DEFINITION

The zero conditional is a

USES grammatical structure used AFFIRMATIVE
to talk about general truths
or real and possible If + Subject + present simple,
1.- To talk about general + Subject + present simple
truths. situations. It is used to talk
about scientific laws, general
truths and to give Examples:
Ex: If you mix yellow and instructions. - If it rains, plants grow.
blue, you get green.
- Plants grow if it rains.

NEGATIVE

2.- To give instructions. zero If + Subject + do not/ does not +

infinitive verb, + Subject + do
not/ does not + infinitive verb

Ex: If the phone rings,

don't answer it.
conditional Examples:
- If she doesn't work, she doesn't
feel well.

- She doesn't feel well if she

doesn't work.

INTERROGATIVE
3.- To talk about USE OF THE COMMA If + Subject + infinitive verb /
present simple, + Wh- + Auxiliary
scientific laws. A comma must be added + Subject + present simple + ?
when your sentence
Examples:
Ex: If you put an ice cube begins with the condition, - If you study all night, when do
in the sun, it will melt. that is, with “if”. you sleep?
- If you study all night, when do
If the dog barks, it scares you sleep?
the baby.
 USES
The first conditional is used to talk about AFFIRMATIVE
USE OF THE COMMA plans that the subject has. Imagine that
you want to plan a vacation, but for it to If + Subject + present simple, Subject +
Remember that after the “if” become a reality, certain conditions must Will + infinitive verb
clause you must include a be met.
comma before the result Examples:
Example:
clause. - If my family buys the land, we will build
- If I save enough money, I will go to the
beach.
a house.
Example:
- If you study hard, you will pass - We will build a house if my family buys
the exam. the land.

NEGATIVE

T CONDITION
IRS AL If + Subject + do/does not + present
simple, Subject + will + not + infinitive verb
F Examples:
- If you don't drive carefully, you will have
an accident.
The first conditional is used to - You will have an accident if you don't
talk about a possible condition drive carefully.
and a probable result. In other
words, we state situations that
VERB TENSES will most likely come true in the
It is very common for both
future. INTERROGATIVE
sentences to be in the present
simple tense or both in the future Will + Subject + infinitive verb + If +
simple tense. Subject + verb in present simple + ?

Example: Examples:
- If I explain it to my teacher, she will - Will you buy me an ice cream if I
understand. clean my room?.

- Will you pick you up if it's too late?

 Would or could?
Depending on the meaning you want
to give to the sentence, you can use
USES would or could.
1.- Unlikely future
Example:
situations.
- If I were a taller, I could reach the
top shelf.
Example: If I became a
princess, I would quit my - If I were a good baker, I would
job. prepare a cake for you.

USES
2.- Situations that are not
currently true.
SECOND
Example: If I had time, I CONDITIONAL
would go swimming Exchange of positions
every day.
The two clauses that make up the
second conditional can be exchanged
without altering the meaning of the
USES sentence.
The second conditional is used
3.- To give advice. to talk about a hypothetical
Example:
situation and its possible - If I had time, I would help you.
example: If I were you, I outcome. The main difference
would accept this job. with the first conditional is that - I would help you if I had the time.
the actions expressed in the
second conditional are usually
more improbable.
 AFFIRMATIVE

USES If + Subject + verb in past perfect, + complement,

Subject + Would/Wouldn’t + Have + verb in past
Express regret participle + complement

Examples:
Example:
-If my family had gone to London, we would have
- If I had not left early that day, learned English faster.
I would have seen him for the
last time. -We would have learned English faster if my family
had gone to London.

NEGATIVE
If + Subject + verb in the negative past perfect, +
complement, Subject + Would/Wouldn’t + Have +

MODAL VERBS THIRD verb in the past participle

CONDITIONAL
Examples:
- If you hadn’t spoken so loudly, she wouldn’t have
It's very common to use the modal verbs "could" or found out. (If you hadn’t spoken so loudly, she
wouldn’t have noticed.)
"might" in the third conditional.
- She wouldn’t have found out if you hadn’t spoken
When we want to express that something could so loudly.
happen but we're not 100% sure, we use the verb
"might."

Ex: "She might have won the price if she had done
INTERROGATIVE
more preparation."
If + Subject + verb in past perfect, + complement,
When we want to say that something would have been Would +Subject + Have + verb in past participle + ?
This conditional is used to talk
possible under specific conditions, we use "could."
about past situations and how they
Examples:
Ex: "You could have saved more money if you had could have been different depending -If they had invited you to the movies, would you
worked harder." on whether the condition was met have accepted?
or not.
- Would you have accepted if they had invited you to
the movies?
 when to use it? Definition Characteristics
The passive voice is a way of
constructing sentences where the 1. The verb "to be" must be
1.- It's unknown who subject receives the action of the verb, conjugated according to the
performed the action. rather than performing it. tense.
Active voice:
Ex: The chef cooks the meal. 2. The main verb always
The window was broken. appears in the past
Passive voice:
The meal is cooked by the chef. participle.

3. The agent (the person

performing the action) is
2.- The agent is not optional and is introduced
important. with "by."

Ex:
The road is cleaned every
PASsIVE VOICE 4. Not all verbs can be used
in the passive tense (they
must be transitive: have a
day. direct object).

3.- We want to focus on

the object or the result.

Ex: 4.- To sound more formal

The project will be or impersonal
completed next week.
Ex:
Mistakes were made.
 WHEN IS IT USED? STRUCTURE
1. We retell what someone Subject + introductory verb + (that) +

said at another time. REPORTED modified sentence

SPEECH - Introductory verb: say, tell,

2. We want to sound more mention, ask, explain, etc.
formal or indirect.
- "That" is optional in many cases.

3. We need to summarize Reported speech is a way of repeating

what another person said, but without - The introductory verb is generally
conversations. using their exact words. It switches from in the past tense → this requires
direct speech to reported speech. changes to the verb tenses of the
QUESTION AND COMMAS original sentence
Direct speech:
Questions: The verb + if / whether / WH-word is - She said, “I am tired.”
REMEMBER
used, but without reversing the order.
Reported speech:
- If the introductory verb is in the present
- She said (that) she was tired.
“Do you like it?” → She asked if I liked it. tense, there is NO tense change.
“Where is she?” → He asked where she was.
Ex: She says: “I’m tired.” → She says (that) she
is tired.
Imperatives (orders):
Use “told” or “asked” + infinitive. - If the sentence refers to general truths, the
tense is not changed either.
“Close the door!” → He told me to close the door.
“Don't shout!” → She told me not to shout. Ex: “The sun rises in the east.” → He said the
sun rises in the east.
 MODAL VERBS
Modal verbs are special auxiliary verbs used to express ability, possibility, permission,
obligation, advice, necessity, etc. They don't function like normal verbs (they don't
conjugate, use "to," or need auxiliaries like "do/does").

CAN COULD MAY MIGHT MUST

Express ability or Indicates ability in the Expresses possibility or Indicates a possibility Expresses strong
possibility; also used to past, possibility, or a aks for permission lees than “may”. obligation or logical
ask for permission polte request. formally. deduction.
informally. Ex: He might be at home
Ex: She could help us. Ex: It may rain later. now. Ex: You must wear a
Ex: I can swim. seatbelt.
SHALL SHOULD WILL WOULD OUGHT TO
Used to make Gives advice or suggests indicates future or Expresses hypothetical Expresses necessity or
suggestions or express an appropriate action. primises. situations, polite request, obligation lees strogn
formal promises. or habitual actions in the than “must”.
Ex: You should study Ex: I will call you past.
Ex: Shall we dance? more. tomorrow. Ex: We ought to leave
Ex: I would like some tea. early to avoid traffic.