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Ministry of University and Research

Attachment 1

Programs related to the content of the TOLC – MED and TOLC – VET questions
necessary for admission to the master's degree courses in Medicine and Surgery
(LM-41), in Dentistry and Dental Prosthetics (LM-46) and in Veterinary Medicine
(LM-42)

Admission to the courses requires the ability to understand and analyze written texts of various types, to
conduct logical-mathematical reasoning, as well as knowledge of general culture, with special regard to
the historical, geographical, social and institutional context and disciplines in biology, chemistry, physics
and mathematics.

The skills and knowledge required respond to the preparation promoted by the educational institutions that
organize educational and didactic activities consistent with the National Guidelines for high schools and
with the Guidelines for technical institutes and for professional institutes, especially in view of the State
Exams.

1. Reading skills and knowledge acquired in studies

The ability to understand texts written in Italian of different nature and with different communicative
purposes is a transversal skill, given that all types of questions will be formulated in Italian, also using
symbolic language.
The following skills will also be subject to specific verification:
• understand abstract, uncommon or specialized vocabulary in real contexts;
• identify phenomena of textual cohesion and coherence;
• extract and infer specific information from the text.
These skills will be tested starting from short scientific essays or classical and contemporary narrative
texts, or from short current affairs texts published in
daily newspapers and in general or specialized magazines.
Always starting from short texts of various types and themes, the skills acquired in previous studies and
the knowledge of general culture or

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topics that are the subject of contemporary public debate. In particular, the questions will aim to ascertain:

• the ability to orient oneself in the represented space and time, that is, to
place significant historical-cultural phenomena in space and time;
• knowledge of the main national and international institutions;
• understanding phenomena relating to the legal, economic and
citizenship.

2. Biology
• The chemistry of living things. Water and its characteristics, hydrophilic and hydrophobic substances.
Chemical composition, structure and function of the main biological molecules. Carbohydrates:
monosaccharides or simple sugars (glucose, fructose, ribose and deoxyribose); disaccharides
(sucrose, lactose), polysaccharides (glycogen, starch, cellulose). Lipids (fatty acids, triglycerides,
phospholipids, cholesterol). Proteins (amino acids, polypeptide chains, primary, secondary, tertiary
and quaternary structure). Nucleic acids (nucleotides, DNA, RNA).

• Organization of the cell. Prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells.

Organization of the eukaryotic cell. General characteristics and fundamental functions of: plasma
membrane, nucleus, ribosomes, endomembrane system (endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus,
lysosomes), mitochondria, cytoskeleton. Differences between animal and plant eukaryotic cells:
cell wall, chloroplasts and other plastids, vacuoles. Notes on the evolution of the eukaryotic cell:
endosymbiotic theory.

• Fundamentals of genetics. Mendelian genetics. Structure of chromosomes in prokaryotes and

eukaryotes; definition of genome. Coding of genetic information in DNA and RNA molecules. Genes
and genetic code. Replication, transcription, translation and general information on the regulation
of gene expression.
Human genetics: transmission of mono- and polyfactorial traits; autosomal and X-linked hereditary
diseases. Heredity and environment.
• Mitosis and meiosis. Gametogenesis, fertilization and early development.
Cell division in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Mitosis and meiosis; cytokinesis;
cell cycle. Gametogenesis and fertilization. Early stages of development of the fertilized egg
(cleavage and gastrulation).
• Anatomy and physiology of animals and humans. Hierarchy of multicellular organization: tissues,
organs, systems and apparatuses. Structure and functions of the four main tissues (epithelial,
connective, muscular and nervous). Structure and function of the main systems and apparatuses
of humans: integumentary, muscular, skeletal, digestive, respiratory, circulatory, excretory,
reproductive, nervous.
Homeostasis.

• Bioenergetics. Energy flows and biological significance of photosynthesis, respiration, glycolysis,

fermentation. The energy currency of cells: ATP.

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Catabolism and Anabolism. Autotrophic and Heterotrophic Metabolism. Catalysis

enzymatic. Energy content of the main foods.

• Elements of biotechnology. Traditional biotechnology. Innovative biotechnology (recombinant DNA
technology). Applications of biotechnology in the medical field. Biotechnology for agriculture and the
environment.
• Elements of biodiversity and evolution. Characteristics that allow

distinguish Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya. Notes on the characteristics of Viruses.

Mechanisms of evolution: mutations, genetic variability, natural selection, adaptation; speciation and
extinction.
• Elements of ecology. Interactions between organisms and between organisms and the environment,
at the different levels of the biological hierarchy (individuals, populations, communities and
ecosystems). Trophic chains (autotrophs/primary producers and heterotrophs/secondary producers
- consumers). Biotic interactions: differences between competition, predation, parasitism, mutualism
and commensalism.
3. Chemistry

• Macroscopic properties of matter. Particle model of matter on a macroscopic scale and states of
matter. Macroscopic properties of gases, liquids and solids and physical transformations (kinetic
theory, fixed points, phase transitions).
Homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures and techniques for separating mixtures. Fundamental
laws of chemistry (Lavoisier, Proust, Dalton, Gay-Lussac) and Avogadro's number. Ideal gas laws
(Boyle, Charles, Gay-Lussac).
• Microscopic properties of matter and composition of substances.
Particle model of matter on a microscopic scale: Dalton's atomic model. Elements, simple
substances, compound substances. Molecules, ions, chemical formulas. Atomic mass and relative
atomic mass (Ar), relative molecular mass (Mr). Mendeleev's periodic table of elements:
periods and groups.
Atomic models and quantum numbers. Electronic configuration of atoms and periodic properties.

• The chemical bond and intermolecular forces. The ionic, covalent and metallic bond. Electronegativity.
Chemical bonds: the Lewis model. The VSEPR model and molecular geometries. Oxidation number.
Intermolecular forces and hydrogen bonding. • Stoichiometry of chemical reactions. Balancing
reaction schemes.

Definition of the concept of mole and Avogadro's constant. Conversion of the quantity of mass into
moles. Relationship between the number of moles (chemical quantity) and mass in reaction schemes.

• Chemical reactions. Exothermic and endothermic reactions. Chemical equilibrium. Reaction rates and
factors that influence the reaction rate

• Compounds. Properties and nomenclature of compounds. Nomenclature of substances and compounds

(IUPAC and traditional). Properties of the main inorganic compounds.
Properties of metals.

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• Properties of solutions. Conductivity, colligative properties, solubility. Units of concentration (mol

dm-3 , g dm-3 , percentage composition) and related
calculations.
• Acid-base and redox reactions. Definition of acids and bases. Common acids and bases.

Strength of acids and bases and definition of pH. Acid-base reactions and pH indicators.
Definition of hydrolysis and buffer solution. Oxidations and reductions.
Identifying the oxidant and reductant in a simple redox chemical transformation or reaction scheme.
Balancing simple redox reaction schemes.

• Organic chemistry. Origins and characteristics of hydrocarbons. Alkanes, alkenes, alkynes,

cycloalkanes. Benzene and aromatic compounds. Hybridization of carbon.
Organic compounds: structure and nomenclature. Isomerism, relationship between structure and
properties. Alcohols, aldehydes, ketones and carboxylic acids. Amines and amino acids.
• Applied chemistry. Chemical transformations in everyday life. Correct reading of commercial product
labels (drinks, food products, drugs, chemical products). Main environmental issues (acid rain,
greenhouse effect, smog, etc.). Safety regulations.

4. Physics
• Physical quantities and their measurement. Fundamental and derived physical quantities.

International System of Units. Multiples, submultiples and scientific notation. Scalar quantities and
vector quantities. Vectors and operations on vectors: sum, scalar product, vector product.

• Kinematics. Description of motion. Average velocity and acceleration and

instantaneous. Uniform and uniformly accelerated rectilinear motion. Motion in

plane. Uniform circular motion: angular velocity and centripetal acceleration.

Harmonic motion: frequency and period. •
Dynamics. Concept of force as interaction between bodies. Forces as applied vectors. The principle of
inertia. Mass and the 2nd law of dynamics. Examples of forces: the force of gravity, the spring
force, static and dynamic friction. Action and reaction: the 3rd law of dynamics. Impulse and
momentum. Principle of conservation of momentum. Momentum of a force and angular momentum.

Work and kinetic energy. Conservative forces and potential energy. Principle of conservation of
mechanical energy. Power. Practical units of measurement of energy and power.

• Fluid mechanics. Density and compressibility of fluids. Gases and liquids.

Hydrostatics: pressure and the principles of Pascal, Stevinus and Archimedes. Commonly used
units of pressure. Dynamics of liquids: flow, capacity and continuity equation. Ideal fluids and
Bernoulli's equation. Viscous forces in real fluids.
• Thermodynamics. Equilibrium, concept of temperature, thermometers. Concept of heat and
calorimetry. Modes of heat propagation. Heat capacity and

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Specific heat. Changes of state and latent heat. Ideal gas laws.
First and second law of thermodynamics.
• Electrostatics, electric circuits and elements of electromagnetism. Forces
between electric charges and Coulomb's law. Electric field and potential.
Electric fields in materials and dielectric constant. Capacitance and capacitors.
Equivalent capacitance of capacitors in series and parallel. Electromotive force generators.
Potential difference, current, resistance and Ohm's law. Equivalent resistance
of resistors in series and parallel. Joule effect and dissipated power.
Magnetic field and permanent magnets. Magnetic field generated by an electric
current. Force acting on a charge and electric currents in a magnetic field.

• Optics. Geometric optics: reflection and refraction. Law of lenses. Image

formation. Interference and diffraction phenomena. Microscopes: magnification
and resolving power of an objective. Spectrum of electromagnetic radiation:
from radio waves to X-rays.

5. Mathematics and reasoning

• Numbers. Addition and multiplication operations between whole numbers,
fractions, decimal numbers. Sorting. Properties of operations and sorting.
Subtraction and division. Concept of rational number. Representations of
numbers in different forms (decimal, fractional, percent, scientific positional
notation, etc.) and on a line. Real numbers. Division with remainder between
integers. Divisors and multiples of an integer; greatest common divisor (GCF)
and least common multiple (LCM) of two or more positive integers.
Integer power of a number and properties of powers. Positive integer root of a
positive number. Power with rational exponent of a positive number. Estimates
and approximations. Calculation and transformation of expressions.
• Algebra. Literal expressions: manipulation and evaluation. Concept of solution
and “set of solutions” of an equation, of an inequality, of a system of equations
and/or inequalities. First and second degree equations and inequalities.
Systems of equations and inequalities.
• Geometry. Main figures in the plane and in space (segments, lines, planes,
angles, triangles, quadrilaterals, circumferences, parallelepipeds, prisms,
pyramids, cylinders, cones, spheres): properties that characterize them and
their graphic representations. Pythagoras' theorem. Properties of similar
triangles. Elementary language of geometric transformations (symmetries,
rotations, translations, similarities). Measurement of an angle in sexagesimal
degrees and radians. Sine, cosine and tangent of an angle, obtained as ratios
between the sides of a right-angled triangle. Perimeter and area of the main
plane figures. Volume of elementary solids. Calculation of area and volume by
sum and difference of figures. Cartesian coordinates in the plane and
description of subsets of the plane using the coordinates. Midpoint of a segment. Slope of a segm

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of the line. Equations of parallel lines and lines perpendicular to a given line.
Intersection of lines and representation of the solutions of a system of first degree equations.
Distance between two points and equation of a circle with given center and radius.

• Functions and graphs. Language and notations for functions. Graph of a function. Composition of
functions. Existence and uniqueness of solutions of equations of the type f(x)=a, invertible functions
and inverse function. Characteristic properties, graph and behavior of the following families of
functions of a real variable: power functions and root functions; first and second degree polynomial
functions; functions of the type xÿ1/ (ax+b) with a and b assigned constants; absolute value function;
exponential functions and logarithmic functions in different bases; trigonometric functions. Equations
and inequalities expressed by functions, for example of the type f(x)=g(x), f(x)>a.

• Combinatorics and probability. Representation and counting of finite sets.

Disjoint events. Independent events. Probability of the event union of disjoint events. Probability of
the event intersection of independent events. Description of events in simple paradigmatic situations
(tossing a coin, rolling a die, drawing from an urn,...). Tree diagrams. Conditional probability.

• Averages and variability. Qualitative and quantitative variables (discrete and continuous).
Absolute and relative frequency. Distribution representations (tables, bar graphs, pie charts,
histograms,...). Mean, median and mode.
• Understand and represent. Understand texts that use, even contextually, languages and
representations of different types. Depending on the situations and objectives, use different
representations of the same object. Understand and use elementary notations of the language of
sets and terms such as: element, belongs, subset, union, intersection.

• Argue. In a certain situation and given certain premises, establish whether a statement is true or false.
Deny a given statement. Understand and be able to use terms and phrases such as: and, or, not,
for every, all, none, some, at least one, if... then..., necessary condition, sufficient condition,
necessary and sufficient condition.

• Modeling, problem solving. Formulate a situation or problem in mathematical terms. Solve a problem
by adopting strategies, combining different knowledge and skills, making logical deductions and
calculations.