)]
= 2(2 + 12 + 15 + 14 + 18) = 2(61) = 122
Multiplying by 2 gives ≈ 244 ≈ 7665.
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°
638 ¤ CHAPTER 6 APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRATION
3 3
39. 0
25 = 2 0
(4 ) . By the method of cylindrical shells, this integral represents the volume of the solid obtained
by rotating the region 0 ≤ ≤ 4 , 0 ≤ ≤ 3 about the yaxis ( = 0).
3
40. 1
2 ln . By the method of cylindrical shells, this integral represents the volume of the solid obtained by rotating the
region 0 ≤ ≤ ln , 1 ≤ ≤ 3 about the axis.
4 4
+2 1
41. 2 = 2 ( + 2) . By the method of cylindrical shells, this integral represents the volume of the
1 2 1 2
solid obtained by rotating the region 0 ≤ ≤ 12 , 1 ≤ ≤ 4 about the line = −2.
1
42. 0
2(2 − )(3 − 2 ) . By the method of cylindrical shells, this integral represents the volume of the solid obtained by
rotating the region 2 ≤ ≤ 3 , 0 ≤ ≤ 1 about the line = 2.
43. From the graph, the curves intersect at = 0 and = 2175, with
2 − 2 on the interval (0 ). So the volume of the solid
2 + 1
obtained by rotating the region about the axis is
= 2 2 − (2 − 2) 14450
0 +1
44. From the graph, the curves intersect at = 0906 and = 2715,
with sin 2 − 4 + 5 on the interval ( ). So the volume of the solid
obtained by rotating the region about the axis is
= 2 sin − (2 − 4 + 5) 21253
2
45. = 2 2 − sin2 − sin4
0
CAS 1 3
= 32
46. = 2 0
[ − (−1)](3 sin )
CAS
= 2(4 + 3 − 122 − 6 + 48)
= 25 + 2 4 − 243 − 122 + 96
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°
SECTION 6.3 VOLUMES BY CYLINDRICAL SHELLS ¤ 639
1
47. (a) Use shells. Each shell has radius , circumference 2, and height − .
1 + 2 2
1
1
= 2 − .
0 1 + 2 2
1
1
1 1 2 1 1 3 1
2
(b) = 2 − = 2 − = 2 ln 1 + −
0 1 + 2 2 0 1 + 2 2 2 6 0
1 1 1
= 2 ln 2 − − 0 = ln 2 −
2 6 3
48. (a) Use washers. 2 − 2 = 2 ⇒ 22 = 2 ⇒ = 1 [ 0]
1
= 0
[(2 − 2 )2 − (2 )2 ]
1 1 1
(b) = 0
[(2 − 2 )2 − (2 )2 ] = 0
(4 − 42 ) = 4 − 4 · 13 3 0 = 4 1 − 13 − 0 = 83
√ 2
49. (a) Use disks. = 0
sin
√ 2
(b) = 0
sin = 0
sin = −cos = [−cos − (−cos 0)] = (1 + 1) = 2
0
50. (a) Use shells. Each shell has radius circumference 2, and height [(4 − 2 ) − ].
4 − 2 = ⇒ 2 − 3 = 0 ⇒ ( − 3) = 0 ⇒ = 0 or = 3
3
= 0 2[(4 − 2 ) − ]
3 3 3
(b) = 0
2[(4 − 2 ) − ] = 0
2(32 − 3 ) = 2 3 − 14 4 0 = 2 27 − 81
4
−0 = 27
2
51. (a) Use shells. Each shell has radius − (−2) = + 2, circumference 2( + 2), and height 2 − 3 .
12
= 0
2( + 2)(2 − 3 )
12 12 12
(b) = 2( + 2)(2 − 3 ) = 0 2(−3 − 4 + 22 ) = 2 − 14 4 − 15 5 + 23 3 0
0
1 1 1
59
= 2 − 64 − 160 + 12 − 0 = 480
52. (a) Use shells. Each shell has radius 3 − , circumference 2(3 − ), and height [(3 − 2 ) − 2].
3 − 2 = 2 ⇒ 2 − 3 + 2 = 0 ⇒ ( − 1)( − 2) = 0 ⇒ = 1 or = 2
2
= 1 2(3 − )[(3 − 2 ) − 2]
2 2
(b) = 2(3 − )[(3 − 2 ) − 2] = 1 2( 3 − 6 2 + 11 − 6)
1
2
= 2 14 4 − 2 3 + 11
2
2 − 6 1 = 2 (4 − 16 + 22 − 12) − 14 − 2 + 11
2
− 6 = 12
53. Use shells:
4 4
= 2(−2 + 6 − 8) = 2
2 2
(−3 + 62 − 8)
4
= 2 − 14 4 + 23 − 42 2
= 2[(−64 + 128 − 64) − (−4 + 16 − 16)]
= 2(4) = 8
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°
640 ¤ CHAPTER 6 APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRATION
54. Use disks:
4
= 2
(−2 + 6 − 8)2
4
= (4 − 123 + 522 − 96 + 64)
2
4
= 15 5 − 34 + 52 3 2
3 − 48 + 64 2
16
= 512
15
− 496
15
= 15
√
55. Use washers: 2 − 2 = 1 = ± 2 ± 1
⇒
√
3 2
= √
(2 − 0)2 − 2 + 1 − 0
− 3
√
3
= 2 [4 − (2 + 1)] [by symmetry]
0
√
3 √3
= 2 (3 − 2 ) = 2 3 − 13 3 0
0
√ √ √
= 2 3 3 − 3 = 4 3
56. Use disks: 2 − 2 = 1 = ± 2 − 1 ⇒
2 2 2
= 2 − 1 = ( 2 − 1)
1 1
1 2 8
= 3
3 − 1
= 3
− 2 − 13 − 1 = 43
57. Use disks: 2 + ( − 1)2 = 1⇔ = ± 1 − ( − 1)2
2 2 2
= 1 − ( − 1)2 = (2 − 2 )
0 0
2
= 2 − 13 3 0 = 4 − 83 = 43
58. Use shells:
5
= 1
2( − 1)[4 − ( − 3)2 ]
5
= 2 1
( − 1)(− 2 + 6 − 5)
5
= 2 1
(− 3 + 7 2 − 11 + 5)
5
= 2 − 14 4 + 73 3 − 11 2
2 + 5 1
128
= 2 275
12 − 12
19
= 3
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°
SECTION 6.3 VOLUMES BY CYLINDRICAL SHELLS ¤ 641
59. + 1 = ( − 1)2 ⇔ + 1 = 2 − 2 + 1 ⇔ 0 = 2 − 3 ⇔
0 = ( − 3) ⇔ = 0 or 3.
Use washers:
3
= [( + 1) − (−1)]2 − [( − 1)2 − (−1)]2
0
3
= [( + 2)2 − ( 2 − 2 + 2)2 ]
0
3 3
= [( 2 + 4 + 4) − ( 4 − 4 3 + 8 2 − 8 + 4)] = (− 4 + 4 3 − 7 2 + 12)
0 0
3
= − 15 5 + 4 − 73 3 + 6 2 0 = − 243
5
+ 81 − 63 + 54 = 117
5
60. Use cylindrical shells to find the volume .
1 1
= 2( − )(2) = 4 0 ( − 2 )
0
1
= 4 12 2 − 13 3 = 4 12 − 13
0
Now solve for in terms of :
1 1
1 1 1 1
= 4 2
− 3
⇔ = − ⇔ = + ⇔
4 2 3 2 4 3
2
= +
2 3
61. Use shells:
√
= 2 0 2 2 − 2 = −2 0 (2 − 2 )12 (−2)
= −2 · 23 (2 − 2 )32 = − 43 (0 − 3 ) = 43 3
0
+
62. = −
2 − ( − )2
2 · 2
√
= − 4( + ) 2 − 2 [let = − ]
√ √
= 4 − 2 − 2 + 4 − 2 − 2
The first integral is the area of a semicircle of radius , that is, 12 2 ,
and the second is zero since the integrand is an odd function. Thus,
= 4 12 2 + 4 · 0 = 22 2 .
2
63. = 2 − + = 2 − +
0 0
3
2 2 2
= 2 − + = 2 =
3 2 0 6 3
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°
642 ¤ CHAPTER 6 APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRATION
64. By symmetry, the volume of a napkin ring obtained by drilling a hole of
radius through a sphere with radius is twice the volume obtained by
√
rotating the area above the axis and below the curve = 2 − 2
(the equation of the top half of the crosssection of the sphere), between
= and = , about the axis. This volume is equal to
outer radius 32
2 2 = 2 · 2 2 − 2 = 4 − 13 2 − 2 = 43 (2 − 2 )32
inner radius
2 3
But by the Pythagorean Theorem, 2 − 2 = 12 , so the volume of the napkin ring is 43 12 = 16 3 , which is
independent of both and ; that is, the amount of wood in a napkin ring of height is the same regardless of the size of the
sphere used. Note that most of this calculation has been done already, but with more difficulty, in Exercise 6.2.84.
Another solution: The height of the missing cap is the radius of the sphere minus half the height of the cutout cylinder, that is,
− 12 . Using Exercise 6.2.61,
2
napkin ring = sphere − cylinder − 2cap = 43 3 − 2 − 2 ·
3
− 12 3 − − 12 = 16 3
6.4 Work
1. The force exerted by the weight lifter is = = (200 kg)(98 ms2 ) = 1960 N. The work done by the weight lifter in
lifting the weight from 15 m to 20 m above the ground is then
= = (1960 N)(20 m − 15 m) = (1960 N)(05 m) = 980 Nm = 980 J
2. W = F d = (mg)d = [(500 kg)(9.8 m/s2 )](10 m) = (4900 N)(10 m) = 49,000 J.
10
10 1 9 9
3. =
() = 1
5−2 = −5x−1 1
= −5 −1 =5 =
10 10 2
16 √ 16
4. = () = 4 = 4 23 32 = 83 (64 − 8) = 448
3
Nm = 448
3
J.
4 4
5. The force function is given by () (in newtons) and the work (in joules) is the area under the curve, given by
8 4 8
0
() = 0
() + 4
() = 12 (4)(30) + (4)(30) = 180 J.
20
6. = 4
() ≈ 4 = ∆[(6) + (10) + (14) + (18)] = 20−4
4 [58 + 88 + 82 + 52] = 4(28) = 112 J
7. According to Hooke’s Law, the force required to maintain a spring stretched x units beyond its natural length (or compressed
x units less than its natural length) is proportional to x, that is, f (x) = kx. Here, the amount stretched is 10 cm = 0.1 m and
the force is 45 N. Thus, 45 = k(0.1) ⇒ k = 450 N/m, and f (x) = 450x. the work done in stretching the spring from its
´ 0.15 0.15
natural length to 15 cm = 0.15 m beyond its natural length is W = 0 450x dx = [225x2 ]0 = 5.0625 J.
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°
SECTION 6.4 WORK ¤ 643
8. According to Hooke’s Law, the force required to maintain a spring stretched units beyond its natural length (or compressed
units less than its natural length) is proportional to , that is, () = . Here, the amount compressed is
40 − 30 = 10 cm = 01 m and the force is 60 N. Thus, 60 = (01) ⇒ = 600 Nm, and () = 600. The work
01 01
required to compress the spring 01 m is = 0 600 = 3002 = 300(001) = 3 Nm (or J). The work required
0
015 015
to compress the spring 40 − 25 = 15 cm = 015 m is = 0
600 = 3002 = 300(00225) = 675 J.
0
012 1 012
9. (a) If 0
= 2 J, then 2 = 2
2 0
= 12 (00144) = 00072 and = 2
00072
= 2500
9
≈ 27778 Nm.
Thus, the work needed to stretch the spring from 35 cm to 40 cm is
010 2500 110 1 25
005 9
= 1250
9
2 120 = 1250
9 100
1
− 400 = 24 ≈ 104 J.
(b) () = , so 30 = 2500
9
and = 270
2500
m = 108 cm
´1 1
10. If 16 = kx2
1
0
kx dx = 2
= 12 k, then k = 32 N/m and the work required is,
0
´ 0.75 0.75
32x dx = 16x2
0
= 9 J.
0
01 1 01
11. The distance from 20 cm to 30 cm is 01 m, so with () = , we get 1 = 0
= 2
2 0
= 1
200
.
02 1 02
Now 2 = 01
= 2
2 01
= 4
200
− 1
200
= 3
200
. Thus, 2 = 31 .
12. Let be the natural length of the spring in meters. Then
012− 1
2 012−
6= 010−
= 2 010− = 12 (012 − )2 − (010 − )2 and
014− 1 014−
10 = 012−
= 2
2 012−
= 12 (014 − )2 − (012 − )2 .
Simplifying gives us 12 = (00044 − 004) and 20 = (00052 − 004). Subtracting the first equation from the second
gives 8 = 00008, so = 10,000. Now the second equation becomes 20 = 52 − 400, so = 32
400
m = 8 cm.
In Exercises 13 – 22, is the number of subintervals of length ∆, and ∗ is a sample point in the th subinterval [−1 ].
13. (a) The cable has a mass of 0.75 = 3/4 kg/m, so the force acting on the ith part is (3/4 kg/m)(9.8 m/s2 )(∆x m) = 147
20
∆x N.
So the work done to lift the entire rope is
n ˆ 15 15
X 147 ∗ 147 147 2 6615
W = lim xi ∆x = x dx = x = J = 826.875 J
n→∞
i=1
20 0 20 40 0 8
Notice that the exact height of the building does not matter (as long as it is more than 15 m).
´ 15/2 147
(b) When half the rope is pulled to the top of the building, the work to lift the top half of the rope is W1 = 0 20
x dx =
147 2 15/2 6615
40
x 0 = 32
J. The bottom half of the rope is lifted 7.5 = 15/2 m and the work needed to accomplish that is
´ 15 147 15 15
dx = 2205 x 15/2 = 6615
W2 = 15/2 20 2 40 16
J. The total work done in pulling half the rope to the top of the
6615 6615 19,845
building is W = W1 + W2 = 32
+ 16
= 16
J ≈ 620.16 J.
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°
644 ¤ CHAPTER 6 APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRATION
14. (a) The 20-m cable is 80 kg, or 4 kg/m. If we divide the cable into n equal parts of length ∆x = 20/n m, then for large
n, all points in the ith part are lifted by approximately the same amount. Choose a representative distance from the
winch in the ith part of the cable, say x∗i . If x∗i < 7 m, then the ith part has to be lifted roughly x∗i m. If x∗i ≥
7 m, then the ith part has to be lifted 7 m. The force acting on the ith part is (4 kg/m)(9.8 m/s2 )(∆x m) = 39.2∆x N,
so the work done in lifting it is (39.2∆x)x∗i if x∗i < 7 m and 39.2∆x)(7) = 274.4∆x if x∗i ≥ 7 m. The work
n1 ´7 7
39.2x∗i ∆x = 0 39.2x dx = 19.6x2 0 = 960.4 J. Here,
P
of lifting the top 7 m of the cable is W1 = lim
n→∞ i=1
n1 represents the number of parts of the cable in the top 7 m. The work of lifting the bottom 13 m of the cable is
n2 ´ 20
274.4∆x = 7 274.4 dx = 274.4x|20
P
W2 = lim
n→∞ i=1 7 = 274.4(13) = 3567.2 J, where n2 represents the number of
small parts in the bottom 13 meters of the cable. The total work done is W = W1 + W2 = 960.4 + 3567.2 = 4527.6 J.
(b) Once x meters of cable have been wound up by the winch, there is (20−x) m of cable still hanging from the winch. The
force acting on that portion of the cable is 4(9.8)(20 − x) N. Lifting it ∆x meters requires 39.2(20 − x)∆x J of work.
´7 7
Thus, the total work needed to lift the cable 7 m is W = 0 39.2(20 − x)dx = 784x − 19.6x2 0 = 5488 − 960.4 =
4527.6 J.
Pn ´0 150
15. The work needed to lift the cable is lim i=1 3(9.8)x∗i ∆x = 150
29.4x dx = 14.7x2 0
= 330,750 J. The work
n→∞
needed to lift the coal is (350 kg)(9.8 m/s2 )(150 m) = 514,500 J. Thus, the total work required is 330,750 + 514,500 =
845,250 J.
16. Assumptions:
1. After lifting, the chain is Lshaped, with 4 m of the chain lying along the ground.
2. The chain slides effortlessly and without friction along the ground while its end is lifted.
3. The weight density of the chain is constant throughout its length and therefore equals (8 kgm)(98 ms2 ) = 784 Nm.
The part of the chain m from the lifted end is raised 6 − m if 0 ≤ ≤ 6 m, and it is lifted 0 m if 6 m.
Thus, the work needed is
6 6
= lim (6 − ∗ ) · 784 ∆ = 0
(6 − )784 = 784 6 − 12 2 0 = (784)(18) = 14112 J
→∞ =1
10
17. The chain’s mass density is 10 kg/3 m = 3
kg/m. The part of the chain x meters below the ceiling (for 1.5 ≤ x ≤ 3) has to
be lifted 2(x − 1.5) m, so the work needed to lift the ith subinterval of the chain is 2(x∗i − 1.5)(9.8)( 10
3
∆x). The total work
needed is
ˆ 3 ˆ
196 3
10 196
W = lim 2(x∗i − 1.5)(9.8) ∆x = [ (x − 1.5)] dx = (x − 1.5) dx
n→∞ 3 1.5 3 3 1.5
3
196 1 2
= x − 1.5x = 73.5 J
3 2 1.5
18. The work needed to lift the model rocket itself is = () = (04 kg)(98 ms2 )(20 m) = 784 Nm = 784 J. At
time (in seconds) the rocket is ∗ = 4 m above the ground, but it now holds only (075 − 015) kg of rocket fuel. In terms
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°
SECTION 6.4 WORK ¤ 645
of distance, the rocket holds 075 − 015 14 ∗ kg of rocket fuel when it is ∗ m above the ground. Moving this mass of
rocket fuel a distance of ∆ m requires (98)(075 − 00375∗ ) ∆ J of work. Thus, the work needed to lift the rocket fuel is
20
= lim 98(075 − 00375∗ ) ∆ = 0
98(075 − 00375)
→∞ =1
20
= 98 075 − 0018752 = 98[(15 − 75) − 0] = 735 J
0
Adding the work of lifting the model rocket itself gives a total of 1519 J of work.
19. At a height of meters (0 ≤ ≤ 12), the mass of the rope is (08 kgm)(12 − m) = (96 − 08) kg and the mass of the
36
water is 12
kgm (12 − m) = (36 − 3) kg. The mass of the bucket is 10 kg, so the total mass is
(96 − 08) + (36 − 3) + 10 = (556 − 38) kg, and hence, the total force is 98(556 − 38) N. The work needed to lift
the bucket ∆ m through the th subinterval of [0 12] is 98(556 − 38∗ )∆, so the total work is
12 12
= lim 98(556 − 38∗ ) ∆ = 0
(98)(556 − 38) = 98 556 − 192 = 98(3936) ≈ 3857 J
→∞ =1 0
20. A horizontal cylindrical slice of water ∆x m thick has a volume of πr2 h = π·3.52 ·∆x m3 and weighs about
(1000 kg/m3 )(9.8 m/s2 )(12.25π∆x m3 ) = 120,050π∆x N. If the slice lies x∗i m below the edge of the pool
(where 0.3 ≤ x∗i ≤ 1.5), then the work needed to pump it out is about 120,050πx∗i ∆x. Thus,
n ˆ 1.5
X 1.5
12,250πx∗i ∆x = 120,050πx dx = 60,025πx2 0.3 = 60,025π(2.25 − 0.09) = 129,654π J
W = lim
n→∞ 0.3
i=1
21. A “slice” of water ∆ m thick and lying at a depth of ∗ m (where 0 ≤ ∗ ≤ 1
2
) has volume (2 × 1 × ∆) m3 , a mass of
2000 ∆ kg, weighs about (98)(2000 ∆) = 19,600 ∆ N, and thus requires about 19,600∗ ∆ J of work for its removal.
12 12
So = lim 19,600∗ ∆ = 0
19,600 = 98002 0 = 2450 J.
→∞ =1
22. We use a vertical coordinate x measured from the center of the water tank. The
top and bottom of the tank have coordinates x = −3.5 m and x = 3.5 m, re-
spectively. A thin horizontal slice of water at coordinate x is a disk of radius
√
3.52 − x2 as shown in the figure. The disk has an arc πr2 = π(3.52 − x2 ),
so if the slice has thickness ∆x, the slice has a volume π(3.52 − x2 )∆x and
weight of 9800π(3.52 − x2 )∆x N. The work needed to raise this water from
ground level (coordinate 21.5) to coordinate x, a distance of (21.5 − x) m, is
9800π(3.52 − x2 )(21.5 − x)∆x J. The total work needed to fill the tank is ap-
n
9800π(3.52 − (x∗i )2 )(21.5 − x∗i )∆x. Thus, the
P
proximated by a Riemann sum
i=1
total work is
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°
646 ¤ CHAPTER 6 APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRATION
n
X ˆ 3.5
W = lim 9800π (3.52 − (x∗i )2 )(21.5 − x∗i )∆x = 9800π(3.52 − x2 )(21.5 − x) dx
n→∞ − 3. 5
i=1
ˆ 3.5
= 9800π [21.5(3.52 − x2 ) − x(3.52 − x2 )] dx
−3.5 | {z } | {z }
even function odd function
ˆ 3.5
= 9800π(2) 21.5(3.52 − x2 ) dx [by Theorem 4.5.6]
0
3.5
1 3 1 2
= 19,600π(21.5) 3.52 x − x = 421,400π(3.53 − · 3.53 ) = 421,400π( · 3.53 )
3 0 3 3
≈ 37,821,352 J
23. A rectangular “slice” of water ∆ m thick and lying m above the bottom has width m and volume 8 ∆ m3 . It weighs
about (98 × 1000)(8 ∆) N, and must be lifted (5 − ) m by the pump, so the work needed is about
(98 × 103 )(5 − )(8 ∆) J. The total work required is
3 3 3
≈ 0 (98 × 103 )(5 − )8 = (98 × 103 ) 0 (40 − 82 ) = (98 × 103 ) 202 − 83 3 0
= (98 × 103 )(180 − 72) = (98 × 103 )(108) = 10584 × 103 ≈ 106 × 106 J
24. Let measure depth (in meters) below the center of the spherical tank, so that = −3 at the top of the tank and = −4 at the
spigot. A horizontal diskshaped “slice” of water ∆ m thick and lying at coordinate has radius 9 − 2 m and volume
2 ∆ = (9 − 2 ) ∆ m3 . It weighs about (98 × 1000)(9 − 2 ) ∆ N and must be lifted ( + 4) m by the pump, so the
work needed to pump it out is about (98 × 103 )( + 4)(9 − 2 ) ∆ J. The total work required is
3 3
≈ (98 × 103 )( + 4)(9 − 2 ) = (98 × 103 ) −3 [(9 − 2 ) + 4(9 − 2 )]
−3
3
= (98 × 103 )(2)(4) 0 (9 − 2 ) [by Theorem 5.5.7]
3
= (784 × 103 ) 9 − 13 3 0 = (784 × 103 )(18) = 1,411,200 ≈ 443 × 106 J
25. Let x measure the depth (in meters) below the spout at the top of the tank. A
horizontal disk-shaped “slice” of water ∆x m thick and lying at coordinate x
has radius 2(1 − 15 x) m (?) and volume πr2 ∆x = π · 4(1 − 15 x)2 ∆x m3 . It
weighs (9800)π · 4(1 − 15 x)2 ∆x N and must be lifted x m by the pump, so the
work needed to pump it out is about 39,200π · x(1 − 15 x)2 ∆x J. The total work
required is
ˆ 2.5
1 2
W ≈ 39,200π · x(1 − x) dx (?) From similar triangles,
0 5
ˆ 2.5 d
= 1
= 2
2 1 2 2.5−x 2.5 5
= 39,200π x(1 − x+ x ) dx
0 5 25
ˆ 2.5
2 2 1 3 So r = 1 + d
= 39,200π x + x dxx−
0 5 25 2
2.5 =1+ (2.5 − x)
5
1 2 2 3 1 4
= 39,200π x − x + x 2
2 15 100 0 =1+1− x
5
≈ 176,262 J 1
= 2(1 − x)
5
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°
SECTION 6.4 WORK ¤ 647
26. Let x measure the depth (in meters) above the bottom of the tank. A horizontal
“slice” of water ∆x m thick and lying at coordinate x has volume 3(2x)∆x m3 .
It weighs (9800)6x∆x N and must be lifted 2 − x m by the pump, so the work
needed to pump it out is (9800)(2 − x)6x∆x J. The total work required is
ˆ 2 ˆ 2 2
1 4
W ≈ (9800)(2 − x)6x dx = 58,800 2x − x2 = 58,800 x2 − x3 = 58,800 = 78,400 J
0 0 3 0 3
27. If only 47 × 105 J of work is done, then only the water above a certain level (call
it ) will be pumped out. So we use the same formula as in Exercise 23, except that
the work is fixed, and we are trying to find the lower limit of integration:
3 3
47 × 105 ≈ (98 × 103 )(5 − )8 = 98 × 103 202 − 83 3 ⇔
2
2 3
47
98 × 10 ≈ 48 = 20 · 3 − 3 · 3
8
− 202 − 83 3 ⇔
23 − 152 + 45 = 0. To find the solution of this equation, we plot 23 − 152 + 45 between = 0 and = 3.
We see that the equation is satisfied for ≈ 20. So the depth of water remaining in the tank is about 20 m.
28. The only changes needed in the solution for Exercise 24 are: (1) change the lower limit from −3 to 0 and (2) change 1000
to 900.
3 3
≈ (98 × 900)( + 4)(9 − 2 ) = (98 × 900) 0 (9 − 3 + 36 − 4 2 )
0
3
= (98 × 900) 92 2 − 14 4 + 36 − 43 3 0 = (98 × 900)(9225) = 813,645
≈ 256 × 106 J [about 58% of the work in Exercise 24]
29. = 2 , so is a function of and can also be regarded as a function of . If 1 = 2 1 and 2 = 2 2 , then
2 2 2
= () = 2 ( ()) = ( ()) () [Let () = 2 , so () = 2 .]
1 1 1
2
= ( ) by the Substitution Rule.
1
30. 1100 kPa = 1,100,000 Pa.
k = P V 1.4 = (1,100,000)(1)1.4 = 1,100,000. Therefore P = 1,100,000V −1.4 and
ˆ 8 8
−1.4 1
W = 1,100,000V dV = 1,100,000 V −0.4
1 −0.4 1
= 1,100,000(2.5) 1 − 8−0.4 ≈ 1,553,000 J
2 2
= ()
31. = () = (()) ()
= ()
1 1
2 2
= ()
= () () =
= ()
1 1
1
= 2 2 2 = 12 22 − 12 12
1
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°
648 ¤ CHAPTER 6 APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRATION
32. By the Work-Energy Theorem, we have W = ∆KE = 1
2
m(v22 − v12 ). At the beginning of the throw, the bowling ball has a
25
velocity of 0 m/s so v1 = 0. v2 = 30 km/h = 3
m/s and we have
25 2
W = ∆KE = 21 mv22 = 12 (5) 3125
3
= 18
≈ 173.6 J
33. The work required to move the 800kg roller coaster car is
60 60
= 0
(572 + 15) = 193 + 0752 = 410,400 + 2700 = 413,100 J.
0
2 2(413,100)
Using Exercise 31 with 1 = 0, we get = 1
2
22 ⇒ 2 = = 3214 ms.
800
2 1 2 √ √
34. = 1
cos 13 = 3
sin 3 1 = 3
2
3
− 2
3
= 0 N·m = 0 J.
32 √
Interpretation: From = 1 to = 32 , the force does work equal to 1
cos 13 = 3
1− 2
3
J in accelerating the
particle and increasing its kinetic energy. From = 3
2
to = 2, the force opposes the motion of the particle, decreasing its
kinetic energy. This is negative work, equal in magnitude but opposite in sign to the work done from = 1 to = 32 .
1 2 −1 1 1
35. (a) = () = =
1 2 =
1 2 −
2
1 1
(b) By part (a), = − where = mass of the earth in kg, = radius of the earth in m,
+ 1,000,000
and = mass of satellite in kg. (Note that 1000 km = 1,000,000 m.) Thus,
1 1
= (667 × 10−11 )(598 × 1024 )(1000) × − ≈ 850 × 109 J
637 × 106 737 × 106
36. (a) Assume the pyramid has smooth sides. From the fig-
ure for 0 ≤ x ≤ 115, an equation for the side is
−147
y= 115
+ 147 ⇔ x = − 115
147
(y − 147). The hor-
izontal cross-section is 2x and the area of the cross-
2
section is A = (2x)2 = 4x2 = 4 115
1472
(y − 147)2 .
A slice of thickness ∆y at height y has volume
∆V = A∆y m3 and weight (9.8)(2400)∆V , so the
work needed to build the pyramid was
ˆ 147 ˆ
1152 2 1152 147 3
W1 = 23,520y · 4(y − 147) dy = 94,080 (y − 2 · 147y 2 + 1472 y) dy
0 1472 1472 0
147
1152 1 4 2 · 147 3 1472 2 1152 1474 2 · 1474 1474
= 94,080 y − y + y = 94,080 − +
1472 4 3 2 0 1472 4 3 2
1152 1474
= 94,080 = 7840 · 1152 · 1472 ≈ 2.241 × 1012 J
1472 12
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°
SECTION 6.5 AVERAGE VALUE OF A FUNCTION ¤ 649
340 days 20yr
(b) Work done = W2 = 10 h
day
· year
· 1 laborer
· 250 J
hour
= 1.7 × 107 laborer
J
. Dividing W1 by W2 gives us about 131,823.5294
laborers.
6.5 Average Value of a Function
2
1. avg = 1
−
() = 1
2 − (−1) −1
(32 + 8) = 13 [3 + 42 ]2−1 = 13 [(8 + 16) − (−1 + 4)] = 7
4√ 4
1 2 32
2. avg = 1
−
() = 1
4−0 0
= 4 3 = 14 23 · 8 = 4
3
0
2
1 1 3 · 2 2
3. avg = () = 3 cos = cos [by Theorem 5.5.7(a)]
− 2 − (−2) −2 0
2
= 6 sin = 6 (1 − 0) = 6
0
4 1
1 1 1 14 = 1
4. avg = () = = (−)
− 4 − 1 1 2 3 1 = −1 2
1 14 1 1
= − = − (14 − ) = ( − 14 )
3 1 3 3
1
1 2
9 1 2 9 9
5. avg = () = = 9 arctan = (arctan 2 − arctan 0) = arctan 2
− 2−0 0 1 + 2 2 0 2 2
1
1 1 2 1 4 1 1 = 3 + 3
6. avg = () = =
− 1 − (−1) −1 (3 + 3)2 2 2 2 3 = 32
4
1 1 1 1 1 1
= − = − + =
6 2 6 4 2 24
−1
7. avg = 1
−
() = 1
−0 0
4 (−) [ = cos , = − sin ]
cos4 sin = 1
1
1 1 1
= 1
−1
4 = 1
· 2 0 4 [by Theorem 5.5.7(a)] = 2 15 5 0 = 5
2
5
1 1 ln 1 ln 5 = ln
8. avg = () = =
− 5−1 1 4 0 = 1
ln 5
= 14 12 2 0 = 18 (ln 5)2
3 3
1 1 1 1
9. (a) avg = = − (c)
3 − 1 1 2 2 1
1 1 1
= − − (−1) =
2 3 3
1 1
(b) () = avg ⇔ = ⇔ 2 = 3 ⇒
2 3
√ √
= 3 since − 3 is not in [1 3].
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°
650 ¤ CHAPTER 6 APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRATION
2 2
1 1 1
10. (a) avg = ( + 1)3 = ( + 1)4 (c)
2−0 0 2 4 0
1 4 1
= (3 − 14 ) = · 80 = 10
8 8
√
(b) () = avg ⇔ ( + 1)3 = 10 ⇔ + 1 = 3
10
√
⇔ = −1 + 3 10 ≈ 1154
1
11. (a) avg = (2 sin − sin 2) (c)
−0 0
= 1 −2 cos + 12 cos 2 0
= 1 2 + 12 − −2 + 12 = 4
(b) () = avg ⇔ 2 sin − sin 2 = 4
⇔
= 1 ≈ 1238 or = 2 ≈ 2808
2 2
12. (a) avg = 1
2−0
2−
0
(c)
2 2
= 12 −− = 12 (−−4 + 1)
0
2
(b) () = avg ⇔ 2− = 12 (1 − −4 ) ⇔
= 1 0263 or = 2 1287
13. is continuous on [1 3], so by the Mean Value Theorem for Integrals there exists a number in [1 3] such that
3
1
() = ()(3 − 1) ⇒ 8 = 2 (); that is, there is a number such that () = 8
2
= 4.
1
14. The requirement is that () = 3. The LHS of this equation is equal to
−0 0
1 1
2 + 6 − 32 = 2 + 32 − 3 0 = 2 + 3 − 2 , so we solve the equation 2 + 3 − 2 = 3 ⇔
0
√
3 ± (−3)2 − 4 · 1 · 1 3± 5
2
− 3 + 1 = 0 ⇔ = = . Both roots are valid since they are positive.
2·1 2
15. Use geometric interpretations to find the values of the integrals.
8 1 2 3 4 6 7 8
0
() = 0
() + 1
() + 2
() + 3
() + 4
() + 6
() + 7
()
= − 12 + 1
2 + 1
2 +1+4+ 3
2 +2=9
8
Thus, the average value of on [0 8] = avg = 1
8−0 0
() = 18 (9) = 98 .
12
16. (a) avg = 1
12 − 0 0
() = 1
12 . Use the Midpoint Rule with = 3 and ∆ = 12−0
3 = 4 to estimate .
≈ 3 = 4[(2) + (6) + (10)] = 4[21 + 50 + 66] = 4(137) = 548. Thus, avg ≈ 1
12
(548) = 45 23 kmh.
(b) Estimating from the graph, () = 45 23 when ≈ 52 s.
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°
SECTION 6.5 AVERAGE VALUE OF A FUNCTION ¤ 651
17. Let = 0 and = 12 correspond to 9 AM and 9 PM , respectively.
ˆ 12 12
1 1 1 12 1
avg = 10 + 4 sin πt dt = 10t − 4 · cos πt
12 − 0 0 12 12 π 12 0
1 12 12 8 ◦ ◦
= 10 · 12 + 4 · +4· = 10 + C ≈ 12.5 C
12 π π π
18. (a) From the graph we see that the West Coast city had the highest temperature that day, at 25◦ C.
´b
(b) By the Mean Value Theorem, we have that Tavg = T ∗ = 1
b−a a
T (t) dt. We use the Midpoint Rule with n = 12 , so
that ∆t = 2. The midpoints are then 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, and 23 hours. Reading from the graph we have
the following table.
t (hours) 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23
◦
TEast ( C) 15 15 17.5 17.5 22.5 20 17.5 20 12.5 17.5 15 12.5
◦
TW est ( C) 17.5 12.5 10 12.5 15 17.5 25 17.5 15 12.5 10 10
ˆ b n 12 12
∗ 1 1 X ¯ 1 X ¯ 1 X ¯
TEast = T (t) dt ≈ T (ti )∆t = T (ti )(2) = T (ti )
b−a a b − a i=1 24 − 0 1 12 1
1
= (15 + 15 + 17.5 + 17.5 + 22.5 + 20 + 17.5 + 20 + 12.5 + 17.5 + 15 + 12.5) ≈ 16.9◦ C
12
∗ 1
Similarly, TW est = (17.5 + 12.5 + 10 + 12.5 + 15 + 17.5 + 25 + 17.5 + 15 + 12.5 + 10 + 10) ≈ 14.6◦ C
12
Therefore, on average, the East Coast city was warmer on that day.
1 8
12 3 8 √ 8
19. avg = √ = ( + 1)−12 = 3 + 1 0 = 9 − 3 = 6 kgm
8 0 +1 2 0
1
1
2 2 3 2
20. avg = () = (2 − 2 ) = − 13 3 0 = =
−0 0 0 4 4 4 3 6
2
Since () is decreasing on (0 ], max = (0) = . Thus, avg = 23 max .
4
50 50
21. avg = 1
50−0 0
1
() = 50 0
2560 [with = 0017185]
50
2560 1 2560 50
= = ( − 1) ≈ 4056 million, or about 4 billion people
50 0 50
22. (a) Similar to Example 3.8.3, we have = 20◦ C and hence = ( − 20). Let = − 20, so that
(0) = (0) − 20 = 95 − 20 = 75. Now satisfies (3.8.2), so = 75 . We are given that (30) = 61, so
(30) = 61 − 20 = 41 and 41 = 75(30) ⇒ 41
75
= 30 ⇒ 30 = ln 41
75
⇒ = 1
30
ln 41
75
≈ −0020131.
Thus, () = 20 + 75− , where = − ≈ 002.
30 30
− 30
(b) avg = 1
30 − 0 0
() = 1
30 (20 + 75− ) = 30
0
1
20 − 75
0
= 1
30
600 − 75 −30
− 0− 75
= 1
30
600 − 75
· 41
75
+ 75
1
= 30 600 + 34
34
= 20 + 30 ≈ 763◦ C
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°
652 ¤ CHAPTER 6 APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRATION
5 5 5
23. avg = 1
5 0
() = 1
5
5
0 4
1 − cos 25 = 1
4 0
1 − cos 25
5
= 1
4
− 5
2
sin 25 0 = 1
4
[(5 − 0) − 0] = 5
4
≈ 04 L
√ 2
24. = 1
2
2 ⇒ = 2 [since ≥ 0]. Now = = =
2 = 2 ⇒ 2 = 2 ⇒ = .
2
√
We see that can be regarded as a function of or of : = () = and = () = 2. Note that = ( ) = .
2 [ ()]2
Displacement can be viewed as a function of : = () = 12 2 ; also () = = . When = , these two
2 2
formulas for () imply that
2( ) = ( ) = = = 2 12 2 = 2( ) ()
The average of the velocities with respect to time during the interval [0 ] is
1 1 ( ) 1
avg = avg = () = [( ) − (0)] [by FTC] = [since (0) = 0] = [by ()]
−0 0 2
But the average of the velocities with respect to displacement during the corresponding displacement interval
[(0) ( )] = [0 ( )] is
( ) ( ) √ ( )
1 1 2
avg = avg = () = 2 = 12
( ) − 0 0 ( ) 0 ( ) 0
√ √
2 2 32 ( ) 2 2 32 2 2
= · = · · ( ) = 2( ) = [by ()]
( ) 3 0 3 ( ) 3 3
25. avg = 1
−
()
1
−
(area of trapezoid )
= 1
− (area of rectangle )
= −1 + 2
· ( − )
= + 2
1 1 1
26. avg [ ] = () =
() + ()
− − −
− 1 − 1 − −
= () + () = avg [ ] + avg [ ]
− − − − − −
27. Since is continuous, we can apply l’Hospital’s Rule.
()
1 H ()
lim avg [ ] = lim () = lim [ form 00 ] = lim = ()
→+ →+ − →+ − →+ 1
28. Let () =
() for in [ ]. Then is continuous on [ ] and differentiable on ( ), so by the Mean Value
Theorem there is a number in ( ) such that () − () = 0 ()( − ). But 0 () = () by the Fundamental
Theorem of Calculus. Therefore,
() − 0 = ()( − ).
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°
APPLIED PROJECT CALCULUS AND BASEBALL ¤ 653
APPLIED PROJECT Calculus and Baseball
1. (a) = = , so by the Substitution Rule we have
1 1 1
() = = = 1 = 1 − 0 = (1 ) − (0 )
0 0 0
0
(b) (i) We have v1 = 180 km/h = 50 m/s, v0 = −145 km/h = −40.27 m/s, and the mass of the baseball is 0.14 kg. So
the change in momentum is p(t1 ) − p(t0 ) = mv1 − mv0 = 0.14[50 − (−40.27)] ≈ 12.64 kg·m/s.
´ 0.001
(ii) From part (a) and part (b)(i), we have 0 F (t) dt = p(0.001) − p(0) ≈ 12.64, so the average force over the
1
´ 0.001 1
interval [0, 0.001] is 0.001 0
F (t) dt ≈ 0.001 (12.64) = 12,640 N.
1
2. (a) = () , where () = = = and so, by the Substitution Rule,
0
1 1
(1 ) 1 2 1
= () = = = 2 0
= 12 12 − 12 02
0 0 (0 )
(b) From part 1, (b)(i), 145 km/h = 40.27 m/s. Assume v 0 = v(s0 ) = 0 and v1 = v(s1 ) = 40.27 m/s [note that s1 is the
point of release of the baseball]. m = 0.14, so the work done is W = 12 mv12 − 12 mv02 = 1
2
· (0.14) · (40.27) ≈ 114 J.
3. (a) Here we have a differential equation of the form dv/dt = kv so by Theorem 3.8.2, the solution is v(t) = v(0)ekt. In
x
1
this case, k = − 10 and v(0) = 30 m/s, so v(t) = 30e−10 . We are interested in the time t that the ball takes to travel
85 m, so we find the distance function
ˆ t it
x
h
dx = 30 −10e−x/10 = −300(e−t/10 − 1) = 300(1 − e−t/10 )
−
s(t) = 30e 10
0 0
Now we set s(t) = 85 and solve for t : 85 = 300(1−e−t/10 ) ⇒ 1−e−t/10 = 17
60
1
⇒ − 10 t = ln(1− 17
60
)⇒
t ≈ 3.331 seconds.
(b) Let x be the distance of the shortstop from home plate. We calculate the time for the ball to reach home plate as a
function of x, then differentiate with respect to x to find the value of x which corresponds to the minimum time. The
total time that it takes the ball to reach home is the sum of the times of the two throws, plus the relay time (0.5 s). The
distance from the fielder to the shortstop is 85 − x, so to find the time t1 taken by the first throw, we solve the equation:
85 − x 215 + x
s1 (t1 ) = 85 − x ⇔ 1 − e−t1 /10 = ⇔ t1 = −10 ln
300 300
We find the time t2 taken by the second throw if the shortstop throws with velocity w, since we see that this velocity
varies in the rest of the problem. We use v = we−t/10 and isolate t2 in the equation:
x 10w − x
s(t2 ) = 10w(1 − e−t2 /10 ) = x ⇔ e−t2 /10 = 1 − ⇔ t2 = −10 ln
10w 10w
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°
654 ¤ CHAPTER 6 APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRATION
h i
dtw
so the total time is tw = 12 −10 ln 215+x 10w−x 1 1
300
+ ln 10w
. To find the minimum, we differentiate: dx
= −10 215+x
− 10w−x
,
which changes from negative to positive when 215 + x = 10w − x ⇔ x = 5w − 107.5. By the First Deriva-
tive Test, tw has a minimum at this distance from the shortstop to home plate. So if the shortstop throws at w =
32 m/s from a point x = 5(32) − 107.5 = 52.5 m from home plate, the minimum time is t32 (52.5) =
1
− 10 ln 215+52.5 + ln 320−52.5
2 300 320
≈ 3.439 s. This is longer than the time taken in part (a), so in this case the
manager should encourage a direct throw. If w = 35 m/s, then x = 67.5 m from home, and the minimum time is
t35 (67.5) = 12 − 10 ln 215+67.5 + ln 350−67.5
300 350
≈ 3.244. This is less than the time taken in part (a) so in this case,
the manager should encourage a relayed throw.
(c) In general, the minimum time is
1 107.5 + 5w 107.5 + 5w
tw (5w − 107.5) = − 10 ln + ln
2 300 10w
1 (107.5 + 5w)2
= − 10 ln
2 3000w
We want to find out when this is about 3.331 seconds, the time as the direct throw. Using a computer, we find that
w ≈ 33.7 m/s. So if the shortstop can throw the ball with this velocity, then a relayed throw takes the same time as a
direct throw.
APPLIED PROJECT Where to Sit at the Movies
1. |V P | = 2.7 + x cos α, |P T | = 10.5 − (1.2 + x sin α) = 9.3 − x sin α, and |P B| =
(1.2 + x sin α) − 3 = x sin α − 1.8. So, using the Pythagorean Theorem, we have
p p
|V T | = |V P |2 + |P T |2 = (2.7 + x cos α)2 + (9.3 − x sin α)2 = a, and
p p
|V B| = |V P |2 + |P B|2 = (2.7 + x cos α)2 + (x sin α − 1.8)2 = b. Using the Law
of Cosines on 4V BT , we get
a2 + b2 − 56.25
7.52 = a2 + b2 − 2ab cos θ ⇔ θ = arccos , as required.
2ab
2. From the graph of θ, it appears that the value of x which maximizes θ is x ≈ 2.3 m. Assuming
that the first row is at x = 0, the row closest to this value of x is the fourth row, at x = 2.7 m,
and from the graph, the viewing angle in this row seems to be about 0.84 radians, or about
48.2 ◦.
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°
CHAPTER 6 REVIEW ¤ 655
3. With a CAS,we type in the definition of θ, substitute in the proper values of a and b in terms of x and α = 20◦ = π
9
radians,
and then use the differentiation command to find the derivative. We use a numerical root finder and find that the root of the
equation dθ/dx = 0 is x ≈ 2.3, as approximated in Problem 2.
4. From the graph in Problem 2, it seems that the average value of the function on the interval [0,18] is about 0.6. We can use a
´ 18
CAS to approximate 1
18 0
θ(x) dx ≈ 0.606 ≈ 34.7 ◦. (The calculation is much faster if we reduce the number of digits of
accuracy required.) The minimum value is θ(18) ≈ 0.36
. and, from Problem 2, the maximum value is about 0.84.
6 Review
1. False. For example, let () = , () = 2, = 1, and = 2. The area between the curves for ≤ ≤ is
= [() − ()] . The given integral represents area when () ≥ () for ≤ ≤ .
2. False. In a solid of revolution, crosssections perpendicular to the axis of rotation are circular. A cube has no circular
crosssections.
3. False. Crosssections perpendicular to the axis are washers, and we find crosssectional area by subtracting the area of
√ 2
√ 2
the inner circle from the area of the outer circle Thus, () = − ()2 = − 2 , and the
1 1 √
2
volume of the resulting solid is = () = − 2 .
0 0
4. True. See “The Method of Cylindrical Shells” in Section 6.3.
5. True. See “Volumes of Solids of Revolution” in Section 6.2.
6. True. See “Volumes of Solids of Revolution” in Section 6.2.
7. False. Crosssections perpendicular to the axis are washers.
8. False. Using the method of cylindrical shells, a typical shell of the solid obtained by revolving R about the axis has
radius , and the volume of the solid is = 2 () . Again using the method of cylindrical shells, a typical
shell of the solid obtained by revolving about the line = −2 has radius − (−2) = + 2, and the volume of the
solid is = 2( + 2) () .
9. True. A crosssection of perpendicular to the axis is a square with side length (), so each crosssection has area
() = [ ()]2 and volume = () = [()]2 .
10. False. The work done to pull up the top half of the cable will be more than half of the work required to pull up the entire
cable. When the top half of the cable is being pulled up, the bottom half is still attached, and extra work is required
to pull that bottom half up as the top half is pulled up. There is no such extra work required as the remaining bottom
half is pulled up.
11. True. By defnition of the average value of on the interval [ ], the average value of on [2 5] is
1
5 1
5 − 2 2 () = 3 (12) = 4.
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°
656 ¤ CHAPTER 6 APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRATION
1. The curves intersect when 2 = 8 − 2 ⇔ 22 − 8 = 0 ⇔
2( − 4) = 0 ⇔ = 0 or 4.
4 4
= 0 (8 − 2 ) − 2 = 0 (8 − 22 )
4
= 42 − 23 3 0 = 64 − 128
3
−0 = 64
3
√
2. The line = − 2 intersects the curve = at (4 2) and it intersects
√
the curve = − 3 at (1 −1).
1 √ √ 4 √
= 0 [ − (− 3 )] + 1 [ − ( − 2)]
1 4
= 23 32 + 34 43 + 23 32 − 12 2 + 2
0 1
2 3
16
= 3 + 4
−0+ 3 − 8 + 8 − 23 − 1
2 +2
16 3 3 55
= 3 + 4 − 2 = 12
0 2
Or, integrating with respect to : = −1
[( + 2) − (− 3 )] + 0
[( + 2) − 2 ]
3. If ≥ 0, then | | = , and the graphs intersect when = 1 − 22 ⇔ 22 + − 1 = 0 ⇔ (2 − 1)( + 1) = 0 ⇔
= 1
2
or −1, but −1 0. By symmetry, we can double the area from = 0 to = 12 .
12 12
= 2 0
(1 − 22 ) − = 2 0 (−22 − + 1)
12 1
= 2 − 23 3 − 12 2 + 0 = 2 − 12 − 1
8
+ 1
2
−0
7 7
= 2 24 = 12
4. 2 + 3 = − ⇔ 2 + 4 = 0 ⇔ ( + 4) = 0 ⇔
= 0 or −4.
0 0
= −4
− − ( 2 + 3) = −4 (− 2 − 4)
0
= − 13 3 − 2 2 −4 = 0 − 64
3 − 32 =
32
3
2
5. = sin − (2 − 2)
0 2
1 2
2
= − cos − 3 + 2
2 3 0
2 8
2 4 4
= − 3 + 4 − − − 0 + 0 = 3 +
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°
CHAPTER 6 REVIEW ¤ 657
1 √ 2 √
6. = 0 − 2 + 1 2 −
1 2
2 32
= 3 − 13 3 + 1 3
3 − 23 32
0 1
2 1
√ 1
= 3
− 3
− 0 + 83 − 4
3
2 − 3 − 23
10 4
√
= 3 − 3 2
7. Using washers with inner radius 2 and outer radius 2, we have
2 2
= 0
(2)2 − (2 )2 = 0 (42 − 4 )
2
= 43 3 − 15 5 0 = 32
3
− 32
5
2 64
= 32 · 15
= 15
8. 1 + 2 = + 3 ⇔ 2 − − 2 = 0 ⇔ ( − 2)( + 1) = 0 ⇔
= 2 or −1.
2 2
= −1 ( + 3)2 − (1 + 2 )2 = −1 ( 2 + 6 + 9 − 1 − 2 2 − 4 )
2 2
= (8 + 6 − 2 − 4 ) = 8 + 3 2 − 13 3 − 15 5 −1
−1
= 16 + 12 − 83 − 32
5
− −8 + 3 + 13 + 15 = 33 − 93 − 33
5
= 117
5
3 2
9. = −3
(9 − 2 ) − (−1) − [0 − (−1)]2
3 3
= 2 0
(10 − 2 )2 − 1 = 2 0 (100 − 20 2 + 4 − 1)
3 3
= 2 (99 − 20 2 + 4 ) = 2 99 −
0
20 3
3
+ 15 5 0
1656
= 2 297 − 180 + 243
5
= 5
2 2 2
10. = −2
(9 − 2 ) − (−1) − (2 + 1) − (−1)
2
= −2
(10 − 2 )2 − (2 + 2)2
2 2
= 2 0 (96 − 242 ) = 48 0 (4 − 2 )
2
= 48 4 − 13 3 0 = 48 8 − 83 = 256
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°
658 ¤ CHAPTER 6 APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRATION
11. The graph of 2 − 2 = 2 is a hyperbola with right and left branches.
√
Solving for gives us 2 = 2 − 2 ⇒ = ± 2 − 2 .
We’ll use shells and the height of each shell is
√ √ √
2 − 2 − − 2 − 2 = 2 2 − 2 .
+ √
The volume is = 2 · 2 2 − 2 . To evaluate, let = 2 − 2 ,
so = 2 and = 1
2
. When = , = 0, and when = + ,
= ( + )2 − 2 = 2 + 2 + 2 − 2 = 2 + 2 .
2+2 √ 1
2
2+2
4 32
Thus, = 4 = 2 32 = 2 + 2 .
0 2 3 0 3
12. A shell has radius , circumference 2, and height tan − .
3
= 0
2 (tan − )
13. A shell has radius
2
− , circumference 2 2
− , and height cos2 − 14 .
= cos2 intersects = 1
4 when cos2 = 1
4 ⇔
cos = ± 12 [ || ≤ 2] ⇔ = ± 3 .
3
1
2
= 2 − cos −
−3 2 4
14. A shell has radius − (−1) = + 1,
circumference 2( + 1), and height ln .
4
= 1 2( + 1) ln
15. 32 = 3 ⇔ 3 − 32 = 0 ⇔
2 ( − 3) = 0 ⇔ = 0 or = 3
= 32 ⇒ = ( 0)
3
= 3 ⇒ = 3
[continued]
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°
CHAPTER 6 REVIEW ¤ 659
(a) With as the variable of integration, we use the method of cylindrical shells.
3 3
3
= 2( + 1)(32 − 3 ) = 2(23 − 4 + 32 ) = 2 12 4 − 15 5 + 3 0
0 0
81 243 189 189
= 2 − + 27 − 0 = 2 · =
2 5 10 5
(b) With as the variable of integration, we use washers with inner radius + 1 and outer radius 3 + 1.
3
The area of a crosssection is
2 2
2
3 +1 − + 1 = ( 23 + 2 13 + 1) − + √ 12 + 1)
3 3 3
2
= 23 + 2 13 − − √ 12
3 3
27 27
23 13 2 12 3 53 3 43 1 2 4 32
= + 2 − −√ = + − − √
0 3 3 5 2 6 3 3 0
729 243 243 189
= + − − 108 − 0 =
5 2 2 5
√
16. = 2 ⇒ = 4 ⇔ 4 − = 0 ⇔
(3 − 1) = 0 ⇔ = 0 or = 1
√
= ⇒ = 2 ( 0)
= 2 ( 0) ⇒ =
√
(a) With as the variable of integration, we use washers with inner radius 3 − and outer radius 3 − 2 . The area of a
√ 2
crosssection is (3 − 2 )2 − 3 − = [(9 − 62 + 4 ) − (9 − 612 + )] = (−62 + 4 + 612 − ).
1
1
= (−62 + 4 + 612 − ) = −23 + 15 5 + 432 − 12 2 = −2 + 1
5
+4− 1
2
−0 = 17
10
0 0
(b) With as the variable of integration, we use the method of cylindrical shells.
1 1
= 2(3 − ) − 2 = 2(3 12 − 3 2 − 32 + 3 )
0 0
1
= 2 2 32 − 3 − 25 52 + 14 4 = 2 2 − 1 − 2
5
+ 1
4
− 0 = 2 · 17
20
= 17
10
0
17. (a) A crosssection is a washer with inner radius 2 and outer radius .
1 2 1 1
= 0
() − (2 )2 = 0 (2 − 4 ) = 13 3 − 15 5 0 = 13 − 15 = 2
15
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°
660 ¤ CHAPTER 6 APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRATION
(b) A crosssection is a washer with inner radius and outer radius .
1 2 1 1
= 0 − 2 = 0 ( − 2 ) = 12 2 − 13 3 0 = 12 − 13 =
6
(c) A crosssection is a washer with inner radius 2 − and outer radius 2 − 2 .
1 1 1
= 0 (2 − 2 )2 − (2 − )2 = 0 (4 − 52 + 4) = 15 5 − 53 3 + 22 0 = 15 − 5
3
+2 = 8
15
1 1
18. (a) = 0
(2 − 2 − 3 ) = 2 − 13 3 − 14 4 0 = 1 − 1
3
− 1
4
= 5
12
(b) A crosssection is a washer with inner radius 3 and outer radius 2 − 2 , so its area is (2 − 2 )2 − (3 )2 .
1 1 1
= 0
() = [(2 − 2 )2 − (3 )2 ] = 0 (42 − 43 + 4 − 6 )
0
1
= 43 3 − 4 + 15 5 − 17 7 0 = 43 − 1 + 15 − 17 = 105
41
(c) Using the method of cylindrical shells,
1 1 2 1 2
= 0
2(2 − 2 − 3 ) = 0
2(22 − 3 − 4 ) = 2 3
3 − 14 4 − 15 5 0
= 2 3
− 1
4
− 1
5
= 13
30
.
19. (a) Using the Midpoint Rule on [0 1] with () = tan(2 ) and = 4, we estimate
1
2 2 2 2
= 0
tan(2 ) ≈ 1
4
tan 18 + tan 38 + tan 58 + tan 78 ≈ 14 (153) ≈ 038
(b) Using the Midpoint Rule on [0 1] with () = tan2 (2 ) (for disks) and = 4, we estimate
1
2 2 2 2
= 0
() ≈ 14 tan2 18 + tan2 38 + tan2 58 + tan2 78 ≈
4 (1114) ≈ 087
20. (a) From the graph, we see that the curves intersect at = 0 and at
= ≈ 075, with 1 − 2 6 − + 1 on (0 ).
(b) The area of R is = 0
(1 − 2 ) − (6 − + 1) = − 13 3 − 17 7 + 12 2 0 ≈ 012.
(c) Using washers, the volume generated when R is rotated about the axis is
= 0 [(1 − 2 )2 − (6 − + 1)2 ] = 0 (−12 + 27 − 26 + 4 − 32 + 2)
1 13 1 8 2 7 1 5
= − 13 + 4 − 7 + 5 − 3 + 2 0 ≈ 054
(d) Using shells, the volume generated when R is rotated about the axis is
= 0 2[(1 − 2 ) − (6 − + 1)] = 2 0 (−3 − 7 + 2 ) = 2 − 14 4 − 18 8 + 13 3 0 ≈ 031.
2 2
21. 0
2 cos = 0
(2) cos
The solid is obtained by rotating the region R = ( ) | 0 ≤ ≤
2
0 ≤ ≤ cos about the axis.
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°
CHAPTER 6 REVIEW ¤ 661
2 2 √ 2
22. 0
2 cos2 = 0
2 cos
√
The solid is obtained by rotating the region R = ( ) | 0 ≤ ≤
2
0 ≤≤ 2 cos about the axis.
23. 0
(2 − sin )2
The solid is obtained by rotating the region R = {( ) | 0 ≤ ≤ 0 ≤ ≤ 2 − sin } about the axis.
4
24. 0
2(6 − )(4 − 2 )
The solid is obtained by rotating the region R = ( ) | 0 ≤ ≤ 4 − 2 0 ≤ ≤ 4 about the line = 6.
3
25. Take the base to be the disk 2 + 2 ≤ 9. Then = −3
() , where (0 ) is the area of the isosceles right triangle
√
whose hypotenuse lies along the line = 0 in the plane. The length of the hypotenuse is 2 9 − 2 and the length of
√ √ √ √ 2
each leg is 2 9 − 2 . () = 12 2 9 − 2 = 9 − 2 , so
3 3 3
=2 0
() = 2 0
(9 − 2 ) = 2 9 − 13 3 0 = 2(27 − 9) = 36
1 1 1 2 1 2
26. = −1
() = 2 0
() = 2 0
(2 − 2 ) − 2 = 2 0 2(1 − 2 )
1 1
=8 0
(1 − 22 + 4 ) = 8 − 23 3 + 15 5 0 = 8 1 − 2
3
+ 1
5
= 64
15
√
27. Equilateral triangles with sides measuring 14 meters have height 14 sin 60◦ = 3
8 . Therefore,
√ √ 20 √ 20 √ 1 20 √ √
() = 1
2
· 14 · 8
3
= 64
.
3 2
= 0
() = 3
64 0
2 = 3
64 3
3 0
= 8000 3
64 · 3
= 125 3
3
m3 .
28. (a) By the symmetry of the problem, we consider only the solid to the right of the origin. The semicircular crosssections
perpendicular to the axis have radius 1 − , so () = 12 (1 − )2 . Now we can calculate
1 1 1 1
=2 0
() = 2 1
0 2
(1 − )2 = 0
(1 − )2 = − 3 (1 − )3 0 =
3
.
(b) Cut the solid with a plane perpendicular to the axis and passing through the axis. Fold the half of the solid in the
region ≤ 0 under the plane so that the point (−1 0) comes around and touches the point (1 0). The resulting solid is
a right circular cone of radius 1 with vertex at ( ) = (1 0 0) and with its base in the plane, centered at the origin.
The volume of this cone is 13 2 = 13 · 12 · 1 =
3
.
29. () = ⇒ 30 N = (15 − 12) cm ⇒ = 10 Ncm = 1000 Nm. 20 cm − 12 cm = 008 m ⇒
008 008 008
= 0
= 1000 0
= 500 2 0 = 500(008)2 = 32 N·m = 32 J.
30. The work needed to raise the elevator alone is 725 kg × 9.8 m/s2 × 9 m = 63,945 J. The work needed to raise the bottom
´9
51 m of cable is 51 m×15 kg/m×9.8 m/s2 ×9 m = 67,473 J. The work needed to raise the top 9 m of cable is 0 15x dx =
9
7.5x2 0 = 7.5 · 81 = 607.5 J. Adding these, we see that the total work needed is 63,945 + 67,473 + 607.5 = 132,025.5 J.
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°
662 ¤ CHAPTER 6 APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRATION
31. (a) The parabola has equation y = ax2 with vertex at the origin and passing
through (1.2, 1.2). 1.2 = a · 1.22 ⇒ a = 1.2 1
= 56 ⇒ y = 56 x2 ⇒
q q
x2 = 65 y ⇒ x = 6
5
y. Each circular disk has radius 65 y and is moved
1.2 − y m.
ˆ 1.2
r !2 ˆ 1.2
6
W = π y 9800(1.2 − y) dy = 11,760π y(1.2 − y) dy
0 5 0
1.2
3 2 1 3
= 11,760π y − y = 11,760π(0.288) ≈ 10,635 J
5 3 0
(b) In part (a) we knew the final water level (0) but not the amount of work done. Here we use the same equation, except with the
work fixed, and the lower limit of integration (that is the final water level – call it h) unknown:
1.2
W = 4000 ⇔ 11, 760π 35 y 2 − 13 y 3 h = 4000 ⇔ 147π
3 2 1 3
50 36 36 50
− 35 h2 + 13 h3 = 0. We
= 125 − 5 h + 3 h ⇔ 125 − 147π
graph the function f (h) = 36
125
− 50
147π
− 35 h2 + 13 h3 on the interval [0, 1.2], using a computer, to see where it is 0. We find
that f (h) = 0 when h ≈ 0.7. So the depth of the water remaining is about 0.7 m.
.
32. A horizontal slice of cooking oil ∆ m thick has a volume of 2 = · 22 · ∆ m3 , a mass of 920(4 ∆) kg,
weighs about (98)(3680 ∆) = 36,064∆ N, and thus requires about 36,064∗ ∆ J
of work for its removal (where 3 ≤ ∗ ≤ 6). The total work needed to empty the tank is
6 6
= lim 36,064∗ ∆ = 3
36,064 = 36,064 1 2
2 = 18,032(36 − 9) = 486,864 153 × 106 J.
→∞ =1 3
1
1 4
4 4 4 4
33. avg = () = sec2 = tan = (1 − 0) =
− 4 − 0 0 0
4
1 1 1
34. (a) avg = () = √ (c)
− 4−1 1
4
1 1 √ 4
= −12 = 2
3 1 3 1
= 23 (2 − 1) = 2
3
1 2 √ 3 9
(b) () = avg ⇔ √ = ⇔ = ⇔ =
3 2 4
35. (a) The regions R1 and R2 are shown in the figure.
1
The area of R1 is 1 = 0
2 = 3
3 0
= 13 3 , and the area of R2 is
2 2
2 32
2 = 0
= 3 = 23 3 . So there is no solution to 1 = 2
0
for 6= 0.
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°
CHAPTER 6 REVIEW ¤ 663
(b) Using disks, we calculate the volume of rotation of R1 about the axis to be 1 = 0
(2 )2 = 15 5 .
Using cylindrical shells, we calculate the volume of rotation of R1 about the axis to be
1
1 = 2 0
(2 ) = 2 4
4 0
= 12 4 . So 1 = 1 ⇔ 1
5
5 = 12 4 ⇔ 2 = 5 ⇔ = 52 .
So the volumes of rotation about the and axes are the same for = 52 .
(c) We use cylindrical shells to calculate the volume of rotation of R2 about the axis:
2 2
R2 = 2 = 2 25 52 = 45 5 . We already know the volume of rotation of R1 about the axis
0 0
from part (b), and R1 = R2 ⇔ 1
5
5 = 45 5 , which has no solution for 6= 0.
2 2 2
(d) We use disks to calculate the volume of rotation of R2 about the axis: R2 = 0
= 12 2 0 = 12 4 .
We know the volume of rotation of R1 about the axis from part (b), and R1 = R2 ⇔ 1
2
4 = 12 4 . But this
equation is true for all , so the volumes of rotation about the axis are equal for all values of .
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°
PROBLEMS PLUS
1. The volume generated from = 0 to = is 0
[ ()]2 . Hence, we are given that 2 = 0
[ ()]2 for all 0.
Differentiating both sides of this equation with respect to using the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus gives
2 = [ ()]2 ⇒ () = 2, since is positive. Therefore, () = 2.
2. The total area of the region bounded by the parabola = − 2 = (1 − )
1 1 1
and the axis is 0
( − 2 ) = 2
2
− 13 3 0
= 16 . Let the slope of the
line we are looking for be . Then the area above this line but below the
parabola is 0 ( − 2 ) − , where is the coordinate of the point
of intersection of the line and the parabola. We find the point of intersection
by solving the equation − 2 = ⇔ 1 − = ⇔ = 1 − . So the value of is 1 − , and
1− 1− 1−
0
( − 2 ) − = 0 (1 − ) − 2 = 12 (1 − )2 − 13 3 0
= 12 (1 − )(1 − )2 − 13 (1 − )3 = 16 (1 − )3
We want this to be half of 16 , so 16 (1 − )3 = 1
12
⇔ (1 − )3 = 6
12
⇔ 1− = 3 1
2
⇔ =1− 3 .
1
√
2
So the
slope of the required line is 1 − 1
√
3
2
≈ 0206.
3. We must find expressions for the areas and , and then set them equal and see what this says about the curve . If
= 22 , then area is just 0 (22 − 2 ) = 0 2 = 13 3 . To find area , we use as the variable of
integration. So we find the equation of the middle curve as a function of : = 22 ⇔ = 2, since we are
concerned with the first quadrant only. We can express area as
22 22 22 22
4 4
2 − () = (2)32 − () = 3 − ()
0 3 0 0 3 0
22 22
where () is the function with graph . Setting = , we get 13 3 = 43 3 − 0
() ⇔ 0
() = 3 .
Now we differentiate this equation with respect to using the Chain Rule and the Fundamental Theorem:
(22 )(4) = 32 ⇒ () = 34 2, where = 22 . Now we can solve for : = 34 2 ⇒
2 = 9
16
(2) ⇒ = 9
.
32 2
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° 665
666 ¤ CHAPTER 6 PROBLEMS PLUS
4. (a) Take slices perpendicular to the line through the center of the bottom of the glass and the point where the top surface
of the water meets the bottom of the glass.
A typical rectangular crosssection units above the axis of the glass has width 2 || = 2 2 − 2 and length
| | −
= || = ( − ). [Triangles and are similar, so = = .] Thus,
2 | | 2
2
= 2 − 2 ·
2 ( − ) = 1− − 2
− 2 −
2
= 2 − 2 − − 2
− −
2 the first integral is the area of a semicircle of radius r, 2
=· − ·0 =
2 and the second has an odd integrand 2
(b) Slice parallel to the plane through the axis of the glass and the point of contact . (This is the plane determined by , ,
and in the figure.) is a typical trapezoidal slice. With respect to an axis with origin at as shown, if and
√
have coordinate , then | | = 2 2 − 2 . Projecting the trapezoid onto the plane of the triangle
√
(call the projection 0 0 0 0 ), we see that | | = 2, | | = 2 2 − 2 , and
√
| 0 | = | 0| = 12 (| | − | |) = − 2 − 2 .
| | || √
By similar triangles, = , so | | = − 2 − 2 · . In the same way, we find that
| 0 | | | 2
| | || √
= , so | | = | 0 | · = (| | − | 0|) · = + 2 − 2 · . The
| 0 | | | 2 2 2
area () of the trapezoid is 12 | | · (| | + | |); that is,
√ √ √ √
() = 12 · 2 2 − 2 · − 2 − 2 · + + 2 − 2 · = 2 − 2 . Thus,
2 2
2 2
= () = 2 − 2 = · = .
− − 2 2
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°
CHAPTER 6 PROBLEMS PLUS ¤ 667
(c) See the computation of in part (a) or part (b).
(d) The volume of the water is exactly half the volume of the cylindrical glass, so = 12 2 .
(e) Choose , , and axes as shown in the figure. Then
slices perpendicular to the axis are triangular, slices
perpendicular to the axis are rectangular, and slices
perpendicular to the axis are segments of circles.
Using triangular slices, we find that the area () of
a typical slice , where has coordinate , is given by
2
1 1
() = 2 || · | | = 2 || · || = ||2 = − 2 . Thus,
2 2
2 3
= () = (2 − 2 ) = (2 − 2 ) = −
− 2 − − 3 0
3 3
= − = · 23 3 = 23 2 [This is 2(3) ≈ 021 of the volume of the glass.]
3
5. We are given that the rate of change of the volume of water is = −(), where is some positive constant and () is
the area of the surface when the water has depth . Now we are concerned with the rate of change of the depth of the water
with respect to time, that is, . But by the Chain Rule, = , so the first equation can be written
= −() (). Also, we know that the total volume of water up to a depth is () = 0 () , where () is
the area of a crosssection of the water at a depth . Differentiating this equation with respect to , we get = ().
Substituting this into equation , we get ()() = −() ⇒ = −, a constant.
− − 0
6. (a) The volume above the surface is 0
() = −
() − −
() . So the proportion of volume above the
− − 0
() −
() − − ()
surface is 0− = − . Now by Archimedes’ Principle, we have = ⇒
−
() −
()
0 − 0 −
−
() = 0 −
() , so −
() = 0 − () . Therefore,
− − −
() −
() − 0 − () − 0
0− = − = , so the percentage of volume above the surface
() ()
− −
− 0
is 100 %.
(b) For an iceberg, the percentage of volume above the surface is 100 1030 − 917
1030
% ≈ 11%.
(c) No, the water does not overflow. Let be the volume of the ice cube, and let be the volume of the water which results
from the melting. Then by the formula derived in part (a), the volume of ice above the surface of the water is
c 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
°
668 ¤ CHAPTER 6 PROBLEMS PLUS
( − 0 ) , so the volume below the surface is − ( − 0 ) = (0 ) . Now the mass of the ice
cube is the same as the mass of the water which is created when it melts, namely = 0 = ⇒
= (0 ) . So when the ice cube melts, the volume of the resulting water is the same as the underwater volume of
the ice cube, and so the water does not overflow.
(d) The figure shows the instant when the height of the exposed part of the ball is .
Using the volume formula from Exercise 6.2.61, = 13 2 (3 − ), with
= 04 and = 08 − , we see that the volume of the submerged part of the
sphere is 13 (08 − )2 [12 − (08 − )], so its weight is 1000 · 13 2 (12 − ),
where = 08 − . Then the work done to submerge the sphere is
08 08
= 0
1000
3
2 (12 − ) = 1000
3
0 (122 − 3 )
08
= 1000
3
043 − 14 4 0 = 1000
3
(02048 − 01024) = 98 1000
3
(01024) ≈ 105 × 103 J
7. A typical sphere of radius is shown in the figure. We wish to maximize the shaded
volume , which can be thought of as the volume of a hemisphere of radius minus
√
the volume of the spherical cap with height = 1 − 1 − 2 and radius 1.
√ 2 √
= 12 · 43 3 − 13 1 − 1 − 2 3(1) − 1 − 1 − 2 [by Exercise 6.2.61]
√ √
= 13 23 − 2 − 2 1 − 2 − 2 2 + 1 − 2
√
= 13 23 − 2 + 2 + 2 1 − 2
2 √
0 1 2 + 2 (−) √ 2 1
62 1 − 2 − 2 + 2 + 2 1 − 2
= 3 6 + √ + 1 − (2) = 3 √
1 − 2 1 − 2
2√ √
1 6 1 − 2 − 33 2 2 1 − 2 −
= 3 √ = √
1 − 2 1 − 2
√
0 () = 0 ⇔ 2 1 − 2 = ⇔ 4 − 42 = 2 ⇔ 2 = 4
5
⇔ = √2
5
≈ 089.
Since 0 () 0 for 0 √2
5
and 0 () 0 for √2
5
1, we know that attains a maximum at = √2 .
5
8. We want to find the volume of that part of the sphere which is below the surface
of the water. As we can see from the diagram, this region is a cap of a sphere
with radius and height + . If we can find an expression for in terms of ,
and , then we can determine the volume of the region [see Exercise 6.2.61],
and then differentiate with respect to to find the maximum. We see that
sin = ⇔ −= ⇔ = − csc .
− sin
[continued]
c 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
°
CHAPTER 6 PROBLEMS PLUS ¤ 669
Now we can use the formula from Exercise 6.2.61 to find the volume of water displaced:
= 13 2 (3 − ) = 13 ( + )2 [3 − ( + )] = 13 ( + − csc )2 (2 − + csc )
=
3 [(1 − csc ) + ]2 [(2 + csc ) − ]
Now we differentiate with respect to :
= 3 [(1 − csc ) + ]2 (2 + csc ) + 2[(1 − csc ) + ](1 − csc )[(2 + csc ) − ]
= 3
[(1 − csc ) + ]([(1 − csc ) + ](2 + csc ) + 2(1 − csc )[(2 + csc ) − ])
= 3 [(1 − csc ) + ](3(2 + csc )(1 − csc ) + [(2 + csc ) − 2(1 − csc )])
= 3
[(1 − csc ) + ][3(2 + csc )(1 − csc ) + 3 csc ]
csc
This is 0 when = and when = . Now since = 0 (the first factor
csc − 1 (csc + 2)(csc − 1) csc − 1
csc
vanishes; this corresponds to = −), the maximum volume of water is displaced when = .
(csc − 1)(csc + 2)
(Our intuition tells us that a maximum value does exist, and it must occur at a critical number.) Multiplying numerator and
sin
denominator by sin2 , we get an alternative form of the answer: = .
sin + cos 2
9. (a) Stacking disks along the axis gives us = 0
[ ()]2 .
(b) Using the Chain Rule, = · = [ ()]2 .
√ 2 2
√ 2 √ 14
(c) = [ ()] . Set = : [ ()] = ⇒ [ ()] = ⇒ () = ; that
14
is, () = . The advantage of having = is that the markings on the container are equally spaced.
10. (a) We first use the cylindrical shell method to express the volume in terms of , , and :
2 2 2 3
= 2 =
2 + = 2 +
0 0 2 0 2
2 2
2 4 2 4 2 4
= 2 + = 2 + = 2 + ⇒
2 8 0 2 8 4
− 2 4 (4) 4 − 2 4
= 2
= .
42
√
4 2
(b) The surface touches the bottom when = 0 ⇒ 4 − 2 4 = 0 ⇒ 2 = ⇒ = √ 2.
4
To spill over the top, () ⇔
2 2 4 − 2 4 2 2 4 2 2 2 2
+ = 2
+ = 2
− 2
+
2 4 2 4 4 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
− =+ = + ⇔
2 4 2 2 4
2 2 2 − 2 4 2 −
− 2 = ⇔ . So for spillage, the angular speed should
4 2 4
2 (2 − )
be √ .
2
c 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
°
670 ¤ CHAPTER 6 PROBLEMS PLUS
2 · 12
(c) (i) Here we have = 2, = 7, = 7 − 5 = 2. When = 1, = 7 − 4 = 3. Therefore, 3 = 2 + ⇒
2 · 32
2 · 82 · 24
1= ⇒ 2 = 64 ⇒ = 8 rads. = (2)(2)2 + = 8 + 8 = 16 ft2 .
2 · 32 4
82 · 22
(ii) At the wall, = 2, so = 2 + = 6 and the surface is 7 − 6 = 1 ft below the top of the tank.
2 · 32
11. The cubic polynomial passes through the origin, so let its equation be
= 3 + 2 + . The curves intersect when 3 + 2 + = 2 ⇔
3 + ( − 1)2 + = 0. Call the left side (). Since () = () = 0
another form of is
() = ( − )( − ) = [2 − ( + ) + ]
= [3 − ( + )2 + ]
Since the two areas are equal, we must have 0
() = −
() ⇒
[ ()]0 = [ ()]
⇒ () − (0) = () − () ⇒ (0) = (), where is an antiderivative of .
Now () = () = [3 − ( + )2 + ] = 14 4 − 13 ( + )3 + 12 2 + , so
(0) = () ⇒ = 14 4 − 13 ( + )3 + 12 3 + ⇒ 0 = 14 4 − 13 ( + )3 + 12 3 ⇒
0 = 3 − 4( + ) + 6 [multiply by 12(3 ), 6= 0] ⇒ 0 = 3 − 4 − 4 + 6 ⇒ = 2.
Hence, is twice the value of .
12. (a) Place the round flat tortilla on an coordinate system as shown in
the first figure. An equation of the circle is 2 + 2 = 42 and the
√
height of a crosssection is 2 16 − 2 .
Now look at a crosssection with central angle as shown in the
second figure ( is the radius of the circular cylinder). The filled area
() is equal to the area 1 () of the sector minus the area 2 ()
of the triangle.
() = 1 () − 2 () = 12 2 − 12 2 sin [area formulas from trigonometry]
= 12 ( ) − 12 2 sin [arc length = ⇒ = ]
√
√ 1 2 2 16 − 2 √
1 2
= 2 · 2 16 − − 2 sin [ = 2 16 − 2 ]
√ 1 2 2√
2
= 16 − − 2 sin 16 − 2 ()
Note that the central angle will be small near the ends of the tortilla; that is, when || ≈ 4. But near the center of
c 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
°
CHAPTER 6 PROBLEMS PLUS ¤ 671
the tortilla (when || ≈ 0), the central angle may exceed 180◦ . Thus, the sine of will be negative and the second
term in () will be positive (actually adding area to the area of the sector). The volume of the taco can be found by
integrating the crosssectional areas from = −4 to = 4. Thus,
4 4
2
() = () = 16 − 2 − 12 2 sin 16 − 2
−4 −4
(b) To find the value of that maximizes the volume of the taco, we can define
the function
4
2
() = 16 − 2 − 12 2 sin 16 − 2
−4
The figure shows a graph of = () and = 0 (). The maximum
volume of about 52.94 occurs when ≈ 22912.
13. We assume that lies in the region of positive . Since = 3 is an odd function, this assumption will not affect the result of
the calculation. Let = 3 . The slope of the tangent to the curve = 3 at is 32 , and so the equation of the tangent
is − 3 = 32 ( − ) ⇔ = 32 − 23 .
We solve this simultaneously with = 3 to find the other point of intersection: 3 = 32 − 23 ⇔
( − )2 ( + 2) = 0. So = −2 −83 is the other point of intersection. The equation of the tangent at is
− (−83 ) = 122 [ − (−2)] ⇔ = 122 + 163 . By symmetry, this tangent will intersect the curve again at
= −2(−2) = 4. The curve lies above the first tangent, and
3
below the second, so we are looking for a relationship between = −2
− (32 − 23 ) and
4
= −2
(122 + 163 ) − 3 . We calculate = 14 4 − 32 2 2 + 23 −2 = 34 4 − (−64 ) = 4 ,
27 4
and
4
= 62 2 + 163 − 14 4 −2 = 964 − (−124 ) = 1084 . We see that = 16 = 24 . This is because our
calculation of area was essentially the same as that of area , with replaced by −2, so if we replace with −2 in our
expression for , we get 27
4 (−2)
4
= 1084 = .
14. From the solution to Problem 11 in Problems Plus following Chapter 4, an equation of the normal line through is
1 1 1 1
− 2 = − ( − ) ⇒ = − + + 2 , and the coordinate of is = − − . The area of R is given by
2 2 2 2
c 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
°
672 ¤ CHAPTER 6 PROBLEMS PLUS
1 1 1 1 1
() = − + + 2 − 2 = − 2 + + 2 − 3
−−1(2) 2 2 4 2 3 −−1(2)
2 3
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= − + + 3 − 3 − − − − + − − + 2 − − − − −
4 2 3 4 2 2 2 2 3 2
1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 1
= + 3 − − 2 + 1 + 2 − − − 3 − − −3 − − − 3
4 3 4 4 2 4 2 3 2 4 8
1 2 2 1 3 1
= + 3 − − 3 − − −
4 3 3 483 4 4
4 3 1 1 646 + 484 + 122 + 1 (42 + 1)3
= + 3
++ = 3
=
3 48 4 48 483
483 · 3(42 + 1)2 · 8 − (42 + 1)3 · 1442 48 · 32 (42 + 1)2 [ · 8 − (42 + 1)]
0 () = 3 2
=
(48 ) 48 · 48 · 3 · 3
(42 + 1)2 (42 − 1) 1 1
= =0 ⇒ 2 = ⇒ = ( 0)
164 4 2
Since 0 () 0 for 0 1
2
and 0 () 0 for 12 , there is an absolute minimum when = 1
2
by the First Derivative
Test for Absolute Extreme Values.
c 2021 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
°
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