6 Network Theo; [Applications in D.C. Circuits With Without Controlleq Qng Sources) 6.1. INTRODUCTION f circuit theory hay ; I tant fundamental theorems of ry have been duced in this chapter. Illustrative examples have also been eon ine explain the applicability of these theorems in different Of de noe works (with independent sources as well as with controlled sources), 4 thorough understanding of each theorem is important because Bein analysing of electrical and electronic circuits needs these theorems very much, 62 THEVENIN’S THEOREM g This. theorem is possibly the most extensively used network theorem, It is applicable where it is desired to determine the current through or voltage across any one element .in a network without going through the regorous méthod of solving a set of network equations. cy. 6.2.1 Statement of Thevenin’s Theorem’ Any two terminal bilateral linear d.c. circuit can be replaced by an equivalent circuit consisting of a voltage source and a series resistor. 6.2.2 Explanation Let us consider a simple d.c. circuit as shown in Fig. 6.1 (a). We are to find I; by Thevenin’s theorem, i In order to find the equivalent voltage source, Ty is removed (Fig. 6.1 (b)) and V,, is calculated, : Vs oe rytrg Voe=Irg= _* A more general statement of Thevenin’s theorem is that any line a : any network Consisting of independent and or dependent voltage and : /aelal and linear bilateral network elements can be ee i he oi i circuit consisting of a voltage source in series with & dreuited oA ieee being the open circuited voltage across the open _ ies ee the resistance being the internal resistance of the king through the open circuited load terminals. ~3 gid the internal resistay, 925 tive! resistance) in pele of the network PPheveAlh . esis: wit) ith V,., the voltage source is Source does not have any (b) (Source network eer H r t | | 1 ' ! ' { i cone) (d) Fig. 6.1.(a) A Simple de circuit, (b) Finding of V, ee 4 Pi iidiagef i ormiacmiannev ee eaesn per Thevenin’s theorem, the equivalent circuit being Fig. 6.1 (c), ey Vow L Roy, t+ rh os for Solving a Network Utilising Thevenin’s Theorem Remove the load resistor (Rz) and find the open circuit voltage sross the open circuited load terminals. 4p-2, Deactivate the constant sources (for voltage source, remove it resistance and for currént source delete the source by open and find the internal resistance Equivalent v resistance) of the source side Source __ g through the open circuited load sals. Let this resistance be Rp. 3. Obtain Thevenin’s equiva- it (Fig. 6.2) by placing Rr, in | les with V,, ‘Step 4. Reconnect Ry across the load | | minals as shown in Fig. 6.2. ‘Fig. 62. Thevenin’s Equivalent ~ network © Rt2nd method. Remove the load tage v4, at the open cireuited load" » cireuit voltage f Itage acrogs thy t w © terming r ala x ne °! obviously the potential at C nod : rode 10-Voe 20-V,, V, eisv,) 7 Pie kos 7 oe + 12 Beef” £05 Voe~Voo-02V,_524 1.7 Voc= + 22.6 V rane Vye= 13.29 V pendent volta; Be 8 ‘ources are removed by Y short ci circuits Fig. E6.1 (¢)-Thovenin’s equivalent circuit being h / Thus current through rg is 1.26 A © EXAmPte 6.2. In the circuit of Fig. or, or, viTo find, Rin, (i.e., the inter the constant sources are deacti represents the required circuitA=0.25A ‘ Joss Py in ry =I xr, = (0.25)? x 5 0.3125 w. 65. Determine the current through the 5Q resistor in the 20 @ en Fig. E65. Fig. E6.5 (a). ON. 5 2 resistor is removed from the circuit of Fig. E6.5 and the open circuit voltage across x-y is 5 V (Fig. E6.5 (a)) V,.=5 Ve in the Thevenin resistance of the given circuit across the open x-y, the independent sources are deactivated and shown Fig. E6.5 (c). Fig. 26.5 (b). from Fig. E6.5 (b) that Rr, = 0- the current through the 5 2 resistor ‘Thevenin current ie. leon eee eA B65 (c))-irelsd. What is the power loss Thevenin’s theorem in Fig. E6.6. SOLUTION. 10 Q resistor is removed fro; Ref, Fig. E6.6 (a)],‘erent through 10 Q resistor be 6.1- iB aD network of Fig. 1 ee ’s theorem. pw soy, 10 Fig: BO Yis at higher pot Tofind Rint, across.ige X C(UAV. resistance betwoon P-b _(rof, F is Yde a are ig. B6.20) on theorem is converse of Thevenin’s th orem. It consists of tage source as done in fon equivalent circuit, the current generator isp rallel oF mt ‘ : Placed in parallel t rnal resistance unlike to that in Thevenin’s theorem Sirs the jent voltage source was placed in series with the internal resistance. ent of Norton’s Theorem active network consisting of independent and or dependant and current sources and linear bilateral network elements can be by an equivalent circuit consisting of a current source in parallel ,, the current source being the short circuited current across and the resistance being the internal resistance of the Fig. 6.3 (@. Finding of i, ,. vs and the independent source is 4. 6.8 (b))s moved \d ay dono in Thovenin' theorem (Fi rrs, Rig "lar ery ret renee4g theoremy the Ag por Norton ‘8 thee t : source 1 para’ to ‘ pe b jo cl ited current aer 5 7 t being the se hie resistor (Fig. Obviously I, It may be noted here that det Norton Theorem is identical to tha 6.3.3 Steps for Solving a Ne Step-1. Remove the load Source network by deactivating { exactly same as described for int: Step-2. Next, short the current flowing through the network analysis. Let this cuyqheore™s yTIoNn: Let us first short the termi nals x-y (Pig, 1 ig. E6.21 (a)) Fig. E6.21 (a), ., I< is the current through the 5 Q resistor. 10 ‘ 10 se 10457 S674 (by current divider rule] etermine the ‘equivalent resistance of through x-y, the constant source is Peceucut of Fig. £6.21, deactivated as shown in Fig. E6.21 (c). Fig. E6.21 (b). Rip =10+5=152 n s equivalent circuit has been shown in Fig. E6.21 (c), Ty=6.67A; Rinp=152- 6.23 . Find the current in the 5 Qresistor for the circuit shown Fig. £6.22. i. Let us first remove the 5 (Fig. £6.22 (a). iming the voltage to Q resistor and short the a-b be + ve at node 1 in Fig. E6.22 (a), nodal Pio) 4 |. +0 poaeet 100.33 V+017V401 r, or, To find Norton's ecuivaiea removed and all the constant so Norton’s equivalent through 5 Q resistor (Is g) i Here, Norton's Examendao s, Let us first apply short circuit as shown in Fig. 86.23 (a), first the 2 V source (Fig, 6.23 (6), 2 across ab 9) Fesiator is =8x1,, 1* : =04A, eit ef Fig. E6.23 (b). Fig. B6.28 (c). 5A source only (Fig. E6.23 (c)), e principle of Superposition, J, .= I," +I," =—4.6 A. , the constant sources are deactivated (Fig. E6.23 (d)). ireni js shown in Fig. E6.23 (e). ircuit = Ro =4Q find the the circuit of Fig. £6.24, if R;=Rz=4 ‘through x-y (use Norton’s theorem). ‘What will happen Fig. B8.24 (a) nin Giork chrouit acres xy 08 show350 tion of KCL at node 1, yields 2+2-i-i,,=0 ie., i+2=i,, Application of KVL in the circuit o: i, Ry-iRg=0 Provided Ry =Ro,is¢=t Using the value of i Applica (This shows that Norton equivalen given figure] In case Rj = 2Ro, we find from i, , EXAMPLE =-y in Fig, £6.25. 625. Pind Norton’ gu Li Soturion. hs the circuit ia to any independent source hence J. oo ofanow Keep ¥Y Open Cireuited gu "pig 86.96 (b))s em oo ® 0jon’ apply au jncing Vo b; V; alone at firet FOP 1 a? SoLUTION- Here, ie ig. £6.37 (a).1 * Next, Vo= Next, removing Vj, by short cit only (Fig. 6.4 (6)) 1 Xi Vo Here, ig’ = fab hd By m+r3. 7 Also, ig” =ig” ~ iy”. Utilising As per superposition theorem, Fig. £6.37 (8 ig r ight i,” ». Nete ig = inl — ig” Per superpos i iy - hy o EXaMP! lit may be noted that during applica a applic Souut) of currents calculated for each source through 5 © Ce Wit entire curt Path and be,pie 6.37. In Fig. E637 when Vo Fru TOT=24; find I when 22awn 6.0, Using superposition theorem, find the current thrinugh Be in be connacted betuwen terminale ab, Agsume tae link (ig, HOAO) ’ r Tow tr 30 py | en 10 + 9b rv s Le 2h Fig "440, Sarr fs the link resistance between terminals vb ia wr0, hence, is practically a short circuiting link and the corrent through the iseommed to toe I, . Idcsnom first take the 50 V source. The circuit configuration for thia in Fig. E640 (a). a» ore =75 54 2-5 is short cirenited, ne current will hag Pie oe through loop? fa Pig. EAD al. ‘Be sources 10 V and 20 V are considered and the creuit is shown in Fig E640 (). v aa 2T Inc, OO we Fig E640 @) 2+10 Ings rag 24-374 a (Rrh 65 v3 ¢ ¥ oa there would be maximum amount of pows 6.5.1 Statement of Maximum Power Trai A resistance load, being connected to power when the load resistance is ¢ (Thevenin’s equivalent resistance) of the ; vi (Ry load terminals. finally, (Brn 6.5.2 Explanation 5 (R Avariable resistance Ry is cor ae i ee in Fig. 65 (a) while Fig. 6.5 (0) rep ae a Thevenin resistance Ry of the source : ee jork is equ value of Ry such that it receives re 4 Again, with Ry : hve, the power tr a) can be obtain (itmay be I Obviously, theTheorem® 1 = ltr, 2 a Rr + Rpt * RL VO-VER, 2 CR 4 Ryl . Vo rn + Ry ~ 2R,) “ V5 Oem = R,) (Roy + Ry) Rm+R Vo Rom = Ry) _ (Rr, + Ry)> (Rrm-Rz)=0 or, Rr, =Rz,- e ——____—____. it has been proved that power transfer from ade source network istive network is maximum when the internal resistance of the de ‘network is equal to the load resistance. ‘Again, with Ry = Ryp, the system being perfectly matched for load and the power transfer becomes maximum and this amount of power ican be obtained as _ViRn__ Vo) (Rr, +R)” 4 Ren (it may be noted that this is the power consumed by the load). id ‘Obviously, the power transfer by the source would be also TR /Power and source power being the same. ‘The total power supplied is thus —____ PP!-b bra cross & b p 224d Vab- 5 Voe= Va Voo= 6.41 2 qyrously, ist ‘qofind internal resis' fo fin j 78647 (0), Rep Step.2. As Per maximum Power resistance ofthe Network j.¢ Ry fer. i OV s per Maximum pt ers R= Step-3. Find the Thevenipy iS. , Proax (MAX. POWE! terminal, ye EuwpLe 6.48, Wha wer transfer can take pl iain the amount of thirheoren® . m drop worows arb branch I then tae rac a2 2 “Vay t Va b+ 60% Obviously, Vue Vv Vi, 64. fo find internal resistance of the circuit across z-y, with rete ie Mg BOAT(D), Herp = (1 12+6)1=Zy1-2o = 085. Maper maximum power transfer theorem, : Re Ry, = 0.860 ve o¥ee 64? Pyyy (MAX, POWCT) = = AO BE 12 W. “fuamrun WA8, What should be the value of R such that maximum transfer can take place from the rest of the network to R in Fig. E6.48? the amount of this power. oO i oO bn a 3 T i Fig. E6A8. UTION, Let us first convert the “I” source to 'V terminal, the voltage at these terminals being ce to Fig. B6.48 (a), fm tyn 6A ; = drop across 5 = 1.6x6=8V. ‘in the left loop, ~ 10+ Vye+ 8 = Vip" 2V. “y" source and remove Voc.Again, with reference to Fig. 6.48 (6), R cireuit looking through x-y) —10x5 ~-10+5 +2=5.830, 2 2 ‘ { ‘ - me" TR 42583 nea 6.49. Assuming maximum ‘ue of this amount of power 50V and P. R, find the vali Souution. I tetwork looking Tofind Ring Soxurion. R is removed by op Fig. E6.49 (a), lit may be noted that 6 will be h 10 Q resistor flows from b toa], Vx-y =~ 33.33 V Here, Ring