Green Farming Vol.

6 (3) : 1-6 ; May-June, 2015 Research Paper

Influence of nutrient and mulch management practices

on strawberry cv. Chandler under rainfed condition
a1 a2 b3* c4
B. PARIYAR , S.K. MAHATO , BINOY CHHETRI and C.P. SURESH
a b
Deptt. of Pomology & Post-Harvest Technology, Department of Agronomy, Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya,
Pundibari - 736 165, Cooch Behar (West Bengal)
c
Faculty of Horticulture, North-Eastern Hill University, Tura Campus, Chandmari - 794 002, Tura (Meghalaya)

Received : 02 September 2014 ; Revised accepted : 2015

ABSTRACT
An experiment was carried out with strawberry cv. Chandler at the experimental farm of U.B.K. Viswavidyalaya, Pundibari,
Cooch Behar, West Bengal with paddy straw and black polythene as mulching material and different sources of nutrient to
evaluate their effects on growth, yield and quality aspects of strawberry cv. Chandler. From the results obtained it was found
that mulching with paddy straw along with FYM + NPK (T15 ) exhibited maximum number of crown, number of stolon, plantlets
number per stolen, runner number per plant, no of fruit per plant, fruit weight (gm) and yield plant (gm per plant) while

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mulching with paddy straw along with FYM (T12) recorded maximum number of flower trusses plant, flower number per plant,
days to first flower, fifty percent flowering (day) and flowering duration per (day). The treatment without mulching +

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vermicompost (T3) and the treatment with only black polythene mulch and FYM (T7) took minimum days from flowering to
harvest (days) along with maximum fruit length (mm) whereas paddy straw without any nutrient (T11) was better in terms of

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length of stolon. Vermicompost + NPK without mulching (T4) showed good number of leaves and canopy spread. Treatment
T15 with the application of paddy straw + FYM + NPK was found superior to other treatments in terms of acidity and ascorbic

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acid content while treatment T4 with no mulch but vermicompost + NPK as the source of nutrient resulted in higher total sugar.
Juice density and T.S.S. was found highest in treatment T7 with black polythene and FYM. Shelf-life was found to be better in

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treatment T3 with no mulch + vermicompost while treatment T9 with black polythene along with addition of vermicompost +
NPK was found to be superior for anthocyanin content. The treatment without mulching + vermicompost (T3) and the
treatment with only black polythene mulch and FYM (T7) showed minimum days taken from flowering to harvest (days) along
with extended shelf-life (hours). The maximum anthocyanin content was recorded under black polythene + vermicompost
(T8) which were found to be at par with paddy straw + vermicompost (T13).Thus it is concluded that using straw mulch has a
good prospect of getting higher yields while black polythene + vermicompost is best for increasing the anthocyanin content.

Key words : Anthocyanin, FYM, Mulch, Strawberry, Vermicompost.

INTRODUCTION

Strawberry (Frageria sp. ; family Rosaceae) is now a addition, mulching also improves plant growth, berry weight,
component of food diets for millions of people around the globe fruit yield and quality in strawberry (Singh and Asrey, 2005;
because of its peculiar flavour and rich in vitamins and Singh et al., 2006). Different mulching materials are used in
minerals. In India, it is grown in Jyolikot, Dehradun and different parts of the world, but black polyethylene is the most
Nainital (Uttarakhand), Solan and Kullu (H.P.), Srinagar (J&K) widely used (Sharma and Sharma, 2004; Singh and Asrey,
and Hills of Darjeeling (W.B.). 2005; Singh et al., 2006).
Among the different production practices of strawberry, The strawberry plants being herbaceous, perennial and
mulching is considered the most important cultural practice as having shallow root system need effective nutrient
it plays an essential role in soil moisture conservation, weed management and organic and inorganic manure is essential
control, regulation of soil-hydrothermal regime, besides for growth and quality fruit production (Ali et al., 2007; Singh et
keeping the delicate fruit neat and clean (Tarara, 2000). In al., 2008; Arancona et al., 2006; Kumar et al., 2009). Although
1 2,3 4
chemical fertilizers contribute a lot in fulfilling the nutrient
Horti. Inspector, Ph.D. Scholar*([email protected]), Prof.

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2 Kumar et al. Green Farming 6 (3)

requirement but their regular, excessive and unbalance use (A.O.A.C. 1984 ) whereas anthocyanin concentrations was
may lead to health and ecological hazards, depletion of estimated as per method recommended by Cordenunshi et al.
physico-chemical properties of the soil and ultimately poor (2003) . The effect of different nutrient's source and mulch
crop yields. Hence, there is need to think of integrated nutrient types were studied by statistical analysis for the design RBD
management along with mulching practices, which may (Gomez and Gomez, 1984 ). The significance of different
enhance crop yields without having adverse effects on soil sources of variance was tested by error mean square of Fisher
properties. Snedecor's 'F' test.

MATERIALS AND METHODS RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The experiment was conducted at the Farm of U.B. Krishi The plant height, after the sixth month of transplanting
Viswavidyalaya, Pundibari, Cooch Behar during 2009-2010. reveals that the maximum plant height was recorded in
The soil of the experimental field was sandy loam in nature, treatments T10 (24.9cm) which was at par with treatment T15
coarse in texture having poor water holding capacity with low (23.4 cm). However the treatments T9 (24.9 cm) was
pH (5.23), organic carbon (0.93 %), available N (217.21 kg ha- significantly higher than the treatments T4 (22.7cm). Among all
1
), available P (18.24 kg ha-1) and available K (111.89 kg ha-1). the treatments control T1 (16.7 cm) attained the least height
The climatic condition of terai zone is characterized by high
after the 6th month of planting. The treatments using the
rainfall (above 3000 mm annually), high humidity, moderate
mulching of black polythene + FYM+ NPK benefitted the most
temperature, prolonged winter with high residual soil moisture.
from the abundance of nutrients to obtain maximum plant
An investigation was carried out with cv. Chandler to study the

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height while the control treatments without mulch or the
effect of nutrient and mulch management practices on the
nutrient favoured very poor result with respect to plant height.
performances of strawberry under region. Plants were
Koszanski, et al. (2001), working on strawberry cultivars

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subjected to nutrient (plot-1) and mulch practices of eight
Elsanta and Senga Sengana gave the highest yield when
treatments viz
fertilized with NPK. A very favourable yield results obtained

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T1 - No mulch + No nutrient from NPK fertilization (Bezhdugova, 2003). Ali and Gaur
-1
T2 - No mulch + FYM at 10kg plot (2007) working on the effect of different mulches on growth,

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T3 - No mulch + vermicompost at 2.5 kg plot-1 flowering, yield and quality of strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa
T4 - T3 + NPK at 18 : 9 : 6 g plot-1 Duch.) cv. Sweet Charlie found that mulching increased the

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T5 - No mulch + FYM at 10 kg + NPK at 18 : 9 : 6 g vegetative growth and flowering of plants. The effect of black
T6 - Black polythene + No nutrient polyethylene mulch was statistically at par with paddy straw
T7 - Black polythene + FYM at 10 kg plot
-1 and sugarcane trash for most of the parameters. The TSS, total
T8 - Black polythene + vermicompost at 2.5 kg sugars and ascorbic acid was increased by mulching
-1 treatments but the effect was non-significant. Best result was
T9 - T8 +NPK at 18:9: 6 g plot
obtained with paddy straw. Nitrogen through urea is readily
T10 - Black polythene + FYM at 10 kg + NPK at 18 : 9 : 6 g
available to the plants, which increased vegetative growth
T11 - Paddy straw + No nutrient
abruptly contrary to other treatments where nitrogen was
-1
T12 - Paddy straw + FYM at 10 kg plot released slowly. Secondly, increased nitrogen availability is
-1
T13 - Paddy straw + vermicompost at 2.5 kg plot affected by higher percentage of nitrogen through urea in
-1
T14 - T13 + NPK at 18 : 9 : 6 g plot association with nitrogen fixing culture has been documented
T15 - T14 with 3 replications in a Randomized block design. by Bambal et al. (1998). Saraf and Tiwari (2004) found that
phyto-hormones extracted from FYM help the plant to grow
Data collected for the nutrient and mulch management
more luxuriously even with reduced doses of chemical
treatments included different growth, flowering yield, post-
fertilizers. Kumar et al. (2009) advocated that the supply of
harvest & fruit quality parameters.
deficit plant nutrients in sufficient quantity and appropriate
The juice percentage was determined by first extracting the
proportion is one of the major factor controlling the yield and
juice from the 100 g pulp. Juice density was determined from
quality of fruits. Plant growth characters like height, spread and
the weight divided by volume of the juice. Total soluble solids
leaf area recorded maximum in inorganic fertilized plots.
(0brix) content of fruit was determined. The total titrable acidity
Number of crowns after the 6th months of transplanting was
was determined by titrating against N/10. The total and
found to be significantly different under various treatments
reducing sugar content of fruits were determined. Ascorbic
combinations as given in Table 1. It was observed from the
acid content was estimated by colorimetric estimation method
mean value that highest number of crowns was recorded in T15

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May-June 2015 Effect of of nutrient and mulch management practices on strawberry 3

(8.7) which was at par with T12 (7.8) treatments while the the minimum number of stolens was observed in control plots,
minimum number of crowns were observed in T1 (3.5) and T8 T1 (1.1). The number of stolens under treatments mulched with
(3.5) respectively. The application of paddy straw with FYM paddy straw + FYM + NPK was significantly higher than other
was superior in terms of crown numbers where as negative treatments, while the treatments without any mulch or nutrient
effect of non application of mulch and nutrients was reflected in produced the least number of stolens. Findings are in close
this observation. The treatments mulched with paddy straw + conformity with Kumar and Dey (2011) ; Ali et al. (2003) ; Singh
FYM +NPK exhibited the maximum number of crowns which et al. (2008) ; Arancona et al. (2006) and Kumar et al. (2009).
was however non-significant compared to the treatments Among the different treatments as (Table 2), T15 showed
mulched with paddy straw +FYM alone as the nutrient source. superiority with respect to number of runners per plant over all
The treatments with no mulch and no nutrient and the the other treatments. The significantly maximum number of
treatments mulched with black polythene +vermicompost as runners per plant was recorded under T15 (16.3) treatments
the source of nutrient exhibited the minimum number of followed by T14 (10.6) and T13 (9.5) treatments, respectively.
crowns. The existence of favorable nutritional environment
The minimum number of runners per plant was observed in
under the influence of organic and inorganic fertilizers had a
control plots T1 (1.1). The treatments using paddy straw + FYM
positive influence on the vegetative and reproductive growth,
+ NPK produced significantly maximum number of runners per
which ultimately led to the realization of higher yield. According
plant. While the treatments without mulch or nutrient produced
to Kirnak et al. (2001) mulching also mitigates the negative
the minimum number of runners per plants. The degradable
effects of water stress on plant growth and fruit yield in field
plastic mulch increased the number of runners per plant. The
grown strawberry. Plastic mulch gave the highest percentage
differences was largest in the autumn of the first year, which
of infected fruits and also promoted fruit ripening where as

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indicates that the plant had a more favourable growing
straw mulch delayed ripening (Birkeland et al., 2002).
situation during this important period The numbers of healthy
Bushway and Pritts (2002) reported that mulching in the early

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plants were also higher with the degradable plastic mulch.
spring, accelerated flower and fruit development and up to 48
This result could be explained by increased survival during
% higher fruit production.
the winter due to better plant growth during the autumn.

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The data pertaining to the number of stolens per plant Findings are in close conformity with the findings of Sharma
(Table 1) was found to be statistically different. The maximum and Bhardwaj (2000) & Singh et al. (2006).

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number of stolens per plant was observed significantly
The number of flowers per plant was found to be highest in
maximum than the treatments T15 (5.1) while treatments T14
T12 (40.8) treatment which was statistically at par with T15 (38.9)

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(3.8) were found to be at par with T13 (3.4) treatments. However
which was also found to be at par with T2 (38.0) treatment. The
Table 1. Effect of nutrient and mulch management Table 2. Effect of nutrient & mulch management practices
practices on growth attributes of strawberry cv. Chandler on flowering attributes of strawberry cv. Chandler
Treat- Plant Canopy Treat- Flower Flowering
Leaf Crown Stolon Plantlet Runners Flowers Days to
ment height spread ment trusses Durat- to harvest
No. No. plant-1 stolon-1 plant-1 plant-1 flower
(Plot-1) (cm) (cm2) (plot-1) plant-1 tion (day) (day)

T1 16.7 23.1 3.5 1.1 1.0 754.00 T1 1.1 5.2 29.7 106.0 70.0 45
T2 17.4 27.3 7.1 2.7 1.7 1004.1 T2 4.6 6.8 38.0 88.0 98.0 30
T3 21.9 26.7 6.6 2.1 1.7 887.90 T3 3.6 6.8 34.7 100.0 82.0 32
T4 22.7 35.3 5.0 2.3 1.8 1186.2 T4 4.1 7.8 30.8 106.0 82.0 38
T5 20.7 29.6 6.3 2.7 2.0 998.40 T5 5.4 8.5 35.0 99.0 91.0 35
T6 20.0 32.9 5.8 2.4 2.4 1149.2 T6 5.8 7.0 32.0 103.0 65.0 41
T7 22.3 35.0 5.3 2.6 2.5 1168.0 T7 6.5 8.7 36.1 87.0 100.0 32
T8 20.5 29.0 3.5 2.5 1.6 1088.0 T8 4.0 8.3 31.3 97.0 98.0 33
T9 17.3 26.6 5.1 2.8 2.5 1087.6 T9 7.0 9.1 32.8 108.0 88.0 39
T10 24.9 29.0 5.3 3.3 1.6 1158.8 T10 5.3 8.4 34.4 100.0 103.0 35
T11 18.7 28.0 4.9 2.9 2.3 1096.5 T11 6.7 7.2 37.8 96.0 80.0 40
T12 21.5 24.6 7.8 3.2 2.6 1221.1 T12 8.3 10.7 40.8 85.0 109.0 30
T13 19.5 31.8 5.0 3.4 2.8 998.40 T13 9.5 7.2 37.6 100.0 98.0 35
T14 19.8 30.2 6.7 3.8 2.8 1071.0 T14 10.6 7.7 35.1 107.0 90.0 39
T15 23.4 35.0 8.7 5.1 3.2 985.30 T15 16.3 9.3 38.9 95.0 102.0 38
S.E.± 0.884 1.668 0.636 0.308 0.370 4.153 S.E.± 0.452 0.870 1.273 0.894 1.289 2.068
CD 1.812 3.459 1.303 0.631 0.758 8.508 CD 0.927 1.783 2.608 1.832 2.641 4.237
at 0.05% at 0.05%

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4 Kumar et al. Green Farming 6 (3)

lowest number of flowers per plant was found in control al., 2002). Bushway and Pritts (2002) reported that mulching in
plots, T1 (29.7). The number of flowers per plant recorded the early spring, accelerated flower and fruit development and
highest for paddy straw + FYM treatment which was up to 48 % higher fruit production.
statistically at par with paddy straw + FYM + NPK which was Among the treatments, some showed an average effect on
also found to be at par with No mulch + FYM treatment. The number of fruits per plant as shown in Table 4. Number of
lowest number of flowers per plant was found in control fruits per plants was found to be statistically at par between
plots. Arancona et al. (2004) reported from his study that the different treatments except in control plots (T1). The highest
application of vermicompost increased growth and yields number of fruits per plant was found in T7 (33.6) which was
significantly; including increases of up to 37 % in leaf areas, 37 found to be at par with T15 (32.4) and the lowest was recorded
% in plant shoot biomass, 40 % in numbers of flowers, 36 % in
in control plots T1 (15.2). Therefore the number of fruits per
numbers of plant runners and 35 % in marketable fruit weights
plants was found to be statistically at par between different
in strawberry cv. `Chandler'. There were significant increases
treatments except in control plots (T1). The highest number of
in shoot weights, leaf areas and total and marketable fruit
yields of pepper plants from plots treated with vermicomposts fruits per plant was found in the treatment with the mulching of
compared to those from plots treated with inorganic fertilizer black polythene + FYM as nutrient source which was found to
only (Arancon et al., 2003). Strawberry plants covered with be at par with the Treatment with paddy straw mulch + FYM +
polyethylene mulches showed more vigour compared to rice NPK as the source of nutrient . The lowest number of fruit per
straw and coir pith mulches (Mathad et al., 2005). Ram et al. plant was recorded in control plot. Findings are in close
(2005) studied the mulching effect on strawberry cv. Chandler conformity with Ali et al. (2007). Among the different
and reported that black polythene mulch was found to be the treatments, T8 showed superiority with respect to fruit set

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superior on growth, flowering, fruiting, yield and quality of percentage over all the other treatments (Table 4). The
strawberry cv. Chandler. The existence of favourable maximum fruit set percentage (98.4 %) was recorded under T8

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nutritional environment under the influence of organic and which was followed by T7 (93.1 %) and was found to be
inorganic fertilizers had a positive influence on the vegetative significantly higher than treatments T10 (89.5%). While the

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and reproductive growth, which ultimately led to the realization lowest fruit set percentage was recorded under control T1
of higher yield. According to Kirnak et al. (2001) mulching also
(51.2%).The treatments with the mulching of black polythene +
mitigates the negative effects of water stress on plant growth

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FYM alone were significantly higher than mulching of black
and fruit yield in field grown strawberry. Plastic mulch gave the
polythene + FYM + NPK. The treatments with no mulch or
highest percentage of infected fruits and also promoted fruit

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nutrient showed the lowest fruit set percentage. Findings are in
ripening where as straw mulch delayed ripening (Birkeland et.
close conformity with Ali et al. (2003)
Table 3. Effect of nutrient and mulch management It is revealed from the data presented in Table 5 that yield of
practices on yield attributes of strawberry cv. Chandler the fruit per ha was highest (432.0 Q/ha) with application of T15
Treat- Fruit Fruit Fruit Shelf Yield which was significantly higher than treatments T10 (365.0 Q/ha)
Fruits
ment set length breadth life (kg
plant-1 and lowest (56.1 q ha-1) under control, T1 treatments. The yields
(plot-1) (%) (mm) (mm) (hours) ha-1)
from the treatments with the mulching of paddy straw along
T1 15.2 51.2 33.4 24.0 48.0 56.1
with FYM + NPK with the major source of nutrient were
T2 29.2 76.8 35.4 27.3 48.0 223.0
T3 27.8 80.1 42.6 25.7 70.0 166.8
significantly higher than other treatments while the control
T4 24.0 77.9 41.8 27.2 48.0 160.0 treatments yielded the least harvests. The findings are contrast
T5 27.5 78.6 33.6 31.1 36.0 266.9 to the findings of Singh et al. (2006) who reported that the black
T6 20.5 64.1 37.1 25.8 24.0 108.4 polyethylene mulch was found most suitable and resulted into
T7 33.6 93.1 38.4 26.0 21.0 299.5 41 percent higher fruit yield compared to straw mulch. As per
T8 30.8 98.4 35.9 25.0 24.0 187.6 Oksuzyan (2002) black plastic sheeting for mulching, improve
T9 28.7 87.5 38.2 25.5 24.0 237.0
the rooting and yield of rosettes in stock nurseries compared to
T10 30.8 89.5 39.5 24.9 24.0 365.0
open ground. Similar finding was reported by (Probasco, et al.,
T11 30.0 79.4 36.7 28.3 36.0 220.0
T12 30.3 74.3 39.7 25.9 36.0 359.1 1994). But the findings are in close conformity with Kongsrud
T13 28.1 74.7 40.3 25.2 48.0 251.9 (1994) who reported that Black plastic mulching reduced berry
T14 26.2 74.6 35.7 28.2 36.0 308.6 size and yield as comparison to non-mulched plots. Similar
T15 32.4 81.2 39.2 26.0 36.0 432.0 finding was also reported by Black et al. (2002). Lille et al.
S.E.± 2.298 3.298 1.21 1.620 2.351 0.601 (2003) suggested that yield per plant was higher with straw
CD at 4.708 6.755 2.486 3.319 4.817 1.232 mulch over black polythene mulch.
0.05%

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May-June 2015 Effect of of nutrient and mulch management practices on strawberry 5

Table 4. Effect of nutrient and mulch management practices on post harvest qualities of strawberry cv. Chandler
Juice Juice density TSS Total Total Reducing Ascorbic acid Anthocyanin
Treatment
per cent (gm/cc) (0Brix) acidity (%) sugar (%) sugar (%) (mg/100gm) (mg/kg)
T1 74.5 1.0 4.6 0.8 4.0 2.8 46.2 225.0
T2 87.2 1.2 6.1 0.8 4.2 3.7 60.2 246.9
T3 72.7 1.1 6.4 0.9 4.4 3.8 49.4 251.2
T4 90.0 1.2 6.1 0.9 8.7 3.5 60.2 279.8
T5 83.3 1.2 5.3 1.0 5.3 3.0 69.2 249.3
T6 88.8 1.2 5.0 0.9 5.0 2.9 50.0 256.9
T7 80.5 1.2 7.1 0.9 6.1 4.0 63.0 254.9
T8 81.7 1.2 6.2 0.8 5.5 3.6 59.1 249.5
T9 93.9 1.2 5.1 0.9 5.0 2.9 65.5 287.9
T10 86.4 1.2 6.1 0.9 6.9 3.2 69.7 247.8
T11 83.3 1.1 6.1 0.9 4.3 3.4 59.4 225.4
T12 88.3 1.1 7.3 1.0 6.9 4.5 65.9 250.2
T13 88.9 1.2 5.9 1.0 5.9 3.9 62.2 287.1
T14 92.5 1.1 5.4 1.1 4.8 3.3 69.4 229.9
T15 85.2 1.2 6.3 1.2 5.1 4.0 73.1 252.0
S.E.± 3.784 0.048 0.367 0.058 0.229 0.454 1.125 1.120
CD at 0.05% 7.751 0.099 0.752 0.120 0.470 0.931 2.304 2.521

Data summarized in Table 6 clearly indicated that et al. (2006); Singh et al. (2008); Arancona et al. (2006) and

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application of different treatments significantly increased the Kumar et al. (2009).
TSS content of strawberry fruits as compared to control. TSS Among the different treatments as given in Table 7, T12

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content was found to be maximum (7.3 o Brix) under T12 which showed superiority with respect to content of reducing sugar
was found to be at par with T7 (7.1o Brix), while the minimum over all the other treatments. Maximum reducing sugar (4.5

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TSS was recorded under control, T1 (4.6 o Brix). %) was recorded under T12, which was found to be at par with

Treatments using the paddy straw as mulching material + T15 (4.1 %).While the lowest reducing sugar (2.8%) was

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only FYM as the nutrient source recorded the maximum TSS recorded in control plot (T1).The maximum percentage of the
which was at par with TSS value of the treatments using the reducing sugar was recorded for the treatments with the

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black polythene mulch + only FYM as nutrient source. The mulching of paddy straw + FYM as the organic nutrient source.
treatments with mulching of paddy straw + only FYM was also While the control treatment showed the least value for the
significantly higher than treatments with no mulch + only reducing sugar. Findings are in close conformity with Kumar
Vermicompost while the treatments with No mulching + no and Dey (2011); Sharma and Bhardwaj (2000); Joshi et al.
nutrient was recorded the least TSS value. Findings are in (2009); Singh et al. (2008); Arancona et al. (2006); Neuweiler
close conformity Gupta and Acharya (1993); Singh et al. (1997) and Kumar et al. (2009).
(2008) Neuweiler (1997) and Kumar et al. (2009). Significant Significant differences in the content of anthocyanin were
differences in total sugar were among different treatments observed among various treatments combinations as revealed
recorded by on strawberry plants (Table 7). The maximum in Table 7. The maximum anthocyanin content (287.9mg/kg)
total sugar (8.7%) was recorded under T4 while the lowest total was revealed under T9 which was found to be at par with T13
sugar (4.0 %) was recorded in control plots, T1. Accelerated (287.2mg/kg). However, the minimum anthocyanin content
value of sugar content of fruits was observed in the combined was observed under control plot T1 (225.0mg/kg). Treatment
application of NPK and vermicompost. The difference in the with black polythene + vermicompost+ NPK and the Treatment
mean value of total sugar of treatments using black polythene using paddy straw + vermicompost were significantly higher
mulch + FYM + NPK nutrients and the treatments mulched than No mulch + vermicompost+ NPK. Minimum anthocyanin
paddy straw + FYM nutrient were insignificant however total was recorded for control treatment with no mulch and no
sugar values of treatment mulched with paddy straw + nutrient. The increase in anthocyanin pigment with the
vermicompost+ NPK was significantly higher than all the application of nitrogen and Azotobacter is in consonance with
treatments. The lowest percentage of total sugar was recorded findings of Rana (2001) who observed increase in red pigment
in the lab analysis of fruits harvested from the treatment using of strawberry cv. Chandler with the combined application of
no mulch and no nutrient. Findings are in close conformity with Nitrogen and Bio-fertilizers.
Kumar and Dey, (2011); Sharma and Bhardwaj (2000); Singh

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6 Kumar et al. Green Farming 6 (3)

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Add this references in the bibliography
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- Gomez and Gomez, 1984