XII – CHEMISTRY
IMPORTANT QUESTIONS FOR 2025
Note: Underlined questions are more important.
INORGANIC - GENERAL CHEMISTRY
1. Define Group trends in physical properties. Explain the irregularity of ionization energy and
Electronegativity of Group III-A elements.
2. What is flame test? Mention the colour of the flame of alkali metals.
3. Give reasons for any Four of the following:
• Electronegativity of s-Block elements decreases down the group.
• Fluorine is the strongest oxidizing agent.
• Boiling points of Halogens increases down the group.
• Acidity of hydrogen halides increases from HF to HI.
• Gallium has smaller atomic radius than Aluminium.
• Binding energy of Zinc is the least in 3d series.
• Bond enthalpies of halogen decrease from Chlorine to Iodine except Fluorine.
• Elements of group III-A show +3 oxidation state.
• Cu+2 is blue, but Zn+2 is colourless.
4. Give the manufacture of Caustic soda by Castner-Kellner's process. (Figure of the
cell is not required).
5. Define Alloys. Give the composition and applications of Stainless steel, Brass and
Bronze.
6. Define Ligands and give the classification of ligands on the basis of binding sites.
7. Write the I.U.P.A.C. names of any FOUR of the following complexes:
K3[ Fe(CN)6] Na3 [ Co (NO2)6] K2 [ HgI4 ]
[Co(NH3)5 Cl] Cl2 [Cu (NH3)4] SO4 [Ni(CO)4]
[Cr (en)2 Br2] SO4 [Pt (NH3)Br4] [MnO4]-
2+ -
[Co (NH3)6] [Cr (NH3)2 (SCN)4 ] [Ni(en)3](NO3)3
(NH4)3[Fe(CN)6] [Cr(NH3)4Cl2]Cl [Cu(CN)4]2¯
[Fe(CN)6]4¯ Na2[Fe(CN)5 NO]
8. Describe the role of CFCs in destroying Ozone layers in the Stratosphere.
9. Define Polymerization. Give its classification. Describe the preparation of Nylon 6, 6 and
Polyvinyl chloride.
BY: MUHAMMAD TAHIR ALI
XII – CHEMISTRY | IMPORTANT QUESTIONS – 2025
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10. Write short notes on the following:
• Strength of Halogens as oxidizing agent
• Halide ions as a reducing agent
11. What are the main gases responsible for the greenhouse effect? What is Greenhouse effect?
How do human activities contribute to the enhancement of the greenhouse effect?
12. What is the main cause of Global warming? How does it affect the weather pattern?
13. Describe the chemistry involved due to the presence of oxides of Nitrogen and Sulphur in the
troposphere.
14. Describe the manufacture of Sulphuric acid by Contact process and show that with
the help of one equation, it acts as dehydrating agent and oxidizing agent.
15. Write the balanced equations for Any Eight of the following chemical processes.
• Silicon is put into steam.
• Fluorine reacts with Oxygen.
• Phosphorous burns in excess of Oxygen.
• Reaction of Iron with air.
• Carbon is heated with nitrogen.
• Aluminum is treated with chlorine gas.
• Chlorine gas is passed through an aqueous solution of Caustic soda.
• Reaction of Bleaching powder with Hydrochloric acid.
• Reaction of Chromium with Oxygen at high temperature.
• Reaction of Permanganate ion with Oxalate ion in acidic medium.
• Reaction of Dichromate ion with Ferrous ion in acidic medium.
• Nitrogen gas is passed through hot piece of Phosphorous.
16. Define Metallurgy. Describe how 99% pure Copper is obtained from its Chalcopyrite ore.
17. Write down three properties of Beryllium that show its unique behavior in group IIA.
18. Explain the trend of the following properties of 3d-series of transition elements.
• Paramagnetic behaviour • Colour formation
• Variable oxidation states • Catalytic activity
• Binding Energy • Alloy formation
19. What do you know about pharmaceutical industries. Write down the classification of
pharmaceutical products. Also, what is an antihistamine drug? Give the symptoms in which it
is used.
BY: MUHAMMAD TAHIR ALI
XII – CHEMISTRY | IMPORTANT QUESTIONS – 2025
2
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
20. Enlist the characteristics of organic compounds and explain any THREE of these.
21. Define Homologous series. Write three general properties of homologues.
22. Define functional group and write the structure of three oxygen containing functional group.
23. Describe the natural sources of organic compounds. Also write down the different types of
coal and how do they differ from each other.
24. Draw the orbital structure of Acetylene (ethyne). Also explain the acidic behaviour of
Acetylene with the help of two reactions.
25. Give the equations and write the names of the products formed in the following
chemical processes.
• Dehydrohalogenation of Ethyl chloride
• Ozonolysis of Ethene
• Dehalogenation of 1,1,2,2-Tetrabromo ethane
• Hydration of Propyne under specific conditions
26. Write only equations to show that Benzene behaves as unsaturated hydrocarbon and give any
one reaction with mechanism which shows that Benzene is saturated hydrocarbon. OR. Under
what conditions benzene reacts with chlorine to form:
• mono-chloro benzene
• hexa-chloro cyclohexane
27. What is E.S.R.(Electrophilic Substitution Reaction) in benzene? Why benzene
undergoes E.S.R? Explain Nitration, Sulphonation and Chlorination in Benzene with
mechanisms.
28. Define Stereo isomerism. Explain Geometrical OR Optical isomerism with example.
29. Define Isomerism. Write down the types of structural isomers with one example of each.
30. What are Organometallic compounds? Write the equation of Grignard's reagent with any
THREE of the following:
• HCHO • CH3CHO
• CH3COCH3 • CO2
• CH3COOC2H5
31. Define photochemical reaction. Discuss free radical mechanism with the exadiple of
chlorination of Methane.
32. What are Mono haloalkanes? How are they converted into primary, secondary and
tertiary amines? Give equations only.
33. Give the laboratory test to distinguish between any TWO of the following.
• Alcohol and Phenol
• Aldehydes and Ketones
• 1-Butyne and 2-Butyne
• Alkane and Alkyl Halide
• Aliphatic and Aromatic compounds
BY: MUHAMMAD TAHIR ALI
XII – CHEMISTRY | IMPORTANT QUESTIONS – 2025
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34. Give the equations for the preparation of Acetic acid by any FOUR methods.
35. Write the equations for the conversion of Carboxylic acid into any FOUR of the following
derivatives:
• Ester • Amide
• Alcohol • Alkane
• Acyl halide • Acid Anhydride
36. Explain the molecular orbital treatment of Benzene. Also write what do you know about
Kekule’s structure of benzene.
37. Describe the orientation in mono substituted Benzene (substituent effect). Starting from
Benzene, how would you prepare Any One of the following:
• Picric acid • p-Nitro benzoic acid
• m-Nitro toluene
38. Write the structural formulae of Any Eight of the following:
• Resorcinol • p-Xylene
• Adipic acid • ter-Butyl formate
• neo-Pentyl alcohol • Triphenyl bromo methane
• Diphenylacetylene • Aniline
• neo-Valeric acid • Iso-propyl neo-pentyl ether
• iso-butyraldehyde • Ethyl neo-pentyl ether
• -methyl butyric acid • 2-dimethylbutanamine
39. What are Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions? Explain the mechanism of SN1 and SN2
reactions with suitabled example.
40. What are Carbohydrates OR Proteins? Give their classification on the basis of their structure.
41. Write the equations for Any Eight of the following chemical processes.
• Addition of HCN in Acetaldehyde • Oxidative-Cleavage of Glycol
• Sulphonation of Phenol at 100℃ • Dow's process
• Hydrolysis of Benzene Diazonium salt • Oxidation of sec. propyl alcohol
• Reduction of Acetic acid • Nitration of phenol with conc. HNO3
• Oxidation of Phenol • Dehydration of Isopropyl alcohol
• Nitration of phenol with dil. HNO3 • Ethanol is treated with SOCl2
• Methanal is treated with Hydrazine • Acetone is treated with NH2OH
• Oxidation of Acetone
• Clemmensen reduction reaction (Reduction of Aldehydes and Ketones to Alkane)
BY: MUHAMMAD TAHIR ALI
XII – CHEMISTRY | IMPORTANT QUESTIONS – 2025
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